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Результаты исследований 2016 –2019 гг. показали, что в декоративных зеленых насаждениях Беларуси жимолости (Lonicera L.) и снежноягодники (Symphoricarpos Duhamel) повреждаются личинками 6 видов минирующих мух (Diptera: Agromyzidae): Aulagromyza cornigera (Griffiths, 1973), Aulagromyza hendeliana (Hering, 1926), Aulagromyza luteoscutellata (de Meijere, 1924), Chromatomyia aprilina (Goureau, 1851), Chromatomyia lonicerae (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1851), Chromatomyia periclymeni (Hendel, 1922). Представлены данные о трофических связях, основных особенностях биологии, распространенности агромизид в условиях Беларуси, а также о характере повреждений личинками листовых пластинок жимолостей и снежноягодников. According to the results of investigations, carried out in 2016–2019, it was found that in the conditions of green areas of Belarus, honeysuckles (Lonicera L.) and snowberries (Symphoricarpos Duhamel) has been damaged by larvae of 6 species of mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae): Aulagromyza cornigera (Griffiths, 1973), Aulagromyza hendeliana (Hering, 1926), Aulagromyza luteoscutellata (de Meijere, 1924), Chromatomyia aprilina (Goureau, 1851), Chromatomyia lonicerae (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1851), Chromatomyia periclymeni (Hendel, 1922). The basic data on trophic relations, the main characteristics of ecology, the distribution in the conditions of Belarus, and the pattern of damages causing by larvae to leaf plates of honeysuckles and snowberries are presented.

Based on the processing of literary sources, the history of the formation of green spaces of the Uman National University of Horticulture (UNUS) is investigated. The analysis of the taxonomic composition of autochthonous and introduced tree and shrub plants that are now chgrowing in this territory is carried out. It has been established that among gymnospermous plants, representatives of the genus Thuja and its shape variety predominate, the genus Picea is slightly less representative, and the genus Pinus is the third most numerous. Among shrub species of the order gymnosperms, the genera Juniperus and Taxus predominate. The order of angiosperms is represented by the tree genera Aesculus, Acer, Betula, Corylus, Juglans, Mahonia, Quercus, Ulmus, Tilia, Fraxinus, Salix and Sorbus. The largest representation of shrubs of this order are the genera Berberis, Caragana, Cornus, Philadelphus, Laburnum, Viburnum, Spiraea, Symphoricarpos, Syringa, Tamarix and Forsythia. To improve the aesthetic state of these stands, it is necessary to carry out forming pruning. The presence of a large number of fruit plants, which represent the genera Armeniaca, Cerasus, Malus, Morus, Pyrus, was noted. The total number of gymnosperms in the territory of UNUS is 28 % of the total, and angiosperms, respectively, 72 %. Behind the altitude parameters (structure), tree and shrubbery can be assigned to the group of plants of the first, second, and third tiers. As a result of a visual examination of the general condition of woody and shrubby plants growing on the territory of UNUS, proposals are made for their reconstruction, which is carried out by removing damaged and dry branches of 1-3 branching orders and pruning a certain amount of them in the lower part of the trunk – with the stem. If necessary, fertilize the plants. In order to increase the decorativeness of these stands, it is necessary to carry out additional group and single plantings of species and form diversity of the following genera: Thuja, Juniperus, Morus, Acer, Ulmus, Fagus, Berberis, Viburnum, Magnolia, Rosa, Spiraea, Weigela, Forsythia.

We are investigating plant species from the Canadian prairie ecological zone by phenotypic cell assays to discover toxins of biological interest. We provide the first report of the effects of extracts prepared from the shrub Symphoricarpos occidentalis in several human cell lines. S. occidentalis (Caprifoliaceae) extracts are cytotoxic, and, strikingly, treated cells undergo light-dependent vacuolation near the nucleus. The range of irradiation is present in standard ambient light and lies in the visible range (400-700 nm). Vacuolization in treated cells can be induced with specific wavelengths of 408 or 660 nm at 1 J/cm2 energies. Vacuolated cells show a striking phenotype of a large perinuclear vacuole (nuclear associated vacuole, NAV) that is distinct from vesicles observed by treatment with an autophagy-inducing agent. Treatment with S. occidentalis extracts and light induces an intense lamin A/C signal at the junction of a nuclear vacuole and the nucleus. Further study of S. occidentalis extracts and vacuolation provide chemical tools that may contribute to the understanding of nuclear envelope organization and human cell biology. Key Contribution We provide the first description of the biological effects upon human cells of extracts from the toxic plant, Symphoricarpos occidentalis. Treated cells acquire striking nuclear associated vacuoles (NAVs), rarely observed in animal cell biology.

