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PURPOSE In aortic stenosis (AS), the discrepancy between moderately accelerated flow and effective orifice area (EOA) continues to pose a challenge. We developed a method of measuring the vena contracta area as hemodynamic EOA using cardiac MRI focusing on AS patients with a moderately accelerated flow to solve the problem that AS severity can currently be determined only by echocardiography. METHODS We investigated 40 patients with a peak transvalvular velocity > 3.0 m/s on transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). The patients were divided into highly accelerated and moderately accelerated AS groups according to whether or not the peak transvalvular velocity was ≥ 4.0 m/s. From the multislice 2D cine phase-contrast MRI data, the cross-sectional area of the vena contracta of the reconstructed streamline in the Valsalva sinus was defined as MRI-EOAs. Patient symptoms and echocardiography data, including EOA (defined as TTE-EOA), were derived from the continuity equation using TTE. RESULTS All participants in the highly accelerated AS group (n = 19) showed a peak velocity ≥ 4.0 m/s in MRI. Eleven patients in the moderately accelerated AS group (n = 21) had a TTE-EOA < 1.00 cm2. In the moderately accelerated AS group, MRI-EOAs demonstrated a strong correlation with TTE-EOAs (r = 0.76, P < 0.01). Meanwhile, in the highly accelerated AS group, MRI-EOAs demonstrated positivity but a moderate correlation with TTE-EOAs (r = 0.63, P = 0.004). MRI-EOAs were overestimated compared to TTE-EOAs. In terms of the moderately accelerated AS group, the best cut-off value for MRI-EOAs was < 1.23 cm2, compatible with TTE-EOAs < 1.00 cm2, with an excellent prediction of the New York Heart Association classification ≥ III (sensitivity 87.5%, specificity 76.9%). CONCLUSION MRI-EOAs may be an alternative to conventional echocardiography for patients with moderately accelerated AS, especially those with discordant echocardiographic parameters.

Maintaining good oral health is important because oral diseases are related to systemic diseases, and community pharmacies play a key role in maintaining the health of local residents. This study aimed to examine the effects of oral health check-ups and information provision at community pharmacies on oral health-associated behaviors as well as patient satisfaction. We conducted oral health check-ups and provided information about oral health self-care to 84 patients at a community pharmacy, and then asked them to complete a questionnaire survey. One month later, we sent them a follow-up questionnaire and received responses from 66.7% (56/84) of the participants. The large majority were satisfied with the salivary test (95.2%) and the information (96.4%) we provided. Most of the participants (89.3%) indicated that they wanted to use the oral health check-up service again in the future. Compared with baseline, the ratio of participants restricting their intake of sugar-rich foods and drinks significantly increased 1 month later (p = 0.021). About 60% of those who had not undergone a regular dental examination at baseline reported newly visiting or planning to visit a dental clinic. The results revealed high satisfaction with the oral health check-up and information about oral self-care they received at the community pharmacy. The results suggested that oral health check-ups had the potential to change both oral self-care habits and dental consultation behavior. Our findings indicate that community pharmacies can contribute to the maintenance and promotion of oral health by providing oral health check-ups to local residents.

Dose-dense (DD) chemotherapy is a treatment option for patients with high-risk premenopausal breast cancer. Pegfilgrastim may be administered as prophylaxis against the development of febrile neutropenia and enables the continuation of the DD schedule; however, it is associated with adverse effects, including bone and muscle pain and fatigue. We herein describe our experience with pegfilgrastim administration alongside DD chemotherapy in a patient with breast cancer. A 29-year-old female patient was diagnosed with locally advanced breast cancer during lactation. The patient was diagnosed with cT2N1M0, stage IIB triple-negative breast cancer and underwent four cycles of DD chemotherapy with epirubicin plus cyclophosphamide, followed by four cycles of docetaxel (DTX) every 2 weeks preoperatively, with 3.6 mg pegfilgrastim administered subcutaneously on day 3 of each cycle. The absolute neutrophil count (ANC) was 2,700, 8,400, 11,100, 13,300 and 15,000/mm3 on day 1 of each cycle. The patient experienced fatigue after each pegfilgrastim injection and was considered to be a high responder to pegfilgrastim. Therefore, 1.8 mg pegfilgrastim on day 3 of the first DD-DTX cycle was recommended. On day 1 of the second cycle, the ANC was 13,090/mm3. The patient experienced less fatigue after the administration of 1.8 mg pegfilgrastim, but there was a significant decline in her performance status. As there is currently no evidence of pegfilgrastim dose reduction to below 1.8 mg, pegfilgrastim was omitted on day 3. On day 14, the patient developed viral enteritis, fever (38°C), and an ANC of 297/mm3. Therefore, the third cycle was postponed. After 1 week, the patient's ANC recovered to 2,480/mm3 and she was administered the third cycle with 3.6 mg pegfilgrastim on day 3. Between January 2015 and March 2018, a total of 55 patients with breast cancer received chemotherapy with pegfilgrastim at the Shiga General Hospital. No patients other than the one presented herein experienced leukocytosis during chemotherapy. Although this was a rare complication, a dose of 1.8 mg pegfilgrastim was effective in palliating the patient's symptoms and preventing DD chemotherapy discontinuation.

Edwardsiella tarda is a bacterium that is associated with both an asymptomatic oral carrier state and self-limiting diarrhoeal illness in humans. We herein report a case of sepsis and liver abscess caused by E. tarda and review the patients with E. tarda sepsis who presented at our hospital. An 85-year-old woman developed enterocolitis and sepsis caused by E. tarda. She was administered intensive care and thus was able to soon show a good recovery, however, she subsequently developed a liver abscess. During a complicated course, she continued to be treated with antibiotics and after a successful course was discharged on the 44th day after admission.

