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1. Healthy planet healthy people

Author

Kent H. Redford, Gustavo A.B. da Fonseca, Claude Gascon, Carlos Manuel Rodriguez, Jonathan Adams, Sandy Andelman, David H. Barron, Garo Batmanian, Rosina Bierbaum, Peter Daszak, Christine Daugherty, Jeffrey Griffin, Karin Kemper, Aileen Lee, Barney Long, Thomas E. Lovejoy, David McCauley, Cristina Romanelli, Midori Paxton, Nik Sekhran, Chris Walzer, Chadia Wannous, Kelly West, and Carlos Zambrana‐Torrelio

Subjects
domestic animal health, human health, One Health, wildlife health, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract

Abstract One Health is a cross‐sectoral and transdisciplinary approach that emphasizes the fundamental ways in which the health of humans, domestic and wild animals, fungi, plants, microbes, and natural and built ecosystems are interdependent. One Health approaches recognize the links between human health and a range of environmental concerns including biodiversity, climate, freshwater, food, harmful chemicals, and healthy oceans. Yet the conservation community and its broad interest in biodiversity and the natural world has been notably lacking in discussions about One Health. Partly as a result, both policy and practice have been narrowly focused on one or a few links between human and other healths, such as the human and wildlife health nexus. We provide a set of principles and components that will balance existing discussions by including the natural world and biodiversity and provide a framework for more active involvement by the conservation community. Incorporating these principles and components will enable One Health practice to guide inclusive, multidisciplinary, and cross‐sectoral efforts that consider the shared costs and benefits of human, animal, plant, and ecosystem health and help readjust humanity's pursuit of a green, just, and equitable sustainability pathway.

Published
2022
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2. Effects of a regenerating matrix on the survival of birds in tropical forest fragments

Author

Jared D. Wolfe, Philip C. Stouffer, Richard O. Bierregaard, David A. Luther, and Thomas E. Lovejoy

Subjects
Amazon fragmentation, Brazil, Matrix, Second growth, Survival, Tropical bird, Zoology, QL1-991
Abstract

Abstract Background Vast areas of lowland neotropical forest have regenerated after initially being cleared for agricultural purposes. The ecological value of regenerating second growth to forest-dwelling birds may largely depend on the age of the forest, associated vegetative structure, and when it is capable of sustaining avian demographics similar to those found in pristine forest. Methods To determine the influence of second growth age on bird demography, we estimated the annual survival of six central Amazonian bird species residing in pristine forest, a single 100 and a single 10 ha forest fragment, taking into consideration age of the surrounding matrix (i.e. regenerating forest adjacent to each fragment) as an explanatory variable. Results Study species exhibited three responses: arboreal, flocking and ant-following insectivores (Willisornis poecilinotus, Thamnomanes ardesiacus and Pithys albifrons) showed declines in survival associated with fragmentation followed by an increase in survival after 5 years of matrix regeneration. Conversely, Percnostola rufifrons, a gap-specialist, showed elevated survival in response to fragmentation followed by a decline after 5 years of regeneration. Lastly, facultative flocking and frugivore species (Glyphorynchus spirurus and Dixiphia pipra, respectively) showed no response to adjacent clearing and subsequent regeneration. Conclusions Our results in association with previous studies confirm that the value of regenerating forest surrounding habitat patches is dependent on two factors: ecological guild of the species in question and second growth age. Given the rapid increase in survival following succession, we suggest that the ecological value of young tropical forest should not be based solely on a contemporary snapshot, but rather, on the future value of mature second growth as well.

Published
2020
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3. Tropical forest fragmentation and isolation: Is community decay a random process?

Author

David A. Luther, W. Justin Cooper, Jared D. Wolfe, Richard O. Bierregaard, Jr., Andrew Gonzalez, and Thomas E. Lovejoy

Subjects
Tropical forest, Biodiversity, Bird, Fragmentation, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Habitat destruction and degradation are the leading causes of species declines and extinctions in the world. Human altered landscapes often leave fragments of previously continuous habitat, which may be of significant conservation value. We assessed the effects of habitat fragmentation on the taxonomic diversity, community composition, and nestedness of avian communities before and after fragment isolation at the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project research site in the Amazon rainforest. Species loss in 10ha and 100ha fragments was significantly different from random taxonomic loss. In addition, after fragment isolation, but not prior to fragmentation, the species in the 10ha fragments were a nested subset of the species in the 100ha fragments. Finally, within the fragments two distinct communities formed, those on the edge of the fragments and those at the interior of the fragments, indicating that edge species did not penetrate the interior portion of the fragments. The controlled isolation of fragments from continuous forest resulted in rapid changes in the taxonomic diversity and species composition where fragment size served as a driver of species assemblages across the landscape. We suggest that future research continue to assess community level adjustments to habitat fragmentation and investigate the drivers behind the non-random loss of taxonomic groups and the nested structure of species composition of smaller fragments into larger ones after habitat fragmentation.

Published
2020
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4. Policy Debate: Creating the future we want

Author

Alan D. Hecht, Joseph Fiksel, Scott C. Fulton, Terry F. Yosie, Neil C. Hawkins, Heinz Leuenberger, Jay S. Golden, and Thomas E. Lovejoy

Subjects
international policy, sustainable development, social responsibility, economic conditions, environmental protection, business, industry, Social sciences (General), H1-99
Abstract

Although the world faces serious environmental, economic, and social challenges, we believe that a combination of science and innovation, effective governance, and public-private collaboration can help to overcome many of them and achieve sustainable development. Numerous government policies are now promoting sustainable management practices, while many people in the business and financial communities view sustainability as a means to reduce long-term risk, enhance competitiveness, and promote social well-being. Advances in science and technology are creating new economic opportunities and producing sustainable solutions, while expanded public access to global data and information is helping to shape business and government policies. Looking ahead, sustainability will be best pursued by building on these trends and encouraging new collaborative initiatives among governments, businesses, and the nonprofit sector. This article is an example of a collaboration that includes government, business, academic, nongovernmental, and international organizations.

Published
2012

5. Mainstreaming biodiversity: conservation for the 21st century

Author

Kent Hubbard Redford, Brian eHuntley, Dilys eRoe, Thomas eHammond, Mark eZimsky, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Gustavo A. B. Da Fonseca, Carlos Manuel eRodriguez, and Richard M. Cowling

Subjects
Biodiversity, protected areas, Mainstreaming, Global Environment Facility, Production practices, Evolution, QH359-425, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Insufficient focused attention has been paid by the conservation community to conservation of biodiversity outside of protected areas. Biodiversity mainstreaming addresses this gap in global conservation practice by embedding biodiversity considerations into policies, strategies and practices of key public and private actors that impact or rely on biodiversity, so that it is conserved, and sustainably used, both locally and globally (Huntley and Redford 2014). Biodiversity mainstreaming is designed to change those policies and practices that influence land uses outside of protected areas as well as to change economic and development decision-making by demonstrating the importance of conserving biodiversity for achieving development outcomes. The practice of mainstreaming is tied to implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity and is practiced with billions of dollars of investment by development agencies, national government agencies, and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and its implementing organizations as well as other donors. It is essential for the long-term survival of biodiversity inside and outside protected areas. However, it is virtually unheard of in the main conservation science field. This must change so as to bring careful documentation, analysis, monitoring, publishing and improvement of practices – all things that conservation science should provide as partners to practitioners of biodiversity mainstreaming. The situation is ripe for informed coordination and consolidation and creation of a science-driven field of biodiversity mainstreaming.

Published
2015
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6. Rejoinder: Creating the future we want

Author

Alan D. Hecht, Joseph Fikse, Scott C. Fulton, Terry F. Yosie, Neil C. Hawkins, Heinz Leuenberger, Jay S. Golden, and Thomas E. Lovejoy

Subjects
Social sciences (General), H1-99
Published
2012

8. Land and deep-sea mining: the challenges of comparing biodiversity impacts

Author

Steven Katona, Daina Paulikas, Saleem Ali, Michael Clarke, Erika Ilves, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Laurence P. Madin, and Gregory S. Stone

Subjects
Ecology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract

The term ‘biodiversity,’ while casually used in practice, is a complicated subject to measure, interpret, contextualize, and compare. Yet the possible advent of deep-sea mining in the mid-2020’s compels us to compare potential impacts of biodiversity loss across ecologically distant realms, a formidable task. Supplying the world’s green infrastructure is expected to lead to shortages of nickel, cobalt and other metals; meanwhile polymetallic nodules sitting atop the abyssal plains of the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) of the Pacific Ocean contain billions of tons of nickel, cobalt, copper and manganese, enough to solve the supply issues. Implicit in society’s decision of whether to exploit this resource is a tradeoff of harm to biodiversity in the CCZ’s abyssal seafloor and its overlying water column, versus intensification of harm to rainforests and other terrestrial mining habitats. Here we frame the challenges of comparing biodiversity impacts across such different realms, spanning the gamut from normative to fundamental: ambiguities in definitions, lack of protocol standardization, physical challenges in measurement, difficulties to integrate measures among different taxonomic groups, profound differences between ecologically distant realms, contextual necessity to attribute value to mathematical index results, and constraints of current knowledge about species, ecosystems and system level impacts of biodiversity change. Quantitative biodiversity measures alone cannot rank one system above the other; measures must be supplemented with qualitative judgements of the tangible and intangible values of species and habitats to natural systems and to humans, along with consideration of other threats that they and we face.

Published
2023

9. Long-term changes in avian biomass and functional diversity within disturbed and undisturbed Amazonian rainforest

Author

David A. Luther, W. Justin Cooper, Vitek Jirinec, Jared D. Wolfe, Cameron L. Rutt, Richard O. Bierregaard Jr, Thomas E. Lovejoy, and Philip C Stouffer

Subjects
Birds, Rainforest, General Immunology and Microbiology, Animals, Biodiversity, Biomass, General Medicine, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Ecosystem, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, General Environmental Science
Abstract

Recent long-term studies in protected areas have revealed the loss of biodiversity, yet the ramifications for ecosystem health and resilience remain unknown. Here, we investigate how the loss of understory birds, in the lowest stratum of the forest, affects avian biomass and functional diversity in the Amazon rainforest. Across approximately 30 years in the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, we used a historical baseline of avian communities to contrast the avian communities in today's primary forest with those in modern disturbed habitat. We found that in primary rainforest, the reduced abundance of insectivorous species led to reduced functional diversity, but no reduction of biomass, indicating that species with similar functional traits are less likely to coexist in modern primary forests. Because today's forests contain fewer functionally redundant species—those with similar traits—we argue that avian communities in modern primary Amazonian rainforests are less resilient, which may ultimately disrupt the ecosystem in dynamic and unforeseen ways.

Published
2022

10. The Loop Trail 'Quest': Use of a Choice-based Digital Simulation, An Interactive Video, and a Booklet to Communicate and Analyze Decision-making of Park Visitors

Author

Elizabeth J. Ashby, Danielle Buttke, Kevin Clark, A. Alonso Aguirre, Thomas E. Lovejoy, and Susan Howard

Subjects
World Wide Web, LOOP (programming language), Interactive video, Emerging technologies, Computer science, Visitor pattern, Wildlife, food and beverages, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Making-of, Social marketing
Abstract

Depreciative park visitor behaviors in protected areas can alter the relationship between humans, wildlife, and ecosystems and provide new opportunities for pathogens to cause illness in people. We...

Published
2021

11. Addressing our planetary crisis

Author

Youba Sokona, Peter H. Gleick, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Ismail Serageldin, Tetsuzo Yasunari, Kazuhiko Takeuchi, Jim Falk, Phoebe Koundouri, Swadhin K. Behera, Rita R. Colwell, Cherry Murray, Makoto Taniguchi, Partha Dasgupta, Joachim von Braun, Amy Luers, Faten Attig-Bahar, Yuan Tseh Lee, Rattan Lal, Charles F. Kennel, Chiho Watanabe, Ryuichi Kaneko, and Adel El-Beltagy

Subjects
Sustainable development, Global and Planetary Change, Health (social science), Sociology and Political Science, Ecology, Statement (logic), Advisory committee, Geography, Planning and Development, Climate change, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Public administration, Action (philosophy), Political science, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Published
2021

12. Conservation of Biodiversity in a Changing Climate

Author

Guy F. Midgley, Daniel Scott, F. I. Woodward, Lee Hannah, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Mark B. Bush, William J. Bond, and Jon C. Lovett

Subjects
Environmental studies, Geography, Liberal arts education, Ecology, Cape, Biodiversity, Library science, Environmental ethics, Biological sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract

*Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, D.C, 20037, U.S.A.†Climate Change Research Group, Ecology and Conservation, National Botanical Institute, Cape Town, South Africa‡The World Bank, Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.§Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa**Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Liberal Arts, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne,FL 32901–6975, U.S.A.††Environment Department, University of York, York, Y010 5DD, United Kingdom‡‡Adaptation and Impacts Research Group, Environment Canada at the Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada§§Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom

Published
2022

13. Deforestation triggering irreversible transition in Amazon hydrological cycle

Author

Xiyan Xu, Xiaoyan Zhang, William J Riley, Ying Xue, Carlos A Nobre, Thomas E Lovejoy, and Gensuo Jia

Subjects
decoupling, Amazon forest, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Life on Land, moisture, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, deforestation, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, drying, General Environmental Science
Abstract

The Amazon is hypothesized to reach an irreversible ‘tipping point’ when deforestation slows the hydrological cycle sufficiently that tropical forest ecosystems cannot be sustained. However, inception of such a tipping point has not been supported by observations and the relevant links between deforestation and atmospheric moisture recycling are poorly understood. Here we show that reduction in evapotranspiration from 20 years of deforestation dried the atmosphere persistently and caused moisture decoupling, i.e. an opposite sign of moisture change between the lower and middle troposphere. Increased deforestation exacerbated the lower troposphere drying and caused it to penetrate deeper into the middle troposphere in the dry and transition seasons over monsoon forests and savannas. Deforestation induced warming-enhanced buoyant updrafts, elevated hot and dry air and thereby reduced downward mixing of water supplies from the tropical Atlantic that normally moisten the Amazon forests. The severe atmospheric desiccation in the southern and eastern Amazon cannot be compensated by enhanced water supplies from the Atlantic Ocean, demonstrating an irreversible transition in Amazon hydrological cycle exacerbated by rapid deforestation. The more recent drying through the seasons over rainforests and during the wet season over the transition zones from rainforests to monsoon forests and savannas, however, suggests a window of opportunity for preventing ecosystem collapse with forest conservation.

Published
2022

14. Long‐term change in the avifauna of undisturbed Amazonian rainforest: ground‐foraging birds disappear and the baseline shifts

Author

Angélica Hernández-Palma, Stephen R. Midway, Richard O. Bierregaard, Jared D. Wolfe, Cameron L. Rutt, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Vitek Jirinec, Erik I. Johnson, Luke L. Powell, and Philip C. Stouffer

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Conservation of Natural Resources, Rainforest, Amazon rainforest, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Amazonian, Biodiversity, Forests, 15. Life on land, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Trees, Birds, Geography, Shifting baseline, Deforestation, Animals, Humans, Secondary forest, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

How are rainforest birds faring in the Anthropocene? We use bird captures spanning > 35 years from 55 sites within a vast area of intact Amazonian rainforest to reveal reduced abundance of terrestrial and near-ground insectivores in the absence of deforestation, edge effects or other direct anthropogenic landscape change. Because undisturbed forest includes far fewer terrestrial and near-ground insectivores than it did historically, today's fragments and second growth are more impoverished than shown by comparisons with modern 'control' sites. Any goals for bird community recovery in Amazonian second growth should recognise that a modern bird community will inevitably differ from a baseline from > 35 years ago. Abundance patterns driven by landscape change may be the most conspicuous manifestation of human activity, but biodiversity declines in undisturbed forest represent hidden losses, possibly driven by climate change, that may be pervasive in intact Amazonian forests and other systems considered to be undisturbed.

