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Knowledge graph embedding models have gained significant attention in AI research. The aim of knowledge graph embedding is to embed the graphs into a vector space in which the structure of the graph is preserved. Recent works have shown that the inclusion of background knowledge, such as logical rules, can improve the performance of embeddings in downstream machine learning tasks. However, so far, most existing models do not allow the inclusion of rules. We address the challenge of including rules and present a new neural based embedding model (LogicENN). We prove that LogicENN can learn every ground truth of encoded rules in a knowledge graph. To the best of our knowledge, this has not been proved so far for the neural based family of embedding models. Moreover, we derive formulae for the inclusion of various rules, including (anti-)symmetric, inverse, irreflexive and transitive, implication, composition, equivalence, and negation. Our formulation allows avoiding grounding for implication and equivalence relations. Our experiments show that LogicENN outperforms the existing models in link prediction.

As is well known, implication is transitive but probabilistic support is not. Eells and Sober, followed by Shogenji, showed that screening off is a sufficient constraint for the transitivity of probabilistic support. Moreover, this screening off condition can be weakened without sacrificing transitivity, as was demonstrated by Suppes and later by Roche. In this paper we introduce an even weaker sufficient condition for the transitivity of probabilistic support, in fact one that can be made as weak as one wishes. We explain that this condition has an interesting property: it shows that transitivity is retained even though the Simpson paradox reigns. We further show that by adding a certain restriction the condition can be turned into one that is both sufficient and necessary for transitivity.

Presently, research and development (R&D) and innovation have been discussed in diverse ways. However, the nexus of subsidy was relatively unexplored in emerging economies. Furthermore, the effects of age are observed to be inconclusive. Considering 1272 selected Chinese manufacturing firms over the period 2007–2017, we employ fixed effect models to examine the effects of Subsidy on R&D and innovation and whether age was a moderating factor. Consistent with the sandwich theoretical proposition, this article found that there exists a significantly transitive relationship between government subsidy, R&D, and innovation. Whereas young firms perform better in the short-term, state-owned firms outweigh the private ones in performance. Subsequently, age alternatively moderates the R&D and innovation relationship from the perspective of subsidy. Though subsidy is a short-term determinant of R&D, it has a long-term relationship with innovation. In contrast, R&D and innovation have short-term effects based on lag computations. Overall, our findings suggest that government subsidy plays a crucial role in R&D and innovation for emerging markets. We discuss our results within the theoretical frameworks of sandwich, the economics of subsidy, and behavioral theory of R&D.

The human action observation network (AON) encompasses brain areas consistently engaged when we observe other's actions. Although the core nodes of the AON are present from childhood, it is not known to what extent they are sensitive to different action features during development. Because social cognitive abilities continue to mature during adolescence, the AON response to socially-oriented actions, but not to object-related actions, may differ in adolescents and adults. To test this hypothesis, we scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) male and female typically-developing teenagers (n= 28; 13 females) and adults (n= 25; 14 females) while they passively watched videos of manual actions varying along two dimensions: sociality (i.e., directed toward another person or not) and transitivity (i.e., involving an object or not). We found that action observation recruited the same fronto-parietal and occipito-temporal regions in adults and adolescents. The modulation of voxel-wise activity according to the social or transitive nature of the action was similar in both groups of participants. Multivariate pattern analysis, however, revealed that decoding accuracies in intraparietal sulcus (IPS)/superior parietal lobe (SPL) for both sociality and transitivity were lower for adolescents compared with adults. In addition, in the lateral occipital temporal cortex (LOTC), generalization of decoding across the orthogonal dimension was lower for sociality only in adolescents. These findings indicate that the representation of the content of others' actions, and in particular their social dimension, in the adolescent AON is still not as robust as in adults.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe activity of the action observation network (AON) in the human brain is modulated according to the purpose of the observed action, in particular the extent to which it involves interaction with an object or with another person. How this conceptual representation of actions is implemented during development is largely unknown. Here, using multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, we discovered that, while the action observation network is in place in adolescence, the fine-grain organization of its posterior regions is less robust than in adults to decode the abstract social dimensions of an action. This finding highlights the late maturation of social processing in the human brain.

Building on earlier results for regular maps and for orientably regular chiral maps, we classify the non-abelian finite simple groups arising as automorphism groups of maps in each of the 14 Graver–Watkins classes of edge-transitive maps.