Summary To characterize somatic alterations in colorectal carcinoma (CRC), we conducted genome-scale analysis of 276 samples, analyzing exome sequence, DNA copy number, promoter methylation, mRNA and microRNA expression. A subset (97) underwent low-depth-of-coverage whole-genome sequencing. 16% of CRC have hypermutation, three quarters of which have the expected high microsatellite instability (MSI), usually with hypermethylation and MLH1 silencing, but one quarter has somatic mismatch repair gene mutations. Excluding hypermutated cancers, colon and rectum cancers have remarkably similar patterns of genomic alteration. Twenty-four genes are significantly mutated. In addition to the expected APC, TP53, SMAD4, PIK3CA and KRAS mutations, we found frequent mutations in ARID1A, SOX9, and FAM123B/WTX. Recurrent copy number alterations include potentially drug-targetable amplifications of ERBB2 and newly discovered amplification of IGF2. Recurrent chromosomal translocations include fusion of NAV2 and WNT pathway member TCF7L1. Integrative analyses suggest new markers for aggressive CRC and important role for MYC-directed transcriptional activation and repression.

A polygon mirror is one of the important optical scanning components for a laser beam printer, a copy machine and so on. It has the serious troubles related to the fluid dynamic flow structures such as high frequency noise, frosted mirror and jittering of the rotating mirror under high rotating speed condition. The flow structures around the rotating polygon mirror were investigated by the flow visualization using a Particle Image Velocimetry and the velocity measurement using a Laser Doppler Velocimetry. As the results, significant flow structures were clarified and associated with these troubles. The first is the periodical fluctuating structure, which induces the high frequency noise, showing as a bow-shaped region and a pair of the vortex tubes. The second is an alternative flow structure shedding from near the polygon mirror, which is considered as one of the causes of the jittering. In addition, this flow accompanies the complicated three-dimensional vortices on the outskirts of the alternative flow structure. The third is the sinking flow structure toward the polygon mirror contributing the frosted mirror trouble.

An 82-year-old man presented with typical signs and symptoms of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) associated with an aortoiliac aneurysm, such as a pulsatile abdominal mass, continuous bruit, thrill, and high output heart failure. Multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) confirmed the presence of an AVF between the right common iliac artery aneurysm and vein. We subjected the patient to surgical repair of the AVF combined with graft replacement, which proved successful.

Edwardsiella tarda is a bacterium that is associated with both an asymptomatic oral carrier state and self-limiting diarrhoeal illness in humans. We herein report a case of sepsis and liver abscess caused by E. tarda and review the patients with E. tarda sepsis who presented at our hospital. An 85-year-old woman developed enterocolitis and sepsis caused by E. tarda. She was administered intensive care and thus was able to soon show a good recovery, however, she subsequently developed a liver abscess. During a complicated course, she continued to be treated with antibiotics and after a successful course was discharged on the 44th day after admission.

We present the case of a 53-year-old man who underwent a total arch replacement for descending thoracic aortic aneurysm of distal anastomosis site after bypass grafting for coarctation of the aorta at 26 years of age.

Fig. 1. (a) Coronary computed tomographic angiography showing clusters of new vessels supply to the mass (white arrows). (b) Volume rendering image of a mass with an abnormal feeding artery (black arrows) that is located at the leftposterior wall of the left atrium. (c) Virtual angioscopy image showing a mass attached to the posterior wall of the left atrium (black arrows). LAD: left descending artery; PL: postero-lateral branch; AC: left atrial circumflex branch; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; LUPV: left upper pulmonary vein; LLPV: left lower pulmonary vein; LAA: left atrial appendage; MV: mitral valve.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most aggressive squamous cell carcinomas and is highly prevalent in Asia. Alcohol and its metabolite, acetaldehyde, are considered definite carcinogens for the esophagus. Polymorphisms in the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene, which encodes an enzyme that eliminates acetaldehyde, have been associated with esophageal carcinogenesis. Studies of the mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of acetaldehyde support this observation. Several recent large-scale comprehensive analyses of the genomic alterations in ESCC have shown a high frequency of mutations in genes such as TP53 and others that regulate the cell cycle or cell differentiation. Moreover, whole genome and whole exome sequencing studies have frequently detected somatic mutations, such as G:C→A:T transitions or G:C→C:G transversions, in ESCC tissues. Genomic instability, caused by abnormalities in the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway, is also considered a pathogenic mechanism of ESCC. Advances in diagnostic techniques such as magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging or positron emission tomography have increased the accuracy of diagnosis of ESCC. Updated guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network standardize the practice for the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer. Patients with ESCC are treated endoscopically or with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy, based on tumor stage. Minimally invasive treatments help improve the quality of life of patients who undergo such treatments. We review recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of ESCC and advances gained from basic and clinical research.

SummaryWe report a case of a 68-year-old woman with sudden onset of position-dependant hypoxemia after recovering from pulmonary embolism. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and cardiac catheterization revealed the presence of patent foramen ovale (PFO) and right-to-left shunting with no evidence of the right-to-left pressure gradient especially in the right lateral decubitus position. Surgical closure of the PFO was performed because the right-to-left shunting caused position-dependent severe hypoxemia. At operation, it was noted that the patient's enlarged aortic root pressed the heart inferiorly and compressed the upper part of the right atrium. A large Eustachian valve, which is an embryonic remnant of the right valve of the sinus venosus, was observed in the right atrium. Preceding pulmonary embolism could lead to a temporal elevation of the right heart and pulmonary arterial pressures and it caused the reopening of the closed foramen ovale. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of reopening of the foramen ovale causing sudden onset of position-dependent hypoxemia.