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Despite advancements in medical care, hip fractures impose a significant burden on individuals and healthcare systems. This paper focuses on the prediction of hip fracture risk in older and middle-aged adults, where falls and compromised bone quality are predominant factors. We propose a novel staged model that combines advanced imaging and clinical data to improve predictive performance. By using CNNs to extract features from hip DXA images, along with clinical variables, shape measurements, and texture features, our method provides a comprehensive framework for assessing fracture risk. A staged machine learning-based model was developed using two ensemble models: Ensemble 1 (clinical variables only) and Ensemble 2 (clinical variables and DXA imaging features). This staged approach used uncertainty quantification from Ensemble 1 to decide if DXA features are necessary for further prediction. Ensemble 2 exhibited the highest performance, achieving an AUC of 0.9541, an accuracy of 0.9195, a sensitivity of 0.8078, and a specificity of 0.9427. The staged model also performed well, with an AUC of 0.8486, an accuracy of 0.8611, a sensitivity of 0.5578, and a specificity of 0.9249, outperforming Ensemble 1, which had an AUC of 0.5549, an accuracy of 0.7239, a sensitivity of 0.1956, and a specificity of 0.8343. Furthermore, the staged model suggested that 54.49% of patients did not require DXA scanning. It effectively balanced accuracy and specificity, offering a robust solution when DXA data acquisition is not always feasible. Statistical tests confirmed significant differences between the models, highlighting the advantages of the advanced modeling strategies. Our staged approach could identify individuals at risk with a high accuracy but reduce the unnecessary DXA scanning. It has great promise to guide interventions to prevent hip fractures with reduced cost and radiation., Comment: 29 pages, 5 figures, 6 tables

The accurate segmentation of medical images is crucial for diagnosing and treating diseases. Recent studies demonstrate that vision transformer-based methods have significantly improved performance in medical image segmentation, primarily due to their superior ability to establish global relationships among features and adaptability to various inputs. However, these methods struggle with the low signal-to-noise ratio inherent to medical images. Additionally, the effective utilization of channel and spatial information, which are essential for medical image segmentation, is limited by the representation capacity of self-attention. To address these challenges, we propose a multi-dimension transformer with attention-based filtering (MDT-AF), which redesigns the patch embedding and self-attention mechanism for medical image segmentation. MDT-AF incorporates an attention-based feature filtering mechanism into the patch embedding blocks and employs a coarse-to-fine process to mitigate the impact of low signal-to-noise ratio. To better capture complex structures in medical images, MDT-AF extends the self-attention mechanism to incorporate spatial and channel dimensions, enriching feature representation. Moreover, we introduce an interaction mechanism to improve the feature aggregation between spatial and channel dimensions. Experimental results on three public medical image segmentation benchmarks show that MDT-AF achieves state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance.

Purpose: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and functional connectivity (FC) have been used to follow aging in both children and older adults. Robust changes have been observed in children, where high connectivity among all brain regions changes to a more modular structure with maturation. In this work, we examine changes in FC in older adults after two years of aging in the UK Biobank longitudinal cohort. Approach: We process data using the Power264 atlas, then test whether FC changes in the 2,722-subject longitudinal cohort are statistically significant using a Bonferroni-corrected t-test. We also compare the ability of Power264 and UKB-provided, ICA-based FC to determine which of a longitudinal scan pair is older. Results: We find a 6.8\% average increase in SMT-VIS connectivity from younger to older scan (from $\rho=0.39$ to $\rho=0.42$) that occurs in male, female, older subject ($>65$ years old), and younger subject ($<55$ years old) groups. Among all inter-network connections, this average SMT-VIS connectivity is the best predictor of relative scan age, accurately predicting which scan is older 57\% of the time. Using the full FC and a training set of 2,000 subjects, one is able to predict which scan is older 82.5\% of the time using either the full Power264 FC or the UKB-provided ICA-based FC. Conclusions: We conclude that SMT-VIS connectivity increases in the longitudinal cohort, while resting state FC increases generally with age in the cross-sectional cohort. However, we consider the possibility of a change in resting state scanner task between UKB longitudinal data acquisitions., Comment: 11 pages, 12 figures, 4 tables

