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1. Role of Environmental Factors in Shaping Spatial Distribution of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi, Fiji

Author

de Alwis, Ruklanthi, Watson, Conall, Nikolay, Birgit, Lowry, John H., Thieu, Nga Tran Vu, Van, Tan Trinh, Ngoc, Dung Tran Thi, Rawalai, Kitione, Taufa, Mere, Coriakula, Jerimaia, Lau, Colleen L., Nilles, Eric J., Edmunds, W. John, Kama, Mike, Baker, Stephen, and Cano, Jorge

Subjects
Antigens -- Health aspects -- Surveys, Salmonella -- Health aspects -- Surveys, Rain -- Health aspects -- Surveys, Geospatial data -- Health aspects -- Surveys, Medical research -- Health aspects -- Surveys, Vaccination -- Health aspects -- Surveys, Typhoid fever -- Risk factors -- Health aspects -- Surveys, Antibodies -- Health aspects -- Surveys, Health
Abstract

With an estimated disease burden of 20.6 million cases in low- and middle-income countries in 2010, typhoid fever remains an enteric disease of public health concern (1,2). Typhoid fever cases [...]

Published
2018
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2. An age-stratified serosurvey against purified Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi antigens in the Lao People´s Democratic Republic

Author

Hefele, Lisa, primary, Black, Antony P., additional, Van Tan, Trinh, additional, Tri Minh, Nguyen, additional, Duc Hoang, Nguyen, additional, Virachith, Siriphone, additional, Muller, Claude P., additional, Hübschen, Judith M., additional, Russell, Paula, additional, Bartholdson Scott, Josefin, additional, Ngoc Minh, Chau Nguyen, additional, Thieu Nga, Tran Vu, additional, and Baker, Stephen, additional

Published
2021
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4. An extended genotyping framework for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the cause of human typhoid