Symphoricarpos sinensis is an important ornamental plant in China. Due to the lack of efficient molecular markers, although recent studies supported that Symphoricarpos was phylogenetically closely related to Lonicera, Triosteum, Heptacodium, and Leycesteria, relationships among these taxa remained uncertain. To examine the phylogenetic position of Symphoricarpos within Caprifoliaceae, we characterized the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of S. sinensis. The results showed that S. sinensis shared a typical quadripartite structure as with most angiosperms. It was 155,738 bp in length, including two inverted repeat (IR) regions (24,010 bp), a small single-copy (SSC) region (18,942 bp) and a large single-copy (LSC) region (88,776 bp). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that Caprifoliaceae and Adoxaceae formed two distinct monophyletic clades, and S. sinensis was closely related to lonicera and Triosteum, albeit with low support. The whole cp genome of S. sinensis will be useful resources for future studies on phylogeny and conservation in Symphoricarpos.

Symphoricarpos sinensis is an important ornamental plant in China. Due to the lack of efficient molecular markers, although recent studies supported that Symphoricarpos was phylogenetically closely...

Background and aims Corner's rule states that thicker twigs bear larger leaves. The exact nature of this relationship and why it should occur has been the subject of numerous studies. It is obvious that thicker twigs should support greater total leaf area ([Formula: see text]) for hydraulical and mechanical reasons. But it is not obvious why mean leaf size ([Formula: see text]) should scale positively with [Formula: see text] We asked what this scaling relationship is within species and how variable it is across species. We then developed a model to explain why these relationships exist. Methods To minimize potential sources of variability, we compared twig properties from six co-occurring and functionally similar species: Acer grandidentatum, Amelanchier alnifolia, Betula occidentalis, Cornus sericea, Populus fremontii and Symphoricarpos oreophilus We modelled the economics of leaf display, weighing the benefit from light absorption against the cost of leaf tissue, to predict the optimal [Formula: see text] combinations under different canopy openings. Key results We observed a common [Formula: see text] by [Formula: see text] exponent of 0.6, meaning that [Formula: see text]and leaf number on twigs increased in a specific coordination. Common scaling exponents were not supported for relationships between any other measured twig properties. The model consistently predicted positive [Formula: see text] by [Formula: see text] scaling when twigs optimally filled canopy openings. The observed 0·6 exponent was predicted when self-shading decreased with larger canopy opening. Conclusions Our results suggest Corner's rule may be better understood when recast as positive [Formula: see text] by [Formula: see text] scaling. Our model provides a tentative explanation of observed [Formula: see text] by [Formula: see text] scaling and suggests different scaling may exist in different environments.

virginia’s Warbler (Oreothlypis virginiae) reaches the northeastern limit of its breeding range in the southern Black Hills of South Dakota, where it is considered a species of conservation concern. this population occurs in pine–juniper–shrub habitat in several canyons in extreme western Custer County. additional such habitat occurs in the southern Black Hills south and east of the documented breeding populations, but these areas have received few systematic surveys, and whether virginia’s Warbler occupies them was uncertain. therefore, to define the species’ distribution in the South Dakota Black Hills more precisely, we surveyed with the aid of broadcast song and reviewed other reports. virginia’s Warblers occurred in appropriate habitats all along the southwestern front (approximately 30 km total) of the Black Hills in Custer County but did not occur in similar habitat along the southeastern front, approximately 25 km distant. the species’ relative abundance in previously and newly identified pine–juniper–shrub habitats was similar. virginia’s Warbler occurrence was positively associated with shrub cover (primarily mountain-mahogany, Cercocarpus montanus), pine overstory, and slopes of >15°. its association with the Spotted towhee (Pipilo maculatus) was negative, with the yellow-rumped Warbler (Setophaga coronata) tended toward positive, and with the Dusky flycatcher (Empidonax oberholseri) was variable (negative along the southwestern front but weakly positive across all sites). these data extend the documented breeding range of virginia’s Warbler in South Dakota by more than 20 km to the southeast. to clarify conservation priorities for this species at the northeastern limit of its range, future studies should delineate local and landscape-level characteristics of this population’s habitat more precisely and address its source–sink population dynamics. virginia’s Warbler (Oreothlypis virginiae) nests widely in mountainous regions of southwestern north america from southeastern idaho and southwestern Wyoming into southern arizona, new Mexico, and western texas (olson and Martin 1999). the species’ northeasternmost population is isolated in the southwestern Black Hills of South Dakota, separated by over 200 km from the next nearest breeding population in south-central Wyoming (Swanson et al. 2000). Breeding habitat occurs on mountain slopes and consists of dense, shrubby vegetation with taller plants interspersed or nearby (olson and Martin 1999). in various portions of the breeding range the shrubby vegetation may include chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), snowberry (Symphoricarpos spp.), currant (Ribes spp.), serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.), manzanita (Arctostaphylos spp.), scrub oak (Quercus gambelii), or mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus) (olson and Martin 1999). the taller vegetation may consist of pinyon pine (Pinus spp.), juniper (Juniperus spp.), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), taller scrub oak, or aspen (Populus tremuloides) (olson and Martin 1999). virginia’s Warbler was first definitively recorded in South Dakota in 1997