Published
2020

15. Morphological consequences of climate change for resident birds in intact Amazonian rainforest

Author

Thomas E. Lovejoy, Jared D. Wolfe, Ryan C. Burner, Gilberto Fernández-Arellano, Bruna R. Amaral, Richard O. Bierregaard, Philip C. Stouffer, Angélica Hernández-Palma, Cameron L. Rutt, Vitek Jirinec, Luke L. Powell, and Erik I. Johnson

Subjects
Climatology, Earth, Environmental, Ecological, and Space Sciences, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, SciAdv r-articles, Climate change, Body size, humanities, Amazonian rainforest, Geography, Temperate climate, sense organs, Research Article
Abstract

Description, Since 1980, 30 to 69% of species have shown reductions in mass, increases in wing length, and decreases in mass:wing ratio., Warming from climate change is expected to reduce body size of endotherms, but studies from temperate systems have produced equivocal results. Over four decades, we collected morphometric data on a nonmigratory understory bird community within Amazonian primary rainforest that is experiencing increasingly extreme climate. All 77 species showed lower mean mass since the early 1980s—nearly half with 95% confidence. A third of species concomitantly increased wing length, driving a decrease in mass:wing ratio for 69% of species. Seasonal precipitation patterns were generally better than temperature at explaining morphological variation. Short-term climatic conditions affected all metrics, but time trends in wing and mass:wing remained robust even after controlling for annual seasonal conditions. We attribute these results to pressures to increase resource economy under warming. Both seasonal and long-term morphological shifts suggest response to climate change and highlight its pervasive consequences, even in the heart of the world’s largest rainforest.

Published
2021

16. Detecting vulnerability of humid tropical forests to multiple stressors

Author

Fred Stolle, Francisco Román, Thomas B. Smith, Sean P. Healey, Alvaro Duque, Richard Sufo Kankeu, Katia Fernandes, Francois De Vleeschouwer, Yadvinder Malhi, Dennis Del Castillo Torres, Sylvia Wilson, Hyongki Lee, Rodrigo Vargas, Nadine Therese Laporte-Goetz, Carlos A. Nobre, Raphael Tshimanga, Matthew C. Hansen, Kristofer R. Covey, Nuno Carvalhais, Robert G. M. Spencer, Christine May Johnson, Liang Xu, Nancy L. Harris, Sassan Saatchi, Michel André, Diane Russell, Atiek Widayati, Raymond Sinsi Lumbuenamo, Michelle Venter, Hinsby Cadillo-Quiroz, Hitofumi Abe, Aurora C. Elmore, Yan Yang, Steven P. Brumby, Veronique De Sy, Juliann E. Aukema, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Marcos Longo, Lina María Sánchez-Clavijo, Douglas Sheil, Janet Chernela, Jean-Michel Martinez, Alice M. S. Durieux, Victoria Gammino, Jeremy Radachowsky, Gillian Ann Cerbu, Gae Yansom Gowae, Dennis Garrity, Margaret Lowman, Joshua West, Lucy Gibbon, Robert G. Hilton, David Gibbs, Stuart J. Davies, Adam F. A. Pellegrini, Hesti Lestari Tata, Luis E. Fernandez, Isai V. Cubillos, Centre Tecnològic de Vilanova i la Geltrú, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. LAB - Laboratori d'Aplicacions Bioacústiques, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto Franco-Argentino sobre Estudios de Clima y sus Impactos [Buenos Aires] (IFAECI), Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera (CIMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales [Buenos Aires] (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales [Buenos Aires] (FCEyN), and Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Vulnerability index, Life on Land, forest response, autocorrelation, Humid subtropical climate, Vulnerability, Climate change, humid tropical forests, tipping point, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing, carbon cycle, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Laboratorium voor Geo-informatiekunde en Remote Sensing, Amazon, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, early warning, 0303 health sciences, Biomass (ecology), Land use, Ecology, Desenvolupament humà i sostenible::Degradació ambiental::Canvi climàtic [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Primary production, Tròpics -- Clima, 15. Life on land, Climatic changes, Tipping point (climatology), PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Boscos -- Conservació, Climate Action, Boscos i silvicultura, Congo, 13. Climate action, vulnerability index, Environmental science, Forests and forestry, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, climate stress, Canvis climàtics
Abstract

Humid tropical forests play a dominant role in the functioning of Earth but are under increasing threat from changes in land use and climate. How forest vulnerability varies across space and time and what level of stress forests can tolerate before facing a tipping point are poorly understood. Here, we develop a tropical forest vulnerability index (TFVI) to detect and evaluate the vulnerability of global tropical forests to threats across space and time. We show that climate change together with land-use change have slowed the recovery rate of forest carbon cycling. Temporal autocorrelation, as an indicator of this slow recovery, increases substantially for above-ground biomass, gross primary production, and evapotranspiration when climate stress reaches a critical level. Forests in the Americas exhibit extensive vulnerability to these stressors, while in Africa, forests show relative resilience to climate, and in Asia reveal more vulnerability to land use and fragmentation. TFVI can systematically track the response of tropical forests to multiple stressors and provide early-warning signals for regions undergoing critical transitions.

Published
2021

17. Amazon tree dominance across forest strata

Author

Jérôme Chave, Katherine H Roucoux, Gregory P. Asner, Frederick C. Draper, Ricardo Keichi Umetsu, C. E. Timothy Paine, Mauricio Sánchez Sáenz, Eliana Jimenez-Rojas, J. Sebastián Tello, Julien Engel, Raquel Thomas, Dilys M. Vela, David W. Galbraith, Kenneth R. Young, Marcelo Petratti Pansonato, Timothy J. Killeen, Fernanda Coelho de Souza, José Luís Camargo, Jim Vega Arenas, Roosevelt Garcia Villacorta, Jean-François Molino, Francisco Dallmeier, Antonio S. Lima, Fernanda Carvalho, Luzmila Arroyo, Gerardo Aymard, Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Germaine Alexander Parada Gutierrez, Jonathan Lloyd, Walter A. Palacios, Rodolfo Vásquez Martínez, Tinde van Andel, Sabina Cerruto Ribeiro, Narel Y.Paniagua Zambrana, Adriana Prieto, Marcos José Salgado Vital, Richarlly da Costa Silva, Gabriel Damasco, James A. Comiskey, Gabriel Arellano, Carlos A. Guerra, Oscar J.Valverde Barrantes, Klécia Gili Massi, Marcos Ríos Paredes, José Julio de Toledo, Gilberto E.Navarro Aguilar, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Victor Chama Moscoso, José Reyna Huaymacari, William E. Magnusson, Sandra Patiño, Renato R. Hilário, Guido Pardo, Manuel Flores, Paul E. Berry, Miguel Alexiades, Ricardo de Oliveira Perdiz, Hans ter Steege, Fredy R. Ramirez Arévalo, Nállarett Dávila, Adriane Esquivel Muelbert, Fabricio Beggiato Baccaro, Vincent A. Vos, Juliana Schietti, Erika Berenguer, Elvis Valderamma Sandoval, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Joost F. Duivenvoorden, Rodrigo Sierra, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Daniel Sabatier, Kyle G. Dexter, Ted R. Feldpausch, Jessica Soares Cravo, Claire Fortunel, Elodie Allie, Italo Mesones, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Flávia R. C. Costa, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Carolina V. Castilho, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Leslie Cayola Pérez, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Ophelia Wang, Oliver L. Phillips, Pascal Petronelli, Flávia Delgado Santana, Roel J. W. Brienen, Alberto Vicentini, Alfredo F. Fuentes, Michelle Kalamandeen, Kalle Ruokolainen, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Ângelo Gilberto Manzatto, Cesar J.Cordova Oroche, Aurélie Dourdain, Marcos Silvera, Luisa Fernanda Casas, Niro Higuchi, Jacob B. Socolar, Susan G. Laurance, Ana C. Andrade, Gerardo Flores Llampazo, Jason Vleminckx, Karina Melgaço, William F. Laurance, Jean Yves Goret, Sophie Fauset, John Pipoly, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, Luis A. Torres Montenegro, Julio Miguel Grandez Rios, Ricardo Zárate Gómez, Mathias Disney, Paul V. A. Fine, Ana M. Aldana, Henrique E. M. Nascimento, André Braga Junqueira, Nayane C.C.S. Prestes, Christopher Baraloto, Sidney Araújo de Sousa, Emilio Vilanova Torre, Wenderson Castro, Alvaro Duque, Percy Núñez Vargas, John Terborgh, Yadvinder Malhi, Pablo Roberto Stevenson Diaz, Timothy R. Baker, Darcy F. Galiano Cabrera, Carlos Cerón, Manuel J. Macía, Peter M. Jørgensen, Thaiane Rodrigues de Sousa, Armando Torres-Lezama, David A. Neill, Juan Ernesto Guevara Andino, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, M. C. Peñuela, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Systems Ecology, Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics (IBED, FNWI), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-13-BSV7-0009,NEBEDIV,Le rôle des ennemis naturels dans la diversité béta des arbres tropicaux(2013), ANR-10-LABX-0025,CEBA,CEnter of the study of Biodiversity in Amazonia(2010), European Project: 291585,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2011-ADG_20110209,T-FORCES(2012), Florida International University, University of Leeds, Arizona State University, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), University of Michigan, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Vrije Universiteit, Lancaster University, University of Oxford, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Missouri Botanical Garden, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, University of California Berkeley, University of Turku, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Compensation International Progress S. A.—Ciprogress Greenlife, IRD, University of New England, Université de Guyane, UMR EcoFoG, Universidad de Las Américas, Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB) CNRS/UPS, University of Plymouth, Cornell University, University of Exeter, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Estación Biológica del Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, University of St Andrews, Federal University of Amapá, James Cook University, George Mason University, National Park Service, Smithsonian Institution, University of Cambridge, Laurentian University, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), University of Amsterdam, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Universidad do Estado de Mato Grosso, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, University of Minnesota, University College London, Universidad de Los Andes (Colombia), Universidade Federal do Acre, Duke University, Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, Smithsonian’s National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia—UFRA/CAPES, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Universidad de Los Andes, Universidad de los Andes, University of Washington, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Agteca-Amazonica, Universidad Autónoma del Beni, Broward County Parks and Recreation, Florida Atlantic University-Davie, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Washington University in St Louis, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Geoinformática & Sistemas (GeoIS), Northern Arizona University, University of Texas at Austin, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), University of Kent, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, University of Birmingham, Imperial College London, The Field Museum, Herbario Nacional del Ecuador, Research Institute Alexander von Humboldt, University of St Andrews. School of Geography & Sustainable Development, and University of St Andrews. Environmental Change Research Group

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Range (biology), Amazonian, Biodiversity, Forests, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Trees, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, SD Forestry, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Humans, Dominance (ecology), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, SD, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, SDG 15 - Life on Land, GE, Ecology, Amazon rainforest, DAS, Plant community, Understory, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Tropical ecology, Geography, 13. Climate action, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Brazil, GE Environmental Sciences
Abstract

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:27:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) The forests of Amazonia are among the most biodiverse plant communities on Earth. Given the immediate threats posed by climate and land-use change, an improved understanding of how this extraordinary biodiversity is spatially organized is urgently required to develop effective conservation strategies. Most Amazonian tree species are extremely rare but a few are common across the region. Indeed, just 227 ‘hyperdominant’ species account for >50% of all individuals >10 cm diameter at 1.3 m in height. Yet, the degree to which the phenomenon of hyperdominance is sensitive to tree size, the extent to which the composition of dominant species changes with size class and how evolutionary history constrains tree hyperdominance, all remain unknown. Here, we use a large floristic dataset to show that, while hyperdominance is a universal phenomenon across forest strata, different species dominate the forest understory, midstory and canopy. We further find that, although species belonging to a range of phylogenetically dispersed lineages have become hyperdominant in small size classes, hyperdominants in large size classes are restricted to a few lineages. Our results demonstrate that it is essential to consider all forest strata to understand regional patterns of dominance and composition in Amazonia. More generally, through the lens of 654 hyperdominant species, we outline a tractable pathway for understanding the functioning of half of Amazonian forests across vertical strata and geographical locations. Institute of Environment Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University School of Geography University of Leeds Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science Arizona State University Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Departamento de Ciencias Forestales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Departamento de Biología Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Naturalis Biodiversity Center Systems Ecology Vrije Universiteit Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Environmental Change Institute University of Oxford Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh Missouri Botanical Garden Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco Department of Intergrative Biology University of California Berkeley Department of Biology University of Turku Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana UNELLEZ-Guanare Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar Herbario Universitario (PORT) Compensation International Progress S. A.—Ciprogress Greenlife AMAP Université de Montpellier CIRAD CNRS INRAE IRD Environmental and Rural Science University of New England INRA UMR EcoFoG AgroParisTech CNRS CIRAD Université des Antilles Université de Guyane CIRAD UMR EcoFoG BIOMAS Universidad de Las Américas Instituto de Ecología Herbario Nacional de Bolivia Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal de Rondônia Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB) CNRS/UPS School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Plymouth Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Department of Geography University of Exeter Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana Estación Biológica del Jardín Botánico de Missouri Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona School of Geography & Sustainable Development University of St Andrews Department of Environment and Development Federal University of Amapá Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences James Cook University Department of Environmental Science and Policy George Mason University Inventory and Monitoring Program National Park Service Smithsonian Institution Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge Living with Lakes Centre Laurentian University DRGB Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA) Herbarium Amazonense (AMAZ) Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana Department of Ecology Universidade de São Paulo Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam Centro de Estudos da Biodiversidade Universidade Federal de Roraima Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas Universidad do Estado de Mato Grosso Centro de Biociências Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Department of Ecology Evolution and Behaviour University of Minnesota Department of Geography University College London Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Los Andes (Colombia) Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza Universidade Federal do Acre Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development Smithsonian’s National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia—UFRA/CAPES Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología Fundación Natura Colombia Universidad de Los Andes Facultad de Forestales Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana Institute of Research for Forestry Development Universidad de los Andes School of Environmental and Forest Sciences (SEFS) University of Washington Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam Agteca-Amazonica Universidad Autónoma del Beni Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones (IMANI) Universidad Nacional de Colombia Broward County Parks and Recreation Biological Sciences Florida Atlantic University-Davie Museu Universitário Universidade Federal do Acre Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental Universidad Estatal Amazónica Department of Biology Washington University in St Louis National Institute for Space Research (INPE) Geoinformática & Sistemas (GeoIS) School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability Northern Arizona University Department of Geography and the Environment University of Texas at Austin Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Universidade Federal do Amazonas Herbario Alfredo Paredes (QAP) Universidad Central del Ecuador School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Science and Education The Field Museum Universidad Tecnica del Norte Herbario Nacional del Ecuador Research Institute Alexander von Humboldt Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia São Paulo State University (UNESP)

Published
2021

18. Look back lest you fail to mark the path ahead

Author

Thomas E. Lovejoy

Subjects
Extinction, Geography, Anthropocene, Climatology, Path (graph theory), Planetary boundaries, Biodiversity, Climate change, Forestry, Plant Science, Horticulture, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Published
2019

19. A Call to Action: Marshaling Science for Society

Author

Paul R. Ehrlich, Boyd R. Strain, Douglas J. Futuyma, Alan P. Covich, Harold A. Mooney, Peter H. Raven, Diana H. Wall, Joel Cracraft, Kent E. Holsinger, Gene E. Likens, May R. Berenbaum, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Kendric C. Smith, Frances C. James, Rita R. Colwell, W. Hardy Eshbaugh, Charles B. Fenster, John E. Burris, Marvalee H. Wake, Gregory J. Anderson, James P. Collins, Judith S. Weis, Susan G. Stafford, and Joseph Travis