Author

Wong, Vanessa K., Baker, Stephen, Connor, Thomas R., Pickard, Derek, Page, Andrew J., Dave, Jayshree, Murphy, Niamh, Holliman, Richard, Sefton, Armine, Millar, Michael, Dyson, Zoe A., Dougan, Gordon, Holt, Kathryn E., Parkhill, Julian, Feasey, Nicholas A., Kingsley, Robert A., Thomson, Nicholas R., Keane, Jacqueline A., Weill, François- Xavier, Le Hello, Simon, Hawkey, Jan, Edwards, David, Harris, Simon R., Cain, Amy K., Hadfield, James, Hart, Peter J., Thieu, Nga Tran Vu, Klemm, Elizabeth, Breiman, Robert F., Watson, Conall H., Edmunds, W. John, Kariuki, Samuel, Gordon, Melita A., Heyderman, Robert S., Okoro, Chinyere, Jacobs, Jan, Lunguya, Octavie, Msefula, Chisomo, Chabalgoity, Jose A., Kama, Mike, Jenkins, Kylie, Dutta, Shanta, Marks, Florian, Campos, Josefina, Thompson, Corinne, Obaro, Stephen, MacLennan, Calman A., Dolecek, Christiane, Keddy, Karen H., Smith, Anthony M., Parry, Christopher M., Karkey, Abhilasha, Dongol, Don, Basnyat, Buddha, Arjyal, Amit, Mulholland, E. Kim, Campbell, James I., Dufour, Muriel, Bandaranayake, Don, Toleafoa, Take N., Singh, Shalini Pravin, Hatta, Mochammad, Newton, Paul, Dance, David, Davong, Viengmon, Onsare, Robert S., Isaia, Lupeoletalalelei, Thwaites, Guy, Wijedoru, Lalith, Crump, John A., de Pinna, Elizabeth, Nair, Satheesh, Nilles, Eric J., Thanh, Duy Pham, Turner, Paul, Soeng, Sona, Valcanis, Mary, Powling, Joan, Dimovski, Karolina, Hogg, Geoff, Farrar, Jeremy, Mather, Alison E., Amos, Ben, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University NHS Trust, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute [Cambridge], London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), University of Oxford [Oxford], Cardiff University, Barts Health NHS Trust [London, UK], Centre for Sytems Genomics, University of Melbourne, Department of Engineering [Cambridge], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), University of Liverpool, Institute of Food Research [Norwich], Institute for Astronomy [Honolulu], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Bactéries pathogènes entériques (BPE), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory (ACOML), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), INM-8, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Global Disease Detection Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), University College of London [London] (UCL), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale [Kinshasa] (INRB), University of Malawi, Universidad de la República [Montevideo] (UCUR), IHU-LIRYC, Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-CHU Bordeaux [Bordeaux], Department of Mathematics and Statistics [Toronto], York University [Toronto], Department of Mathematical Sciences [Varanasi], Banaras Hindu University [Varanasi] (BHU), Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahidol University [Bangkok]-Mahosot Hospital, Public Health England [London], Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine [Oxford], This work was supported by a number of organizations. The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute authors were funded by Wellcome Trust Award #098051. V.K.W. was supported by the Wellcome Trust (#098051) and the National Institute of HealthResearch (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). N.F. was supported by the Wellcome Trust Research Fellowship #WT092152MA. N.F., R.S.H. and this work were supported by a strategic award from the Wellcome Trust for the MLW ClinicalResearch Programme (#101113/Z/13/Z). C.P. was funded by The Wellcome Trust Mahidol University Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Programme, supported by the Wellcome Trust of Great Britain (Major Overseas Programmes—Thailand Unit CoreGrant), the European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases and University of Oxford-Li Ka Shing Global Health Foundation. D.D., P.N. and V.D. were supported by the Wellcome Trust (core grant #089275/H/09/Z). Z.A.D. was supported by the WellcomeTrust (Strategic award #106158). K.E.H. was supported by the NHMRC of Australia (fellowship #1061409) and the Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative (VLSCI, grant #VR0082). C.A.M. was supported by a Clinical Research Fellowship fromGlaxoSmithKline and PJH by a UK Medical Research Council PhD studentship. This work forms part of an EU FP7 Marie Curie Actions Industry Academia Partnerships and Pathways (IAPP) Consortium Programme, entitled GENDRIVAX (Genome-drivenvaccine development for bacterial infections), involving the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, KEMRI Nairobi and Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health. The Institut Pasteur (IP) authors were funded by the IP, the Institut de Veille Sanitaire and by theFrench Government ‘Investissement d’Avenir’ programme (Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Excellence, grant #ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID). C.H.W. was supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC, MR/J003999/1).C.O. was supported by Society in Science, The Branco Weiss Fellowship, administered by the ETH Zurich. A.K.C. was supported by the MRC (#G1100100/1). J.J. was supported by the antibiotic resistance surveillance project in DR Congo, funded by Project 2.01 of the Third Framework Agreement between the Belgian Directorate General of Development Cooperation and the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. F.M. was supported by a research grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. J.A.C. was supported by the joint US National Institutes of Health-National Science Foundation Ecology and Evolution of Infectious Disease program (#R01 TW009237) and the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC, BB/J010367/1), and by UK BBSRC Zoonoses in Emerging Livestock Systems awards #BB/L017679, #BB/L018926 and #BB/L018845. S.K. was supported by the NIH Grant Number R01 AI099525-02. S.B. is a Sir Henry Dale Fellow, jointly funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society (#100087/Z/12/Z). S.O. was supported by the National Institute Of Allergy And Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (#R01AI097493). C.D. was supported by the University of Oxford-Li Ka Shing Global Health Programme. A.E.M. was supported by a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Councilaward (#BB/M014088/1). P.T. was supported by the Wellcome Trust of Great Britain (Major Overseas Programmes—Thailand Unit Core Grant) and University of Oxford-Li Ka Shing Global Health Foundation., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), Dyson, Zoe A [0000-0002-8887-3492], Holt, Kathryn E [0000-0003-3949-2471], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, University of Oxford, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), and Universidad de la República [Montevideo] (UDELAR)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, DNA, Bacterial, Genotype, Science, Population, General Physics and Astronomy, Biology, Salmonella typhi, complex mixtures, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Typhoid fever, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Cluster Analysis, Humans, Typhoid Fever, education, Genotyping, Phylogeny, Genetics, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, Geography, business.industry, Haplotype, Subclade, General Chemistry, Sequence Analysis, DNA, medicine.disease, bacterial infections and mycoses, 3. Good health, Biotechnology, 030104 developmental biology, Haplotypes, Microbial genetics, bacteria, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business
Abstract