The important condition of the environmental improvement is mobilization and wide introduction of introduced trees and shrubs, which have already had successful preliminary investigation in the botanical gardens and dendrological parks and have shown characteristics of high ornamentality. The snowberries are such perspective but not so widespread plants now, which have very high decorativeness and attractiveness during almost the whole vegetative period, which is especially important when creating urban landscape compositions. Observations on the development of snowberries in the street landscapes ofKievhave shown quite high resistance of plants to the megapolis conditions, which made us to conduct the study of their functional state in the places with the most intensive traffic. The purpose of the study was to determine the functional state and photosynthetic potential of plants of the genus snowberry ( Symphoricarpos Duhamel) different species in the megapolis conditions. Seasonal inductive changes of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of leaves of 9 species of the genus snowberry ( Symphoricarpos Duhamel): S. albus (L.) S.F.Blake, S. × chenaultii Rehder, S. × doorenbosii Krűssm., S. hesperius G.N.Jones, S. mollis Nutt., S. occidentalis Hook., S. orbiculatus Moench, S. oreophilus A.Gray, S. rivularis Suksd. are studied. For the assessment of the functional state of green plants a method based on the study of correlation of changes of intensity of chlorophyll fluorescence induction (CFI) with photosynthetic reactions in chloroplasts of leaves was used. To measure parameters of fluorescence and its inductive changes in the field conditions we used a portable device – a fluorometer "Floratest" (developed by the Engineering Center of V. M. Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics of National Academy of Sciences ofUkraine). The study of seasonal changes in the parameters of CFI of the leaves has revealed very small seasonal variability of the parameters of CFI in the leaves of snowberries: on average, the intensity of fluorescence at the maximum F p 1 and F p 2 decreased by 4,0 and 1,5 %, and the coefficient К 1 by 3,4 %, indicating on the high stability of electron transport processes near the reaction centers of photosystem II (FSII). The analysis of normalized inductive changes of fluorescence intensity in the time range of the slow decline of fluorescence showed slight decrease in the intensity of dark photochemical processes: К 2 ( Rfd ) ratio decreased only by 6,0 %. Thus, by means of the comprehensive analysis of functional indicators we found the high stability of photosynthetic processes in snowberry leaves, which allow the plants to maintain their ornamental features for the long periods of time. The analysis of the content of metal pollutants in the different parts of common snowberry plants ( S. albus ) was carried out using an atomic absorption spectroscopy method. Preparation of the bioprobes was carried out by such method as ozonation in a muffle furnace, followed by extraction in nitric acid. Determination of the content of metals in the prepared filtrates was carried out with the use of flame atomization (in the case of determination of large quantities) on the «C115-M1» spectrophotometer and electrothermal atomization (in the case of determination of trace quantities) on the «Saturn-3» spectrophotometer with the complex «Graphite-2». The comparative analysis of the accumulation of metal pollutants and the parameters of CFI of S. albus leaves in the park zone and near the transport line at Sevastopolska square has established the negative influence of the complex of factors on the activity of reaction centers and the effectiveness of dark photochemical processes. So, according to the «coefficient of plateau» K pL , which controls the number of inactive reactive centers of FSII, their growth is determined by 50–60%. Also, within the limits of 30–50%, the reduction of the Rfd parameter is registered, indicating a decrease in the activity of dark photochemical processes, that is the Calvin cycle. At the same time, the effectiveness of the light phase of photosynthesis in the leaves of S. albus on the experimental plots of Sevastopolska square in relation to similar indices obtained for plants of the park zone of the Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, does not change significantly, within 4,0–6,5%. The latest information obtained indicates that there is significant stability of the light phase of photosynthesis in the relation to the dark photochemical processes in snowberry plants and their high adaptive potential in the conditions of the urban environment. The results of the research allow us to recommend previously tested in Kyiv city conditions introduced snowberry species for the further usage in the plantations in the megacity conditions, and in particular in the places with the high level of contamination.

