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This paper presents the preparation and some characteristics of collagen/polyphenols materials containing different polyphenols contents. Collagen was extracted from fresh-water fish scales and polyphenols were extracted from Camellia chrysantha (Tam Dao, Vinh Phuc, Viet Nam). A comparison between these polyphenols and green tea polyphenols (commercial product) was carried out in this study. Functional groups and morphology of collagen/polyphenols materials were determined by Infrared spectroscopy (IR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) was used to evaluate the release of polyphenols from collagen/polyphenols materials in simulated body fluids. In addition, the anti-oxidation ability of collagen/polyphenols materials was also investigated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. The obtained results showed that polyphenols with the size of ca. 100 nm were dispersed and adhered well to the collagen matrix. The release of polyphenols from the materials follows two stages: fast release during the first 2 hours of testing and controlled release in the following hours. The content of polyphenols released from the collagen/polyphenols materials in pH 2.0 solution was higher than that in pH 7.4 solution. After 8 hours of testing, the content of polyphenols released from the collagen/polyphenols materials reached 15-65 % depending on the polyphenols content, type of polyphenols and pH of solution. The anti-oxidation ability of polyphenols extracted from Camellia chrysantha is better than that of green tea polyphenols and collagen/polyphenols materials.

First coined in the 1980s and instantly redefined ever since, the term "21st-century skills" has transformed education around the world. In their effort to best prepare students to become successful global citizens, teachers have integrated the teaching of 21st-century skills into their classrooms. However, research into how students perceive and incorporate these skills in their learning of such subjects as translation is not as so rigorous. Therefore, this study is aimed at bridging this gap. The research was conducted based on the Partnership for 21st Century Skills (P21) framework. A combination of survey questionnaires from 80 university juniors studying Translation 2 at Van Lang University and 10 interviews with them helped provide data for analysis. The results showed that among the skill sets (P21, 2013), most students gave preference to collaboration, critical thinking, and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) literacy. They also shed some light on what hindered them from developing certain skills in their translation learning. The research, finally, suggests some possible adaptations in syllabus design and teaching approaches that can boost students' 21st-century skills while nurturing future qualified translators.

The Detection Test for Language Impairments in Adults and the Aged (DTLA) is a quick, sensitive, and standardized screening test designed to assess language disorders in adults and elderly people. The test was specifically developed to detect linguistic impairment associated with major neurocognitive disorders. In 2017, we established normative data on 545 healthy individuals between 50 and 80 years old from four French-speaking countries: Belgium, Canada (Quebec), France, and Switzerland. Objective The objective of the present study was to develop norms for the population older than 80 years of age for the DTLA. Method We extend the original normative data to include 149 healthy, community-dwelling, French-speaking adults aged 80 years old and older from the same countries. Results For the total score of the screening test, we calculated the 5th, 15th, 25th, and 50th percentiles for two education groups. The analyses allowed the identification of cutoff and alert scores based on education level. Conclusions With the present study, solid normative data for the DTLA derived from the performance of 694 healthy, community-dwelling adults, and elderly people are now available to clinicians and researchers.

Arsenic contamination in groundwater is commonly found in alluvial plains of major river basins, in which the Red river delta has also been reported to be contaminated with high levels of arsenic. In this study, groundwater from 50 household wells was collected to study the spatial distribution of arsenic in northwestern Hanoi. The results showed that arsenic concentration in groundwater varied in a wide range of less than 5 to 334 μg/l, of which up 62% of the wells exceeded the WHO guideline value of 10 μg/l for arsenic content in drinking water. Arsenic groundwater in this area is unevenly distributed throughout the area, high arsenic concentrations are found in a narrow band between Red river and Day river. This pattern of arsenic distribution is strongly related to the sediment age, sedimentary processes, and it is also modified by local groundwater flow parts and the occurrence of hydraulic connection between aquifers, which are observed in the study area. Arsenic is released into the groundwater during the reductive dissolution of arsenic-bearing minerals under the presence of organic matter.

This study focuses on the analysis of verbal interactions in clinical contexts between aphasic adults and speech therapists. Seven speech therapists were invited to record a conversational exchange with one of their patients and to analyze their interacting communication behaviors using an observation grid, based on the watching of a video clip and the reading of its transcription. In this interaction analysis protocol, the speech therapist's attention was not focused on the patient's productions but on his or her own contribution to the exchange. The results show that the recording and the transcription of corpora of natural exchanges contribute to the speech therapist's awareness of his or her language posture and opens up prospects for the improvement of professional practices in healthcare.