The population of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the causative agent of typhoid fever, exhibits limited DNA sequence variation, which complicates efforts to rationally discriminate individual isolates. Here we utilize data from whole-genome sequences (WGS) of nearly 2,000 isolates sourced from over 60 countries to generate a robust genotyping scheme that is phylogenetically informative and compatible with a range of assays. These data show that, with the exception of the rapidly disseminating H58 subclade (now designated genotype 4.3.1), the global S. Typhi population is highly structured and includes dozens of subclades that display geographical restriction. The genotyping approach presented here can be used to interrogate local S. Typhi populations and help identify recent introductions of S. Typhi into new or previously endemic locations, providing information on their likely geographical source. This approach can be used to classify clinical isolates and provides a universal framework for further experimental investigations., Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi). This study examines ∼2,000 clinical isolates of S. Typhi to show highly structured/geographically restricted genomes except rapidly disseminating H58 subclade, and design a genotyping framework for tracking the disease.

Published
2016

5. Role of Environmental Factors in Shaping Spatial Distribution ofSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhi, Fiji

Author

de Alwis, Ruklanthi, primary, Watson, Conall, additional, Nikolay, Birgit, additional, Lowry, John H., additional, Thieu, Nga Tran Vu, additional, Van, Tan Trinh, additional, Ngoc, Dung Tran Thi, additional, Rawalai, Kitione, additional, Taufa, Mere, additional, Coriakula, Jerimaia, additional, Lau, Colleen L., additional, Nilles, Eric J., additional, Edmunds, W. John, additional, Kama, Mike, additional, Baker, Stephen, additional, and Cano, Jorge, additional

Published
2018
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6. Social mixing in Fiji: Who-eats-with-whom contact patterns and the implications of age and ethnic heterogeneity for disease dynamics in the Pacific Islands

Author

Watson, Conall H., primary, Coriakula, Jeremaia, additional, Ngoc, Dung Tran Thi, additional, Flasche, Stefan, additional, Kucharski, Adam J., additional, Lau, Colleen L., additional, Thieu, Nga Tran Vu, additional, le Polain de Waroux, Olivier, additional, Rawalai, Kitione, additional, Van, Tan Trinh, additional, Taufa, Mere, additional, Baker, Stephen, additional, Nilles, Eric J., additional, Kama, Mike, additional, and Edmunds, W. John, additional

Published
2017
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7. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of ESBL and AmpC producing organisms associated with bacteraemia in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Author

Lan, Nguyen Phu Huong, primary, Hien, Nguyen Huu, additional, Le Thi Phuong, Tu, additional, Thanh, Duy Pham, additional, Thieu, Nga Tran Vu, additional, Ngoc, Dung Tran Thi, additional, Tuyen, Ha Thanh, additional, Vinh, Phat Voong, additional, Ellington, Matthew J., additional, Thwaites, Guy E., additional, Van Vinh Chau, Nguyen, additional, Baker, Stephen, additional, and Boinett, Christine J., additional

Published
2017
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8. A cross-sectional seroepidemiological survey of typhoid fever in Fiji

Author

Watson, Conall H., primary, Baker, Stephen, additional, Lau, Colleen L., additional, Rawalai, Kitione, additional, Taufa, Mere, additional, Coriakula, Jerimaia, additional, Thieu, Nga Tran Vu, additional, Van, Tan Trinh, additional, Ngoc, Dung Tran Thi, additional, Hens, Niel, additional, Lowry, John H., additional, de Alwis, Ruklanthi, additional, Cano, Jorge, additional, Jenkins, Kylie, additional, Mulholland, E. Kim, additional, Nilles, Eric J., additional, Kama, Mike, additional, and Edmunds, W. John, additional

Published
2017
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9. In vitro activity of colistin in antimicrobial combination against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia in Vietnam

Author

Le Minh, Vien, primary, Thi Khanh Nhu, Nguyen, additional, Vinh Phat, Voong, additional, Thompson, Corinne, additional, Huong Lan, Nguyen Phu, additional, Thieu Nga, Tran Vu, additional, Thanh Tam, Pham Thi, additional, Tuyen, Ha Thanh, additional, Hoang Nhu, Tran Do, additional, Van Hao, Nguyen, additional, Thi Loan, Huynh, additional, Minh Yen, Lam, additional, Parry, Christopher M., additional, Trung Nghia, Ho Dang, additional, Campbell, James I., additional, Hien, Tran Tinh, additional, Thwaites, Louise, additional, Thwaites, Guy, additional, Van Vinh Chau, Nguyen, additional, and Baker, Stephen, additional