Symphoricarpos (sneeuwbes) is een heester die veel wordt gebruikt in het openbaar groen. Van nature is het een zeer gemakkelijke plant, die vooral gewaardeerd wordt vanwege de opvallende witte of paarsroze bessen en/of de zeer goede bodembedekking. Er zijn de afgelopen jaren veel nieuwe cultivars op de markt verschenen, onder andere vanuit de snijheesterteelt. Ruim 30 cultivars zijn door Praktijkonderzoek Plant en Omgeving (PPO) getest voor gebruik als tuin- en openbaargroenplant.

In Washington state, identification of the quarantine apple pest Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) is complicated by the presence of the cryptic species Rhagoletis zephyria Snow (Diptera: Tephritidae). Distinguishing the two flies is important because there is a zero tolerance policy for R. pomonella in apple production for export. Here, we attempt to distinguish the two species by scoring R. pomonella and R. zephyria populations from western and south-central Washington for a set of 11 nuclear markers, including four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) developed for rapid and inexpensive genotyping using Taqman real-time quantitative-polymerase chain reaction. We show that the four SNPs may be adequate in most cases for distinguishing whether a fly originated from apple or black hawthorn (the two major host plants for R. pomonella representing an economic risk) versus snowberry (the major host for R. zephyria, and not a commercial threat). However, directional introgression of R. zephyria alleles into R. pomonella can complicate the identification of flies of mixed ancestry based only on the four SNPs. Moreover, this problem is more acute in the sensitive apple-growing regions of central Washington where our results imply hybridization is common. Consequently, application of the four SNP quantitative-polymerase chain reaction assay can immediately assist ongoing apple maggot monitoring, while the development of additional genetic markers through next-generation sequencing would be valuable for increasing confidence in species identification and for assessing the threat posed by hybridization as R. pomonella further spreads into the more arid apple-growing regions of central Washington.

Symphoricarpos (sneeuwbes) is een heester die veel wordt gebruikt in het openbaar groen. Van nature is het een zeer gemakkelijke plant, die vooral gewaardeerd wordt vanwege de opvallende witte of paarsroze bessen en/of de zeer goede bodembedekking. Er zijn de afgelopen jaren veel nieuwe cultivars op de markt verschenen, onder andere vanuit de snijheesterteelt. Ruim 30 cultivars zijn door Praktijkonderzoek Plant en Omgeving (PPO) getest voor gebruik als tuin- en openbaargroenplant.

Symphoricarpos (Sneeuwbes) is een heester die veel wordt gebruikt in het openbaar groen en - op wat beperkter schaal - in particuliere tuinen. Van nature is het een zeer gemakkelijke plant, die vooral gewaardeerd wordt vanwege de opvallende witte of paarsroze bessen en/of de zeer goede bodembedekking. Het gewas is de afgelopen jaren ook uitgegroeid tot één van de populairste snijheesters. Vooral voor dit gebruik zijn er de afgelopen jaren veel nieuwe cultivars op de markt verschenen. Inmiddels zijn er ruim 60 verschillende cultivars bekend. Ruim 30 cultivars zijn op twee verschillende locaties getest. De planten zijn door PPO beschreven en beoordeeld op gebruik als tuin- en plantsoenplant. De KVBC voerde een sterrenkeuring uit.

Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) and Rhagoletis zephyria Snow (Diptera: Tephritidae) both occur in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and are frequently confused with one another due to their morphological similarity. The apple maggot, R. pomonella, is a threat to commercial apples [Malus domestica (Borkh.) Borkh.] in the Pacific Northwest, whereas R. zephyria attacks snowberry (Symphoricarpos Dill. ex Juss) and is not considered a threat. Configuration of the surstyli in males is used to discriminate between species, but this character shows overlap. In this study, we reexamined surstyli configurations in the two species. We then used geometric morphometrics to test the hypotheses that shapes of surstyli and of aculei between the two species differ and that combining aculeus shape and size measures improves discrimination. We found that all R. pomonella had an inwardly curved surstyli configuration (based on a ratio of width across bases of prensisetae to width between the outer edges of the surstyli near their ends), whereas R. zephyria included specimens having either a parallel or divergent configuration. Using canonical variates analysis, multivariate analysis of variance, and an assignments test, we found that surstylus shape classified 99.8% of males correctly to species. Aculeus shape accurately classified 85.3% of females to species. Combining aculeus shape and length increased classification accuracy to 94.5%. Within species, surstylus and aculeus shape did not discriminate among fly populations from different host fruit, collection areas, or both. Use of surstylus shape would benefit regulatory agencies that depend on accurate identifications of R. pomonella for quarantine and management measures.