Subjects
Cognitive science, Marshalling, Political science, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Call to action
Published
2020

20. Conservation of Brazilian freshwater biodiversity: Thinking about the next 10 years and beyond

Author

Philip M. Fearnside, Jorge Luiz Rodrigues-Filho, Marcelo F. G. Brito, Valter M. Azevedo-Santos, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), UDESC, Inst Nacl Pesquisas Amazonia INPA, George Mason Univ, and Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Economic growth, Convention on Biological Diversity, Ecology, Presidential system, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, media_common.quotation_subject, Biodiversity, Post-2020, Investment (macroeconomics), Laws, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Freshwater ecosystem, Mining, Negotiation, Political science, Restoration, Science communication, Freshwater protected areas, Biological invasions, Administration (government), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation, media_common
Abstract

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:24:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-11-11 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) In 2021 the countries of the world will discuss a framework under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) for a new environmental agenda for the next 10 years (post-2020). Parties should consider Brazil to be a central nation in these discussions. The country holds a large freshwater biodiversity that needs to be conserved, but current policies imperil species and ecosystems. Here we present topics to guide other CBD parties in discussing with Brazil a better agenda to conserve freshwater biodiversity post-2020. These initiatives include: (1) a national plan to reduce threats, (2) restoration of freshwater ecosystems, (3) protected areas, (4) more investment in research, and (5) science communication. Brazil's participation in these CBD negotiations is fundamental for a new agreement, but the country is under a presidential administration with little concern for the environment. While our suggestions are intended for participants in the CBD negotiations, they will also be relevant to other international actors in the coming years. Nations, international investors, private companies and NGOs around the world must therefore use their influence to press the current administration to protect the country's environment, including its enormous freshwater biodiversity. Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Zool, Botucatu, SP, Brazil UDESC, Dept Fisheries Engn & Biol, Lab Ecol, BR-88790000 Laguna, SC, Brazil Inst Nacl Pesquisas Amazonia INPA, BR-69067375 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil George Mason Univ, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA Univ Fed Sergipe, Dept Biol, Av Marechal Rondon S-N, Sao Cristovao, Sergipe, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Zool, Botucatu, SP, Brazil

Published
2020

21. Ecology and economics for pandemic prevention

Author

Stuart L. Pimm, Aaron Bernstein, Jorge A. Ahumada, Jens Engelmann, Amy W. Ando, Les Kaufman, Peter Daszak, Andrew P. Dobson, Margaret F. Kinnaird, Patrick R. Roehrdanz, Binbin V. Li, Katarzyna Nowak, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Mariana M. Vale, Ted Loch-Temzelides, Lee Hannah, and Jonah Busch

Subjects
2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Multidisciplinary, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Ecology, Ecology (disciplines), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Ecological Parameter Monitoring, medicine.disease_cause, Geography, Environmental health, Zoonoses, Pandemic, Communicable Disease Control, Epidemiological Monitoring, medicine, Animals, Humans, Pandemics, Coronavirus
Published
2020
Full Text
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22. Competition influences tree growth, but not mortality, across environmental gradients in Amazonia and tropical Africa

Author

Emilio Vilanova, Percy Núñez Vargas, John Terborgh, Jan Reitsma, Ricardo Keichi Umetsu, Bonaventure Sonké, Danaë M. A. Rozendaal, Olaf Bánki, Timothy R. Baker, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Susan G. Laurance, Marcos Silveira, Mark C. Vanderwel, William F. Laurance, Andrew R. Marshall, Oliver L. Phillips, Sophie Fauset, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Yadvinder Malhi, José Luís Camargo, Terry Sunderland, Ted R. Feldpausch, Lourens Poorter, Marie Noel Djuikouo Kamdem, Hermann Taedoumg, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, David A. Neill, Timothy J. Killeen, James A. Comiskey, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Vincent A. Vos, Roel J. W. Brienen, Simon L. Lewis, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Lise Zemagho, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Geertje M. F. van der Heijden, Lee J. T. White, Ana Andrade, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Hans ter Steege, Simon Willcock, and Systems Ecology

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, forest dynamics, tropical forest, media_common.quotation_subject, Biome, tree growth, Biology, Forests, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Competition (biology), Article, Basal area, Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Laboratorium voor Geo-informatiekunde en Remote Sensing, Growth rate, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Ecosystem, media_common, Tropical Climate, Forest dynamics, Amazon rainforest, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, soil fertility, Community structure, Articles, trait-based models, wood density, PE&RC, Wood, mortality, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, trait‐based models, climatic water deficit, Africa, neighborhood effects, Soil fertility, Crop and Weed Ecology, competition, Brazil
Abstract

Competition among trees is an important driver of community structure and dynamics in tropical forests. Neighboring trees may impact an individual tree’s growth rate and probability of mortality, but large-scale geographic and environmental variation in these competitive effects has yet to be evaluated across the tropical forest biome. We quantified effects of competition on tree-level basal area growth and mortality for trees ≥10-cm diameter across 151 ~1-ha plots in mature tropical forests in Amazonia and tropical Africa by developing nonlinear models that accounted for wood density, tree size, and neighborhood crowding. Using these models, we assessed how water availability (i.e., climatic water deficit) and soil fertility influenced the predicted plot-level strength of competition (i.e., the extent to which growth is reduced, or mortality is increased, by competition across all individual trees). On both continents, tree basal area growth decreased with wood density and increased with tree size. Growth decreased with neighborhood crowding, which suggests that competition is important. Tree mortality decreased with wood density and generally increased with tree size, but was apparently unaffected by neighborhood crowding. Across plots, variation in the plot-level strength of competition was most strongly related to plot basal area (i.e., the sum of the basal area of all trees in a plot), with greater reductions in growth occurring in forests with high basal area, but in Amazonia, the strength of competition also varied with plot-level wood density. In Amazonia, the strength of competition increased with water availability because of the greater basal area of wetter forests, but was only weakly related to soil fertility. In Africa, competition was weakly related to soil fertility and invariant across the shorter water availability gradient. Overall, our results suggest that competition influences the structure and dynamics of tropical forests primarily through effects on individual tree growth rather than mortality and that the strength of competition largely depends on environment-mediated variation in basal area. © 2020 The Authors. Ecology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Ecological Society of America

Published
2020

23. The global abundance of tree palms

Author

Ekananda Paudel, Katrin Böhning-Gaese, Erika Berenguer, Edilson J. Requena-Rojas, Xinghui Lu, Luciana F. Alves, Yves Laumonier, Matt Bradford, Keith C. Hamer, Heike Culmsee, Robert M. Ewers, Jan Reitsma, Natacha Nssi Bengone, Anne Mette Lykke, Kuswata Kartawinata, Michael J. Lawes, Géraldine Derroire, Martin Gilpin, Jean-François Bastin, Rodolfo Vásquez Martínez, Laszlo Nagy, José Luís Camargo, Gabriella Fredriksson, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Casimiro Mendoza Bautista, Swapan Kumar Sarker, Jhon del Aguila-Pasquel, Ida Theilade, Erny Poedjirahajoe, Bonaventure Sonké, Jefferson S. Hall, Naret Seuaturien, Shin-ichiro Aiba, Simon L. Lewis, Francesco Rovero, Carlos Mariano Alvez-Valles, Donald R. Drake, Agustín Rudas Lleras, Lee J. T. White, Gerardo A.Aymard Corredor, Damien Catchpole, Tariq Stévart, Samuel Almeida, Janet Franklin, Mohammad Shah Hussain, Nicholas J. Berry, Jon C. Lovett, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Onrizal Onrizal, Ted R. Feldpausch, Wannes Hubau, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Thomas L. P. Couvreur, José Luís Marcelo Peña, Juliana Schietti, Ana Andrade, Anand Roopsind, Javier E. Silva-Espejo, Carlos Alfredo Joly, Fabrício Alvim Carvalho, Connie J. Clark, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, William E. Magnusson, Shengbin Chen, K. Anitha, Ni Putu Diana Mahayani, Flávia R. C. Costa, John R. Poulsen, Faridah Hanum Ibrahim, Aurélie Dourdain, Irie Casimir Zo-Bi, Heriberto David-Higuita, Rahmad Zakaria, Mario Percy Núñez Vargas, Karina Melgaço, Marcelo Trindade Nascimento, Damien Bonal, Murray Collins, Jos Barlow, Emilio Vilanova, Yadvinder Malhi, Andes Hamuraby Rozak, Timothy J. S. Whitfeld, Badru Mugerwa, Terry L. Erwin, John Pipoly, Bruno Hérault, Ervan Rutishauser, Anthony Di Fiore, William F. Laurance, Luzmila Arroyo, Jean-Louis Doucet, Lilian Blanc, Henrik Balslev, Percival Cho, Priya Davidar, Sonia Palacios-Ramos, John Terborgh, Peter M. Umunay, Shijo Joseph, Robert Muscarella, Massiel Corrales Medina, Rueben Nilus, Robert Steinmetz, Everton Cristo de Almeida, Rhett D. Harrison, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Peter S. Ashton, Sophie Fauset, Adriana Prieto, Christelle Gonmadje, Wolf L. Eiserhardt, Andreas Hemp, R. Nazaré O. de Araújo, Markus Fischer, Hoang Van Sam, Ferry Slik, Jianwei Tang, Luiz Menini Neto, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Tran Van Do, Hidetoshi Nagamasu, Aisha Sultana, Marc P. E. Parren, Carlos Reynel Rodriguez, Frans Bongers, Campbell O. Webb, Lan Qie, Jean Claude Razafimahaimodison, Justin Kassi, Kanehiro Kitayama, Francis Q. Brearley, Peter van der Hout, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Georgia Pickavance, Jérôme Millet, Joice Ferreira, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, Manichanh Satdichanh, Carlos Gabriel Hidalgo Pizango, Rodrigo Sierra, Oliver L. Phillips, Vianet Mihindou, William Milliken, Walter A. Palacios, Fernando Alzate Guarin, Charles E. Zartman, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, Arachchige Upali Nimal Gunatilleke, Eddy Nurtjahya, Susan G. Laurance, Marcos Silveira, Janvier Lisingo, Nobuo Imai, Asyraf Mansor, Kenneth R. Young, Serge A. Wich, Ruwan Punchi-Manage, Christine B. Schmitt, Simone Aparecida Vieira, D. Mohandass, Thaise Emilio, Gemma Rutten, Fabian Brambach, Steven W. Brewer, Timothy R. Baker, Carolina V. Castilho, Timothy J. Killeen, Terry Sunderland, Lourens Poorter, Martin van de Bult, Feyera Senbeta, Eileen Larney, Bente B. Klitgård, Phourin Chhang, Hans ter Steege, Runguo Zang, Simon Willcock, Wendeson Castro, María Uriarte, Jean Philippe Puyravaud, Andrew R. Marshall, R. Toby Pennington, Jens-Christian Svenning, Jonathan Timberlake, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Douglas Sheil, Susan K. Wiser, Lila Nath Sharma, Raman Sukumar, Jeanneth Villalobos Cayo, Andy Hector, Luis E.O.C. Aragao, Wanlop Chutipong, David Harris, Carlos A. Quesada, Thomas W. Gillespie, Alejandro Araujo Murakami, Edmund V. J. Tanner, Carlos E. Cerón Martínez, William J. Baker, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Nicolas Labrière, Paulo S. Morandi, Armando Torres-Lezama, David A. Neill, Edward L. Webb, Andreas Ensslin, David Campbell, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Robert M. Kooyman, Aurora Levesley, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, James A. Comiskey, Ben Hur Marimon-Junior, Hebbalalu S. Suresh, Ophelia Wang, Leandro Valle Ferreira, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Marc K. Steininger, P. Rama Chandra Prasad, Systems Ecology, Robert Muscarella, Uppsala University / Aarhus University, Thomas L. P. Couvreur, University of Montpellier, Luzmila Arroyo, Gabriel René Moreno Autonomous University, Plinio Barbosa de Camargo, CENA-USP, Jos Barlow, Lancaster University, Jean-François Bastin, ETH Zürich, Natacha Nssi Bengone, National Agency of National Parks of Gabon, Erika Berenguer, Lancaster University / University of Oxford, Nicholas Berry, The Landscapes and Livelihoods Group, Lilian Blanc, CIRAD / University of Montpellier, Katrin Böhning-Gaese, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre / Goethe University, Damien Bonal, Université de Lorraine, Frans Bongers, Wageningen University & Research, Matt Bradford, CSIRO Land and Water, Percival Cho, Forest Department, Connie Clark, Duke University, Murray Collins, University of Edinburgh, James A. Comiskey, National Park Service / Smithsonian Institution, Flávia R. C. Costa, INPA, Géraldine Derroire, CIRAD, Anthony Di Fiore, University of Texas at Austin, Tran Van Do, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Jean-Louis Doucet, Liège University, Aurélie Dourdain, CIRAD, Andreas Ensslin, University of Bern, Terry Erwin, Smithsonian Institution, Corneille E. N. Ewango, University of Kisangani, JOICE NUNES FERREIRA, CPATU, David J. Harris, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Rhett D. Harrison, World Agroforestry, East and Southern Africa Region, Andrew Hector, University of Oxford, Wannes Hubau, University of Leeds / Royal Museum for Central Africa, Mohammad Shah Hussain, University of Delhi, Faridah-Hanum Ibrahim, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Nobuo Imai, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Carlos A. Joly, UNICAMP, Shijo Joseph, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Anitha K, Rainforest Traditions, Kuswata Kartawinata, The Field Museum of Natural History / Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Justin Kassi, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Timothy J. Killeen, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Kanehiro Kitayama, Kyoto University, Bente Bang Klitgård, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Michael J. Lawes, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Aurora Levesley, University of Leeds, Janvier Lisingo, Kisangani University, Thomas Lovejoy, George Mason University, Jon C. Lovett, University of Leeds / Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Xinghui Lu, Liaocheng University, Anne Mette Lykke, Aarhus University, William E. Magnusson, INPA, Casimiro Mendoza Bautista, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Vianet Mihindou, Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux / Ministère de la Forêt et de l’Environnement, Jérôme Millet, French Agency for Biodiversity, William Milliken, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, D. Mohandass, Novel Research Academy, David A. Neill, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Luiz Menini Neto, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rueben Nilus, Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, Mario Percy Núñez Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Eddy Nurtja, Universitas Bangka Belitung, R. Nazaré O. de Araújo, INPA, Onrizal Onrizal, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Walter A. Palacios, Herbario Nacional del Ecuador, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Sonia Palacios-Ramos, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Marc Parren, Wageningen University & Research, Ekananda Paudel, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Paulo S. Morandi, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, R. Toby Pennington, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh / University of Exeter, Georgia Pickavance, University of Leeds, John J. Pipoly III, Broward County Parks and Recreation Division, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Field Museum, Erny Poedjirahajoe, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Lourens Poorter, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, John R. Poulsen, Duke University, P. Rama Chandra Prasad, International Institute of Information Technology, Adriana Prieto, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Jean-Philippe Puyravaud, Sigur Nature Trust, Lan Qie, University of Lincoln, Carlos A. Quesada, INPA, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, INDEFOR, Universidad de Los Andes, Ervan Rutishauser, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gemma Rutten, University of Bern, Ruwan Punchi-Manage, University of Peradeniya, Rafael P. Salomão, MPEG / UFRA, Hoang Van Sam, Vietnam National University of Forestry, Swapan Kumar Sarker, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Manichanh Satdichanh, hinese Academy of Sciences / World Agroforestry Centre, Juliana Schietti, INPA, Jianwei Tang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Edmund Tanner, University of Cambridge, Hans ter Steege, Naturalis Biodiversity Center / Systems Ecology, Jeanneth Villalobos Cayo, Universidad Mayor Real and Pontifical de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca, Ophelia Wang, Northern Arizona University, Campbell O. Webb, University of Alaska, Edward L. Webb, National University of Singapore, Lee White, Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux / Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale / University of Stirling, Timothy J. S. Whitfeld, University of Minnesota, Serge Wich, Liverpool John Moores University / University of Amsterdam, Simon Willcock, Bangor University, Wanlop Chutipong, King Mongut's Institute of Technology Thonburi, Douglas Sheil, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Rodrigo Sierra, GeoIS, Andreas Hemp, University of Bayreuth, Bruno Herault, CIRAD / Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Carlos Gabriel Hidalgo Pizango, IIAP, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, IIAP, Wolf L. Eiserhardt, Aarhus University / Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Jens-Christian Svenning, Aarhus University, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Ghana Forestry Commission, Shin-Ichiro Aiba, Hokkaido University Sapporo, Everton C. de Almeida, UFOPA, Samuel S. de Almeida, MPEG, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, UFMT, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, Luciana F. Alves, University of California, Carlos Mariano Alvez-Valles, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Fabrício Alvim Carvalho, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Fernando Alzate Guarin, Universidad de Antioquia, Ana Andrade, INPA, Luis E. O. C. Aragão, INPE / University of Exeter, Alejandro Araujo Murakami, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Peter S. Ashton, Harvard University, Gerardo A. Aymard Corredor, Compensation International Progress / UNELLEZ-Guanare, Timothy R. Baker, University of Leeds, Fabian Brambach, University of Goettingen, Francis Q. Brearley, Manchester Metropolitan University, Steven W. Brewer, Wild Earth Allies, Jose L. C. Camargo, INPA, David G. Campbell, Grinnell College, CAROLINA VOLKMER DE CASTILHO, CPAF-RR, Wendeson Castro, SOS Amazônia, Damien Catchpole, University of Tasmania, Carlos E. Cerón Martínez, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Shengbin Chen, Chengdu University of Technology, Phourin Chhang, Forestry Administration, Massiel Nataly Corrales Medina, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Heike Culmsee, German Federal Foundation for the Environment, Heriberto David-Higuita, Universidad de Antioquia, Priya Davidar, Sigur Nature Trust, Jhon del Aguila-Pasquel, IIAP, Robert M. Ewers, Imperial College London, Sophie Fauset, University of Plymouth, Ted R. Feldpausch, University of Exeter, Leandro Valle Ferreira, MPEG, Markus Fischer, University of Bern, Janet Franklin, University of California, Gabriella M. Fredriksson, Pro Natura Foundation, Thomas W. Gillespie, University of California, Martin Gilpin, University of Leeds, Christelle Gonmadje, University of Yaoundé / National Herbarium, Arachchige Upali Nimal Gunatilleke, University of Peradeniya, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, King Abdulaziz University, Jefferson S. Hall, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Keith C. Hamer, University of Leeds, Lila Nath Sharma, ForestAction Nepal, Robert Kooyman, Macquarie University / Royal Botanic Gardens, Nicolas Labrière, CNRS, Eileen Larney, TEAM / Zoological Society of London, Yves Laumonier, CIRAD, Susan G. Laurance, James Cook University, William F. Laurance, James Cook University, Ni Putu Diana Mahayani, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yadvinder Malhi, University of Oxford, Asyraf Mansor, Universiti Sains Malaysia / Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jose Luis Marcelo Peña, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina / ESALQ-USP, Ben H. Marimon-Junior, UNEMAT, Andrew R. Marshall, University of the Sunshine Coast / University of York / Flamingo Land, Karina Melgaco, University of Leeds, Abel Lorenzo Monteagudo Mendoza, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Badru Mugerwa, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Hidetoshi Nagamasu, Kyoto University, Laszlo Nagy, UNICAMP, Naret Seuaturien, WWF Thailand, Marcelo T. Nascimento, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Jean Claude Razafimahaimodison, University of Fianarantsoa, Jan Meindert Reitsma, Bureau Waardenburg BV, Edilson J. Requena-Rojas, Universidad Continental, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, Ecosystems Services and Climate Change (SECC) Group, COL-TREE Corporatio, Carlos Reynel Rodriguez, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Anand Roopsind, Boise State University, Francesco Rovero, University of Florence / Museo delle Scienze, Andes Rozak, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Agustín Rudas Lleras, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Christine B. Schmitt, University of Bonn / University of Freiburg, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, UNEMAT, Feyera Senbeta, Addis Ababa University, Javier E. Silva-Espejo, Universidad de La Serena, Marcos Silveira, UFAC, Bonaventure Sonké, University of Yaoundé, Robert Steinmetz, WWF Thailand, Tariq Stévart, Missouri Botanical Garden, Raman Sukumar, Indian Institute of Science, Aisha Sultana, University of Delhi, Terry C. H. Sunderland, University of British Columbia / CIFOR, Hebbalalu Satyanarayana Suresh, Indian Institute of Science, John W. Terborgh, University of Florida / James Cook University, Ida Theilade, University of Copenhagen, Jonathan Timberlake, Warren Lane, Armando Torres-Lezama, Universidad de Los Andes, Peter Umunay, Yale University, María Uriarte, Columbia University, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Martin van de Bult, Doi Tung Development Project, Social Development Department, Peter van der Hout, Van der Hout Förestry Consulting, Rodolfo Vasquez Martinez, Herbario Selva Central Oxapampa, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, MPEG, Simone A. Vieira, UNICAMP, Emilio Vilanova, University of California, Susan K. Wiser, Manaaki Whenua, Landcare Research, Kenneth R. Young, University of Texas at Austin, Rahmad Zakaria, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Runguo Zang, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Charles E. Zartman, INPA, Irié Casimir Zo-Bi, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Henrik Balslev, Aarhus University., Donald R. Drake, University of Hawai'i at M?noa, Marc K. Steininger, University of Maryland, Thaise Emilio, UNICAMP / Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Oliver L. Phillips, University of Leeds, Simon L. Lewis, University of Leeds / University College London, Ferry Slik, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, William J. Baker, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Uppsala University, SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Rainforest Research Sdn Bhd