Published
2015
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10. Erratum for Parry et al., Clinically and Microbiologically Derived Azithromycin Susceptibility Breakpoints for Salmonella enterica Serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A

Author

Parry, Christopher M., primary, Thieu, Nga Tran Vu, additional, Dolecek, Christiane, additional, Karkey, Abhilasha, additional, Gupta, Ruchi, additional, Turner, Paul, additional, Dance, David, additional, Maude, Rapeephan R., additional, Ha, Vinh, additional, Tran, Chinh Nguyen, additional, Thi, Phuong Le, additional, Be, Bay Pham Van, additional, Phi, La Tran Thi, additional, Ngoc, Rang Nguyen, additional, Ghose, Aniruddha, additional, Dongol, Sabina, additional, Campbell, James I., additional, Thanh, Duy Pham, additional, Thanh, Tuyen Ha, additional, Moore, Catrin E., additional, Sona, Soeng, additional, Gaind, Rajni, additional, Deb, Monorama, additional, Anh, Ho Van, additional, Van, Sach Nguyen, additional, Tinh, Hien Tran, additional, Day, Nicholas P. J., additional, Dondorp, Arjen, additional, Thwaites, Guy, additional, Faiz, Mohamed Abul, additional, Phetsouvanh, Rattanaphone, additional, Newton, Paul, additional, Basnyat, Buddha, additional, Farrar, Jeremy J., additional, and Baker, Stephen, additional

Published
2015
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11. Clinically and Microbiologically Derived Azithromycin Susceptibility Breakpoints for Salmonella enterica Serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A

Author

Parry, Christopher M., primary, Thieu, Nga Tran Vu, additional, Dolecek, Christiane, additional, Karkey, Abhilasha, additional, Gupta, Ruchi, additional, Turner, Paul, additional, Dance, David, additional, Maude, Rapeephan R., additional, Ha, Vinh, additional, Tran, Chinh Nguyen, additional, Thi, Phuong Le, additional, Be, Bay Pham Van, additional, Phi, La Tran Thi, additional, Ngoc, Rang Nguyen, additional, Ghose, Aniruddha, additional, Dongol, Sabina, additional, Campbell, James I., additional, Thanh, Duy Pham, additional, Thanh, Tuyen Ha, additional, Moore, Catrin E., additional, Sona, Soeng, additional, Gaind, Rajni, additional, Deb, Monorama, additional, Anh, Ho Van, additional, Van, Sach Nguyen, additional, Tinh, Hien Tran, additional, Day, Nicholas P. J., additional, Dondorp, Arjen, additional, Thwaites, Guy, additional, Faiz, Mohamed Abul, additional, Phetsouvanh, Rattanaphone, additional, Newton, Paul, additional, Basnyat, Buddha, additional, Farrar, Jeremy J., additional, and Baker, Stephen, additional

Published
2015
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12. Reproducible diagnostic metabolites in plasma from typhoid fever patients in Asia and Africa.

Author

Näsström, Elin, Parry, Christopher M., Thieu, Nga Tran Vu, Maude, Rapeephan R., de Jong, Hanna K., Fukushima, Masako, Rzhepishevska, Olena, Marks, Florian, Panzner, Ursula, Im, Justin, Hyonjin Jeon, Seeun Park, Chaudhury, Zabeen, Ghose, Aniruddha, Samad, Rasheda, Van, Tan Trinh, Johansson, Anders, Dondorp, Arjen M., Thwaites, Guy E., and Faiz, Abul

Published
2017
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13. Tracking the establishment of local endemic populations of an emergent enteric pathogen

Author

Holt, Kathryn E., primary, Thieu Nga, Tran Vu, additional, Thanh, Duy Pham, additional, Vinh, Ha, additional, Kim, Dong Wook, additional, Vu Tra, My Phan, additional, Campbell, James I., additional, Hoang, Nguyen Van Minh, additional, Vinh, Nguyen Thanh, additional, Minh, Pham Van, additional, Thuy, Cao Thu, additional, Nga, Tran Thi Thu, additional, Thompson, Corinne, additional, Dung, Tran Thi Ngoc, additional, Nhu, Nguyen Thi Khanh, additional, Vinh, Phat Voong, additional, Tuyet, Pham Thi Ngoc, additional, Phuc, Hoang Le, additional, Lien, Nguyen Thi Nam, additional, Phu, Bui Duc, additional, Ai, Nguyen Thi Thuy, additional, Tien, Nguyen Manh, additional, Dong, Nguyen, additional, Parry, Christopher M., additional, Hien, Tran Tinh, additional, Farrar, Jeremy J., additional, Parkhill, Julian, additional, Dougan, Gordon, additional, Thomson, Nicholas R., additional, and Baker, Stephen, additional