Although recent molecular phylogenetic studies of Dipsacales support a Caprifolieae clade containing Leycesteria, Triosteum, Symphoricarpos, and Lonicera, relationships among these taxa remain uncertain. Likewise, phylogenetic studies sampling more than just a handful of the species of Symphoricarpos has not been pursued. Here I present evidence based on both chloroplast and nuclear DNA to help resolve the phylogenetic relationships of both the Caprifolieae, as well as Symphoricarpos. For nuclear markers, I sequenced the ITS region in addition to the geranylgeranyl reductase (Chlp) gene, which appears to be present in only a single copy in Caprifolieae. Although Chlp does not provide a great deal of resolution by itself, it does provide additional phylogenetically informative characters. From these data, there appears to be strong congruence between both the genomes with respect to the relationships within Symphoricarpos, however, statistical support for any given hypothesis is weak. These additional data do not further support or clarify our understanding about the relationships among members of the Caprifolieae, showing conflicting results between the chloroplast and nuclear genomes.

Lectotypifications are proposed for the names of the following 36 temperate North American species proposed by Carl Linnaeus: Allium canadense, Amaranthus lividus, Aristolochia arborescens, Asarum canadense, Aster tenuifolius, Baccharis foetida, Bartsia pallida, Chenopodium anthelminticum, Croton argenteus, Erigeron carolinianus, Gentiana villosa, Hedysarum viridiflorum, Hedysarum volubile, Hippophae canadensis, Iris versicolor, Lonicera dioica, Lonicera symphoricarpos, Lupinus perennis, Lysimachia ciliata, Lythrum petiolatum, Myrica aspleniifolia, Oenothera sinuata, Onoclea sensibilis, Polypodium bulbiferum, Rudbeckia laciniata, Rudbeckia triloba, Ruellia strepens, Rumex verticillatus, Sideroxylon decandrum, Sideroxylon lycioides, Smilax lanceolata, Solidago lateriflora, Tabernaemontana amsonia, Tragia urens, Triosteum angustifolium and Tierbena carolina. In addition, neotypes are established for six Linnaean names that lack original material: Agave virginica, Blechnum virginicum, Juglans cinerea, Magnolia virginiana var. grisea, Menispermum carolinum and Teucrium virginicum.

Background and Aims: The Diervilla and Lonicera clades are members of the family Caprifoliaceae (Dipsacales sensu Donoghue et al., 2001, Harvard Papers in Botany 6: 459–479). So far, the intergeneric relationships of the Lonicera clade and the systematic position of Heptacodium remain equivocal. By studying fruit and seed morphology and anatomy, an attempt is made to clarify these issues. In addition, this study deals with the evolution of fruit and seed characters of the Diervilla and Lonicera clades with reference to allied taxa. Methods: Light and scanning electron microscopy were used for the morphological and anatomical investigations. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out by applying the parsimony and Bayesian inference optimality criteria. Character evolution was studied by means of parsimony optimization and stochastic character mapping. Key Results: Diervilla and Weigela (Diervilla clade) are characterized by several unique traits

Recent phylogenetic analyses of the Dipsacales strongly support a Caprifolieae clade within Caprifoliaceae including Leycesteria, Triosteum, Symphoricarpos, and Lonicera. Relationships within Caprifolieae, however, remain quite uncertain, and the monophyly of Lonicera, the most species-rich of the traditional genera, and its subdivisions, need to be evaluated. In this study we used sequences of the ITS region of nuclear ribosomal DNA and five chloroplast non-coding regions (rpoB–trnC spacer, atpB–rbcL spacer, trnS–trnG spacer, petN–psbM spacer, and psbM–trnD spacer) to address these problems. Our results indicate that Heptacodium is sister to Caprifolieae, Triosteum is sister to the remaining genera within the tribe, and Leycesteria and Symphoricarpos form a clade that is sister to a monophyletic Lonicera. Within Lonicera, the major split is between subgenus Caprifolium and subgenus Lonicera. Within subgenus Lonicera, sections Coeloxylosteum, Isoxylosteum, and Nintooa are nested within the paraph...

