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315 results on '"UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial"'

1. Appréhension à la communication, estime de soi et modèle Léviathan

Author: Huet, S., Shtiliyanova, A., Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Unité de recherche d'Agronomie (UA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), and Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)
Subjects: MODELE, MODELS, SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Social simulation, MODELS, Self-esteem, Leviathan model, Communication apprehension, [SHS.PSY]Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology, Computational social science, PSYCHOLOGIE SOCIALE, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation
Abstract: International audience; Mc Corskey and al, 1977 have shown there is a link between a high aversion to oral communication and a lower self-esteem. We investigate if the Leviathan model which considers agents gossiping and having an opinion of each other (Deffuant et al 2013) is able to reproduce such a correlation. Our virtual agents form their opinions in face-to-face meetings. During these meetings, they act in self-defence applying vanity, and influence each other. They also gossip about their peers. In direct meeting and gossiping, a highly valued speaker compared to listener's self-opinion is more influential. The vanity impact depends on the distance between one's opinion of one self and the opinion conveyed by the speaker. Listeners felt held in low esteem sanction their speakers by decreasing their opinion of them. Those felt held in high esteem reward them by increasing their opinion of them. We modified the probability to talk of agents to consider a heterogeneous one: static depending on the agent itself, or dynamic depending on her self-esteem. The simplest law to obtain a heterogeneous probability to talk is sufficient to reproduce our search correlation. However, we also discover that the model argue it is possible to have a higher self-esteem for someone talking less than the others in some circumstances.
Published: 2021

2. Soil carbon stocks after conversion of Amazonian tropical forest to grazed pasture : importance of deep soil layers

Author: Catherine Picon-Cochard, Sébastien Fontaine, Camille Dezécache, Lise Ponchant, J. F. Soussana, Vincent Freycon, Vincent Blanfort, Clément Stahl, Katja Klumpp, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), University of Antwerp (UA), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Collège de Direction (CODIR), Systèmes d'élevage méditerranéens et tropicaux (UMR SELMET), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil biodiversity, C3 contribution, Deep soil C, forêt tropicale, Carbon sequestration, 01 natural sciences, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, Milieux et Changements globaux, 2. Zero hunger, Global and Planetary Change, Utilisation des terres, C3 conrtribution, deep soil C, native forest, old pasture, mixed-grass pasture, Pâturages, Soil classification, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Mixed-grass pasture, Chemistry, séquestration du carbone, Forêt, Soil horizon, Écosystème forestier, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Native forest, P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, No-till farming, Matière organique du sol, Plante d'abroutissement, Couverture végétale, Plante fourragère, Biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Topsoil, Soil organic matter, Old pasture, L01 - Élevage - Considérations générales, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Déboisement, Agronomy, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Cycle du carbone
Abstract: Altres ajuts: these projects are co-funded by European regional development fund (ERDF / FEDER, 2007-2013). Recent studies suggest that carbon (C) is stored in the topsoil of pastures established after deforestation. However, little is known about the long-term capacity of tropical pastures to sequester C in different soil layers after deforestation. Deep soil layers are generally not taken into consideration or are underestimated when C storage is calculated. Here we show that in French Guiana, the C stored in the deep soil layers contributes significantly to C stocks down to a depth of 100 cm and that C is sequestered in recalcitrant soil organic matter in the soil below a depth of 20 cm. The contribution of the 50-100 cm soil layer increased from 22 to 31 % with the age of the pasture. We show that long-term C sequestration in C4 tropical pastures is linked to the development of C3 species (legumes and shrubs), which increase both inputs of N into the ecosystem and the C:N ratio of soil organic matter. The deep soil under old pastures contained more C3 carbon than the native forest. If C sequestration in the deep soil is taken into account, our results suggest that the soil C stock in pastures in Amazonia would be higher with sustainable pasture management, in particular by promoting the development of legumes already in place and by introducing new species.
Published: 2021
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3. Elevated CO 2 maintains grassland net carbon uptake under a future heat and drought extreme

Author: Sébastien Devidal, Christophe Escape, Jean-François Soussana, Lionel Thiery, Nathalie Fromin, Jacques Roy, Catherine Picon-Cochard, Clément Piel, Marc Defossez, Angela Augusti, Alexandru Milcu, Olivier Darsonville, Marie-Lise Benot, Florence Volaire, Damien Landais, Michael Bahn, Olivier Ravel, Écotron Européen de Montpellier - UPS 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Biodiversité, Gènes et Communautés, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Universität Innsbruck [Innsbruck], Collège de Direction, Écotron Européen de Montpellier, Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Collège de Direction (CODIR), ANR VALIDATE project, ECOTRONS Research Infrastructure ('Investissement d'Avenir' AnaEE-France ANR-11-INBS-0001), European FP7 ExpeER Transnational Access program, OAD WTZ-programme Austria-France, FWF Project P28572-B22., ANR-07-VULN-0011,VALIDATE,Vulnérabilité des prairies et des élevages au changement climatique et aux événements extrêmes.(2007), ANR-11-INBS-0001,ANAEE-FR,ANAEE-Services(2011), European Project: 266018,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-KBBE-2010-4,ANIMALCHANGE(2011), European Project: 262060,EC:FP7:INFRA,FP7-INFRASTRUCTURES-2010-1,EXPEER(2010), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Hot Temperature, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Grassland, Soil, chemistry.chemical_compound, Climate change, Milieux et Changements globaux, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 2. Zero hunger, changement climatique, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, écotron, Biological Sciences, Droughts, Carbon dioxide, élevation du gaz carbonique, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, chemistry.chemical_element, [object Object], Carbon Cycle, Carbon cycle, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, climat extrème, Carbon fluxes, Grassland ecosystem, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, geography, flux de carbone, Carbon Dioxide, Extreme events, 15. Life on land, écosystème prairial, Carbon, Plant Leaves, croissance racinaire, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Plant nutrition, Intensity (heat transfer), [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Extreme climatic events (ECEs) such as droughts and heat waves are predicted to increase in intensity and frequency and impact the terrestrial carbon balance. However, we lack direct experimental evidence of how the net carbon uptake of ecosystems is affected by ECEs under future elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (eCO2). Taking advantage of an advanced controlled environment facility for ecosystem research (Ecotron), we simulated eCO2 and extreme cooccurring heat and drought events as projected for the 2050s and analyzed their effects on the ecosystem-level carbon and water fluxes in a C3 grassland. Our results indicate that eCO2 not only slows down the decline of ecosystem carbon uptake during the ECE but also enhances its recovery after the ECE, as mediated by increases of root growth and plant nitrogen uptake induced by the ECE. These findings indicate that, in the predicted near future climate, eCO2 could mitigate the effects of extreme droughts and heat waves on ecosystem net carbon uptake.
Published: 2016
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4. Incorporating grassland management in ORCHIDEE: model description and evaluation at 11 eddy-covariance sites in Europe