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, DIVERSITY, Biomasa, Biomassa, Arecaceae, AFRICAN, 580 Plants (Botany), 01 natural sciences, BIOMASS, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#4.01.02 [http], biomasse aérienne des arbres, Abundance (ecology), CARBON STORAGE, Floresta Tropical, Densité, Silvicultura, Biomass, Forêt tropicale humide, ALLOMETRY, above-ground biomass, Global and Planetary Change, Biomass (ecology), GE, Condições abióticas locais, biology, Ecology, Inventaire forestier, abundance patterns, tropical, Facteur du milieu, wood density, PE&RC, Geography, Physical, 0501 Ecological Applications, Geography, Biogeografia, Physical Sciences, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Biodiversité, C180 Ecology, 0406 Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Variance génétique, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, pantropical biogeography, Neotropics, F40 - Écologie végétale, Zona tropical, Biogéographie, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, Subtropics, 010603 evolutionary biology, Bois, local abiotic conditions, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Ecosystem, Relative species abundance, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Densidade da Madeira, Ekologi, Science & Technology, 0602 Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, QK, Diameter at breast height, Biology and Life Sciences, facteurs abiotiques, DIVERSIFICATION HISTORY, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, EVOLUTION, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, AMAZONIAN FOREST, Physical Geography, 13. Climate action, Earth and Environmental Sciences, PATTERNS, tropical rainforest, Tropical rainforest
Abstract

Aim Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Palms (Arecaceae). Methods We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co‐occurring non‐palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long‐term climate stability. Life‐form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non‐tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above‐ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical. Future work to understand the contributions of tree palms to biomass estimates and carbon cycling will be particularly crucial in Neotropical forests.

Published
2020

24. Long-term thermal sensitivity of Earth's tropical forests

Author

Bruno Herault, Peter J. Van Der Meer, Jean-François Bastin, Aurora Levesley, Michael D. Swaine, Rodolfo Vásquez Martínez, Martin Dančák, Matt Bradford, Frans Bongers, Stuart J. Davies, Reuben Nilus, Adriano José Nogueira Lima, Lip Khoon Kho, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Joey Talbot, Richard F. Preziosi, Jagoba Malumbres-Olarte, James A. Comiskey, Thalès de Haulleville, José Luís Camargo, Terese B. Hart, Juliana Schietti, Peter S. Ashton, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Ophelia Wang, Kanehiro Kitayama, Francis Q. Brearley, Peter van der Hout, Amy C. Bennett, Janvier Lisingo, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Lily Rodriguez Bayona, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, Jérôme Chave, Connie J. Clark, Christopher Baraloto, Gerardo Aymard, Serge K. Begne, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza, Geertje M. F. van der Heijden, Fernanda Coelho de Souza, Timothy R. Baker, Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri, Julie Peacock, Hermann Taedoumg, Simon L. Lewis, Yahn Carlos Soto Shareva, Greta C. Dargie, Murielle Simo-Droissart, David Harris, Faizah Metali, Hans ter Steege, Richard Lowe, Géraldine Derroire, Benoit Burban, Camila Silva Valeria, Martin Svátek, Wannes Hubau, Sarah A. Batterman, Vincent A. Vos, Elizabeth Kearsley, Peter M. Umunay, Martin J. P. Sullivan, Flávia R. C. Costa, Hans Verbeeck, Maria Cristina Peñuela Mora, John R. Poulsen, Simon Willcock, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Jean-Louis Doucet, Foster Brown, Yadvinder Malhi, Luisa Fernanda Duque, Ronald Vernimmen, Miguel E. Leal, Alan Hamilton, Martin Gilpin, Colin R. Maycock, Carlos Cerón, Radim Hédl, Oliver L. Phillips, Walter Huaraca Huasco, Jon C. Lovett, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Roderick Zagt, Ted R. Feldpausch, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Pascal Boeckx, Roel J. W. Brienen, Marcelo F. Simon, Keith C. Hamer, Alberto Vicentini, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Clément Stahl, Javier Silva Espejo, Ana Andrade, Anand Roopsind, Erika Berenguer, Pieter A. Zuidema, Vianet Mihindou, Murray Collins, Simone Matias Reis, Emilio Vilanova Torre, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Marie Noël Kamdem Djuikouo, Terry Brncic, Percy Núñez Vargas, John Terborgh, Paulo S. Morandi, Bonaventure Sonké, Jan Bogaert, William E. Magnusson, Lilian Blanc, Terry L. Erwin, Ervan Rutishauser, Anthony Di Fiore, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Edward T. A. Mitchard, Massiel Corrales Medina, Nicholas J. Berry, Juliana Stropp, Maureen Playfair, Luzmila Arroyo, Douglas Sheil, Armando Torres-Lezama, David A. Neill, Sean C. Thomas, Eric Arets, Ernest G. Foli, Lola da Costa, Ricardo Keichi Umetsu, Lan Qie, James Singh, Lise Zemagho, Agustín Rudas, Richard B. Primack, Jan Reitsma, Annette Hladik, Alexander K. Koch, Colin A. Pendry, Walter A. Palacios, Sabina Cerruto Ribeiro, Nicolas Labrière, Fernando Elias, Eric Chezeaux, William Milliken, Manuel Gloor, Romeo Ekoungoulou, Jefferson S. Hall, Henrique E. M. Nascimento, Susan G. Laurance, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, Marcos Silveira, Carolina V. Castilho, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Kamariah Abu Salim, Joeri A. Zwerts, Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros, Jos Barlow, Georgia Pickavance, Joice Ferreira, Mark van Nieuwstadt, Jorcely Barroso, Andrew R. Marshall, Miguel Alexiades, Lindsay F. Banin, Terry Sunderland, Lourens Poorter, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Varun Swamy, Rafael Herrera, Hans Beeckman, Gerardo Flores Llampazo, Shin-ichiro Aiba, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Michelle Kalamandeen, Adriana Prieto, Ben Hur Marimon, Casimiro Mendoza, Victor Chama Moscoso, Eliana Jimenez-Rojas, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Vincent Droissart, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Hannah L. Mossman, Everton Cristo de Almeida, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Ângelo Gilberto Manzatto, Aurélie Dourdain, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Raquel Thomas, David W. Galbraith, Kenneth R. Young, Nallaret Davila Cardozo, Timothy J. Killeen, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Bente B. Klitgaard, James Taplin, Damien Bonal, Karina Melgaço, William F. Laurance, Jason Vleminckx, Esteban Alvarez Dávila, Verginia Wortel, Richarlly da Costa Silva, Thaiane Rodrigues de Sousa, Sophie Fauset, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Wendeson Castro, Toby R. Marthews, Fabricio Beggiato Baccaro, John T. Woods, David Taylor, Patricia Alvarez Loayza, Andrew Ford, Niro Higuchi, Aida Cuni Sanchez, Aline Pontes Lopes, Laszlo Nagy, John Pipoly, Lee J. T. White, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, European Research Council, European Commission, Royal Society (UK), Leverhulme Trust, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, David and Lucile Packard Foundation, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Missouri Botanical Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Wildlife Conservation Society, National Geographic Society, Centre for International Forestry Research, Agence Nationale Des Parcs Nationaux (Gabon), University of Leeds, Mensurat Unit, Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Sch Geog, University of Nottingham, Department of Biology, Higher Teachers Training College (HTTC), Université deYaoundé I, School of Geography [Leeds], University of Edinburgh, School of Geography and the Environment, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford [Oxford], Grad Sch Sci & Engn, Kagoshima University, University of Kent [Canterbury], Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso (UFMT), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Duke University [Durham], Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), University of Campinas [Campinas] (UNICAMP), National Institute for Space Research [Sao José dos Campos] (INPE), Universidad Autonoma Gabriel René Moreno (UAGRM), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Harvard University [Cambridge], Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Research Unit of Landscape Ecology and Plant Production Systems, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University [Bremen], Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Sch Geosci, Laboratory of Applied Physical Chemistry, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Biodiversité et Paysage, Université de Liège - Gembloux, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Forest Ecol & Forest Management Grp, CSIRO Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Woods Hole Research Center, Partenaires INRAE, Herbario Alfredo Paredes, Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Rougier Gabon, Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Federal University of Para - Universidade Federal do Para [Belem - Brésil], Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana [Loreto, Perou] (UNAP), AgroParisTech, University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Université de Liège, Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des Milieux Désordonnés et Hétérogènes (LMDH), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Royal Botanic Gardens, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Commissariat général du Plan (CGP), Premier ministre, Instituto Nacional de Pequisas da Amazônia, Instituto National de Pequisas da Amazonia Brazil, Éco-Anthropologie (EAE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, BP 30 379 Libreville, Gabon, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Kyoto University, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], James Cook University (JCU), Laboratoire d'Etude de l'Apprentissage et du Développement [Dijon] (LEAD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB), Coordenac Bao de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), University of Mary Washington, Chercheur indépendant, Royal Botanic Garden , Kew, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST), Universidad Estatal Amazonica, Forest Research Centre (FRC), Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Natural History Museum [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO), Bur Waarderburg, Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, CarboForExpert, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi [Belém, Brésil] (MPEG), Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), University of Yaoundé [Cameroun], JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Plant Systemat & Ecol Lab, Université de Yaoundé I, Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children [London] (GOSH), Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden], Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de los Andes [Bogota] (UNIANDES), University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Van der Hout Forestry Consulting, University Medical Center Groningen [Groningen] (UMCG), Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology (CAVElab), Department of Integrative Biology [Berkeley] (IB), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Sch Earth Sci & Environm Sustainabil, Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], University of Stirling, Biol Sci, Liverpool John Moore University (ljmu), Biodiversity Department, Center for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Sub Animal Ecology, Ecology and Biodiversity, Animal Ecology, and Systems Ecology

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Tropical trees, Hot Temperature, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Earth, Planet, Climate, Acclimatization, Tropical forest carbon stocks, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Growth, Forests, Atmospheric sciences, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, Trees, Tropical climate, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Biomass, Photosynthesis, Hectare, Productivity, Biomass (ecology), Multidisciplinary, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, PE&RC, Wood, Productivity (ecology), Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, C180 Ecology, Tree, Leaf Respiration, Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks, Climate Change, Climate change and forestry, Climate change, 010603 evolutionary biology, Carbon cycle, Carbon Cycle, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Life Science, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Vegetatie, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Tropical Climate, Vegetation, Global warming, Tropics, 15. Life on land, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Carbon, CO₂ Fertilization, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Acclimation
Abstract

The sensitivity of tropical forest carbon to climate is a key uncertainty in predicting global climate change. Although short-term drying and warming are known to affect forests, it is unknown if such effects translate into long-term responses. Here, we analyze 590 permanent plots measured across the tropics to derive the equilibrium climate controls on forest carbon. Maximum temperature is the most important predictor of aboveground biomass (-9.1 megagrams of carbon per hectare per degree Celsius), primarily by reducing woody productivity, and has a greater impact per °C in the hottest forests (>32.2°C). Our results nevertheless reveal greater thermal resilience than observations of short-term variation imply. To realize the long-term climate adaptation potential of tropical forests requires both protecting them and stabilizing Earth's climate., Our plot monitoring networks havebeen supported by multiple grants from a large number of funding bodies: European Research Council; Natural Environment Research Council; European Union’s Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Framework Programme; Royal Society, Leverhulme Trust; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; David and Lucile Packard Foundation; State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP); National Council for Science and Technology Development of Brazil (CNPq); Agence Nationale de la Recherche; Conservation International; Missouri Botanical Garden; Smithsonian Institution; Wildlife Conservation Society; National Geographic Society; Centre for International Forestry; and Gabon’s National Park Agency.