The Amber rules are well-known and widely used for subtyping iso-recursive types. They were first briefly and informally introduced in 1985 by Cardelli in a manuscript describing the Amber language. Despite their use over many years, important aspects of the metatheory of the iso-recursive style Amber rules have not been studied in depth or turn out to be quite challenging to formalize. This paper aims to revisit the problem of subtyping iso-recursive types. We start by introducing a novel declarative specification that we believe captures the “spirit” of Amber-style iso-recursive subtyping. Informally, the specification states that two recursive types are subtypes if all their finite unfoldings are subtypes . The Amber rules are shown to be sound with respect to this declarative specification. We then derive a sound , complete and decidable algorithmic formulation of subtyping that employs a novel double unfolding rule. Compared to the Amber rules, the double unfolding rule has the advantage of: 1) being modular; 2) not requiring reflexivity to be built in; and 3) leading to an easy proof of transitivity of subtyping. This work sheds new insights on the theory of subtyping iso-recursive types, and the new double unfolding rule has important advantages over the original Amber rules for both implementations and metatheoretical studies involving recursive types. All results are mechanically formalized in the Coq theorem prover. As far as we know, this is the first comprehensive treatment of iso-recursive subtyping dealing with unrestricted recursive types in a theorem prover.

In discussing the strategies of politeness, Brown and lrvinson (1978) claim that treating "the respect for face as norms or values subscribed to by members of a society" (p. 67) is a basic human desire. It seems that all languages have strategies to satisfy this basic human desire. According to Brown & Irvinson, one of the politeness strategies is the use of impersonal constructions, that is, agentless constructions such as passives as in (1). Such impersonal constructions could lead to the assumption that the speaker linguistically indicates his politeness by avoiding expressions which could be interpreted as imposition. Other impersonal constructions involve: dative-agent deletion, as in (2); use of modals with deletion of pronouns to remove traces of person in verbal agreement, as in (3); use of "stativephrasing", i.e. intransitive verbs instead of transitive verbs, as in (a) @rown & Irvinson 1978: 197-L98); and conditionals, as in (5).

Language is undoubtedly the most powerful semiotic resource in every society. Identities, idiosyncrasies, ideologies, and feelings can be evidenced through, and at the same time constructed by, language. Discourse Analysis aims to discover the intentions and meanings in and behind language and how these can (re)construct social structure, relationships, and change. The purpose of this article is to present a Positive Discourse Analysis of the article Que Privaticen toda la Educación by Antonio Morales Riveira. The analysis is based on Systemic Functional Linguistics categories within the appraisal (Martin & White, 2005) and transitivity systems (Martin & Rose, 2007; Goatly, 2000). Conclusions are drawn in terms of the representation of students in the public education system as well as implications for educational and research purposes.

Question Answering Systems (QAS) are rising solutions providing exact and precise answers to natural questions. Duplicate Question Detection (DQD), which aims to reuse previous answers, has shown its ability to improve user experience and reduce significantly the response time. However, few Arabic QAS integrate solutions able to detect duplicate questions in their workflow. In this paper, we build a DQD method based on contextual word representation, question classification and forward/backward structured self attention. First, we extract contextual word representation Embeddings from Language Models (ELMo) to map questions into a vector space. Next, we train two models to classify question embedding according to two taxonomies: Hamza et al. and Li & Roth. Then, we introduce a class label matching step to filter out questions that have different class labels. Finally, we propose a Bidirectional Attention Bidirectional LSTM (BiAttention BiLSTM) model that focuses only on keywords to predict whether a question pair is a duplicate or not. We also apply a data augmentation strategy based on symmetry, reflexivity, and transitivity relations to improve the generalization of our model. Various experimentations are performed to evaluate the impact of question classification and pre-processing step on DQD model. The obtained results show that our model achieves good performances as compared to the baseline results.

Political ideologies and power are shaped by politicians’ manipulation of linguistic features that appeared in their public discourses. Employing transitivity system, this study investigated President Donald Trump’s speech during the 2020 “March for Life†to identify the transitivity processes and to determine how these processes are assimilated in the said discourse. Findings revealed that 126 transitivity processes are dominantly material, relational, and mental. Being the first US president who graced this event, material processes constructed a self-statement of initiatives and efforts in preserving human life and his attack on his political nemesis as threats to the preservation of the value and dignity of life. Relational processes have constructed life-protection ideas by valuing the significance of the children and the unborn. Trump’s feelings toward the dignity of life are shaped by mental processes by his direct association to the public as among the advocates of human life.  Ironically, transitivity processes have shown minimal involvement of women in his speech, contrary to the theme. Data prove that language employed in a public discourse builds power and ideologies that serve as the human framework to understand the mind of the speaker.

We discuss the dynamics beyond topological hyperbolicity considering homeomorphisms satisfying the shadowing property and generalizations of expansivity. It is proved that transitive countably expansive homeomorphisms satisfying the shadowing property are expansive in the set of transitive points. This is in contrast with pseudo-Anosov diffeomorphisms of the two-dimensional sphere that are transitive, cw-expansive, satisfy the shadowing property but the dynamical ball in each transitive point contains a Cantor subset. We exhibit examples of countably expansive homeomorphisms that are not finite expansive, satisfy the shadowing property and admits an infinite number of chain-recurrent classes. We further explore the relation between countable and entropy expansivity and prove that for surface homeomorphisms f : S → S f\colon S\to S satisfying the shadowing property and Ω ( f ) = S \Omega (f)=S , both countably expansive and entropy cw-expansive are equivalent to being topologically conjugate to an Anosov diffeomorphism.

