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In this paper, we introduce the first integrated circuit (IC) implementation of spatiotemporally modulated angular-momentum (STM-AM)-biased magnetless circulators. The design is based on a modified current-mode topology, which is less sensitive to parasitics and relies on switched capacitors rather than varactors to achieve the desired modulation, thus reducing the circuit complexity and easing its chip-scale realization. We analyze the presented circuit and study its performance in the presence of inevitable nonidealities using an in-house so-called composite Floquet scattering matrix (CFSM) numerical method. We also validate the analysis with simulated and measured results using a standard 180-nm CMOS technology, showing good performance. Compared to previous discrete implementations of STM-AM circulators, the presented CMOS chip reduces the form factor by at least an order of magnitude and occupies a total area of only 36 mm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequency conversion processes, such as second- and third-harmonic generation, are commonly realized in nonlinear optics, offering opportunities for applications in photonics, chemistry, material science and biosensing. Given the inherently weak nonlinear response of natural materials, optically large samples and complex phase-matching techniques are typically required to realize significant nonlinear responses. To produce similar effects in much smaller volumes, current research has been devoted to the quest of synthesizing novel materials with enhanced optical nonlinearities at moderate input intensities. In particular, several approaches to engineer the nonlinear properties of artificial materials, metamaterials and metasurfaces have been introduced. Here, we review the current state of the art in the field of small-scale nonlinear optics, with special emphasis on high-harmonic generation from ultrathin metasurfaces based on plasmonic and high-index dielectric resonators, as well as semiconductor-loaded plasmonic metasurfaces. In this context, we also discuss recent advances in controlling the optical wavefront of generated nonlinear waves using metasurfaces. Finally, we compare viable approaches to enhance nonlinearities in ultrathin metasurfaces, and we offer an outlook on the future development of this exciting field of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intersubband transitions in n-doped multi-quantum-well semiconductor heterostructures make it possible to engineer one of the largest known nonlinear optical responses in condensed matter systems-but this nonlinear response is limited to light with electric field polarized normal to the semiconductor layers. In a different context, plasmonic metasurfaces (thin conductor-dielectric composite materials) have been proposed as a way of strongly enhancing light-matter interaction and realizing ultrathin planarized devices with exotic wave properties. Here we propose and experimentally realize metasurfaces with a record-high nonlinear response based on the coupling of electromagnetic modes in plasmonic metasurfaces with quantum-engineered electronic intersubband transitions in semiconductor heterostructures. We show that it is possible to engineer almost any element of the nonlinear susceptibility tensor of these structures, and we experimentally verify this concept by realizing a 400-nm-thick metasurface with nonlinear susceptibility of greater than 5 × 104 picometres per volt for second harmonic generation at a wavelength of about 8 micrometres under normal incidence. This susceptibility is many orders of magnitude larger than any second-order nonlinear response in optical metasurfaces measured so far. The proposed structures can act as ultrathin highly nonlinear optical elements that enable efficient frequency mixing with relaxed phase-matching conditions, ideal for realizing broadband frequency up- and down-conversions, phase conjugation and all-optical control and tunability over a surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of combined negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) and human amniotic membrane in patients with chronic wounds associated with diabetes. A total of five patients with type 2 diabetes, including ischemic and mixed forms of diabetic foot syndrome, presenting with ischemic wounds of the lower extremities were included in this study. Patients with uncorrected limb ischemia were excluded. The treatment protocol included diabetes compensation (treatment with fractional insulin therapy), anticoagulant, metabolic therapy and angiotropic therapy, physical treatment methods, osteoporosis therapy with calcium preparations, and wound-specific interventions. The primary treatment approach involved the application of a vacuum bandage to the transplanted human amniotic membrane, which improved the adaptation of the flap to the wound surface, allowed the removal of