Background Symphoricarpos, a genus of the Caprifoliaceae family, consists of about 15 species of clonal deciduous shrubs in North America and 1 species endemic to China. In North American tallgrass prairie, Symphoricarpos orbiculatus (buckbrush) is the dominant shrub often forming large colonies via sexual and asexual reproductive mechanisms. Symphoricarpos shrubs, in particular S. orbiculatus, use a unique sexual reproductive mechanism known as layering where vertical stems droop and the tips root upon contact with the soil. Because of conflicting societal values of S. orbiculatus for conservation and agriculture and the current attempt to restore historical fire regimes, there is a need for basic research on the biological response of S. orbiculatus to anthropogenic burning regimes. Results From 2007 through 2013 we applied prescribed fires in the late dormant season on grazed pastures in the Grand River Grasslands of Iowa. From 2011 to 2013, we measured how S. orbiculatus basal resprouting and layering stems were affected by patchy fires on grazed pastures, complete pasture fires on grazed pastures or fire exclusion without grazing for more than three years. We measured ramet height, ramet canopy diameter, stems per ramet, ramets per 100 m2, and probability of new layering stems 120 days after fire. Height in burned plots was lower than unburned plots but S. orbiculatus reached ~ 84% of pre-burn height 120 days after fire. Stems per ramet were 2x greater in the most recently burned plots due to basal re-sprouting. Canopy diameter and density of ramets was not affected by time since fire, but burned pastures had marginally lower densities than plots excluded from fire (P = 0.07). Fire triggered new layering stems and no new layering stems were found in plots excluded from fire. Conclusions The mechanisms of both basal sprouting and aerial layering after fire suggest S. orbiculatus is tolerant to dormant season fires. Furthermore, dormant season fires, regardless if they were patchy fires or complete pasture fires, did not result in mortality of S. orbiculatus. Dormant season fires can reduce S. orbiculatus structural dominance and maintain lower ramet densities but also trigger basal resprouting and layering. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40529-014-0080-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Trees and shrubs establishing in grasslands frequently occur in clumps as- sociated with increased soil moisture and N availability. We tested whether the presence of conspecifics or enhanced soil resources increased the growth and survivorship of a shrub (Symphoricarpos occidentalis) and a tree (Picea glauca) in the presence of the perennial grass (Bromus inermis). Rhizomes of Symphoricarpos and seedlings of Picea were trans- planted into plots either singly or with four nonspecific neighbors, and with grass neighbors present or removed. Half the plots received additional water, N, and shade to simulate a forest environment. Roots and shoots of transplants were harvested after two growing seasons. Soil moisture and available N were lowest at high transplant density, and highest in the simulated-forest environment and in treatments where grass was removed. Transplant survivorship was generally enhanced in plots where grasses were removed and in the simulated-forest environment. Picea survivorship was reduced by grasses in plots without resource manipulations but was unaffected by grasses in the simulated-forest environment, suggesting that the simulated-forest environment enhanced the ability of Picea to compete with grasses. Picea growth, however, was reduced by nonspecific neighbors in all cases. For Symphoricarpos, nonspecific neighbors significantly decreased growth rates with grasses absent but significantly increased growth rates with grasses present. Thus the direct effect of high density in monoculture was to reduce Symphoricarpos growth, but the indirect effect of high density in the presence of grass was to facilitate Symphoricarpos growth. In summary, nonspecific neighbors increased the growth rate of Symphoricarpos in competition with grass, and a simulated-forest environment enhanced the ability of Picea to survive in the presence of grasses. The results support the idea that contagious distributions of woody species invading grasslands enhance woody plant establishment.

Scarcity of landfills has resulted in increasing need for alternative disposal or reuse of industrial organic wastes such as paper mill sludge (biosolids). The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the rooting response of stem cuttings from six species of deciduous landscape shrubs [coralberry (Symphoricarpos × chenaultii Rehd. 'Hancock'); flowering almond (Prunus triloba Lindl. 'Multiplex'); honeysuckle (Lonicera × xylosteoides Tausch. 'Clavey's Dwarf'); mock orange (Philadelphus × virginalis Rehd. 'Minnesota Snowflake'); purple-leaf sandcherry (Prunus × cistena N. E. Hansen); and viburnum (Viburnum dentatum L.)] under mist and 50% shade (outdoor lath) in flats filled with 100% perlite medium, or perlite mixed with 15, 30, 45 or 60% of fresh paper mill biosolids, by volume, of one of four sources (Atlantic, Domtar, Thorold, and QUNO). There was little or no adverse effect of the biosolids, despite wide variability in rooting response due to species, source and/or level of biosolids. Regression analyses indicated that, with few exceptions, the percent rooting, mean root number per rooted cutting, and length of longest root per cutting increased linearly or curvilinearly, or was unaffected, when regressed over level of biosolids. Optimum amounts of biosolids in the rooting medium ranged from 30 to 60% by volume. The electrical conductivities of the biosolids-amended media were acceptable (0.1–0.3 dS m−1) for rooting of woody cuttings and pore space characteristics were comparable to, or exceeded those of, perlite. Key words: Ornamentals, landscape plants, propagation, organic waste, paper mill sludge, waste recycling