Knowledge of transitive relationships between items can contribute to learning the order of a set of stimuli from pairwise comparisons. However, cognitive mechanisms of transitive inferences based on rank order remain unclear, as are relative contributions of reward associations and rule-based inference. To explore these issues, we created a conflict between rule- and reward-based learning during a serial ordering task. Rhesus macaques learned two lists, each containing five stimuli that were trained exclusively with adjacent pairs. Selection of the higher-ranked item resulted in rewards. “Small reward” lists yielded two drops of fluid reward, whereas “large reward” lists yielded five drops. Following training of adjacent pairs, monkeys were tested on novels pairs. One item was selected from each list, such that a ranking rule could conflict with preferences for large rewards. Differences between the corresponding reward magnitudes had a strong influence on accuracy, but we also observed a symbolic distance effect. That provided evidence of a rule-based influence on decisions. RT comparisons suggested a conflict between rule- and reward-based processes. We conclude that performance reflects the contributions of two strategies and that a model-based strategy is employed in the face of a strong countervailing reward incentive.

The join query, which finds matching pairs from two object sets, is a fundamental operation in computer systems and helps to solve many real problems, e.g., entity resolution. In this paper, we address the problem of join queries by leveraging crowdsourcing to obtain matching relationships. The goal is to minimize the monetary cost while maintaining high quality of query results. However, existing approaches focused on finding matching pairs from a single object set and assumed the existence of prior knowledge, which is not applicable in real applications. We propose a cost-effective crowdsourced join query framework that minimizes the overall monetary cost by reducing the monetary cost of labeling single pairs and the amount of comparison pairs. Specifically, we first propose a novel two-level confidence-based labeling model that minimizes the cost for labeling a single pair with confidence guarantee. This model crowdsources easy-judging pairs to ordinary workers, and asks for skilled workers who may charge more than ordinary workers to compare only hard-judging pairs. Statistical estimations are used to aggregate crowdsourcing results with 1 − α confidence. Then, we propose a transitivity-based query scheme that minimizes the number of comparison pairs on the basis of transitive relations. Guided by the principle of eagerly identifying matching pairs, especially matching pairs from a single set, our scheme carefully designs the processing order of pairs in order to make full use of transitivities to infer new labels. The results of our extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed framework can save much more monetary cost while assuring the accuracy of results.

Previous studies on adolescent friendship network formation emphasize the roles played by individual characteristics, structural opportunities, and endogenous tie formation processes. This study extends previous studies in three major aspects: 1) developing and testing theories of status differential (i.e., friendship ties are more likely to run from low status subjects to high status subjects than vice versa) and differential homophily (i.e., homophily is stronger between high status subjects than between low status subjects) through modeling tie-mixing effects of individual characteristics, 2) including qualitative analyses to elaborate selected mechanisms, and 3) comparing selected friendship patterns between China and the U.S. The extended framework is applied to analyzing survey data obtained from 4,094 students in six middle schools in China. The results show that friendship ties are unevenly distributed by individual characteristics (status differential is confirmed for five of the seven characteristics examined), there is significant tie homophily (stronger homophily among high status subjects than among low status subjects is observed for five of the seven characteristics examined with three of them being statistically significant), and endogenous tie formation processes such as reciprocity, transitivity, and preferential attachment are strongly present. Although some of these patterns are common to both China and the U.S., there are also notable differences between the two. Lastly, I discuss the implications and limitations of this study.

The consistency and implication relation of chaotic properties of $ p $-periodic discrete system and its induced autonomous discrete system are obtained. The chaotic properties discussed involve several types of transitivity and some stronger forms of sensitivity in the sense of Furstenberg families.

Despite considerable advancement in the study of network evolution, three basic limitations are common to the data collected: (1) examining a small number of networks, (2) not observing networks from scratch, (3) not collecting time-stamped, continuous records of all interactions among all members of groups. Here, we avoid these limitations by observing all aggressive interactions leading to network formation from the moment of introduction among all members of 45 groups of four individuals each in three species of animals: chickens, cichlid fish, and mice. We apply several recently developed methods for the visualization and analysis of network evolution to these unique datasets. We discover, first, that network evolution is a remarkably dynamic process across all three species: networks do not evolve to specific structures and then remain in those configurations. Instead, we find dynamic stability in which many groups continually return to a general class of structures. Second, we find considerable similarity across species in the pathways that the groups take through different possible network configurations as they evolve. Third, we show that transitive component triads are more stable than intransitive ones. Fourth, we track the evolution of individual ranks within groups and discover that many individuals do not have stable positions. Finally, we discuss fundamental questions that our findings raise for the study of networks in both animals and humans.