Plasmid-Mediated Colistin Resistance 1 (mcr-1) was first reported in 2015 and is a great concern to human health. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of mcr-1 and mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli (MCRPEC) and the association in infection status among various reservoirs connected to livestock. The study was conducted in 70 poultry and swine farms in a commune in Ha Nam province, northern Vietnam. Samples were collected from farmers, food animals, domestic animals, and farm environments (flies and wastewater) for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening for mcr-1 gene and species identification of PCR positive isolates. Among 379 obtained mcr-1 positives isolates, Escherichia coli was the major identified, varying from 50% (2/4) in dog feces to 100% (31/31) in humans feces isolates. The prevalence of MCRPEC was 14.4% (20/139), 49.7% (96/193), 31.3% (25/80), 36.7% (40/109), 26.9% (18/67), and 3.9% (2/51) in humans, chickens, pigs, flies, wastewater, and dogs, respectively. The study identified association between MCRPEC infection status in humans and flies (OR = 3.4), between flies and chickens (OR = 5.3), and between flies and pigs (OR = 9.0). Farmers’ age and farm livestock unit were also associated factors of MCRPEC infection status in humans (OR = 5.1 and 1.05, respectively). These findings bring new knowledge on antibiotic resistance in livestock setting and important suggestions on potential role of flies in the transmission of mcr-1 resistance gene.

International audience; Language pathologies are part of cognitive disorders specific to the Alzheimer disease. Most often, they are studied through precise clinical tasks, which are very different from situations of natural communication. Their purpose is to find evidence of linguistic deficits such as lexical and semantic troubles occurring at the early stages and specific of the disorder. We propose to enrich the classical tests used for the evaluation of language capacity with the study of conversational exchanges thanks to which we expect to find new clinical functional criteria. Our study addresses an automatic analysis of a conversational corpus collected from 10 elderly participants (mean age = 90 years) among whom 5 participants have the Alzheimer disease at early to moderate stages (mean MMS = 15/30). Our analysis shows the existence of quantitative and qualitative differences between the two studied populations and proposes to take advantage of verbal interactions in order to better describe the impact of language troubles on verbal communication of people with the Alzheimer disease.; Les troubles du langage font partie des troubles cognitifs présents dans la maladie d’Alzheimer. Ils sont le plus souvent étudiés dans des tâches cliniques ciblées, éloignées des situations de communication naturelle. Leur but est de mettre en évidence les déficits linguistiques comme par exemple les troubles lexico-sémantiques présents dès le début de l’évolution et spécifiques de la maladie. Nous avons choisi de compléter les épreuves classiques d’évaluation du langage par l’étude d’une situation d’échange conversationnel en essayant de dégager de nouveaux critères cliniques fonctionnels. Notre étude porte sur l’analyse automatique de corpus conversationnels recueillis auprès de 10 personnes âgées (moyenne d’âge = 90 ans) dont 5 présentant une maladie d’Alzheimer à un stade débutant à modéré (MMS moyen = 15/30). Nos analyses montrent des différences quantitatives et qualitatives entre les deux populations étudiées et proposent de s’intéresser davantage à l’interaction verbale pour mieux décrire le retentissement des troubles du langage sur la communication verbale des sujets avec maladie d’Alzheimer.

An increasing number of studies focus on discourse production in patients with neurodegenerative diseases and underline its clinical usefulness. However, if this is to be used as a clinical tool, one needs to consider how normal discourse varies within cognitively unimpaired elderly populations. In the current study, the aim has been to investigate discourse macrolinguistic variability. For this, 123 participants aged between 55 and 84 were recruited. A cluster analysis of their discourse macrolinguistic features was conducted. Then, cluster characterisation based on socio-demographic and linguistic performance was tested (fluency, naming, syntax and spelling). This method aims to identify various profiles of speaker and informativeness and then see if inter-individual variability may be related to socio-demographic and/or linguistic aspects. Four clusters of informativeness were found but no socio-demographic features appeared significant. The fourth cluster, defined as 'off topic', had lower performance during linguistic tasks than others and thus the boundary between normality and pathology should be questioned.