Published
2013
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14. Suitable Disk Antimicrobial Susceptibility Breakpoints Defining Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Isolates with Reduced Susceptibility to Fluoroquinolones

Author

Parry, Christopher M., primary, Thuy, Chau Tran, additional, Dongol, Sabina, additional, Karkey, Abhilasha, additional, Vinh, Ha, additional, Chinh, Nguyen Tran, additional, Duy, Pham Thanh, additional, Thieu Nga, Tran Vu, additional, Campbell, James I., additional, Van Minh Hoang, Nguyen, additional, Arjyal, Amit, additional, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., additional, Bhattacharya, Sujit K., additional, Agtini, Magdarina D., additional, Dong, Baiqing, additional, Canh, Do Gia, additional, Naheed, Aliya, additional, Wain, John, additional, Tinh Hien, Tran, additional, Basnyat, Buddha, additional, Ochiai, Leon, additional, Clemens, John, additional, Farrar, Jeremy J., additional, Dolecek, Christiane, additional, and Baker, Stephen, additional

Published
2010
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15. The characterization of ESBL genes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae causing nosocomial infections in Vietnam.

Author

Thu Trang, Nguyen Hoang, Thieu Nga, Tran Vu, Campbell, James I., Hiep, Nguyen Trong, Farrar, Jeremy, Baker, Stephen, and Duy, Pham Thanh

Abstract

Background: Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are enzymes capable of hydrolyzing oxyimino-β-lactams and inducing resistance to third generation cephalosporins. The genes encoding ESBLs are widespread and generally located on highly transmissible resistance plasmids. We aimed to investigate the complement of ESBL genes in E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae causing nosocomial infections in hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Methodology: Thirty-two non-duplicate isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae causing nosocomial infections, isolated between March and June 2010, were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. All isolates were PCR-amplified to detect the blaSHV, blaTEM and blaCTX-M ESBL genes and subjected to plasmid analysis. Results: We found that co-resistance to multiple antimicrobials was highly prevalent, and we report the predominance of the blaCTX-M-15 and blaCTX-M-27 genes, located on highly transmissible plasmids ranging from 50 to 170 kb in size. Conclusions: Our study represents a snap shot of ESBL-producing enteric bacteria causing nosocomial infections in this setting. We suggest that antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae is rampant in Vietnam and ESBL organisms are widespread. In view of these data and the dramatic levels of antimicrobial resistance reported in Vietnam we advocate an urgent review of antimicrobial use in the Vietnamese healthcare system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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16. Clinically and Microbiologically Derived Azithromycin Susceptibility Breakpoints for Salmonella entericaSerovars Typhi and Paratyphi A

Author

Parry, Christopher M., Thieu, Nga Tran Vu, Dolecek, Christiane, Karkey, Abhilasha, Gupta, Ruchi, Turner, Paul, Dance, David, Maude, Rapeephan R., Ha, Vinh, Tran, Chinh Nguyen, Thi, Phuong Le, Be, Bay Pham Van, Phi, La Tran Thi, Ngoc, Rang Nguyen, Ghose, Aniruddha, Dongol, Sabina, Campbell, James I., Thanh, Duy Pham, Thanh, Tuyen Ha, Moore, Catrin E., Sona, Soeng, Gaind, Rajni, Deb, Monorama, Anh, Ho Van, Van, Sach Nguyen, Tinh, Hien Tran, Day, Nicholas P. J., Dondorp, Arjen, Thwaites, Guy, Faiz, Mohamed Abul, Phetsouvanh, Rattanaphone, Newton, Paul, Basnyat, Buddha, Farrar, Jeremy J., and Baker, Stephen