Detecting human-object interactions (HOIs) is an intricate challenge in the field of computer vision. Existing methods for HOI detection heavily rely on appearance-based features, but these may not fully capture all the essential characteristics necessary for accurate detection. To overcome these challenges, we propose an innovative graph-based approach called TMGHOI (Translational Model for Human-Object Interaction Detection). Our method effectively captures the sentiment representation of HOIs by integrating both spatial and semantic knowledge. By representing HOIs as a graph, where the interaction components serve as nodes and their spatial relationships as edges. To extract crucial spatial and semantic information, TMGHOI employs separate spatial and semantic encoders. Subsequently, these encodings are combined to construct a knowledge graph that effectively captures the sentiment representation of HOIs. Additionally, the ability to incorporate prior knowledge enhances the understanding of interactions, further boosting detection accuracy. We conducted extensive evaluations on the widely-used HICO-DET datasets to demonstrate the effectiveness of TMGHOI. Our approach outperformed existing state-of-the-art graph-based methods by a significant margin, showcasing its potential as a superior solution for HOI detection. We are confident that TMGHOI has the potential to significantly improve the accuracy and efficiency of HOI detection. Its integration of spatial and semantic knowledge, along with its computational efficiency and practicality, makes it a valuable tool for researchers and practitioners in the computer vision community. As with any research, we acknowledge the importance of further exploration and evaluation on various datasets to establish the generalizability and robustness of our proposed method., Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables

Deep learning models have demonstrated remarkable success in object detection, yet their complexity and computational intensity pose a barrier to deploying them in real-world applications (e.g., self-driving perception). Knowledge Distillation (KD) is an effective way to derive efficient models. However, only a small number of KD methods tackle object detection. Also, most of them focus on mimicking the plain features of the teacher model but rarely consider how the features contribute to the final detection. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for knowledge distillation in object detection, named Gradient-guided Knowledge Distillation (GKD). Our GKD uses gradient information to identify and assign more weights to features that significantly impact the detection loss, allowing the student to learn the most relevant features from the teacher. Furthermore, we present bounding-box-aware multi-grained feature imitation (BMFI) to further improve the KD performance. Experiments on the KITTI and COCO-Traffic datasets demonstrate our method's efficacy in knowledge distillation for object detection. On one-stage and two-stage detectors, our GKD-BMFI leads to an average of 5.1% and 3.8% mAP improvement, respectively, beating various state-of-the-art KD methods., Comment: 9 pages include references, 4 figures, and 4 tables

Deep neural network (DNN) pruning has become a de facto component for deploying on resource-constrained devices since it can reduce memory requirements and computation costs during inference. In particular, channel pruning gained more popularity due to its structured nature and direct savings on general hardware. However, most existing pruning approaches utilize importance measures that are not directly related to the task utility. Moreover, few in the literature focus on visual detection models. To fill these gaps, we propose a novel gradient-based saliency measure for visual detection and use it to guide our channel pruning. Experiments on the KITTI and COCO traffic datasets demonstrate our pruning method's efficacy and superiority over state-of-the-art competing approaches. It can even achieve better performance with fewer parameters than the original model. Our pruning also demonstrates great potential in handling small-scale objects., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

Pedestrian safety is one primary concern in autonomous driving. The under-representation of vulnerable groups in today's pedestrian datasets points to an urgent need for a dataset of vulnerable road users. In order to help train comprehensive models and subsequently drive research to improve the accuracy of vulnerable pedestrian identification, we first introduce a new dataset for vulnerable pedestrian detection in this paper: the BG Vulnerable Pedestrian (BGVP) dataset. The dataset includes four classes, i.e., Children Without Disability, Elderly without Disability, With Disability, and Non-Vulnerable. This dataset consists of images collected from the public domain and manually-annotated bounding boxes. In addition, on the proposed dataset, we have trained and tested five classic or state-of-the-art object detection models, i.e., YOLOv4, YOLOv5, YOLOX, Faster R-CNN, and EfficientDet. Our results indicate that YOLOX and YOLOv4 perform the best on our dataset, YOLOv4 scoring 0.7999 and YOLOX scoring 0.7779 on the mAP 0.5 metric, while YOLOX outperforms YOLOv4 by 3.8 percent on the mAP 0.5:0.95 metric. Generally speaking, all five detectors do well predicting the With Disability class and perform poorly in the Elderly Without Disability class. YOLOX consistently outperforms all other detectors on the mAP (0.5:0.95) per class metric, obtaining 0.5644, 0.5242, 0.4781, and 0.6796 for Children Without Disability, Elderly Without Disability, Non-vulnerable, and With Disability, respectively. Our dataset and codes are available at https://github.com/devvansh1997/BGVP., Comment: 7 pages, 4 Figures