We determine for which Coxeter types the associated small quotient of the 2 2 -category of Soergel bimodules is finitary and, for such a small quotient, classify the simple transitive 2 2 -representations (sometimes under the additional assumption of gradability). We also describe the underlying categories of the simple transitive 2 2 -representations. For the small quotients of general Coxeter types, we give a description for the cell 2 2 -representations.

In mass communication, the material process use makes it easy to lay emphasis on the participants’ actions, events, and circumstances of their occurrence, while mental process contributes to insisting on their psychological and emotional states. As for indirect speech, it characterizes the version always used by messengers, public announcers, journalists, and reporters. This study aims to analyze Transitivity and Indirect Speech in clauses ingrained and identified in some passages taken from Helon Habila’s Oil On Water (2011). One of the major principles of Systemic Functional Linguistics is that the exploration of the Transitivity properties (processes, participants, and circumstances) in a text leads to draw conclusions about the question -“who does what to whom, under what circumstances?”? In order to deliver the set objectives, the ongoing study specifically draws on the principles of experiential meaning to get data from the selected extracts and, focuses on describing the clauses containing reported speeches. By following the mixed research methods guiding principles, this research work has generated some data which enable to come up with a conclusion on the psychological and psychosomatic states of the participants as well as on the assigned status adopted by some characters. That correlates them to reporters and journalists. This research work has enabled me to develop another. This paper has made it easy to have another view about Helon Habila’s messages and the way they are conveyed throughout his novel.

In the Post Covid-19 Era, taking the advantage of shaping a true, active, and the positive national image is of strategic significance for China to transform the fake national image constructed by other countries, and also for its development in the future. Based on the corpus of a white paper Fighting Covid-19: China in Action, the paper is intended to focus on the transitivity system to examine how China constructs a positive national image in the fight against the pandemic. The findings show that China has constructed four kinds of national images in the fight, including; the persistent image of solidarity and bravery; the responsible image of duty-shouldering and challenge-facing; the humanism image of respecting human lives and rights; the diplomatic image of dedication and commitment. By virtue of self-constructing national image, it is conducive to telling Chinese stories, spreading Chinese image, and sharing Chinese experience in the battle of fighting the Covid-19 pandemic.

We extend a result on existence of Walrasian equilibria in He and Yannelis (Econ Theory 61:497–513, 2016) by replacing the compactness assumption on consumption sets made there by the standard assumption that these sets are closed and bounded from below. This provides a positive answer to a question explicitly raised in He and Yannelis (Econ Theory 61:497–513, 2016). Our new equilibrium existence theorem generalizes many results in the literature as we do not require any transitivity or completeness or continuity assumption on preferences, initial endowments need not be in the interior of the consumption sets, preferences may be interdependent and price-dependent, and no monotonicity or local non satiation is needed for any of the agents.

We study substitutive systems generated by nonprimitive substitutions and show that transitive subsystems of substitutive systems are substitutive. As an application we obtain a complete characterisation of the sets of words that can appear as common factors of two automatic sequences defined over multiplicatively independent bases. This generalises the famous theorem of Cobham.

The concept of a Sheffer operation known for Boolean algebras and orthomodular lattices is extended to arbitrary directed relational systems with involution. It is proved that to every such relational system, there can be assigned a Sheffer groupoid and also, conversely, every Sheffer groupoid induces a directed relational system with involution. Hence, investigations of these relational systems can be transformed to the treatment of special groupoids which form a variety of algebras. If the Sheffer operation is also commutative, then the induced binary relation is antisymmetric. Moreover, commutative Sheffer groupoids form a congruence distributive variety. We characterize symmetry, antisymmetry and transitivity of binary relations by identities and quasi-identities satisfied by an assigned Sheffer operation. The concepts of twist products of relational systems and of Kleene relational systems are introduced. We prove that every directed relational system can be embedded into a directed relational system with involution via the twist product construction. If the relation in question is even transitive, then the directed relational system can be embedded into a Kleene relational system. Any Sheffer operation assigned to a directed relational system $${\mathbf {A}}$$ A with involution induces a Sheffer operation assigned to the twist product of $${\mathbf {A}}$$ A .

We present a complete description of strongly regular graphs admitting a distance-transitive group of automorphisms. Parts of the list have already appeared in the literature; however, this is the first time that the complete list appears in one place. The description is complemented, where possible, with the discussion of the corresponding distance-transitive groups and some further properties of the graphs. We also point out an open problem.

Recent studies on colonial discourse have demonstrated that the speeches of freedom activists in colonial Africa served as sites of resistance. One key text type that has, however, been neglected in the critical literature on the discourse of emancipation is the national anthem of colonised states. To fill this gap, the present study examines the discursive enactment of resistance in the anthems of former British colonies in Africa, focusing on the transitivity framework in systemic functional linguistics. Semantic and structural parallelisms across the anthems are identified as evidence of a collective memory, a cultural trauma reconfigured and reconstituted to reclaim a positive identity and project a desirable postcolonial future. They also foreground the motif of freedom and legitimise the African as the owner of the reclaimed territory. These procedures articulate an anti-imperialist and anti-establishment stance that provides hope, strength and encouragement to an oppressed group. This paper extends the scholarship on the discursive enactment of resistance by focusing attention on a context underexplored in the literature. It also illustrates the (re)construction of relevant ideologies in national anthems to stimulate desirable, progressive attitudes among citizenry in African states. The paper is furthermore significant to decolonial research and highlights the role of language in political decolonisation processes.