Abstract

ABSTRACTAzithromycin is an effective treatment for uncomplicated infections with Salmonella entericaserovar Typhi and serovar Paratyphi A (enteric fever), but there are no clinically validated MIC and disk zone size interpretative guidelines. We studied individual patient data from three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of antimicrobial treatment in enteric fever in Vietnam, with azithromycin used in one treatment arm, to determine the relationship between azithromycin treatment response and the azithromycin MIC of the infecting isolate. We additionally compared the azithromycin MIC and the disk susceptibility zone sizes of 1,640 S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A clinical isolates collected from seven Asian countries. In the RCTs, 214 patients who were treated with azithromycin at a dose of 10 to 20 mg/ml for 5 to 7 days were analyzed. Treatment was successful in 195 of 214 (91%) patients, with no significant difference in response (cure rate, fever clearance time) with MICs ranging from 4 to 16 μg/ml. The proportion of Asian enteric fever isolates with an MIC of ≤16 μg/ml was 1,452/1,460 (99.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 98.9 to 99.7) for S. Typhi and 207/240 (86.3%; 95% CI, 81.2 to 90.3) (P< 0.001) for S. Paratyphi A. A zone size of ≥13 mm to a 5-μg azithromycin disk identified S. Typhi isolates with an MIC of ≤16 μg/ml with a sensitivity of 99.7%. An azithromycin MIC of ≤16 μg/ml or disk inhibition zone size of ≥13 mm enabled the detection of susceptible S. Typhi isolates that respond to azithromycin treatment. Further work is needed to define the response to treatment in S. Typhi isolates with an azithromycin MIC of >16 μg/ml and to determine MIC and disk breakpoints for S. Paratyphi A.

Published
2015
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17. The Microbiological and Clinical Characteristics of Invasive Salmonella in Gallbladders from Cholecystectomy Patients in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Author

Dongol, Sabina, Thompson, Corinne N., Clare, Simon, Thieu Nga, Tran Vu, Duy, Pham Thanh, Karkey, Abhilasha, Arjyal, Amit, Koirala, Samir, Khatri, Nely Shrestha, Maskey, Pukar, Poudel, Sanjay, Jaiswal, Vijay Kumar, Vaidya, Sujan, Dougan, Gordon, Farrar, Jeremy J., Dolecek, Christiane, Basnyat, Buddha, and Baker, Stephen

Subjects
GALLBLADDER, SALMONELLA, CHOLECYSTECTOMY, TYPHOID fever, NEUTROPHILS
Abstract

Gallbladder carriage of invasive Salmonella is considered fundamental in sustaining typhoid fever transmission. Bile and tissue was obtained from 1,377 individuals undergoing cholecystectomy in Kathmandu to investigate the prevalence, characteristics and relevance of invasive Salmonella in the gallbladder in an endemic area. Twenty percent of bile samples contained a Gram-negative organism, with Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A isolated from 24 and 22 individuals, respectively. Gallbladders that contained Salmonella were more likely to show evidence of acute inflammation with extensive neutrophil infiltrate than those without Salmonella, corresponding with higher neutrophil and lower lymphocyte counts in the blood of Salmonella positive individuals. Antimicrobial resistance in the invasive Salmonella isolates was limited, indicating that gallbladder colonization is unlikely to be driven by antimicrobial resistance. The overall role of invasive Salmonella carriage in the gallbladder is not understood; here we show that 3.5% of individuals undergoing cholecystectomy in this setting have a high concentration of antimicrobial sensitive, invasive Salmonella in their bile. We predict that such individuals will become increasingly important if current transmission mechanisms are disturbed; prospectively identifying these individuals is, therefore, paramount for rapid local and regional elimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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18. Suitable Disk Antimicrobial Susceptibility Breakpoints Defining Salmonella entericaSerovar Typhi Isolates with Reduced Susceptibility to Fluoroquinolones

Author

Parry, Christopher M., Thuy, Chau Tran, Dongol, Sabina, Karkey, Abhilasha, Vinh, Ha, Chinh, Nguyen Tran, Duy, Pham Thanh, Thieu Nga, Tran Vu, Campbell, James I., Van Minh Hoang, Nguyen, Arjyal, Amit, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bhattacharya, Sujit K., Agtini, Magdarina D., Dong, Baiqing, Canh, Do Gia, Naheed, Aliya, Wain, John, Tinh Hien, Tran, Basnyat, Buddha, Ochiai, Leon, Clemens, John, Farrar, Jeremy J., Dolecek, Christiane, and Baker, Stephen