In this paper, our focus is on enhancing steering angle prediction for autonomous driving tasks. We initiate our exploration by investigating two veins of widely adopted deep neural architectures, namely ResNets and InceptionNets. Within both families, we systematically evaluate various model sizes to understand their impact on performance. Notably, our key contribution lies in the incorporation of an attention mechanism to augment steering angle prediction accuracy and robustness. By introducing attention, our models gain the ability to selectively focus on crucial regions within the input data, leading to improved predictive outcomes. Our findings showcase that our attention-enhanced models not only achieve state-of-the-art results in terms of steering angle Mean Squared Error (MSE) but also exhibit enhanced adversarial robustness, addressing critical concerns in real-world deployment. For example, in our experiments on the Kaggle SAP and our created publicly available datasets, attention can lead to over 6% error reduction in steering angle prediction and boost model robustness by up to 56.09%.

The aim of this paper is to design a deep learning-based model to predict proximal femoral strength using multi-view information fusion. Method: We developed new models using multi-view variational autoencoder (MVAE) for feature representation learning and a product of expert (PoE) model for multi-view information fusion. We applied the proposed models to an in-house Louisiana Osteoporosis Study (LOS) cohort with 931 male subjects, including 345 African Americans and 586 Caucasians. With an analytical solution of the product of Gaussian distribution, we adopted variational inference to train the designed MVAE-PoE model to perform common latent feature extraction. We performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to select 256 genetic variants with the lowest p-values for each proximal femoral strength and integrated whole genome sequence (WGS) features and DXA-derived imaging features to predict proximal femoral strength. Results: The best prediction model for fall fracture load was acquired by integrating WGS features and DXA-derived imaging features. The designed models achieved the mean absolute percentage error of 18.04%, 6.84% and 7.95% for predicting proximal femoral fracture loads using linear models of fall loading, nonlinear models of fall loading, and nonlinear models of stance loading, respectively. Compared to existing multi-view information fusion methods, the proposed MVAE-PoE achieved the best performance. Conclusion: The proposed models are capable of predicting proximal femoral strength using WGS features and DXA-derived imaging features. Though this tool is not a substitute for FEA using QCT images, it would make improved assessment of hip fracture risk more widely available while avoiding the increased radiation dosage and clinical costs from QCT., Comment: 16 pages, 3 figures

Visual detection is a key task in autonomous driving, and it serves as a crucial foundation for self-driving planning and control. Deep neural networks have achieved promising results in various visual tasks, but they are known to be vulnerable to adversarial attacks. A comprehensive understanding of deep visual detectors' vulnerability is required before people can improve their robustness. However, only a few adversarial attack/defense works have focused on object detection, and most of them employed only classification and/or localization losses, ignoring the objectness aspect. In this paper, we identify a serious objectness-related adversarial vulnerability in YOLO detectors and present an effective attack strategy targeting the objectness aspect of visual detection in autonomous vehicles. Furthermore, to address such vulnerability, we propose a new objectness-aware adversarial training approach for visual detection. Experiments show that the proposed attack targeting the objectness aspect is 45.17% and 43.50% more effective than those generated from classification and/or localization losses on the KITTI and COCO traffic datasets, respectively. Also, the proposed adversarial defense approach can improve the detectors' robustness against objectness-oriented attacks by up to 21% and 12% mAP on KITTI and COCO traffic, respectively., Comment: Accepted by 2022 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV 2022)

