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Relevance. Thanks to decisions taken at the national level, many countries have managed to significantly increase coverage with preventive vaccination and reduce mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has recaptured the relevance of organizing mass vaccination. Based on the current epidemiological situation, characteristics of the population, peculiar features of infrastructure, available resources in individual country, and individual city, various organizational vaccination solutions have been developed and implemented. The Moscow-based experience of vaccinating against influenza at mobile vaccination sites near the Moscow metro stations in 2016 became the starting point in the development of new organizational forms and technologies for mass vaccination in a megapolis, that have been successfully adapted to the new conditions of the COVID19 pandemic.Aims. is to summarize foreign and Russian (exemplified by Moscow) experience in organizing mass vaccination.Material and methods. The study is based on the publication search results in Google and PubMed. The authors selected materials published in 2017– 2023. The implemented analysis of the long-term dynamics in the influenza incidence in the Russian Federation, the Central Federal District (CFD) and Moscow was based on data of the Federal State Statistical Observation Form No. 2 «Information on infectious and parasitic diseases» for 2013–2019.Results and discussion. The analysis of foreign experience shows that the development and implementation of new forms of mass vaccination cannot become a "standard project". In each region of the world, it is organized with due regard to the local economic, legal, social, medical, organizational and even cultural conditions. Vaccination of the population against influenza at mobile vaccination sites near the Moscow metro stations contributed to a 42.3% decrease in the incidence of influenza (from 24.6 in 2016 to 14.2 per 100,000 population in 2017). In 2019, the incidence of influenza in Moscow was 28.8% lower than the CFD one and 62.2% lower than the Russian rate. The recognized successful experience of deploying mobile vaccination sites near the metro stations has been significantly expanded to control the COVID-19 pandemic with mobile teams, vaccination sites in shopping centers, etc.Conclusion. The conducted research and literature data substantiate the deployment of additional vaccination sites to ensure the necessary coverage with vaccination within a short period of time.

Tropical countries have become increasingly popular destinations for Russian tourists in recent years, so this study is relevant for understanding the peculiarities of Russian travel. The purpose of the research is to analyze the awareness of Russian tourists traveling to tropical countries about the prevention of infectious diseases during travel. Materials and methods. A two-center cross-sectional study using a questionnaire was conducted from 2018 to 2021 on the basis of the Center for Medical Prevention and the Infectious Clinical Hospital No. 1). The analysis of 102 questionnaires of Russian travelers who traveled to tropical countries was carried out, the level of their awareness of the prevention of infectious diseases during travel, and adherence to vaccination were determined. Results. 102 adult travelers came to a doctor for vaccination, some of them planned to take children to a trip (24 children in total) from 2 to 18 years old. Most often, people aged 19—44 planned to go to tropical countries; there were no gender differences among travelers. Among the regions of departure of the respondents, the most common were East Africa, South America, West Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean. The most visited country was Tanzania. In the first place in terms of the purpose of travel was tourism, followed by business trips, visiting friends and relatives, education, and other purposes. In groups of travelers with and without children, there were no differences in the reasons for the trip, the organization of the trip, the duration of the trip, and accommodation during the trip. The main reasons for traveling were tourism, work, and visiting friends and relatives. The median duration of the trip was 15 days. Most often, travelers stayed at the hotel. Most travelers without children and all travelers with children planned to visit nature parks. Travelers' vaccination status and awareness of infectious diseases endemic in the country of departure were insufficient. Conclusion. The age and gender structure of travelers, the duration of trips, the main regions of departure, the place of residence during the trip, the purpose of the trip, the awareness of travelers about diseases in the region and ways to prevent them, about routine vaccination, and the commitment of travelers to vaccination and disease prevention were determined.

Relevance. The Russian Federation is one of the largest states in the world, includes 85 subjects of the Federation located in two hemispheres of the Earth (Western and Eastern). The geographical location of the country, as well as the differences in territories according to the epidemiological situation, allow each subject, in accordance with the law, to develop regional schedules of vaccination. Aim. To analyze the trends in improving the regional schedule of routine vaccination, as well as to outline the directions of its development. Materials and methods. The analysis of regional schedules of vaccination in different years, including a descriptive stage based on the study of regulatory documents for the period from 2001 to 2019, was carried out. Results. The regional vaccination schedule was first introduced in Moscow in 2001. Infectious diseases against which vaccination was carried out, basically repeated the National calendar. Over time, the Regional Schedule has changed depending on the epidemic and economic situation in the capital. For the period from 2001 to 2019, the calendar had 4 editions - the number of infections against which residents of Moscow are vaccinated increased from 10 infectious diseases to 17. Vaccination schemes also undergo changes: the age of measles and mumps booster vaccination, the tactics of vaccination against viral hepatitis B, the introduction of combined vaccines, as well as changes in composition persons at risk to be vaccinated. The stages of introducing vaccination against rotavirus infection, meningitidis, pertussis, human papillomavirus infection, varicella, viral hepatitis A, pneumococcal infection into the Regional Schedule are described. A brief overview got of the regional schemes of vaccinations in some regions of the Russian Federation. Conclusion. The article describes an almost 20-year history of improving the Regional Schedule of Routine Vaccination in Moscow in the context of the development of the National Schedule of Routine Vaccination of the Russian Federation, as well as in comparison with immunization calendars from other countries of the world and constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Achievements and directions for further improvement of the Regional schedule of preventive vaccinations in the city of Moscow are indicated.

With the aim to increase the coverage of preventive vaccinations of the adult population of Moscow against influenza in the epidemic season of2016 - 2017 for the first time in Moscow there was organized the work of mobile vaccination centers on the basis of sanitary transport in the places of mass concentration of people. Since the 5th of September to the 1st of november 2016 in walking distance from 24 metro stations and the railway station Krukovo (administrative district - Zelenograd) were working vaccination points equipped with the account of sanitary and anti-epidemic requirements and providing conditions for the safety of immunization. The new approach to the vaccination against influenza allowed to increase the availability of vaccination services for the population, to cover a hard-to-reach group of employed working residents of Moscow and also to implement a new method of public health education in the area of adherence to influenza vaccination.

Whereas the quality of the program depends on promptness, full coverage, vaccination schedule abidance. Taking new Moscow regions as an example there have been studied factors influencing vaccination against Pneumococcal infection (PI). Insufficient provision of the vaccine to reach the desired level of coverage has been detected: in 2014 only 67.57% of liable children could receive double vaccination; the available quantity of vaccine in 2015 was able to provide 33. 84% of children up to 12 months old with double vaccination.However, the actual number of children vaccinated turned to be much lower (0.23% in 2014 and 20.85% in 2015).The survey of the doctors with the purpose of defining the level of knowledge and commitment to the vaccination against PI has shown a modest level of epidemiology, clinical implications, PIimmunoprophylaxis method awareness. Parental attitude towards PI vaccination has been estimated as positive. Parental interest to opportunities of immunoprophylaxis against PI is worthwhile noting despite the insufficient level of knowledgeability of its effects. Hence 74.5% of parents whose children are not vaccinated against PI would like to start vaccination, however a part of them look into receiving more information (29.41% parents).