El presente artí­culo explora el discurso del campo del Derecho a través del estudio de solemnes, evaluaciones orales ampliamente utilizadas en su enseñanza en Chile. La investigación se fundamenta en la Lingüística Sistémico Funcional (LSF) y su propósito es identificar patrones discursivos ideacionales clave en un grupo de solemnes bien evaluadas, a partir del sistema de figura planteado por Hao (2015). Este sistema distingue teórica y metodológicamente de manera más explí­cita los recursos experienciales discursivo-semánticos de los léxicogramaticales, abordados desde el sistema de transitividad. El análisis permite identificar, por un lado, un predominio de figuras orientadas a la construcción de entidades técnicas del campo del Derecho y las relaciones entre ellas en las solemnes. Por otro lado, se observa un grupo de figuras de orden más dinámico, que se orientan a construir las formas de razonamiento que son propias de este campo. Metodológicamente, el sistema de figuras aparece como una herramienta de análisis productiva para el estudio de campos especializados en español desde una perspectiva sistémica.

Semantically, a predicate is not always filled in by verbs. This study aims to discover and describe the predicate category and the number of arguments each predicate has in the Indonesian language. This study's data were taken from informants and the daily newspaper 'Bali Post'. The collected data were analyzed by applying deductive and inductive approaches. The result shows that Indonesian's predicate can be filled in by verb and non-verb categories: noun, adjective, preposition, and numeral. The predicate of the Indonesian sentences can be classified into the valency-one predicate, valency-two predicate, and valency-three predicate. Besides, there are several intransitive and transitive predicates in the Indonesian language, followed by a clause. Each of those finding is explained in detail in this article.

Using the theory of transitivity system within Systemic Functional Linguistics as the theoretical basis and the white paper named Fighting COVID-19: China in Action, which was published by the Chinese government on June 7, 2020 as the corpus, with the help of corpus analysis tool, UAM Corus Tool 3, this paper uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to explore the construction of China’s national image. The results show that the frequency of material processes is extremely high, which is 88.26%, while existential processes and behavioral processes occupy only an extremely small proportion, 0.73% and 0.09% respectively. Relational processes are in the second rank, 5.34%. The frequencies of verbal processes and mental processes are similar, accounting for 2.97% and 2.6% respectively. Through a detailed analysis of the six transitivity processes, a national image that advocates “people supremacy”, selfless collectivism, with strong executive ability and mobilization, and a great responsibility in the international society is found to be constructed. This paper lays a foundation for further studying China’s national image in the path of SFL. It also sheds some light on the construction of China’s image in the official government document.

The existing works usually assume that fuzzy preference relations (FPRs) exhibit additively reciprocal property. In this study, we investigate the situation that FPRs have no additively reciprocal property and address its implication to decision making under uncertainty. First, the considered situation is captured by proposing the novel concept of additively reciprocal property breaking (ARPB) for FPRs. It is proved that FPRs with ARPB, interval additive reciprocal preference relations (IARPRs) and intuitionistic fuzzy preference relations (IFPRs) are transformed each other. Second, the equivalence between FPRs with ARPR and additive reciprocal matrices (ARMs) is defined by keeping the inconsistency level unchanged. An optimization model is proposed to adjust an FPR without weak transitivity to an ARM with weak transitivity. Third, a novel decision making model is developed by considering weak transitivity of FPRs as the minimum requirement of rational choices. A new algorithm is elaborated on where decision information could be expressed as FPRs with ARPR, IARPRs and IFPRs, respectively. Finally, numerical results are reported to show the advantages of the developed model by comparing with the existing ones. The observations reveal that the concept of ARPB offers a novel understanding for uncertainty in decision information.

This paper begins the classification of all edge-primitive 3-arc-transitive graphs by classifying all such graphs where the automorphism group is an almost simple group with socle an alternating or sporadic group, and all such graphs where the automorphism group is an almost simple classical group with a vertex-stabiliser acting faithfully on the set of neighbours.

The transitivity of the modern world triggers new forms of interpersonal interaction. Virtual image is an important part of on-line social cognition. The present research featured factors that determine the construction of virtual personality, its psychological characteristics, functions, and patterns. The authors identified and described three groups of conditions that shape virtual personality, i.e. environmental, functional, and psychological. The latter play the most important role in the image formation process. They define relations in small groups, self-attitude, self-esteem, focus, and motivation. The authors developed a questionnaire of Substantive and Compositional Features of Virtual Personality. The study also involved the Personality in Virtual Space questionnaire and the methods of diagnostics of interpersonal relations and self-attitude. The statistical analysis of the experimental data was based on Varimax rotation. The psychological determinants appeared to be closely related to each other and were grouped into seven factors.