excess wound exudate, and stimulated angiogenesis and reparative properties. The combined approach of NPWT and biotherapy was a safe and effective cure for diabetic wounds, promoting faster wound healing, reducing the need for autodermoplasty, and possibly reducing the necessity for high-level amputations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the response of bone marrow (particularly megakaryocytes) in mice under the influence of diclofenac sodium for 10 days using intraperitoneal injection at various doses. A fundamentally new immunomagnetic separation method was applied during the experiment, which helped obtain pure lines of bone marrow cells, particularly megakaryocytes (MC), without admixtures of other cells or their particles. The resulting cells completely retain their structure and can be used in further research. The study determined that different doses of diclofenac sodium have different effects on different groups of diabetes mellitus cells CD34-megakaryocytes. The use of 1.0 mg/ml sharply negatively affects the state of early populations of megakaryocytes (decrease by 80%, p=0.05), a dose of 0.025 mg/ml had the least effect on this population of cells (22.8%, p=0.05). The greatest number of average forms of diabetes mellitus 34 was observed when using a dose of 0.95 mg/ml (22.8%, p=0.05), with a gradual decrease in the dose, the indicator of this group of cells decreased. A dose of 0.03 mg/ml did not affect the quantitative state of megakaryocytes, and a dose of 0.025 mg/ml caused a slight decrease (16.6%, p=0.05). Indicators of mature cells of megakaryocytes CD 34-decreased in all studied groups, however, their maximum value reached a maximum decrease by 0.25 mg/ml (55.2%, p=0.05), the dose of diclofenac sodium 0.03 mg/ml, lower (18.4%, p=0.05). Diclofenac sodium in different doses has different effects on the degree of differentiation of CD 34-. Its introduction positively affects the state of intermediate forms of megakaryocytes, except for minimal doses, while the effect on early and mature forms in all cases turned out to be negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the incidence of cryoglobulinemia is relevant in patients with an intestinal anastomotic leak. This study aims to determine a laboratory marker of the risk of small intestine anastomotic leak. The study was based on 96 patients who were subjected to resections of segments of the small intestine with the formation of intestinal anastomoses at the State Institution "Zaytsev V.T. Institute of General and Urgent Surgery of National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine". Of all the operated patients, there were 55.2% women and 44.8% men. Of the 96 patients examined, cryoglobulinemia was detected in the majority - 62.5% of patients, of which 4 were later proved to have inactive hepatitis C; the remaining 38.5% had no cryoglobulinemia. According to the existing theory of the autoimmune mechanism of postoperative surgical complications formation, the revealed decrease in the level of cryoglobulins on the second day could be related to their fixation in the microcirculatory bed and the development of immunocomplex inflammation. While the increase in the content of cryoglobulins in serum on the third day can be caused by their entry into the circulatory bed from deposition or fixation sites and the development of a secondary immune response. In patients with intestinal anastomosis failure after resection of intestinal segments, cryoglobulinemia rates increased more than 80 mg/l; this indicator could be used as a marker of postoperative complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonreciprocal components, such as isolators and circulators, are critical to wireless communication and radar applications. Traditionally, nonreciprocal components have been implemented using ferrite materials, which exhibit nonreciprocity under the influence of an external magnetic field. However, ferrite materials cannot be integrated into IC fabrication processes and, consequently, are bulky and expensive. In the recent past, there has been strong interest in achieving nonreciprocity in a nonmagnetic IC-compatible fashion using spatio-temporal modulation. In this paper, we present a general approach to nonreciprocity based on switched transmission lines. Switched transmission lines enable broadband, lossless, and compact nonreciprocity and a wide range of nonreciprocal functionalities, including nonreciprocal phase shifters, ultra-broadband gyrators and isolators, frequency-conversion isolators, and high-linearity/high-frequency/ultra-broadband circulators. We present a detailed theoretical analysis of the various nonidealities that impact insertion loss and provide design guidelines. The theory is validated by experimental results from discrete-component-based gyrators and isolators and a 25-GHz circulator fabricated in a 45-nm SOI CMOS technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]