New exploration results proved the presence of Tertiary sedimentary basins with hydrocarbon potential in the boundaries of Vietnam continental shelf. These basins were perhaps formed in the Early Oligocene on the Mesozoic basement of continental crust and were filled with mainly deltaic clastic sediments. Since very early Miocene these basins have linked together and extended wider. Sediments of marine and prograding delta facies accumulated and widespreaded on the whole continental shelf. At the Middle Miocene to present-day the opening of the Bien Dong Sea (Vietnam East Sea), the regional tectonic subsidence and the eustatic fluctuation had created sedimentary formations of open and deep marine facies with turbidite shale, platform carbonate including reef build-up. Andesite and basalt extrusion occurred in form of dykes resulting from tectonic inversions in Late Oligocene, in the beginning of Middle Miocene, particularly in Late Miocene-Pliocene. These Tertiary sedimentary basins are expected to have hydrocarbon potential and need to be investigated and explored adequately. The main risk is the drilling technology, the exploitation in the deep sea and high investment cost. The recently exploration results in illustrated a better potential in Lower Oligocene reservoir in South East margin of Cuu Long basin and many new signs. These signs need to be highlight researched for predicting accumulation distribution in study area, in purpose of oil and gas exploration for next stages.

Background It is uncertain whether vitamin D can reduce respiratory infection. Objective To determine whether vitamin D supplementation reduces influenza and other upper viral respiratory tract infections. Methods A total of 1300 healthy children and adolescents between the ages of 3 and 17 years were randomized to vitamin D (14 000 U weekly) or placebo for 8 months in Vietnam. The primary outcome was reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR-confirmed influenza infection, and the coprimary outcome was multiplex PCR-confirmed non-influenza respiratory viruses. Participants, caregivers, and those assessing outcomes were blinded to group assignment. Results A total of 650 children and adolescents were randomly assigned to vitamin D and 650 to placebo. The mean baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were 65.7 nmol/L and 65.2 nmol/L in the intervention and placebo groups, respectively, with an increase to 91.8 nmol/L in the vitamin D group and no increase, 64.5 nmol/L, in the placebo group. All 1300 participants randomized contributed to the analysis. We observed RT-PCR-confirmed influenza A or B occurred in 50 children (7.7%) in the vitamin D group and in 43 (6.6%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.18, 95% CI: 0.79-1.78). RT-PCR-confirmed non-influenza respiratory virus infection occurred in 146 (22.5%) in the vitamin D group and in 185 (28.5%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.61-0.94). When considering all respiratory viruses, including influenza, the effect of vitamin D in reducing infection was significant, HR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.66-0.99. Conclusion Vitamin D supplementation did not reduce the incidence of influenza but moderately reduced non-influenza respiratory viral infection.

Since time immemorial, rock has been attached tohuman life, present everywhere in human material and spiritual life. Therefore, many ethnic groups of Vietnam havecustoms of worship of “Soulstone”, “Rock God”. To Vietnamese people,thousands of years ago, rock became their spiritual symbol. Everywhere we go in Vietnam, we recognize the shape of the Vietnamese nation,feel national spirit as well as cultural depth and mindof the country through the shape of the rock. The papergoes deeply into understanding the “the spirit ofthe rock” in the cultural life of Vietnam through the symbolic meaning of the rock: Rock– the source of life, rock creates living space for people;rock – the challenge for human will; rock – sustainability ahead of time. Studying“the spirit of the rock” in Vietnamese minds is how to study the folk wisdom which has been refracted through the folk beliefs and popular manifestations of agricultural culture, from which to understand more about thesoul and personality of Vietnam.

International audience; In recent decades, many computational techniques have been developed to analyse the contextual usage of words in large language corpora. The present study examined whether the co-occurrence frequency obtained from large language corpora might boost purely semantic priming effects. Two experiments were conducted: one with conscious semantic priming, the other with subliminal semantic priming. Both experiments contrasted three semantic priming contexts: an unrelated priming context and two related priming contexts with word pairs that are semantically related and that co-occur either frequently or infrequently. In the conscious priming presentation (166-ms stimulus-onset asynchrony, SOA), a semantic priming effect was recorded in both related priming contexts, which was greater with higher co-occurrence frequency. In the subliminal priming presentation (66-ms SOA), no significant priming effect was shown, regardless of the related priming context. These results show that co-occurrence frequency boosts pure semantic priming effects and are discussed with reference to models of semantic network.