Fuzzy rough approximation operators are the underlying concepts in fuzzy rough set theory . There are at least two approaches to develop these primary concepts, i.e., the constructive approach and the axiomatic approach . Single axiomatic characterizations of fuzzy rough approximation operators have got tons of attention. In this paper, considering L being a GL-quantale, we will develop the theory of L -valued rough sets with an L -set as the basic universe of defining L -valued rough approximation operators. Adopting the idea of single axiomatic characterizations of fuzzy rough sets , we will present the axiomatic characterizations of L -valued upper and lower rough approximation operators on an L -set with respect to reflexive, symmetric, transitive L -valued relations on an L -set as well as their compositions. Choosing an L -set as the universe will break the rules that adopting Zadeh’s fuzzy sets as the universe. By these results, we will further provide a new framework of axiomatic research of fuzzy rough set theory.

This is a qualitative descriptive study analyzes the social process in translation model of foreign exchange service texts at Bank Negara Indonesia Surakarta. The analysis is based on Functional Systemic Linguistics, translation principles and banking policies. The objectives are to: (1) examine the translation quality models (2) explore the benefits of translation models, (3) verify the foreign exchange service text in English and Indonesia (4) know the employees ’ ability toward foreign exchange services (5) reveal the customer’s ability in understanding the transfer transactions. Data are lexicogrammatically system, cohesion and text structure. Samples were taken at Bank Negara Indonesia Surakarta, as it provides overseas services using transaction tools in English and Indonesian texts. The quality of translation is analyzed based on group, lexis, clause, mood structure, theme/rheme and transitivity system; while the benefits of translation is based on tenor enlighten ing the affect, contact and status; whereas mode focused on channels and media. The findings show that quality of translation model of foreign exchange text is stated very good and useful. It is easily understood by customers who applied foreign exchange transactions at Bank Negara Indonesia Surakarta

The present study investigates the effect of the social variable, such as gender on language use in British novels. Precisely, it attempts to achieve the following aims: (1) Identifying the influence of the social variable, like gender on the linguistic choices of language used in British novels; (2) Finding out the differences and similarities in the use of transitivity's process types in the language of the novels by the British male and female narrators; (3) comparing the language use between the two selected samples in the light of the micro and macro linguistic strategies. To achieve the aims of this study, it is hypothesized that: (1) Gender affects the linguistic choices in language of the British novels; (2) Generally, there are apparent differences and similarities between the two selected data in using some linguistic choices like material, mental, attributive-relational, and identifying-relational processes; (3) The British female narration tends to use the psychological processes more than the male one. After all tasks of data collection were accomplished, the first step in analyzing the collected data began with analyzing the language of the two British novels which the researcher dealt with in this study using three analytical models through which the eclectic model was designed so as to achieve the objectives of the current study. For the purpose of analysis, two British novels were analyzed at micro and macro levels. At micro-level, lexical features based on Halliday's (2004) model, and grammatical features based on Quirk's (1985) framework, were analyzed. This was followed by the analysis of micro-level (superstructure) based on Labov's (1972) model.

Este artículo presenta un análisis contrastivo entre un fragmento del cuento «Continuidad de los Parques» de Julio Cortázar y la traducción al inglés realizada por Paul Blackburn para evaluar cómo se configuran los significados experienciales, circunscriptos en el enfoque tripartito de la gramática sistémico-funcional. La exploración de tales significados está comprendida dentro del sistema de la transitividad, que implica la elección de distintos tipos de procesos y de los participantes involucrados, bajo ciertas circunstancias. Los resultados arrojan luz sobre cómo el personaje principal percibe la presunta realidad que lo rodea y cómo se representan sus cambios de rol tanto en el fragmento de la lengua origen como en el de la lengua meta. A modo de conclusión, la comparación de la transitividad nos permite indagar sobre los recursos que el traductor utiliza para plasmar la sutileza y la precisión del estilo cortazariano. Pese a algunas divergencias, la traducción del fragmento retrata cabalmente la caracterización y la articulación de los contextos ficcionales del extracto original. Por último, es menester destacar que el presente análisis permitiría aventurar otros estudios de mayor alcance y también hacernos reflexionar sobre la importancia del análisis de la transitividad en otros campos, como el de la traductología y el de la formación de profesores de lenguas extranjeras.