Abstract

ABSTRACTInfections with Salmonella entericaserovar Typhi isolates that have reduced susceptibility to ofloxacin (MIC ≥ 0.25 μg/ml) or ciprofloxacin (MIC ≥ 0.125 μg/ml) have been associated with a delayed response or clinical failure following treatment with these antimicrobials. These isolates are not detected as resistant using current disk susceptibility breakpoints. We examined 816 isolates of S.Typhi from seven Asian countries. Screening for nalidixic acid resistance (MIC ≥ 16 μg/ml) identified isolates with an ofloxacin MIC of ≥0.25 μg/ml with a sensitivity of 97.3% (253/260) and specificity of 99.3% (552/556). For isolates with a ciprofloxacin MIC of ≥0.125 μg/ml, the sensitivity was 92.9% (248/267) and specificity was 98.4% (540/549). A zone of inhibition of ≤28 mm around a 5-μg ofloxacin disc detected strains with an ofloxacin MIC of ≥0.25 μg/ml with a sensitivity of 94.6% (246/260) and specificity of 94.2% (524/556). A zone of inhibition of ≤30 mm detected isolates with a ciprofloxacin MIC of ≥0.125 μg/ml with a sensitivity of 94.0% (251/267) and specificity of 94.2% (517/549). An ofloxacin MIC of ≥0.25 μg/ml and a ciprofloxacin MIC of ≥0.125 μg/ml detected 74.5% (341/460) of isolates with an identified quinolone resistance-inducing mutation and 81.5% (331/406) of the most common mutant (carrying a serine-to-phenylalanine mutation at codon 83 in the gyrAgene). Screening for nalidixic acid resistance or ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin disk inhibition zone are suitable for detecting S.Typhi isolates with reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility.

Published
2010
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19. Erratum for Parry et al., Clinically and Microbiologically Derived Azithromycin Susceptibility Breakpoints for Salmonella entericaSerovars Typhi and Paratyphi A

Author

Parry, Christopher M., Thieu, Nga Tran Vu, Dolecek, Christiane, Karkey, Abhilasha, Gupta, Ruchi, Turner, Paul, Dance, David, Maude, Rapeephan R., Ha, Vinh, Tran, Chinh Nguyen, Thi, Phuong Le, Be, Bay Pham Van, Phi, La Tran Thi, Ngoc, Rang Nguyen, Ghose, Aniruddha, Dongol, Sabina, Campbell, James I., Thanh, Duy Pham, Thanh, Tuyen Ha, Moore, Catrin E., Sona, Soeng, Gaind, Rajni, Deb, Monorama, Anh, Ho Van, Van, Sach Nguyen, Tinh, Hien Tran, Day, Nicholas P. J., Dondorp, Arjen, Thwaites, Guy, Faiz, Mohamed Abul, Phetsouvanh, Rattanaphone, Newton, Paul, Basnyat, Buddha, Farrar, Jeremy J., and Baker, Stephen

Published
2015
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20. An age-stratified serosurvey against purified Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi antigens in the Lao People´s Democratic Republic

Author

Lisa Hefele, Antony P. Black, Trinh Van Tan, Nguyen Tri Minh, Nguyen Duc Hoang, Siriphone Virachith, Claude P. Muller, Judith M. Hübschen, Paula Russell, Josefin Bartholdson Scott, Chau Nguyen Ngoc Minh, Tran Vu Thieu Nga, Stephen Baker, Tri Minh, Nguyen [0000-0002-1819-2296], Duc Hoang, Nguyen [0000-0003-2437-3568], Virachith, Siriphone [0000-0001-5049-0544], Hübschen, Judith M [0000-0002-5001-2128], Russell, Paula [0000-0003-2389-6631], Bartholdson Scott, Josefin [0000-0003-3380-4446], Thieu Nga, Tran Vu [0000-0003-3672-9867], Baker, Stephen [0000-0003-1308-5755], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Bacterial Diseases, Male, Physiology, Epidemiology, RC955-962, Fevers, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biochemistry, Cohort Studies, Medical Conditions, Salmonella, Immune Physiology, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Typhoid, Ethnicities, Enzyme-Linked Immunoassays, Child, Immune System Proteins, Age Factors, Antibodies, Bacterial, Bacterial Pathogens, Infectious Diseases, Serology, Medical Microbiology, Laos, Child, Preschool, Lao People, Female, Pathogens, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Research Article, Adult, Adolescent, Immunology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Microbiology, Antibodies, Young Adult, Signs and Symptoms, Asian People, Enterobacteriaceae, Humans, Typhoid Fever, Immunoassays, Microbial Pathogens, Medicine and health sciences, Antigens, Bacterial, Bacteria, Biology and life sciences, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Organisms, Proteins, Infant, Salmonella typhi, Research and analysis methods, Immunoglobulin G, Immunologic Techniques, Population Groupings, Clinical Medicine, People and places
Abstract