In recent years, knowledge distillation (KD) has been widely used to derive efficient models. Through imitating a large teacher model, a lightweight student model can achieve comparable performance with more efficiency. However, most existing knowledge distillation methods are focused on classification tasks. Only a limited number of studies have applied knowledge distillation to object detection, especially in time-sensitive autonomous driving scenarios. In this paper, we propose Adaptive Instance Distillation (AID) to selectively impart teacher's knowledge to the student to improve the performance of knowledge distillation. Unlike previous KD methods that treat all instances equally, our AID can attentively adjust the distillation weights of instances based on the teacher model's prediction loss. We verified the effectiveness of our AID method through experiments on the KITTI and the COCO traffic datasets. The results show that our method improves the performance of state-of-the-art attention-guided and non-local distillation methods and achieves better distillation results on both single-stage and two-stage detectors. Compared to the baseline, our AID led to an average of 2.7% and 2.1% mAP increases for single-stage and two-stage detectors, respectively. Furthermore, our AID is also shown to be useful for self-distillation to improve the teacher model's performance., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures

Training an accurate object detector is expensive and time-consuming. One main reason lies in the laborious labeling process, i.e., annotating category and bounding box information for all instances in every image. In this paper, we examine ways to improve performance of deep object detectors without extra labeling. We first explore to group existing categories of high visual and semantic similarities together as one super category (or, a superclass). Then, we study how this knowledge of hierarchical categories can be exploited to better detect object using multi-grained RCNN top branches. Experimental results on DeepFashion2 and OpenImagesV4-Clothing reveal that the proposed detection heads with multi-grained branches can boost the overall performance by 2.3 mAP for DeepFashion2 and 2.5 mAP for OpenImagesV4-Clothing with no additional time-consuming annotations. More importantly, classes that have fewer training samples tend to benefit more from the proposed multi-grained heads with superclass grouping. In particular, we improve the mAP for last 30% categories (in terms of training sample number) by 2.6 and 4.6 for DeepFashion2 and OpenImagesV4-Clothing, respectively.

Most of today's popular deep architectures are hand-engineered to be generalists. However, this design procedure usually leads to massive redundant, useless, or even harmful features for specific tasks. Unnecessarily high complexities render deep nets impractical for many real-world applications, especially those without powerful GPU support. In this paper, we attempt to derive task-dependent compact models from a deep discriminant analysis perspective. We propose an iterative and proactive approach for classification tasks which alternates between (1) a pushing step, with an objective to simultaneously maximize class separation, penalize co-variances, and push deep discriminants into alignment with a compact set of neurons, and (2) a pruning step, which discards less useful or even interfering neurons. Deconvolution is adopted to reverse 'unimportant' filters' effects and recover useful contributing sources. A simple network growing strategy based on the basic Inception module is proposed for challenging tasks requiring larger capacity than what the base net can offer. Experiments on the MNIST, CIFAR10, and ImageNet datasets demonstrate our approach's efficacy. On ImageNet, by pushing and pruning our grown Inception-88 model, we achieve more accurate models than Inception nets generated during growing, residual nets, and popular compact nets at similar sizes. We also show that our grown Inception nets (without hard-coded dimension alignment) clearly outperform residual nets of similar complexities.

Recently, Halder \emph{et al.} [S. Halder \emph{et al.}, Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{122}, 040403 (2019)] present two sets of strong nonlocality of orthogonal product states based on the local irreducibility. However, for a set of locally indistinguishable orthogonal entangled states, the remaining question is whether the states can reveal strong quantum nonlocality. Here we present a general definition of strong quantum nonlocality based on the local indistinguishability. Then, in $2 \otimes 2 \otimes 2$ quantum system, we show that a set of orthogonal entangled states is locally reducible but locally indistinguishable in all bipartitions, which means the states have strong nonlocality. Furthermore, we generalize the result in N-qubit quantum system, where $N\geqslant 3$. Finally, we also construct a class of strong nonlocality of entangled states in $d\otimes d\otimes \cdots \otimes d, d\geqslant 3$. Our results extend the phenomenon of strong nonlocality for entangled states.

Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) is an emerging research topic in the field of machine learning and pattern recognition, which aims to help the learning of unlabeled target domain by transferring knowledge from the source domain.