Compared to cognitive functions such as working memory and executive functions, language appears to be mostly resistant to age-related decline. However, language is affected in the early stages of major forms of dementia and language deficits are at the core of the clinical portrait of primary progressive aphasias. Primary care providers are frequently faced with patients whose main complaints concern language problems in everyday and professional life. Up to now, no brief, accurate, screening test, which could be applied during routine office visits, was available for language deficits in neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study is to fill this important need by developing a handy, sensitive and brief detection test for language impairments in adults and aging. In this presentation, we describe the psychometric properties of the DTLA (Detection Test for Language impairments in Adults and Aging), a new screening test developed in four French-speaking countries (Belgium, Canada, France and Switzerland). We first present the development phase of the DTLA, then we provide normative data for healthy, community-dwelling, French-speaking people from the four countries. Finally, we report data on the convergent and discriminant validity of the DTLA as well as on its test-retest and internal consistency reliability. The use of the DTLA could improve the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases, especially those in which language is primarily affected. Ultimately, this will permit patients and their families to receive adequate services at an earlier stage of the disease.

To date, there is no quick screening test that could be used during routine office visits to accurately assess language disorders in neurodegenerative diseases. To fill this important gap, we developed the Detection Test for Language impairments in Adults and the Aged (DTLA), a quick, sensitive, standardized screening test designed to assess language disorders in adults and the elderly individuals. In Study 1, we describe the development of the DTLA. In Study 2, we report data on the DTLA’s validity and reliability. Finally, in Study 3, we establish normative data for the test. The DTLA has good convergent and discriminant validity as well as good internal consistency and test–retest reliability. Norms for the DTLA obtained from a sample of 545 healthy, community-dwelling, French-speaking adults from 4 French-speaking countries (Belgium, Canada (Quebec), France, and Switzerland) are provided. The development, validation, and standardization of the DTLA constitute a significant effort to meet the need for a language screening test adapted to neurodegenerative diseases.

Currently, in the training curriculum of Bachelor degree in Vietnamese Studies (for an audience of foreign students), Vietnamese Literature is one of the compulsory subjects. This is an interesting subject, but hard for foreign students due to limited language skills nad capacities. Therefore, how to motivate foreign students to excitedly learn Vietnamese Literature and thoroughly understand literary works of Vietnamese literature? This paper raises some experiences in the application of the group discussion method based on the hierarchical theory of Benjamin Bloom's thinking when we teach Vietnamese Literature to foreign students, particularly fulltime regular students (in the formal system) studying at the Faculty of Vietnamese Studies, University of Social Sciences and Humanities – Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City. This method helps teachers to maximize the motto “learnercentered”, and also helps students to make effective use of P.O.W.E.R studying methods (initiated by Professor of Psychology Robert S. Feldman, University of Massachusetts) in order to promote active, positive and creative learning.

Les troubles du langage font partie, avec les troubles de la mémoire, des premiers signes cliniques cognitifs de la maladie d’Alzheimer. Au début de la maladie, ces troubles essentiellement expressifs touchent surtout le lexique, les autres aspects du langage (phonologie, syntaxe) restant préservés plus longtemps. Afin de mieux caractériser ces troubles du langage inauguraux, nous avons évalué ces troubles auprès de 28 sujets (12 hommes et 16 femmes), âgés de 52 à 90 ans (moyenne d’âge : 73 ans), présentant une maladie d’Alzheimer au stade débutant (MMS > ou = à 20, moyenne = 23,79). Aucun de ces sujets ne présentait de troubles auditifs ou visuels non corrigés ni de troubles gnosiques visuels. L’examen des troubles lexicaux a consisté en la passation de 3 épreuves (dénomination, désignation et appariement d’images) permettant d’évaluer conjointement pour les mêmes 54 items (contrôlés en termes de fréquence, longueur et catégorie sémantique) la production et la compréhension lexicale ainsi que le traitement sémantique non verbal. Les résultats à ces épreuves ont été analysés en fonction des scores et temps seuils établis auprès d’une population contrôle de 369 sujets. Les résultats montrent que 62% des sujets examinés présente des troubles de la production lexicale caractérisés par la présence de paraphasies lexicales sémantiques et visuo-s��mantiques, de circonlocutions et de dénominations vides et des délais dans les réponses, dans l’épreuve de dénomination d’images. Ces troubles expressifs s’accompagnent de troubles sémantiques dans la mesure 72% des sujets présentent des scores pathologiques à l’épreuve d’appariement sémantique et dans une moindre proportion, sont associés à des troubles de la compréhension lexicale (44% de scores pathologiques en désignation). Ces chiffres, plus élevés que ceux de la littérature, confortent l’hypothèse de troubles lexico-sémantiques propres à la maladie d’Alzheimer qui peuvent être identifiés précocement si l’on dispose d’outils d’évaluation adaptés à cette population.