Published
2020

25. Tree mode of death and mortality risk factors across Amazon forests

Author

Lily Rodriguez Bayona, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, Marisol Toledo, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, José Luís Camargo, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Georgia Pickavance, Pieter A. Zuidema, Christopher Baraloto, Javier Silva Espejo, Maria Cristina Peñuela-Mora, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Wendeson Castro, Simon L. Lewis, Susan G. Laurance, Marcos Silveira, Karina Liana Lisboa Melgaço Ladvocat, René G. A. Boot, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Lourens Poorter, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Jeanneth Villalobos Cayo, Armando Torres-Lezama, David A. Neill, Eric Arets, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Gerardo Flores Llampazo, Benoit Burban, Carlos A. Quesada, Kuo-Jung Chao, Casimiro Mendoza, Hans ter Steege, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Paulo S. Morandi, Adriana Prieto, Juliana Stropp, Eliana Jimenez-Rojas, James Singh, Jon Lloyd, Timothy R. Baker, Jérôme Chave, Ana Andrade, Patrick Meir, Roderick Zagt, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Joey Talbot, Marielos Peña-Claros, Luzmila Arroyo, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Frans Bongers, Michel Baisie, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Varun Swamy, Julio Serrano, Raquel Thomas, Aurora Levesley, Emanuel Gloor, Julie Peacock, David W. Galbraith, Nallaret Davila Cardozo, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Jeanne Houwing-Duistermaat, Timothy J. Killeen, Yadvinder Malhi, Rodolfo Vásquez Martínez, Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Natalino Silva, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Jorcely Barroso, Adriano José Nogueira Lima, Simone Matias Reis, Emilio Vilanova Torre, William F. Laurance, Guido Pardo, James A. Comiskey, Agustín Rudas, Sophie Fauset, Martin J. P. Sullivan, Everton Cristo de Almeida, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Rafael Herrera, Percy Núñez Vargas, John Terborgh, Victor Chama Moscoso, Ted R. Feldpausch, Aurélie Dourdain, Damien Bonal, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Gerardo A. Aymard C, Esteban Alvarez Dávila, Peter J. Van Der Meer, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Terry L. Erwin, Lilian Blanc, Anthony Di Fiore, Antonio Carlos Lola da Costa, Haiyan Liu, Vincent A. Vos, Foster Brown, Roel J. W. Brienen, Patricia Alvarez Loayza, Oliver L. Phillips, Clément Stahl, Niro Higuchi, John Pipoly, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, Thomas A. M. Pugh, Maxime Rejou-Machain, Geertje M. F. van der Heijden, Peter van der Hout, University of Leeds, Plymouth University, SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), European Project: 291585,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2011-ADG_20110209,T-FORCES(2012), University of Plymouth, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Esquivel-Muelbert A., Phillips O.L., Brienen R.J.W., Fauset S., Sullivan M.J.P., Baker T.R., Chao K.-J., Feldpausch T.R., Gloor E., Higuchi N., Houwing-Duistermaat J., Lloyd J., Liu H., Malhi Y., Marimon B., Marimon Junior B.H., Monteagudo-Mendoza A., Poorter L., Silveira M., Torre E.V., Davila E.A., del Aguila Pasquel J., Almeida E., Loayza P.A., Andrade A., Aragao L.E.O.C., Araujo-Murakami A., Arets E., Arroyo L., Aymard C G.A., Baisie M., Baraloto C., Camargo P.B., Barroso J., Blanc L., Bonal D., Bongers F., Boot R., Brown F., Burban B., Camargo J.L., Castro W., Moscoso V.C., Chave J., Comiskey J., Valverde F.C., da Costa A.L., Cardozo N.D., Di Fiore A., Dourdain A., Erwin T., Llampazo G.F., Vieira I.C.G., Herrera R., Honorio Coronado E., Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I., Jimenez-Rojas E., Killeen T., Laurance S., Laurance W., Levesley A., Lewis S.L., Ladvocat K.L.L.M., Lopez-Gonzalez G., Lovejoy T., Meir P., Mendoza C., Morandi P., Neill D., Nogueira Lima A.J., Vargas P.N., de Oliveira E.A., Camacho N.P., Pardo G., Peacock J., Pena-Claros M., Penuela-Mora M.C., Pickavance G., Pipoly J., Pitman N., Prieto A., Pugh T.A.M., Quesada C., Ramirez-Angulo H., de Almeida Reis S.M., Rejou-Machain M., Correa Z.R., Bayona L.R., Rudas A., Salomao R., Serrano J., Espejo J.S., Silva N., Singh J., Stahl C., Stropp J., Swamy V., Talbot J., ter Steege H., Terborgh J., Thomas R., Toledo M., Torres-Lezama A., Gamarra L.V., van der Heijden G., van der Meer P., van der Hout P., Martinez R.V., Vieira S.A., Cayo J.V., Vos V., Zagt R., Zuidema P., Galbraith D., University of St Andrews. School of Geography & Sustainable Development, and Systems Ecology

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Chemistry(all), Software_GENERAL, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, General Physics and Astronomy, Forests, 01 natural sciences, Amazonegebied, Carbon sink, Trees, Growth–survival trade-off, Risk Factors, Tropical climate, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Biomass, lcsh:Science, Biomass (ecology), GE, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, Amazon rainforest, Bomen, Mortality rate, food and beverages, risk factors, mortality, trees, PE&RC, Tropical ecology, Tree (data structure), population characteristics, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, InformationSystems_MISCELLANEOUS, Brazil, geographic locations, GE Environmental Sciences, Environmental Monitoring, Carbon Sequestration, Science, Physics and Astronomy(all), Models, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, Tree mortality, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Amazonia, Tropische bossen, parasitic diseases, Forest ecology, Life Science, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Ecosystem, Author Correction, Vegetatie, Proportional Hazards Models, Tropical Climate, Vegetation, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all), DAS, social sciences, General Chemistry, Carbon Dioxide, 15. Life on land, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Sterfte, lcsh:Q, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

The carbon sink capacity of tropical forests is substantially affected by tree mortality. However, the main drivers of tropical tree death remain largely unknown. Here we present a pan-Amazonian assessment of how and why trees die, analysing over 120,000 trees representing > 3800 species from 189 long-term RAINFOR forest plots. While tree mortality rates vary greatly Amazon-wide, on average trees are as likely to die standing as they are broken or uprooted—modes of death with different ecological consequences. Species-level growth rate is the single most important predictor of tree death in Amazonia, with faster-growing species being at higher risk. Within species, however, the slowest-growing trees are at greatest risk while the effect of tree size varies across the basin. In the driest Amazonian region species-level bioclimatic distributional patterns also predict the risk of death, suggesting that these forests are experiencing climatic conditions beyond their adaptative limits. These results provide not only a holistic pan-Amazonian picture of tree death but large-scale evidence for the overarching importance of the growth–survival trade-off in driving tropical tree mortality., Tree mortality has been shown to be the dominant control on carbon storage in Amazon forests, but little is known of how and why Amazon forest trees die. Here the authors analyse a large Amazon-wide dataset, finding that fast-growing species face greater mortality risk, but that slower-growing individuals within a species are more likely to die, regardless of size.

Published
2020

26. Is habitat fragmentation good for biodiversity?

Author

Cristina Banks-Leite, Jos Barlow, Nick M. Haddad, Ellen I. Damschen, Teja Tscharntke, Andrew Gonzalez, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Renata Pardini, Robert D. Holt, Raphael K. Didham, Robert J. Fletcher, Jayme Augusto Prevedello, Leslie Ries, James Rosindell, William F. Laurance, Felipe P. L. Melo, and Robert M. Ewers

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Habitat fragmentation, Ecology, Natural resource economics, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Ecology (disciplines), 05 Environmental Sciences, Fragmentation (computing), Biodiversity, Scientific disagreement, 06 Biological Sciences, 15. Life on land, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Geography, Habitat destruction, Habitat, 13. Climate action, Predictive power, 07 Agricultural And Veterinary Sciences, HABITAT, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract

Habitat loss is a primary threat to biodiversity across the planet, yet contentious debate has ensued on the importance of habitat fragmentation ‘per se’ (i.e., altered spatial configuration of habitat for a given amount of habitat loss). Based on a review of landscape-scale investigations, Fahrig (2017; Ecological responses to habitat fragmentation per se. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 48:1-23) reports that biodiversity responses to habitat fragmentation ‘per se’ are more often positive rather than negative and concludes that the widespread belief in negative fragmentation effects is a ‘zombie idea’. We show that Fahrig's conclusions are drawn from a narrow and potentially biased subset of available evidence, which ignore much of the observational, experimental and theoretical evidence for negative effects of altered habitat configuration. We therefore argue that Fahrig's conclusions should be interpreted cautiously as they could be misconstrued by policy makers and managers, and we provide six arguments why they should not be applied in conservation decision-making. Reconciling the scientific disagreement, and informing conservation more effectively, will require research that goes beyond statistical and correlative approaches. This includes a more prudent use of data and conceptual models that appropriately partition direct vs indirect influences of habitat loss and altered spatial configuration, and more clearly discriminate the mechanisms underpinning any changes. Incorporating these issues will deliver greater mechanistic understanding and more predictive power to address the conservation issues arising from habitat loss and fragmentation.

Published
2018

27. Amazon tipping point: Last chance for action

Author

Thomas E. Lovejoy and Carlos Nobre

Subjects
0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Amazon rainforest, Science Policy, Environmental Studies, 02 engineering and technology, Rainforest, Structural basin, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Tipping point (climatology), 03 medical and health sciences, Geography, Editorial, Deforestation, SciAdv editorial, Air blowing, Physical geography, Water cycle, 0210 nano-technology, Air mass, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

Thomas E. Lovejoy Carlos Nobre Although 2019 was not the worst year for fire or deforestation in the Amazon, it was the year when the extent of fires and deforestation in the region garnered full global attention. This year, the winds brought smoke from the fires into Sao Paulo, so thick that—after encountering moist air blowing from the ocean—the afternoon skies were darkened and street lights had to be lit 3 hours early for the city to continue to function. The rampant winds awoke the Brazilian populace and indeed the world to the harsh reality that the precious Amazon is teetering on the edge of functional destruction and, with it, so are we. For more than 50 years, scientists and policy makers have known unequivocally ( 1 ) that the hydrological cycle of the Amazon depends squarely on the transpiration of the forest’s multitude of leaves and on the evaporation from the complex surfaces of the rain forest. When it rains on the Amazonian forest landscape, at least 75% of the moisture is returned to the westward-moving air mass. The rainforest recycles the moisture five to six times before it turns southward, feeling the proximity of the high wall of the Andes. Over the whole basin, the air rises, cools, and precipitates out close to 20% of the world’s river water in the Amazon river system. The moisture of the Amazon is not confined to the basin …

Published
2019

28. Evolutionary diversity is associated with wood productivity in Amazonian forests

Author

Roderick Zagt, Gerardo A. Aymard C, Jorcely Barroso, Kyle G. Dexter, Eliana Jimenez-Rojas, Luis E.O.C. Aragao, Antonio Carlos Lola da Costa, Rafael Herrera, José Luís Camargo, Adriana Prieto, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Martin J. P. Sullivan, David W. Galbraith, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Fernando Cornejo-Valverde, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Ima Célia-Vieira, Fernanda Coelho de Souza, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Timothy J. Killeen, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Ricardo Keichi Umetsu, Freddy Ramirez, Hans ter Steege, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Jérôme Chave, Timothy R. Baker, Natalino Silva, Olaf Bánki, Susan G. Laurance, Marcos Silveira, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, R. Toby Pennington, Georgia Pickavance, Maria Cristina Peñuela Mora, Ana Andrade, René G. A. Boot, Anand Roopsind, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Raquel Thomas-Caesar, Casimiro Mendoza, James A. Comiskey, Ben Hur Marimon-Junior, Percy Núñez Vargas, John Pipoly, John Terborgh, Yadvinder Malhi, Rodolfo Vasquez, William F. Laurance, Átila Alves, David A. Neill, Eric Arets, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Martin Gilpin, Wendeson Castro, Agustín Rudas, Emanuel Gloor, Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza, Juliana Stropp, Ted R. Feldpausch, Lourens Poorter, Anthony Di Fiore, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Rosa C. Goodman, Danilo M. Neves, Foster Brown, Niro Higuchi, Oliver L. Phillips, Vincent A. Vos, James Singh, Álvaro Cogollo, Roel J. W. Brienen, Christopher Baraloto, Iêda Leão do Amaral, L. Arroyo, Chercheur indépendant, Ecology and Global Change, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Projeto TEAM-Manaus, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage [Rennes] (PEGASE), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Universidad Autonoma Gabriel René Moreno (UAGRM), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Department of Biology, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Tropenbos International (TBI), Sch Geog, University of Nottingham, Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jardín Botánico de Medellín, University of Texas at Austin [Austin], University of Edinburgh, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas (IVIC), Dept Environm Sci & Policy, George Mason University, School of Geography and the Environment, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford [Oxford], Missouri Botanical Garden (USA), Universidad Estatal Amazonica, Duke University [Durham], Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Missouri Botanical Garden, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi [Belém, Brésil] (MPEG), Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden], and Systems Ecology

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Biodiversity, Forests, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Produccion, 03 medical and health sciences, Amazonía, Life Science, Ecosystem, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Phylogeny, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Vegetatie, 030304 developmental biology, SDG 15 - Life on Land, Diversidad, Tropical Climate, 0303 health sciences, Biomass (ecology), Vegetation, Ecology, technology, industry, and agriculture, Species diversity, Edaphic, 15. Life on land, respiratory system, PE&RC, Bosque, Wood, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Madera, Phylogenetic diversity, Productivity (ecology), [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Species richness, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, human activities
Abstract

Higher levels of taxonomic and evolutionary diversity are expected to maximize ecosystem function, yet their relative importance in driving variation in ecosystem function at large scales in diverse forests is unknown. Using 90 inventory plots across intact, lowland, terra firme, Amazonian forests and a new phylogeny including 526 angiosperm genera, we investigated the association between taxonomic and evolutionary metrics of diversity and two key measures of ecosystem function: aboveground wood productivity and biomass storage. While taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity were not important predictors of variation in biomass, both emerged as independent predictors of wood productivity. Amazon forests that contain greater evolutionary diversity and a higher proportion of rare species have higher productivity. While climatic and edaphic variables are together the strongest predictors of productivity, our results show that the evolutionary diversity of tree species in diverse forest stands also influences productivity. As our models accounted for wood density and tree size, they also suggest that additional, unstudied, evolutionarily correlated traits have significant effects on ecosystem function in tropical forests. Overall, our pan-Amazonian analysis shows that greater phylogenetic diversity translates into higher levels of ecosystem function: tropical forest communities with more distantly related taxa have greater wood productivity.