Symphoricarpos (sneeuwbes) is een heester die veel wordt gebruikt in het openbaar groen. Van nature is het een zeer gemakkelijke plant, die vooral gewaardeerd wordt vanwege de opvallende witte of paarsroze bessen en/of de zeer goede bodembedekking. Er zijn de afgelopen jaren veel nieuwe cultivars op de markt verschenen, onder andere vanuit de snijheesterteelt. Ruim 30 cultivars zijn door Praktijkonderzoek Plant en Omgeving (PPO) getest voor gebruik als tuin- en openbaargroenplant.

The floral ontogeny of five representative species (Lonicera periclymenum, Symphoricarpos albus, Centranthus ruber, Dipsacus sylvestris, and Knautia arvensis) of Dipsacales has been studied and compared with existing floral ontogenies in order to examine the unresolved systematic position of Dipsacales. The floral ontogeny of the species studied differs only in minor aspects. All inflorescences share a basic dichotomous branching pattern initiated in an acropetal direction. The flowers of Dipsacus and Knautia (Dipsacaceae) arise successively in contact parastichies and are grouped in heads. However, the earliest flowers in the heads of Dipsacus are initiated in pairs, making a connection with the other dipsacalean families possible. In Dipsacaceae an epicalyx with a mixed bract and bracteolar origin arises. The sepals arise as individual primordia in Lonicera and Symphoricarpos (Caprifoliaceae). In the other genera individual sepal primordia are not observed, but a sepaloid meristematic ring is formed ins...

Symphoricarpos (Sneeuwbes) is een heester die veel wordt gebruikt in het openbaar groen en - op wat beperkter schaal - in particuliere tuinen. Van nature is het een zeer gemakkelijke plant, die vooral gewaardeerd wordt vanwege de opvallende witte of paarsroze bessen en/of de zeer goede bodembedekking. Het gewas is de afgelopen jaren ook uitgegroeid tot één van de populairste snijheesters. Vooral voor dit gebruik zijn er de afgelopen jaren veel nieuwe cultivars op de markt verschenen. Inmiddels zijn er ruim 60 verschillende cultivars bekend. Ruim 30 cultivars zijn op twee verschillende locaties getest. De planten zijn door PPO beschreven en beoordeeld op gebruik als tuin- en plantsoenplant. De KVBC voerde een sterrenkeuring uit.

Soil-borne seed pathogens may play an important role in either hindering or facilitating the spread of invasive exotic plants. We examined whether the invasive shrub Lonicera maackii (Caprifoliaceae) affected fungi-mediated mortality of conspecific and native shrub seeds in a deciduous forest in eastern Missouri. Using a combination of L. maackii removal and fungicide treatments, we found no effect of L. maackii invasion on seed viability of the native Symphoricarpos orbiculatus (Caprifoliaceae) or Cornus drummondii (Cornaceae). In contrast, fungi were significant agents of L. maackii seed mortality in invaded habitats. Losses of L. maackii to soil fungi were also significant in invaded habitats where L. maackii had been removed, although the magnitude of the effect of fungi was lower, suggesting that changes in soil chemistry or microhabitat caused by L. maackii were responsible for affecting fungal seed pathogens. Our work suggests that apparent competition via soil pathogens is not an important factor contributing to impacts of L. maackii on native shrubs. Rather, we found that fungal seed pathogens have density-dependent effects on L. maackii seed survival. Therefore, while fungal pathogens may provide little biotic resistance to early invasion by L. maackii, our study illustrates that more work is needed to understand how changes in fungal pathogens during the course of an invasion contribute to the potential for restoration of invaded systems. More generally, our study suggests that increased rates of fungal pathogen attack may be realized by invasive plants, such as L. maackii, that change the chemical or physical environment of the habitats they invade.