The epidemiology of typhoid fever in Lao People`s Democratic Republic is poorly defined. Estimating the burden of typhoid fever in endemic countries is complex due to the cost and limitations of population-based surveillance; serological approaches may be a more cost-effective alternative. ELISAs were performed on 937 serum samples (317 children and 620 adults) from across Lao PDR to measure IgG antibody titers against Vi polysaccharide and the experimental protein antigens, CdtB and HlyE. We measured the significance of the differences between antibody titers in adults and children and fitted models to assess the relationship between age and antibody titers. The median IgG titres of both anti-HylE and CdtB were significantly higher in children compared to adults (anti-HylE; 351.7 ELISA Units (EU) vs 198.1 EU, respectively; p, Author summary Typhoid fever is a serious bloodstream infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. Estimating the burden of typhoid fever is complex due to the limitations, cost, and scalability of current diagnostic surveillance methods. The detection of specific antibody responses against the organism may be a more sustainable manner of measuring exposure and disease burden in endemic location. We measured antibody (IgG) in 937 serum samples (317 children and 620 adults) from across the Lao People`s Democratic Republic against a polysaccharide (Vi) and two experimental protein antigens, CdtB and HlyE, that may more appropriate markers of disease exposure. We measured the significance of the differences between antibody titers in adults and children and fitted models to assess the relationship between age and antibody titers. The median IgG titres against HylE and CdtB were significantly higher in children than adults. Conversely, the median IgG titres against Vi was significantly higher in adults than children. We identified a significant association between a peak in IgG titres against CdtB and HlyE in children aged under 5 years. These data are indicative of high level of typhoid fever exposure in children under 5 years of age in Lao PDR and we surmise that IgG titres against HylE and CdtB may be a superior measure of typhoid disease burden than IgG titres against Vi. Our approach is scalable and can be further validated to assess the burden of typhoid fever in countries where the disease may be endemic, and evidence is required for the introduction of typhoid vaccines.

Published
2022

21. Aetiologies of central nervous system infection in Viet Nam: a prospective provincial hospital-based descriptive surveillance study.

Author

Ho Dang Trung N, Le Thi Phuong T, Wolbers M, Nguyen Van Minh H, Nguyen Thanh V, Van MP, Thieu NT, Van TL, Song DT, Thi PL, Thi Phuong TN, Van CB, Tang V, Ngoc Anh TH, Nguyen D, Trung TP, Thi Nam LN, Kiem HT, Thi Thanh TN, Campbell J, Caws M, Day J, de Jong MD, Van Vinh CN, Van Doorn HR, Tinh HT, Farrar J, and Schultsz C

Subjects
Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Encephalitis, Viral epidemiology, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Meningitis, Bacterial epidemiology, Meningitis, Viral epidemiology, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Prospective Studies, Vietnam epidemiology, Young Adult, Central Nervous System Infections epidemiology, Central Nervous System Infections etiology
Abstract

Background: Infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) remain common and life-threatening, especially in developing countries. Knowledge of the aetiological agents responsible for these infections is essential to guide empiric therapy and develop a rational public health policy. To date most data has come from patients admitted to tertiary referral hospitals in Asia and there is limited aetiological data at the provincial hospital level where most patients are seen., Methods: We conducted a prospective Provincial Hospital-based descriptive surveillance study in adults and children at thirteen hospitals in central and southern Viet Nam between August 2007-April 2010. The pathogens of CNS infection were confirmed in CSF and blood samples by using classical microbiology, molecular diagnostics and serology., Results: We recruited 1241 patients with clinically suspected infection of the CNS. An aetiological agent was identified in 640/1241 (52%) of the patients. The most common pathogens were Streptococcus suis serotype 2 in patients older than 14 years of age (147/617, 24%) and Japanese encephalitis virus in patients less than 14 years old (142/624, 23%). Mycobacterium tuberculosis was confirmed in 34/617 (6%) adult patients and 11/624 (2%) paediatric patients. The acute case fatality rate (CFR) during hospital admission was 73/617 (12%) in adults and to 42/624 (7%) in children., Conclusions: Zoonotic bacterial and viral pathogens are the most common causes of CNS infection in adults and children in Viet Nam.

Published
2012
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