Published
2019

29. Nature Divided, Scientists United: US–Mexico Border Wall Threatens Biodiversity and Binational Conservation

Author

Thomas E. Lovejoy, Rodolfo Dirzo, William J. Ripple, Jennifer R. B. Miller, Rob Peters, Michael E. Soulé, Ana Córdova, Reed F. Noss, Jesús Pacheco, Gerardo Ceballos, Rurik List, Gerardo Carreón-Arroyo, Edward O. Wilson, Aaron D. Flesch, Matthew Moskwik, José Sarukhán, Paul R. Ehrlich, and Christopher Wolf

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Geography, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Agroforestry, Biodiversity, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Published
2018

30. Nature, COVID-19, disease prevention, and climate change

Author

Thomas E. Lovejoy

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, History, Pandemic, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), COVID-19, Climate change, Environmental ethics, Context (language use), Wildlife, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Article, Phenomenon, Natural (music), Disease, Disease prevention, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract

When COVID-19 arrived, usual human activity around the world paused or slowed, and nature responded to the opportunity. Even in major urban areas, people remarked on the clearer, crisper, star- brightened night skies. This issue's collection of interesting papers provides insights into ways the natural world responded, but it would seem worthwhile to take a step back and frame that phenomenon in its intellectual and epidemiological context.

Published
2021

31. Author Correction: Tree mode of death and mortality risk factors across Amazon forests

Author

Javier Silva Espejo, Kuo-Jung Chao, Antonio Carlos Lola da Costa, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, René G. A. Boot, Lourens Poorter, Rodolfo Vásquez Martínez, Gerardo Flores Llampazo, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Ana Andrade, Ted R. Feldpausch, Adriano José Nogueira Lima, Yadvinder Malhi, Jon Lloyd, Joey Talbot, Jérôme Chave, José Luís Camargo, Paulo S. Morandi, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Varun Swamy, Adriana Prieto, Lily Rodriguez Bayona, Timothy R. Baker, Julio Serrano, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, Haiyan Liu, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Marisol Toledo, Agustín Rudas, Simone Matias Reis, Emilio Vilanova Torre, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Juliana Stropp, Christopher Baraloto, Luzmila Arroyo, Simon L. Lewis, Thomas A. M. Pugh, James Singh, Roderick Zagt, Percy Núñez Vargas, John Terborgh, Patricia Alvarez Loayza, Lilian Blanc, Gerardo A. Aymard C, Terry L. Erwin, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Anthony Di Fiore, Peter van der Hout, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Frans Bongers, Niro Higuchi, William F. Laurance, Geertje M. F. van der Heijden, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Sophie Fauset, Hans ter Steege, Karina Liana Lisboa Melgaço Ladvocat, Emanuel Gloor, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Susan G. Laurance, Foster Brown, Marcos Silveira, Jorcely Barroso, Natalino Silva, Oliver L. Phillips, Clément Stahl, Everton Cristo de Almeida, Jeanne Houwing-Duistermaat, Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza, Rafael Herrera, Victor Chama Moscoso, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Guido Pardo, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Wendeson Castro, Martin J. P. Sullivan, Carlos A. Quesada, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Armando Torres-Lezama, David A. Neill, Eric Arets, Pieter A. Zuidema, Aurora Levesley, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, James A. Comiskey, Peter J. Van Der Meer, Vincent A. Vos, Roel J. W. Brienen, Julie Peacock, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Aurélie Dourdain, Georgia Pickavance, Casimiro Mendoza, Marielos Peña-Claros, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Maxime Rejou-Machain, Maria Cristina Peñuela-Mora, Benoit Burban, Eliana Jimenez-Rojas, Patrick Meir, Michel Baisie, Raquel Thomas, David W. Galbraith, Nallaret Davila Cardozo, Timothy J. Killeen, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Jeanneth Villalobos Cayo, John Pipoly, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, Damien Bonal, and Esteban Alvarez Dávila

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, Vegetation, Amazon rainforest, Science, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Mode (statistics), General Physics and Astronomy, General Chemistry, PE&RC, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Geography, Statistics, Life Science, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Dead tree, Tree (set theory), Vegetatie
Abstract

The original version of this Article contained an error in Table 2, where the number of individuals in the “All Amazonia” row was reported as 11,6431 instead of 116,431. Also, the original version of this Article contained an error in the Methods, where the R2 for the proportion of broken/uprooted dead trees increase per year was reported as 0.12, the correct value being 0.06. The original version of this Article contained errors in the author affiliations. The affiliation of Gerardo A. Aymard C. with UNELLEZGuanare, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Portuguesa, Venezuela Compensation International Progress S.A. Ciprogress–Greenlife.

Published
2021

32. An<scp>A</scp>mazonian rainforest and its fragments as a laboratory of global change

Author

Susan G. Laurance, Christopher F.J. Meyer, Rita C. G. Mesquita, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Paulo Estefano D. Bobrowiec, G. Bruce Williamson, Philip M. Fearnside, José Luís Camargo, and William F. Laurance

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Conservation of Natural Resources, Rainforest, Time Factors, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate Change, Models, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Trees, Forest restoration, Forest ecology, Animals, Intact forest landscape, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Tropical Climate, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Habitat fragmentation, Ecology, Amazon rainforest, Biodiversity, Old-growth forest, Secondary forest, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract

We synthesize findings from one of the world’s largest and longest-running experimental investigations, the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP). Spanning an area of ~1,000 km2 in central Amazonia, the BDFFP was initially designed to evaluate the effects of fragment area on rainforest biodiversity and ecological processes. However, over its 38-year history to date the project has far transcended its original mission, and now focuses more broadly on landscape dynamics, forest regeneration, regional- and global-change phenomena, and their potential interactions and implications for Amazonian forest \ud conservation. The project has yielded a wealth of insights into the ecological and environmental changes in fragmented forests. For instance, many rainforest species are naturally rare and hence are either missing entirely from many fragments or so sparsely represented as to have little chance of long-term survival. Additionally, edge effects are a prominent driver of fragment dynamics, strongly affecting forest microclimate, tree mortality, carbon storage and a diversity of fauna. \ud Even within our controlled study area, the landscape has been highly dynamic: for example, the matrix of vegetation surrounding fragments has changed markedly over time, succeeding from large cattle pastures or forest clearcuts to secondary regrowth forest. This, in turn, has influenced the dynamics of plant and animal communities and their trajectories of change over time. In general, fauna and flora have responded differently to fragmentation: the most locally extinction-prone animal species are those that have both large area requirements and low tolerance of the modified habitats surrounding fragments, whereas the most\ud vulnerable plants are those that respond poorly to edge effects or chronic forest disturbances, and that rely on vulnerable animals for seed dispersal or pollination.\ud Relative to intact forests, most fragments are hyperdynamic, with unstable or fluctuating populations of species in response to a variety of external vicissitudes. Rare weather events such as droughts, windstorms and floods have had strong impacts on fragments and left lasting legacies of change. Both forest fragments and the intact forests in our study area appear to be influenced by larger-scale environmental drivers operating at regional or global scales. These drivers are apparently increasing forest productivity and have led to concerted, widespread increases in forest dynamics and plant growth, shifts in tree-community composition, and increases in liana (woody vine) abundance. Such large-scale drivers are likely to interact synergistically with habitat fragmentation, exacerbating its effects for some species and ecological phenomena. Hence, the impacts of fragmentation on \ud Amazonian biodiversity and ecosystem processes appear to be a consequence not only of local site features but also of broader changes occurring at landscape, regional and even global scales.

Published
2017

33. Removing the abyss between conservation science and policy decisions in Brazil

Author

Valter M. Azevedo-Santos, Paulo Santos Pompeu, Angelo Antonio Agostinho, Daniel Simberloff, Francisco de Assis Esteves, André Andrian Padial, Philip M. Fearnside, Dilermando P. Lima, Caroline S. Oliveira, Mário Luís Orsi, William F. Laurance, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Miguel Petrere, André Lincoln Barroso Magalhães, Jean Ricardo Simões Vitule, Roger Paulo Mormul, and Fernando Mayer Pelicice

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Sociology of scientific knowledge, Ecology, business.industry, Natural resource economics, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Environmental resource management, Biodiversity, Opposition (politics), Legislature, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Policy decision, Political science, Sustainability, Conservation science, Natural capital, business, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract

The executive and legislative branches of Brazilian government have either proposed or taken a variety of initiatives that threaten biodiversity and ecosystems. Opposition by the scientific community has largely been ignored by decision-makers. In this short essay, we present recent examples of harmful policies that have great potential to erode biodiversity, and we suggest ways to communicate scientific knowledge to decision- makers. If the current gap between conservation science and policies is not filled, the country will threaten the maintenance of its natural capital and, consequently, the sustainability of essential societal activities in the long term.

Published
2017

34. Considering farmer land use decisions in efforts to ‘scale up’ Payments for Watershed Services

Author

Ryan C. Richards, Pedro H. S. Brancalion, Chris J. Kennedy, and Thomas E. Lovejoy

Subjects
BIODIVERSIDADE, Global and Planetary Change, Opportunity cost, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology, Land use, Natural resource economics, business.industry, Geography, Planning and Development, Environmental resource management, Context (language use), 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 01 natural sciences, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Ecosystem services, Outreach, Incentive, Economics, business, Payment for ecosystem services, Budget constraint, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract

Significant effort is being devoted to the expansion of payments for watershed services (PWS) programs at national, regional, and local scales. This expansion faces logistical challenges, in particular identifying appropriate incentives and enrollment processes to provide additional ecosystem services under budget constraints. In Brazil, PWS programs have mostly occurred at the local level, using formulaic contracts to ensure landowners are compensated for provision of specific types and quantities of ecosystem services. However, it is unclear how these financial incentives will function as programs expand to new areas, as pilot programs report high recruitment costs. Using as an example the Cantareira System, an important drinking water supply for the Sao Paulo metropolitan area, we review PWS incentives in the context of factors that affect farmer land use decisions. We base our research on a review of policies affecting PWS in Brazil, existing PWS in the Cantareira region, and drivers affecting land use and technology adoption by cattle ranchers, drawing from the literature and interviews with farmers and agronomists in the study region. While financial incentives (payments) account for both the value of ecosystem services and opportunity costs of shifting pasture production to forest, several economic, social, political, and biophysical factors will likely affect landowners’ decisions to enroll in PWS. This suggests that, while PWS programs may lead to the provision of additional ecosystem services, the complexity of contracts and diversity of local conditions create challenges to broad deployment in the absence of significant outreach efforts.

Published
2017

35. Biodiversity Conservation Targets: How to Allocate Resources

Author

Thomas E. Lovejoy

Subjects
Biodiversity conservation, Geography, Ecoregion, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Biodiversity, Chauvenet's criterion, business, Indigenous, General Environmental Science
Abstract

In this issue of One Earth, Chauvenet et al. identify strategies for the near-term allocation of protected areas on an ecoregion basis. However, the biodiversity challenge extends beyond ecoregions. More resources are needed to maximize the potential co-benefits between conservation, climate-change mitigation, indigenous communities, and sustainable land-management practices.

Published
2020

36. Persistent effects of fragmentation on tropical rainforest canopy structure after 20 yr of isolation

Author

Ana Andrade, Nino Tavares Amazonas, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Juliana Schietti, Marielle N. Smith, Michael A. Lefsky, Danilo Roberti Alves de Almeida, Rita de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita, Eric Bastos Gorgens, Geoffrey G. Parker, Diogo M. Rosa, Ruben Valbuena, William F. Laurance, Yosio Edemir Shimabukuro, Scott R. Saleska, Eben N. Broadbent, Susan G. Laurance, Pedro H. S. Brancalion, José Luís Camargo, Scott C. Stark, and Carlos A. Silva

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Canopy, Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Tropical Climate, Rainforest, Ecology, Forest dynamics, USO DO SOLO, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Forestry, Understory, Forests, 15. Life on land, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Trees, Spatial heterogeneity, Basal area, Environmental science, Leaf area index, Brazil, Ecosystem, Tropical rainforest
Abstract

Assessing the persistent impacts of fragmentation on aboveground structure of tropical forests is essential to understanding the consequences of land use change for carbon storage and other ecosystem functions. We investigated the influence of edge distance and fragment size on canopy structure, aboveground woody biomass (AGB), and AGB turnover in the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP) in central Amazon, Brazil, after 22+ yr of fragment isolation, by combining canopy variables collected with portable canopy profiling lidar and airborne laser scanning surveys with long-term forest inventories. Forest height decreased by 30% at edges of large fragments (>10 ha) and interiors of small fragments (

Published
2019

37. Global mismatches in aboveground and belowground biodiversity

Author

Thomas E. Lovejoy, Jes Hines, Helen Phillips, Julia Siebert, Leho Tedersoo, Luca Montanarella, Diana H. Wall, Erin K. Cameron, Felix Gottschall, Henrique M. Pereira, Carlos A. Guerra, Olga Ferlian, Patrick Lavelle, Jérôme Mathieu, Nico Eisenhauer, Inês S. Martins, Guillaume Patoine, Simone Cesarz, Holger Kreft, Alberto Orgiazzi, Marten Winter, Josef Settele, Mohammad Bahram, Helsinki University of Technology, Partenaires INRAE, Saint Mary's University, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Centro Internacional de Agricultural Tropical, Centre IRD d’île de France, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Tartu, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Laboratoire LTEE, Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, George Mason University, European Commission's Joint Research Centre, Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), University of the Philippines Los Baños (UP Los Baños), Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Deutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftGerman Research Foundation (DFG) [FZT 118], Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Suomen AkatemiaAcademy of Finland [285882], H2020 European Research Council [677232, 641762-ECOPOTENTIAL], Vetenskapsradet [2017-05019], German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Universidade do Porto, and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Soil biodiversity, aboveground-belowground, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biome, (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), Biodiversity, Forests, 01 natural sciences, patrones mundiales, Ecosystem services, Soil, bacteria, 2. Zero hunger, Ecology, (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), hongos, macrofauna, sobre suelo - bajo suelo, 1181 Ecology, evolutionary biology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, mismatch, (sic)(sic), policy, Conservation of Natural Resources, bacterias, (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), Soil biology, disparidad, soil biodiversity, 010603 evolutionary biology, Animals, Humans, global patterns, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 1172 Environmental sciences, Ecosystem, Nature and Landscape Conservation, biodiversidad del suelo, aboveground-belowground, bacteria, fungi, global patterns, macrofauna, mismatch, policy, soilbiodiversity, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, (sic)(sic)-(sic)(sic), 15. Life on land, (sic), Tundra, politicas, 13. Climate action, Threatened species, PATTERNS, Environmental science, fungi, Global biodiversity
Abstract