Background and Aims: The Diervilla and Lonicera clades are members of the family Caprifoliaceae (Dipsacales sensu Donoghue et al., 2001, Harvard Papers in Botany 6: 459–479). So far, the intergeneric relationships of the Lonicera clade and the systematic position of Heptacodium remain equivocal. By studying fruit and seed morphology and anatomy, an attempt is made to clarify these issues. In addition, this study deals with the evolution of fruit and seed characters of the Diervilla and Lonicera clades with reference to allied taxa. Methods: Light and scanning electron microscopy were used for the morphological and anatomical investigations. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out by applying the parsimony and Bayesian inference optimality criteria. Character evolution was studied by means of parsimony optimization and stochastic character mapping. Key Results: Diervilla and Weigela (Diervilla clade) are characterized by several unique traits in Dipsacales, including capsules with numerous seeds, seed coats without sclerified outer tangential exotestal cell walls, and dehiscent fruits. Seeds with completely sclerified exotestal cells and fleshy fruits characterize the Lonicera clade. Leycesteria and Lonicera have berries, ovaries without sterile carpels and several seeds per locule, whereas Symphoricarpos and Triosteum have drupes, ovaries with one or two sterile carpels and a single seed per locule. Heptacodium shares several characteristics with members of the Linnina clade, e.g. achenes, single-seeded fruits and a compressed, parenchymatous seed coat. Conclusions: The results confirm the monophyly of the Diervilla and Lonicera clades and allow us to hypothesize a close relationship between Leycesteria and Lonicera and between Symphoricarpos and Triosteum. Fruit and seed morphology and anatomy point to a sister relationship of Heptacodium with the Linnina clade, rather than with the Lonicera clade.

Lonicera symphoricarpos Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 175. 1753. "Habitat in Virginia, Carolina." RCN: 1381. Type not designated. Original material: Clayton 281 (BM); Herb. Linn. No. 85.13 (S); Herb. Clifford: 58, Lonicera 2 (BM); Clayton 201 (BM); Herb. Linn. No. 235.13 (LINN); [icon] in Miller, Cat. Pl.: 85, t. 20. 1730; [icon] in Dillenius, Hort. Eltham. 2: 371, t. 278, f. 360. 1732. Current name: Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench (Caprifoliaceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part L), pp. 610-650 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 641, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Vaccinium album Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 350. 1753. "Habitat in Pensylvania. Kalm." RCN: 2703. Lectotype (Blake in Rhodora 16: 118. 1914): Kalm, Herb. Linn. No. 497.4 (LINN). Current name: Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake (Caprifoliaceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part V), pp. 911-926 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 911, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Symphoricarpos orbiculatusMOENCH Niederösterreich: Weinviertel, Prinzendorf/Zaya, Nussbergen, Mischwaldrest am Oberlauf des Eselsbaches, ca. 240m, 7466/1, 11.02.2007, vid. OS. Nach WALTER et al. (2002) handelt es sich bei obigem Nachweis um den Zweitfund dieses aus Nordamerika stammenden Zierstrauches für Niederösterreich; zuvor konnte H. Melzer Symphoricarpos orbiculatus aus Wiener Neustadt belegen. Für das übrige Österreich waren bislang nur die Angabe von FORSTNER & HÜBL (1971) aus Wien und unveröffentlichte Nachweise aus der Stadt Salzburg vorhanden (PILSL et al. in Vorb.). Das neu entdeckte Vorkommen im Weinviertel lässt sich mit grosser Wahrscheinlichkeit auf einen ehemaligen Gartenauswurf zurückführen und ist aufgrund seiner beachtlichen flächigen Ausdehnung auf ca. 100m ² als bereits lokal eingebürgert einzustufen. Wie das Funddatum zeigt, lassen sich auch im Winterhalbjahr immer wieder interessante Pflanzennachweise ausmachen; Symphoricarpos orbiculatus ist zu dieser Jahreszeit weitgehend unbelaubt, jedoch reichen in Kombination mit den zu dieser Zeit vorhandenen Früchten allein die wenigen Blätter aus, um eine sichere Unterscheidung von der oben erwähnten Hybride S. × chenaultii zu gewährleisten (vgl. ROLOFF & BÄRTELS 1996)., Published as part of Stöhr, O., Pilsl, P., Essl, F., Hohla, M. & Schröck, C., 2007, Beiträge zur Flora von Österreich, II, pp. 155-292 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 39 (1) on page 256, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5407540, {"references":["WALTER J., ESSL F., NIKLFELD H. & M. A. FISCHER (2002): Gefasspflanzen. - In: ESSL F. & W. RABITSCH (Hrsg.): Neobiota in Osterreich. - Umweltbundesamt, Wien: 46 - 173."]}