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Involute gears have traditionally been the preferred choice for gear transmission systems due to their simplicity and interchangeability. However, there are applications where they do not provide the most durable and efficient solution. While the cost of implementing optimized non-involute gears in most applications often outweighs their comparative advantages, the advent of additive manufacturing has opened up possibilities for designers to explore alternative gear tooth profiles. This is particularly relevant in the realm of plastic gears, where optimized non-involute gears produced through 3D printing can address their primary drawbacks, such as surface durability and wear resistance. In this study, a comprehensive free-form optimization process was conducted to determine the optimal tooth profile that minimizes wear on 3D printed spur gears during operation. The tooth flank geometry was represented using a 4th order B-spline curve, and a genetic algorithm was employed to determine the optimum positions of the control points aiming to minimize wear depth across the tooth flanks. The spur gears were manufactured using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) with PLA material. The parameters of the additive manufacturing process were experimentally fine-tuned to achieve the best possible accuracy. To evaluate the performance of the optimized free-form gears, two case studies were implemented, demonstrating that the optimized gears achieved a remarkable reduction of average wear depth by more than 50% and a reduction of maximum wear depth by more than 69% compared to standard involute gears. To further validate the effectiveness of the optimization method, experiments were carried out using an FZG test rig. The profiles of the tooth flanks were measured on a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) before and after the experiments to compare the wear depth against the standard involute gears. The results revealed a significant improvement in the wear resistance of the tooth flanks, with a reduction of wear depth of 44.1%.

Magnetic gears offer significant advantages such as low noise and vibration level, lower maintenance and higher reliability compared to mechanical gears and are suitable for many applications in the industry. The coaxial magnetic gear has been extensively discussed in the literature, since it achieves higher torque densities amongst other magnetic gear configurations. The magnetic field is generated by permanent magnets mounted on the two rotors and a modulator between them. The modulator consists of ferromagnetic segments that are typically encased in a resin in order to increase its stiffness without compromising the generated magnetic field. However, due to the development of radial forces, oscillations of the ferromagnetic segments occur, which lead to torque ripples that affect the operation of the coaxial magnetic gear drive in applications where accuracy is required. This work introduces a computationally lightweight analytical 2D model in order to determine the applied radial force on the ferromagnetic segments at each angle of rotation of the two rotors and henceforth calculate the displacement of these segments using FEA. In this way it is possible to assess the variation of the torque (ripple) versus the angle of rotation of the input or output shaft. A parametric investigation examining the influence of the ferromagnetic segment thickness on the resulting torque ripple of a specific drive was carried out illustrating the benefits of the analytical models developed herein.

Although steel involute gears are the standard solution for gear transmissions, they tend to suffer from poor pitting resistance. Pitting typically occurs when the gear tooth flanks have high equivalent curvature at the contact point and/or when the equivalent curvature is not constant across the contact path leading to high contact pressures and the development of surface fatigue. In this paper a new optimization method is presented to produce spur gear tooth flanks with improved pitting performance compared to involute ones. The tooth flanks are represented as B-spline curves, the control points of which are the variables for the optimization problem. The constraints were designed to ensure that all the examined profiles satisfy the law of gearing and do not contain any cusps or C1 discontinuities. Deterministic and stochastic algorithms were implemented and both closed and open path of contact gear sets were examined to determine the optimum tooth profile. The optimization results show that the maximum equivalent curvature of the optimum profiles is reduced by 83% compared to the corresponding standard profiles, while the deviation from the mean value is reduced by 98%. Both the standard and the optimized gears where examined comparatively also through finite element analysis. For the case selected the maximum contact pressure developed on the optimized gear set was 77% of the respective maximum contact pressure on the standard gear set whereas the corresponding deviation from the mean value was 5%. At the same time, the bending stresses developed in the optimized gear are slightly lower than those in the standard one.

In this paper, a modified direct current potential drop (DCPD) method for real-time measurement of the length, the inclination and the position of cracks is presented. Based on the proposed configuration, it is possible to process the data acquired by continuously measuring the change in the electrical resistance (potential drop) between specific points on the specimen in real time and correlate them with the propagation of the crack and thus identifying its crucial characteristics. Furthermore, many aspects that affect the electromagnetic field inside materials have been identified. In that way the influence of unwanted factors can be significantly reduced which has led to a better understanding of the relation between the implemented voltage values and the fracture itself. Therefore, conclusions are drawn about the structural integrity of any given specimen through a risk assessment after the crack characteristics have been calculated. In order to achieve this, a variety of techniques were implemented including the development of a stochastic algorithm along with a customized experimental layout so as to accomplish high accuracy for the prediction model as well as robustness towards other influencing parameters such as temperature and humidity.

In mechanical engineering design it is common for multiple stress concentration areas to coexist adjacently, where the existing analytical theory cannot be used to assess the effect. The effect of adjacent step and keyway on a DIN CK 45 shaft has been investigated in the present paper. For this purpose, a DIN CK45 steel shaft specimen with a standardized keyway and a diameter-step has been tested under rotating bending in order to investigate the interaction of two distinct stress concentration areas. All fragment specimens have metallographically examined. Analytical and numerical methods have been used to support the conclusions.

Gears are the main machine element in vehicle power transmission trains. In commercial vehicles, power transmission trains design complexity consists of the determination of the loading parameters which depends upon the working environment of the performance vehicle. In the present work a gear failure under dynamic loading is investigated. The failed gear is part of a 2 speed gearbox of a Rotax DD2 2-stroke Open- Wheel performance vehicle (go-cart type). The gearbox was in racing conditions when failure occurred. The vehicle was speeding in 2nd Gear at wide open throttle when instantaneously the driver by fault downshifted to 1st gear. The result was for the first gears break a whole piece and eventually the system to go out of operation. Chemical composition of the examined metallic components was determined via EDAX chemical analysis.

This work introduces a 2D model that calculates power losses in coaxial magnetic gears (CMGs). The eddy current losses of the magnets are computed analytically, whereas the core losses of the ferromagnetic segments are computed using an analytical–finite element hybrid model. The results were within 1.51% and 3.18% of those obtained from an FEA for the eddy current and core losses in the CMG for an indicative inner rotor speed of 2500 rpm. In addition, the significance of the circumferential magnet segmentation is demonstrated in the CMGs. Furthermore, a parametric investigation of the efficiency of the system for different applied external loads is carried out. Finally, a mesh sensitivity analysis is performed, along with the computation of the average power losses throughout one full period, resulting in an at least 80% reduction in computational costs with a negligible effect on accuracy. The developed model could be a valuable tool for the minimization of power losses in CMGs since it combines high accuracy with a low computational cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coaxial magnetic gears have piqued the interest of researchers due to their numerous benefits over mechanical gears. These include reduced noise and vibration, enhanced efficiency, lower maintenance costs, and improved backdrivability. However, their adoption in industry has been limited by drawbacks like lower torque density and slippage at high torque levels. This work presents an analytical 2D model to compute the magnetic potential in Halbach array coaxial magnetic gears for every rotational angle, geometry configuration, and magnet specifications. This model calculates the induced torques and torque ripple in both rotors using the Maxwell Stress Tensor. The results were confirmed through Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Unlike FEA, this analytical model directly produces harmonics values, leading to faster computational times as it avoids torque calculations at each time step. In a case study, a standard coaxial magnetic gear was compared to one with a Halbach array, revealing a 14.3% improvement in torque density and a minor reduction in harmonics that cause torque ripple. Additionally, a case study was conducted to examine slippage in both standard and Halbach array gears during transient operations. The Halbach array coaxial magnetic gear demonstrated a 13.5% lower transmission error than its standard counterpart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]