Human activities are accelerating global biodiversity change and have resulted in severely threatened ecosystem services. A large proportion of terrestrial biodiversity is harbored by soil, but soil biodiversity has been omitted from many global biodiversity assessments and conservation actions, and understanding of global patterns of soil biodiversity remains limited. In particular, the extent to which hotspots and coldspots of aboveground and soil biodiversity overlap is not clear. We examined global patterns of these overlaps by mapping indices of aboveground (mammals, birds, amphibians, vascular plants) and soil (bacteria, fungi, macrofauna) biodiversity that we created using previously published data on species richness. Areas of mismatch between aboveground and soil biodiversity covered 27% of Earth's terrestrial surface. The temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome had the highest proportion of grid cells with high aboveground biodiversity but low soil biodiversity, whereas the boreal and tundra biomes had intermediate soil biodiversity but low aboveground biodiversity. While more data on soil biodiversity are needed, both to cover geographic gaps and to include additional taxa, our results suggest that protecting aboveground biodiversity may not sufficiently reduce threats to soil biodiversity. Given the functional importance of soil biodiversity and the role of soils in human well-being, soil biodiversity should be considered further in policy agendas and conservation actions by adapting management practices to sustain soil biodiversity and considering soil biodiversity when designing protected areas.Disparidades Mundiales entre la Biodiversidad Sobre y Bajo el Suelo Resumen Las actividades humanas están acelerando el cambio en la biodiversidad mundial y han tenido como resultado unos servicios ambientales severamente amenazados. Una gran proporción de la biodiversidad terrestre está albergada en el suelo, pero la biodiversidad de este ha sido omitida de varias evaluaciones mundiales de biodiversidad y de las acciones de conservación, además de que el entendimiento de los patrones mundiales de la biodiversidad del suelo permanece limitado; particularmente, la extensión del traslape entre los puntos fríos y calientes de biodiversidad sobre y bajo suelo no está clara. Examinamos los patrones mundiales de estos traslapes mapeando los índices de biodiversidad sobre el suelo (mamíferos, aves, anfibios y plantas vasculares) y bajo el suelo (bacterias, hongos y macrofauna) que creamos con datos previamente publicados de la riqueza de especies. Las áreas de disparidad entre la biodiversidad sobre y bajo el suelo cubrieron el 27% de la superficie terrestre del planeta. El bioma de los bosques templados de plantas frondosas y mixtas tuvo la proporción más alta de celdas de cuadrícula con una biodiversidad alta sobre el suelo, pero baja para en el subsuelo, mientras que los biomas boreales y de la tundra tuvieron una biodiversidad intermedia bajo el suelo, pero baja para el sobre suelo. Aunque se requieren más datos sobre la biodiversidad del suelo, tanto para cubrir los vacíos geográficos como para incluir a taxones adiciones, nuestros resultados sugieren que la protección a la biodiversidad sobre el suelo puede no reducir suficientemente las amenazas para la biodiversidad del suelo. Dada la importancia funcional de la biodiversidad del suelo y el papel de los suelos en el bienestar humano, se debería considerar a la biodiversidad del suelo mucho más en las agendas políticas y en las acciones de conservación, adaptando a las prácticas de manejo para que mantengan a la biodiversidad del suelo y la consideren cuando designen áreas protegidas.人类活动正在导致全球生物多样性的快速变化, 并已严重影响到生态系统服务功能。陆地生物多样性中很大一部分存在于土壤之中, 然而, 许多全球生物多样性评估和保护行动都没有考虑土壤生物多样性, 人们对全球土壤生物多样性格局的认识也十分有限, 特别是对地表生物多样性和土壤生物多样性的热点地区及贫瘠地区的重叠程度知之甚少。为了研究全球地表生物多样性和土壤生物多样性的重叠情况, 我们利用已发表的物种丰富度数据设计了地表生物多样性 (哺乳动物、鸟类、两栖类、维管植物) 及土壤生物多样性 (细菌、真菌、大型动物群) 指标, 用于绘制相应的地图。结果显示, 地表和土壤生物多样性不匹配的地区占地球陆地面积的 27% 。在温带阔叶林和混交林生物群中, 地表生物多样性高而土壤生物多样性低的栅格占比最高, 而寒带和苔原生物群则是土壤生物多样性中等而地表生物多样性低。虽然还有待增加土壤生物多样性的数据以囊括更多地理区域和生物类群, 但我们的结果已经表明, 保护地表生物多样性可能不足以减少对土壤生物多样性的威胁。鉴于土壤生物多样性的重要功能以及土壤对人类福祉的作用, 应在政策议程和保护行动中更多地考虑土壤生物多样性, 如调整管理实践以保护土壤生物多样性、在保护区设计中纳入土壤生物多样性等等。【翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 聂永刚】.

Published
2019

38. A Global Deal for Nature:Guiding principles, milestones, and targets

Author

Eric Dinerstein, Enric Sala, Eric Wikramanayake, Anup R. Joshi, Ya-Ping Zhang, Juan Mayorga, Lucas Joppa, Tanya Birch, Nathan Hahn, Alessandro Baccini, D. Olson, K. Burkart, Neil D. Burgess, Jonathan E. M. Baillie, Reed F. Noss, Carly Vynne, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Suranjan Fernando, and Gregory P. Asner

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Runaway climate change, Conservation of Natural Resources, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Earth, Planet, Science Policy, Climate Change, Biodiversity, Reviews, Climate change, Review, Energy transition, Models, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, Animals, Humans, Applied Ecology, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Multidisciplinary, Global temperature, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Biosphere, Adaptation, Physiological, Greenhouse gas, SciAdv reviews, business
Abstract

The Global Deal for Nature sets an ambitious agenda to protect our biosphere through ecosystem conservation and land restoration., The Global Deal for Nature (GDN) is a time-bound, science-driven plan to save the diversity and abundance of life on Earth. Pairing the GDN and the Paris Climate Agreement would avoid catastrophic climate change, conserve species, and secure essential ecosystem services. New findings give urgency to this union: Less than half of the terrestrial realm is intact, yet conserving all native ecosystems—coupled with energy transition measures—will be required to remain below a 1.5°C rise in average global temperature. The GDN targets 30% of Earth to be formally protected and an additional 20% designated as climate stabilization areas, by 2030, to stay below 1.5°C. We highlight the 67% of terrestrial ecoregions that can meet 30% protection, thereby reducing extinction threats and carbon emissions from natural reservoirs. Freshwater and marine targets included here extend the GDN to all realms and provide a pathway to ensuring a more livable biosphere.

Published
2019

39. Pan-tropical prediction of forest structure from the largest trees

Author

Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy, Stephen P. Hubbell, Cintia Rodrigues de Souza, Takeshi Toma, Ben Swanepoel, Raphaël Pélissier, Donatien Zebaze, Luzmila Arroyo, Juliana Stropp, James R. Kellner, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Benoît Cassart, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, James Grogan, Sebastian K. Herzog, Yadvinder Malhi, Krisna Gajapersad, José Luís Camargo, Christelle Gonmadje, Renato Valencia, Connie J. Clark, Denise Sasaki, Fabien Wagner, Francesco Rovero, Katrin Boehning-Gaese, David Kenfack, Olaf Bánki, John Terborgh, Ferry Slik, Arafat S. Mtui, Javier Silva Espejo, Hans Beeckman, Germaine Alexander Parada Gutierrez, Tinde van Andel, Luis Valenzuela, Thalès de Haulleville, Hans ter Steege, Elizabeth Kearsley, Martin J. P. Sullivan, Wilson Roberto Spironello, Rodolfo Vasque, Emmanuel H. Martin, Thomas Duncan, William F. Laurance, Jason Vleminckx, Paulus Matius, Charles De Cannière, Yves Laumonier, Ted R. Feldpausch, Andrew R. Marshall, John R. Poulsen, J. Daniel Soto, Priya Davidar, Jean François Gillet, Iêda Leão do Amaral, Papi Puspa Warsudi, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Vincent A. Vos, Laurent Descroix, Nicolas Texier, Philippe Saner, Roderick Zagt, Marc P. E. Parren, Luiz Marcelo Brum Rossi, Robert Bitariho, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Jon Lloyd, Nina Farwig, James Singh, Jean-Louis Doucet, Francis Q. Brearley, Leandro Valle Ferreira, Celso Paulo de Azevedo, Ervan Rutishauser, Johanna Hurtado, Bruno Hérault, Albert Angbonga-Basia, Jérôme Chave, David A. Neill, Jean Claude Razafimahaimodison, Pierre Ploton, Hilandia Brandão, Susan G. Laurance, Richard Condit, Roel J. W. Brienen, Jean-François Bastin, Ana Andrade, Marcos Silveira, Oliver L. Phillips, Gauthier Ligot, David B. Clark, Casimero Mendoza Bautista, Narayanan Ayyappan, Robin L. Chazdon, Hans Verbeeck, Santiago Espinosa, Jürgen Homeier, Mireille Breuer-Ndoundou Hockemba, Simon L. Lewis, Patricia Alvarez-Loyayza, Vincent Droissart, Sassan Saatchi, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Victoria Meyer, Nicolas Barbier, Wannes Hubau, Jorcely Barroso, Nicolas Labrière, Plinio Sist, Georges Chuyong, Pascal Boeckx, Hugo Romero Saltos, Antonio Ferraz, David Harris, Verginia Wortel, Pandi Vivek, Mark Schulze, Bonaventure Sonké, Jan Bogaert, Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza, Guido Pardo, Quentin Ponette, Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz, Michael Kessler, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Samir Gonçalves Rolim, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Koen Hufkens, Narcisse Guy Kamdem, Adeline Fayolle, Aurélie Dourdain, Christine Fletcher, Moses Libalah, B.R. Ramesh, Research Unit of Landscape Ecology and Plant Production Systems, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Carbon For Expert, California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Université de Liège, University of Mary Washington, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Universidad Autonoma Gabriel René Moreno (UAGRM), Institut Français de Pondichéry (IFP), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University [Bremen], Laboratory of Applied Physical Chemistry, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), School of Geography [Leeds], University of Leeds, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Buea, Department of Computer Science, King‘s College London, Patrimoines Locaux et Gouvernance (PALOC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech [Gembloux], Department of Ecology-Conservation Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps Universität Marburg = Philipps University of Marburg, AgroBioTech, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Mount Holyoke College, Royal Botanic Gardens, Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Royal Museum for Central Africa [Tervuren] (RMCA), Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Conservation Education and Sustainability, MRC 705, Box 37012, Washington, DC, VA 20013-7012, USA, Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), AgroParisTech, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Université de Yaoundé I, Imperial College London, Environmental Science and Policy Department and the Department of Public and International Affairs, George Mason University [Fairfax], Environmental Change Inst., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Centre Maurice Halbwachs (CMH), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département de Sciences sociales ENS-PSL, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Missouri Botanical Garden, Universidad Estatal Amazonica, Universidad Autonoma del Beni, Analytical and Biophysical Environmental Chemistry (CABE), University of Geneva, Sciences II, Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University [Durham], Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), MUSE – Science Museum of Trento, Forêts et Sociétés (UPR Forêts et Sociétés), Amazonia Central, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Department of Forest Vegetation, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas y Herbario QCA, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Chercheur indépendant, Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology (CAVElab), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, Biodiversity Department, Center for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Laboratoire de Botanique systématique et d'Ecologie [ENS Yaoudé], Université de Yaoundé I-École normale supérieure [ENS] - Yaoundé 1, Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] (ULB), Université des Antilles (UA)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE), Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Phillips Universität (Marburg), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, University of Zurich, Université de Yaoundé, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Missouri Botanical Garden (USA), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador, Université de Yaoundé I [Yaoundé]-École normale supérieure [ENS] - Yaoundé 1, Systems Ecology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Georg-August-University [Göttingen], University of Oxford [Oxford], École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, 0106 biological sciences, pan-tropical, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, REDD, Rainforest, F50 - Anatomie et morphologie des plantes, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Basal area, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, Quadratic mean diameter, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Changement climatique, Global and Planetary Change, Biomass (ecology), Tree canopy, Ecology, carbon, Diameter at breast height, large trees, Tropics, 15. Life on land, Structure du peuplement, séquestration du carbone, climate change, 13. Climate action, Forêt, Environmental science, Physical geography, tropical forest ecology, REDD+, Woody plant, forest structure
Abstract

© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Aim: Large tropical trees form the interface between ground and airborne observations, offering a unique opportunity to capture forest properties remotely and to investigate their variations on broad scales. However, despite rapid development of metrics to characterize the forest canopy from remotely sensed data, a gap remains between aerial and field inventories. To close this gap, we propose a new pan-tropical model to predict plot-level forest structure properties and biomass from only the largest trees. Location: Pan-tropical. Time period: Early 21st century. Major taxa studied: Woody plants. Methods: Using a dataset of 867 plots distributed among 118 sites across the tropics, we tested the prediction of the quadratic mean diameter, basal area, Lorey's height, community wood density and aboveground biomass (AGB) from the ith largest trees. Results: Measuring the largest trees in tropical forests enables unbiased predictions of plot- and site-level forest structure. The 20 largest trees per hectare predicted quadratic mean diameter, basal area, Lorey's height, community wood density and AGB with 12, 16, 4, 4 and 17.7% of relative error, respectively. Most of the remaining error in biomass prediction is driven by differences in the proportion of total biomass held in medium-sized trees (50–70 cm diameter at breast height), which shows some continental dependency, with American tropical forests presenting the highest proportion of total biomass in these intermediate-diameter classes relative to other continents. Main conclusions: Our approach provides new information on tropical forest structure and can be used to generate accurate field estimates of tropical forest carbon stocks to support the calibration and validation of current and forthcoming space missions. It will reduce the cost of field inventories and contribute to scientific understanding of tropical forest ecosystems and response to climate change.

Published
2018

40. Tropical forest fragmentation and isolation: Is community decay a random process?

Author

Andrew Gonzalez, Jared D. Wolfe, Thomas E. Lovejoy, David Luther, W. Justin Cooper, and Richard O. Bierregaard

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Habitat fragmentation, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Fragmentation (computing), Biodiversity, EDGE species, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Habitat destruction, Tropical forest, Bird, Habitat, Fragmentation, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Nestedness, lcsh:Ecology, Taxonomic rank, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract

Habitat destruction and degradation are the leading causes of species declines and extinctions in the world. Human altered landscapes often leave fragments of previously continuous habitat, which may be of significant conservation value. We assessed the effects of habitat fragmentation on the taxonomic diversity, community composition, and nestedness of avian communities before and after fragment isolation at the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project research site in the Amazon rainforest. Species loss in 10ha and 100ha fragments was significantly different from random taxonomic loss. In addition, after fragment isolation, but not prior to fragmentation, the species in the 10ha fragments were a nested subset of the species in the 100ha fragments. Finally, within the fragments two distinct communities formed, those on the edge of the fragments and those at the interior of the fragments, indicating that edge species did not penetrate the interior portion of the fragments. The controlled isolation of fragments from continuous forest resulted in rapid changes in the taxonomic diversity and species composition where fragment size served as a driver of species assemblages across the landscape. We suggest that future research continue to assess community level adjustments to habitat fragmentation and investigate the drivers behind the non-random loss of taxonomic groups and the nested structure of species composition of smaller fragments into larger ones after habitat fragmentation.

Published
2020

41. Conservation Biology: The Importance of Wilderness

Author

Thomas E. Lovejoy

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Conservation of Natural Resources, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Environmental resource management, Biodiversity, Biology, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Wilderness, Ecosystem, Conservation biology, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, business, Protected area, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Wilderness area, media_common
Abstract

The efforts to increase protected area coverage are overlooking the importance of remaining wilderness areas.