The aim of the study is to clarify what factors and how exactly to act in market research in the transition economy of Ukraine. The hypothesis raised is the conduct of market research in a transition economy is affected by factors related to global economic trends, the state of development of marketing theory and market research in the world and in Ukraine. Their study was carried out through the use of general scientific methods of abstraction, a systematic approach to the study of socioeconomic processes and the participation of relevant theoretical concepts. Among the most relevant results is that the analysis confirms our hypothesis that the conduct of market research in the underdeveloped oligarchic transitive economy of Ukraine is influenced by three groups of factors related to the trends of the world economy, the state of development of marketing theory and market research, as well as characteristics of the transitive economy. The market research market size calculation is based on certain expert assumptions and may not fully reflect the actual situation. On the other hand, the practice of market research is influenced not only by theoretical developments but also by the state of its market. The result of the investigation makes it possible to take into account the particularities of the type of economy in transition in Ukraine.

A permutation group $G\le\operatorname{Sym}(\Omega)$ is said to be $2$-closed if no group $H$ such that $G

In this article, we investigate $2$-$(v,k,\lambda)$ designs with $\gcd(r,\lambda)=1$ admitting flag-transitive automorphism groups $G$. We prove that if $G$ is an almost simple group, then such a design belongs to one of the seven infinite families of $2$-designs or it is one of the eleven well-known examples. We describe all these examples of designs. We, in particular, prove that if $\mathcal{D}$ is a symmetric $(v,k,\lambda)$ design with $\gcd(k,\lambda)=1$ admitting a flag-transitive automorphism group $G$, then either $G\leq A\Gamma L_{1}(q)$ for some odd prime power $q$, or $\mathcal{D}$ is a projective space or the unique Hadamard design with parameters $(11,5,2)$., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1904.10518

Advertisements are onerous ways of representing the identity of producers and consumers who are both agents of social life, and mobile telecommunication advertisement is not an exception. However, this has not attracted sufficient attention in linguistic studies. This study investigates the bidirectional framing of the identities of telecommunication service providers and the subscribers in twelve MTN and GLO advertisements, aired on popular mainstream television stations between 2014 and 2017. These were downloaded from youtube, where they are trended as unsolicited adverts to reach millions of users. The qualitative analytical approach was adopted, using transitivity, in the systemic functional linguistic (SFL) framework, as theory, to analyse transcribed texts from the advertisements. The findings show that copywriters use material, mental, verbal, relational and existential processes to frame service providers as welfarists, supremacists and benefactors/beneficiaries, and the subscribers as consumerists, opportunists and beneficiaries/benefactors. The supremacist’ and welfarist’ identities are used as indexes to establish the stiff competition between and among service providers to gain more subscribers. The results also show that welfare services are initiated as basis for out-doing self and other-self services. The enthusiasm of the subscribers to use services account for their framing as ‘consumerists’ and ‘opportunists.’ The beneficiary and benefactor identities are bidirectional, as both service providers, and subscribers mutually benefit from each other in a one-to-one relation. The study concludes that transitivity processes are indelible linguistic resources used in telecommunication advertisement to bidirectionally frame the identities of service providers and subscribers, with a view to enhancing consumerism.

In this paper, for any prime $p$, we propose the notion of a $p$-transitive association scheme. This notion aims to generalize the fact that the regular module of a group algebra of a finite group has a unique trivial submodule to the case of the regular modules of modular adjacency algebras. We completely determine the $p$-transitive quasi-thin association schemes and the $p$-transitive association schemes with thin thin residue by their structure theory properties., 14 pages, typo-free version

This paper aims at proposing a theoretical analysis that explains the noun incorporation process in the Tenetehára language (Tupi-Guarani). Thus, we attempt to answer the question: based on the assumptions of the Minimalist Program (cf. Chomsky, 1993, 1995), what is the formal feature responsible for motivating noun incorporation in Tenetehára? We consider two types of noun incorporation in the language under analysis, namely: (i) transitive predicates which become formally intransitive verbs as the internal argument is incorporated; and (ii) in the instances of possessive structures in internal argument positions of intransitive and transitive verbs, verbal valence is preserved, since only the possessee noun is incorporated. As for the syntax of noun incorporations, based on Baker (1988), we lay the foundation for further investigation about this morphosyntactic phenomenon within a minimalist approach (cf. Chomsky 1993, 1995). In summary, we propose that, in the Tenetehára language, the driving force responsible for the incorporation of the noun into the head of a vP is the [+non-individuated] formal feature. Este artigo tem como objetivo propor uma análise teórica que explique o processo de incorporação nominal na língua Tenetehára (Tupí-Guaraní). Assim, procuramos responder à seguinte pergunta: com base nos pressupostos do Programa Minimalista (cf. Chomsky, 1993, 1995), qual é o traço formal responsável por motivar a incorporação nominal em Tenetehára? Consideramos dois tipos de incorporação nominal na lingua em análise, a saber: (i) predicados transitivos que se tornam verbos formalmente intransitivos à medida que o argumento interno é incorporado; e (ii) instâncias de estruturas possessivas em posições de argumento interno de verbos intransitivos e transitivos, a valência verbal é preservada, uma vez que apenas o nome possuído é incorporado. Quanto à sintaxe das incorporações nominais, com base em Baker (1988), lançamos bases para futuras investigações acerca desse fenômeno morfossintático dentro de uma abordagem minimalista (cf. Chomsky, 1993, 1995). Em suma, propomos que, na língua Tenetehára, a força motriz responsável pela incorporação do nome ao núcleo de um vP é o traço formal [+não individuado].