Vietnam is the first and only country in the world to regularly use oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) in their cholera control program. From 1998 to 2012, more than 10.9 million doses of the locally produced OCV were deployed in the country through its public health system. We present an overview of cholera epidemiology in Vietnam and the development and deployment of the OCV. Since 1997, the number of cholera cases in Vietnam has declined, in association with increased OCV use as well as improvements in socioeconomic and water and sanitation conditions. It is not possible to establish the relative contributions of each of these to the reduction in cholera rates. Hue, the only province to use OCVs consistently every year, has not reported any cholera case since 2003. As WHO organizes a stockpile of OCV for use in emergencies and recommends the use of OCVs together with traditional means of control, the experience in Vietnam will be helpful to other at-risk countries as they look towards adopting the vaccine in their cholera control programs.

1.1 Contexte en psycholinguistique Les etudes realisees dans le cadre du developpement normal soulignent l’existence d’enonces non conventionnels par rapport aux productions usuelles dans le discours de reference adulte mais elles restent circonscrites dans un cadre strictement nominal (Clark, 1993; Bassano, 2000; Tomasello 2003; Le Ny, Franquart-Declercq, 2001) et sont definies : soit sous la forme de deux categories d’ « erreur », si absence d’un item conventionnel dans le lexique : • les erreurs de surextension categorielle : Appelee egalement sur-inclusion (Clark, 1993, 2003) elle marque la premiere aptitude enfantine a la decontextualisation (Tomasello, 1992, 2003) puisqu’elle consiste a utiliser un mot, par exemple « pomme » pour designer d’autres fruits [orange], [banane] : « pomme » pour orange « rose » pour marguerite Cette extension d’emploi marque un rapprochement d’objets/termes qui relevent d’une meme categorie (en l’occurrence celle des /fruits/ ou des /fleurs/) sur la base d’une ressemblance physique, fonctionnelle ou de contiguite spatiale (Dromi, 1999). • les erreurs de sur-extension analogique : Il s’agit la d’une production qui consiste a etendre plus encore l’emploi d’un mot, puisqu’il s’agit d’employer un terme – par exemple « pamplemousse » pour designer un objet et renvoyer a un item qui releve d’une autre categorie, par exemple « lune » : Durand J. Habert B., Laks B. (eds.) Congres Mondial de Linguistique Francaise CMLF'08 ISBN 978-2-7598-0358-3, Paris, 2008, Institut de Linguistique Francaise Psycholinguistique, acquisition DOI 10.1051/cmlf08195 CMLF2008

La fin du XXeme siecle a ete marquee par un essor sans precedent des Nouvelles Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (NTIC). Courriels, forums de discussion, blogs, SMS, tchats sont autant de situations nouvelles de communication ecrite nees du developpement et de la diffusion des outils electroniques (ordinateur et telephone mobile). L’utilisation de plus en plus etendue de ces outils, que ce soit dans le cadre prive, professionnel voire scolaire, est a l’origine de nouveaux codes et de manieres differentes de traiter l’ecrit. De fait, les conditions techniques de la communication electronique ont une influence sur les pratiques scripturales et le rapport que les individus entretiennent avec la langue ecrite.

Encoding motion events in aphasia: crosslinguistic perspectives in monolingual and bilingual agrammatism Efstathia SOROLI1*, Maya HICKMANN1, Jean-Luc NESPOULOUS2, Halima SAHRAOUI2, Thi Mai TRAN3 1Laboratoire Structures Formelles du Langage, CNRS & Universite Paris 8, France 2Laboratoire Jacques Lordat, Universite Toulouse Le Mirail, France 3Laboratoire STL, CNRS & Universite Lille Nord de France, France * contact e-mail address: eva.soroli@sfl.cnrs.fr

Tran Thi Mai. Kein Ort. Nirgends. Christa Wolf. Une façon d'être-hors-la-phrase. In: Cahiers d'Études Germaniques, numéro 6, 1982. pp. 151-157.