Published
2016

42. Avoiding the climate failsafe point

Author

Lee Hannah and Thomas E. Lovejoy

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, geography, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Coral bleaching, Coral, Plant community, Coral reef, Vegetation, Discount points, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Editorial, 030104 developmental biology, SciAdv editorial, Environmental science, Ecosystem, Reef
Abstract

Thomas E. Lovejoy Lee Hannah Although models of climate and vegetation change are greatly improving, they remain far from perfect. For example, on the one hand, recent modeling studies indicate that limiting temperature increase to 1.5°C will greatly reduce the impact on the ranges of insect, vertebrate, and plant communities. However, we also know that, since these models do not account for critical climate-sensitive relationships among species, their predictions are serious underestimates. New research is allowing scientists to better understand the fine-tunings of climate-sensitive relationships among species, including how even very small changes of temperature can have devastating effects on ecosystems. We know, for example, that many coral bleaching events are due to temperature-based disruption of coral reef ecosystems. Even a subtle increase of temperature for a short period can cause coral animals to eject their symbiotic algae, a separation that quickly leads to coral bleaching and often to mortality and the collapse of the entire reef ecosystem. Another example of huge impacts resulting from small temperature changes is that slightly …

Published
2018

43. Amazon Tipping Point

Author

Thomas E. Lovejoy and Carlos Nobre

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Amazon rainforest, Rainforest, Vegetation, Tipping point (climatology), 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Rainwater harvesting, Editorial, Deforestation, SciAdv editorial, Environmental science, Ecosystem, Physical geography, Water cycle, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Thomas E. Lovejoy Carlos Nobre In the 1970s, Brazilian scientist Eneas Salati shattered the long held dogma that vegetation is simply the consequence of climate and has no influence on climate whatsoever ( 1 ). Using isotopic ratios of oxygen in rainwater samples collected from the Atlantic to the Peruvian border, he was able to demonstrate unequivocally that the Amazon generates approximately half of its own rainfall by recycling moisture 5 to 6 times as airmasses move from the Atlantic across the basin to the west. From the start, the demonstration of the hydrological cycle of the Amazon raised the question of how much deforestation would be required to cause the cycle to degrade to the point of being unable to support rain forest ecosystems. High levels of evaporation and transpiration that forests produce throughout the year contribute to a wetter atmospheric boundary layer than would be the case with …

Published
2018

44. Compositional response of Amazon forests to climate change

Author

Eliana Jimenez-Rojas, Maria Cristina Peñuela-Mora, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Georgia Pickavance, Rodolfo Vásquez Martínez, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Wendeson Castro, Julie Peacock, Emilio Vilanova, Julien Engel, Percy Núñez Vargas, John Terborgh, Raquel Thomas, José Luís Camargo, Alexander Parada Gutierrez, David W. Galbraith, Nallaret Davila Cardozo, Rafael Herrera Fernández, Lan Qie, Jon Lloyd, Carlos A. Quesada, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Jérôme Chave, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Ricardo Keichi Umetsu, William F. Laurance, Gerardo A. Aymard C, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Sophie Fauset, Hans ter Steege, Vincent A. Vos, Antonio Carlos Lola da Costa, Luisa Fernanda Duque, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Pascal Petronelli, Damien Bonal, Roel J. W. Brienen, César I.A. Vela, Christopher Baraloto, Javier Silva Espejo, Niro Higuchi, Ana Andrade, Anand Roopsind, Simon L. Lewis, Timothy R. Baker, Fernando Elias, Armando Torres-Lezama, David A. Neill, Eric Arets, Marielos Peña-Claros, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Martin J. P. Sullivan, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Wannes Hubau, Adriana Prieto, Ted R. Feldpausch, James A. Comiskey, Ben Hur Marimon-Junior, Adriano José Nogueira Lima, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Natalino Silva, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, Yadvinder Malhi, Jorcely Barroso, Kyle G. Dexter, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Marisol Toledo, Terry L. Erwin, Anthony Di Fiore, Victor Chama Moscoso, Oliver L. Phillips, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Omar Aurelio Melo Cruz, Clément Stahl, Jos Barlow, Bruno Hérault, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Everton Cristo de Almeida, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Pieter A. Zuidema, Geertje M. F. van der Heijden, Susan G. Laurance, Marcos Silveira, Peter van der Hout, Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza, Paulo S. Morandi, Guido Pardo, René G. A. Boot, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, James Singh, Agustín Rudas, Luzmila Arroyo, Peter J. van de Meer, Lourens Poorter, Gerardo Flores Llampazo, Frans Bongers, Emanuel Gloor, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Juliana Stropp, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, University of Leeds, School of Geography [Leeds], Imperial College London, Missouri Botanical Garden (USA), Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel René Moreno, Fundación Con-Vida, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de los Andes [Bogota], Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden], Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Université des Antilles (UA)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Van der Hout Forestry Consulting, The Royal Society, University of St Andrews. School of Geography & Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, Universidad de los Andes [Bogota] (UNIANDES), SILVA (SILVA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL), Forêts et Sociétés (UPR Forêts et Sociétés), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-AgroParisTech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, and Systems Ecology

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Tropical forests, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Biodiversity, adaptation aux changements climatiques, forêt tropicale, Forests, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, traits, CARBON STORAGE, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Climate change, Primary Research Article, functional traits, skin and connective tissue diseases, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, GE, Ecology, Amazon rainforest, PE&RC, Geography, climate change, NEOTROPICAL FOREST, GROWTH, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Functional traits, Communauté végétale, GE Environmental Sciences, VEGETATION DYNAMICS, F40 - Écologie végétale, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, bioclimatic niches, DROUGHT SENSITIVITY, Tropical Forest, Ecosystem, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Temporal Variation, Bois tropical, Vegetatie, Changement climatique, Science & Technology, Bioclimatic niches, Composition botanique, Brasil, Water, 15. Life on land, 06 Biological Sciences, Floristics, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, biodiversité forestière, functional, Season, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Physiology, WOOD DENSITY, Biodiversity & Conservation, 05 Environmental Sciences, DIVERSITY, Bibliomatic niches, Tropic Climate, Trees, Environmental Science(all), Dry season, Tropical climate, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Lowland Environment, Tropial forests, tropical forests, Bioclimatology, PERVASIVE ALTERATION, F70 - Taxonomie végétale et phytogéographie, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Funtional traits, Classification, Biodiversity Conservation, Seasons, TREE COMMUNITIES, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Brazil, Tree, Temporal trends, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, 010603 evolutionary biology, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Amazonia, Niche, Environmental Chemistry, Forest, Compositional shifts, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Tropical Climate, Vegetation, Tropics, DAS, Carbon Dioxide, Primary Research Articles, Climatic change, 13. Climate action, Earth and Environmental Sciences, sense organs, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Dioxyde de carbone, Environmental Sciences
Abstract

Funding Information: Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Grant/Award Number: NE/ N004655/1; NERC Consortium Grants “AMAZONICA”; BIO‐RED; European Research Council (ERC); The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; European Union's Seventh Framework Programme, Grant/ Award Number: 282664; Royal Society, Grant/Award Number: CH160091; Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award. Most of the planet's diversity is concentrated in the tropics, which includes many regions undergoing rapid climate change. Yet, while climate-induced biodiversity changes are widely documented elsewhere, few studies have addressed this issue for lowland tropical ecosystems. Here we investigate whether the floristic and functional composition of intact lowland Amazonian forests have been changing by evaluating records from 106 long-term inventory plots spanning 30 years. We analyse three traits that have been hypothesized to respond to different environmental drivers (increase in moisture stress and atmospheric CO2 concentrations): maximum tree size, biogeographic water-deficit affiliation and wood density. Tree communities have become increasingly dominated by large-statured taxa, but to date there has been no detectable change in mean wood density or water deficit affiliation at the community level, despite most forest plots having experienced an intensification of the dry season. However, among newly recruited trees, dry-affiliated genera have become more abundant, while the mortality of wet-affiliated genera has increased in those plots where the dry season has intensified most. Thus, a slow shift to a more dry-affiliated Amazonia is underway, with changes in compositional dynamics (recruits and mortality) consistent with climate-change drivers, but yet to significantly impact whole-community composition. The Amazon observational record suggests that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is driving a shift within tree communities to large-statured species and that climate changes to date will impact forest composition, but long generation times of tropical trees mean that biodiversity change is lagging behind climate change. Publisher PDF

Published
2018

45. The Amazon region

Author

Thomas E. Lovejoy

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Conservation of Natural Resources, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, Amazon rainforest, business.industry, Environmental resource management, MEDLINE, Biodiversity, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Forests, 03 medical and health sciences, Editorial, 030104 developmental biology, Geography, SciAdv editorial, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Ecosystem, business, Brazil, Introductory Journal Article
Abstract

This is an editorial for the special series.

Published
2017

46. Apparent environmental synergism drives the dynamics of Amazonian forest fragments

Author

Jefferson J. Valsko, Ainhoa Magrach, Ana Andrade, Will Edwards, José Luís Camargo, William F. Laurance, Susan G. Laurance, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Mason J. Campbell, and Philip M. Fearnside

Subjects
Biomass (ecology), geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Liana, Forest dynamics, Ecology, Abundance (ecology), Forest ecology, Diameter at breast height, Secondary forest, Biology, Old-growth forest, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Many contemporary ecosystems are likely to be affected by multiple environmental drivers, complicating efforts to predict future changes in those ecosystems. We studied long-term changes (1980–2012) in forest dynamics and liana (woody vine) abundance and biomass in fragmented and intact forests of the central Amazon. We did so by contrasting trends in 33 permanent 1-ha plots near forest edges (plot center

Published
2014

47. Revisiting Leopold: Resource Stewardship in the National Parks

Author

Gary E. Machlis, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Rita R. Colwell, Ann McMullen, Healy Hamilton, Richard Tapia, Richard J. Roberts, Susan Avery, Shirley Malcom, Michael J. Novacek, Gary E. Davis, and Joel Berger

Subjects
Resource (biology), Scope (project management), National park, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Environmental resource management, Service (economics), Environmental science, Resource management, Land use, land-use change and forestry, Stewardship, business, Nature and Landscape Conservation, media_common, Diversity (politics)
Abstract

The US National Park System is significantly different – in scope, number of units, size and complexity – than in the 1960s when the Leopold Report. Scientific understanding of natural and cultural resources has expanded dramatically. Developments since the 1960s include increasing biodiversity loss, habitat fragmentation, land use change, groundwater depletion, invasive species, rapid and sometimes unplanned development, growing air, noise, and light pollution and the impacts of climate change. The cultural values and interests held by the American people have also broadened, generating pressing demands for parks to reflect diversity and relevance for new generations. Fifty years on, the National Parks Service and its National Park System Advisory Board have revisited the Leopold Report. The new report, Revisiting Leopold, published here, focuses on the natural and cultural resource management of the National Park System and answers three questions: 1) What should be the goals of resource management in the National Park System?; 2) What policies for resource management are necessary to achieve these goals?; 3) What actions are required to implement these policies?

Published
2014

48. This Week in Science

Author

Angela Colmone, Phil Szuromi, John F. Foley, Jelena Stajic, H. Jesse Smith, Sacha Vignieri, Stella M. Hurtley, Marc S. Lavine, Pamela J. Hines, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Laura M. Zahn, Valda Vinson, and Nicholas S. Wigginton

Subjects
Multidisciplinary
Published
2015

49. Extinction tsunami can be avoided

Author

Thomas E. Lovejoy

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Population, Population Dynamics, Extinction, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Wildlife protection, Disasters, 03 medical and health sciences, Commentaries, Development economics, Animals, education, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, Extinction, Geography, Ecology, Endangered Species, social sciences, humanities, 030104 developmental biology, PNAS Plus, Tsunamis, Vertebrates
Abstract

The population extinction pulse we describe here shows, from a quantitative viewpoint, that Earth's sixth mass extinction is more severe than perceived when looking exclusively at species extinctions. Therefore, humanity needs to address anthropogenic population extirpation and decimation immediately. That conclusion is based on analyses of the numbers and degrees of range contraction (indicative of population shrinkage and/or population extinctions according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature) using a sample of 27,600 vertebrate species, and on a more detailed analysis documenting the population extinctions between 1900 and 2015 in 177 mammal species. We find that the rate of population loss in terrestrial vertebrates is extremely high-even in "species of low concern." In our sample, comprising nearly half of known vertebrate species, 32% (8,851/27,600) are decreasing; that is, they have decreased in population size and range. In the 177 mammals for which we have detailed data, all have lost 30% or more of their geographic ranges and more than 40% of the species have experienced severe population declines (80% range shrinkage). Our data indicate that beyond global species extinctions Earth is experiencing a huge episode of population declines and extirpations, which will have negative cascading consequences on ecosystem functioning and services vital to sustaining civilization. We describe this as a "biological annihilation" to highlight the current magnitude of Earth's ongoing sixth major extinction event.

Published
2017

50. Does soil pyrogenic carbon determine plant functional traits in Amazon Basin forests?

Author

Jérôme Chave, Ted R. Feldpausch, Niro Higuchi, Adriana Prieto, Carlos Alberto Quesada, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Rodolfo Vásquez Martínez, Yadvinder Malhi, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, William F. Laurance, José Luís Camargo, Michael I. Bird, Leandro Valle Ferreira, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Oliver L. Phillips, Roel J. W. Brienen, Denis Silva Nogueira, Ben Hur Marimon, Susan G. Laurance, Emilio Vilanova, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Klécia Gili Massi, David A. Neill, Ana Andrade, Abel Monteagudo, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Hans ter Steege, Systems Ecology, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), James Cook University, University of Leeds, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Université Paul Sabatier, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), George Mason University, University of Oxford, Jardin Botanico de Missouri, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Universidad de Los Andes, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Free University, University of Washington, and University of Exeter

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Range (biology), Biodiversity, Plant Science, Rainforest, Soil charcoal, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, Fruit type, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Fire regime, Amazon rainforest, Temperature, Fire, Old-growth forest, Plant ecology, Climatological water deficit, Elevation, Environmental science, Wood density
Abstract

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:48:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-09-01 National Research Council of Science and Technology Amazon forests are fire-sensitive ecosystems and consequently fires affect forest structure and composition. For instance, the legacy of past fire regimes may persist through some species and traits that are found due to past fires. In this study, we tested for relationships between functional traits that are classically presented as the main components of plant ecological strategies and environmental filters related to climate and historical fires among permanent mature forest plots across the range of local and regional environmental gradients that occur in Amazonia. We used percentage surface soil pyrogenic carbon (PyC), a recalcitrant form of carbon that can persist for millennia in soils, as a novel indicator of historical fire in old-growth forests. Five out of the nine functional traits evaluated across all 378 species were correlated with some environmental variables. Although there is more PyC in Amazonian soils than previously reported, the percentage soil PyC indicated no detectable legacy effect of past fires on contemporary functional composition. More species with dry diaspores were found in drier and hotter environments. We also found higher wood density in trees from higher temperature sites. If Amazon forest past burnings were local and without distinguishable attributes of a widespread fire regime, then impacts on biodiversity would have been small and heterogeneous. Alternatively, sufficient time may have passed since the last fire to allow for species replacement. Regardless, as we failed to detect any impact of past fire on present forest functional composition, if our plots are representative then it suggests that mature Amazon forests lack a compositional legacy of past fire. Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT) Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) College of Science and Engineering and Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) James Cook University School of Geography University of Leeds Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Laboratoire EDB Université Paul Sabatier Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana Coordenação de Botânica Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) Department of Environmental Science and Policy George Mason University Environmental Change Institute School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Proyecto Flora del Peru Jardin Botanico de Missouri Puyo Universidad Estatal Amazónica Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Universidad de Los Andes Naturalis Biodiversity Center Systems Ecology Free University, De Boelelaan 1087 University of Washington Geography College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) National Research Council of Science and Technology: PELD 403725/2012-7 National Research Council of Science and Technology: PPBio 457602/2012-0 National Research Council of Science and Technology: PVE 401279/2014-6

Published
2017

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