Some find it plausible that a sufficiently long duration of torture is worse than any duration of mild headaches. Similarly, it has been claimed that a million humans living great lives is better than any number of worm-like creatures feeling a few seconds of pleasure each. Some have related bad things to good things along the same lines. For example, one may hold that a future in which a sufficient number of beings experience a lifetime of torture is bad, regardless of what else that future contains, while minor bad things, such as slight unpleasantness, can always be counterbalanced by enough good things. Among the most common objections to such ideas are sequence arguments. But sequence arguments are usually formulated in classical logic. One might therefore wonder if they work if we instead adopt many-valued logic. I show that, in a common many-valued logical framework, the answer depends on which versions of transitivity are used as premises. We get valid sequence arguments if we grant any of several strong forms of transitivity of ‘is at least as bad as’ and a notion of completeness. Other, weaker forms of transitivity lead to invalid sequence arguments. The plausibility of the premises is largely set aside here, but I tentatively note that almost all of the forms of transitivity that lead to valid sequence arguments seem intuitively problematic. Still, a few moderately strong forms of transitivity that might be acceptable lead to valid sequence arguments, although weaker statements of the initial value claims avoid these arguments at least to some extent.

Presidents are considered as caring and sensitive fathers of their nations whose words of condolences are usually needed in times of grief. One medium through which they express their condolences is through the delivery of tributes to eulogize the dead and sympathize with bereaved families. There is therefore the need to examine how presidents employ the faculties of language to eulogize the dead in their tributes. Premised on the transitivity framework postulated by Halliday and Matthiessen, the present study investigates the use of transitivity patterns in Ghanaian presidential tributes to unearth various experiences and also unveil the implicit relationships that exist between politicians and traditional rulers. The sample for the study is composed of four tributes delivered by Akuffo Addo, Mahama, Kufour and Rawlings to the late Queen Mother of the Ashanti Kingdom, Nana Afia Kobi Serwaa Apem II. The data were manually coded using the consensual coding strategy. The results indicate a preponderant use of relational processes to identify the unique qualities possessed by the late Queen Mother which further unveil the varied relationships between her and the presidents. Other process types such as material, mental, verbal and behavioural processes are used to construe the positive actions carried out by the late Queen Mother during her lifetime, activate the minds and emotions of mourners and sympathizers regarding the loss, posthumously project the late Queen Mother as a legend who needs to be modelled after and present a collective purgation of emotions of pain and agony. The study concludes that, despite the apolitical status of traditional rulers, they still have a latent but cordial relationship with politicians. Citation:Mwinwelle, P., Duah, I. and Ernest Mensah, S. (2021). Eulogising the Dead: A Systemic Functional Exploration of Tributes Delivered by Ghanaian Presidents. International Journal of Technology and Management Research (IJTMR), Vol. 6 (2): Pp.38-58. Received: April 15, 2020Accepted: September 1, 2021

We present a number of alternative ways of handling transitive binary relations that commonly occur in first-order problems, in particular equivalence relations, total orders, and transitive relations in general. We show how such relations can be discovered syntactically in an input theory, and how they can be expressed in alternative ways. We experimentally evaluate different such ways on problems from the TPTP, using resolution-based reasoning tools as well as instance-based tools. Our conclusions are that (1) it is beneficial to consider different treatments of binary relations as a user, and that (2) reasoning tools could benefit from using a preprocessor or even built-in support for certain types of binary relations.

We establish a sufficient condition for a continuous map, acting on a compact metric space, to have a Baire residual set of points exhibiting historic behavior (also known as irregular points). This criterion applies, for instance, to a minimal and non-uniquely ergodic map; to maps preserving two distinct probability measures with full support; to non-trivial homoclinic classes; to some non-uniformly expanding maps; and to partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms with two periodic points whose stable manifolds are dense, including Ma\~n\'e and Shub examples of robustly transitive diffeomorphisms. This way, our unifying approach recovers a collection of known deep theorems on the genericity of the irregular set, for both additive and sub-additive potentials, and also provides a number of new applications., Comment: 14 pages, revised and improved version of previous preprint "Minimality and irregular sets"

We show generic $C^\infty$ hyperbolic flows (Axiom A and no cycles, but not transitive Anosov) commute with no $C^\infty$-diffeomorphism other than a time-t map of the flow itself. Kinematic expansivity, a substantial weakening of expansivity, implies that $C^0$ flows have quasi-discrete $C^0$-centralizer, and additional conditions broader than transitivity then give discrete $C^0$-centralizer. We also prove centralizer-rigidity: a diffeomorphism commuting with a generic hyperbolic flow is determined by its values on any open set., 18 pages