Author: Jean-François Soussana, Philippe Ciais, Tao Wang, Raphaël Martin, Romain Lardy, Anne Cozic, Katja Klumpp, Nicolas Viovy, Nicolas Vuichard, Jinfeng Chang, Anne-Isabelle Graux, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Calcul Scientifique (CALCULS), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), CarboEurope IP, Nitroeurope project, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Eddy covariance, modèle, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, modèle orchidée, Grassland, Hydrology (agriculture), Ecosystem model, Grazing, gestion de la prairie, Ecosystem, pasim, Leaf area index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, flux de carbone, Agroforestry, lcsh:QE1-996.5, prairie, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, lcsh:Geology, 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Ecosystem respiration
Abstract: This study describes how management of grasslands is included in the Organizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) process-based ecosystem model designed for large-scale applications, and how management affects modeled grassland–atmosphere CO2 fluxes. The new model, ORCHIDEE-GM (grassland management) is enabled with a management module inspired from a grassland model (PaSim, version 5.0), with two grassland management practices being considered, cutting and grazing. The evaluation of the results from ORCHIDEE compared with those of ORCHIDEE-GM at 11 European sites, equipped with eddy covariance and biometric measurements, shows that ORCHIDEE-GM can realistically capture the cut-induced seasonal variation in biometric variables (LAI: leaf area index; AGB: aboveground biomass) and in CO2 fluxes (GPP: gross primary productivity; TER: total ecosystem respiration; and NEE: net ecosystem exchange). However, improvements at grazing sites are only marginal in ORCHIDEE-GM due to the difficulty in accounting for continuous grazing disturbance and its induced complex animal–vegetation interactions. Both NEE and GPP on monthly to annual timescales can be better simulated in ORCHIDEE-GM than in ORCHIDEE without management. For annual CO2 fluxes, the NEE bias and RMSE (root mean square error) in ORCHIDEE-GM are reduced by 53% and 20%, respectively, compared to ORCHIDEE. ORCHIDEE-GM is capable of modeling the net carbon balance (NBP) of managed temperate grasslands (37 ± 30 gC m−2 yr−1 (P < 0.01) over the 11 sites) because the management module contains provisions to simulate the carbon fluxes of forage yield, herbage consumption, animal respiration and methane emissions.
Published: 2018
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5. An open platform to assess vulnerabilities to climate change: An application to agricultural systems

Author: Raphaël Martin, Pascal Carrère, Anastasiya Shtiliyanova, Gianni Bellocchi, Ulrich Eza, David Borras, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Bourse Recherche Filière, and FEDER
Subjects: Open platform, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Vulnerability, Climate change, 01 natural sciences, Vulnerability assessment, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, NetCDF, Ecology, business.industry, Applied Mathematics, Ecological Modeling, Environmental resource management, Simulation modeling, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, computer.file_format, 15. Life on land, Modeling platform, Arid, Computer Science Applications, Computational Theory and Mathematics, 13. Climate action, Grasslands, Modeling and Simulation, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, computer, Downscaling
Abstract: International audience; Numerous climate futures are now available fromglobal climate models. Translation of climate data such as precipitation and temperatures into ecologicallymeaningful outputs formanagers and planners is the next frontier. We describe a model-based open platform to assess vulnerabilities of agricultural systems to climate change on pixel-wise data. The platformincludes a simulationmodeling engine and is suited towork with NetCDF format of input and output files. In a case study covering a region (Auvergne) in theMassif Central of France, the platformis configured to characterize climate (occurrence of arid conditions in historical and projected climate records), soils and human management, and is then used to assess the vulnerability to climate change of grassland productivity (downscaled to a fine scale). We demonstrate how using climate time series, and process-based simulations vulnerabilities can be defined at fine spatial scales relevant to farmers and land managers, and can be incorporated into management frameworks.
Published: 2015
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6. Vuln-Indices: Software to assess vulnerability to climate change

Author: Romain Lardy, Gianni Bellocchi, Raphaël Martin, Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), BRF VulClim, European Project: 266018,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-KBBE-2010-4,ANIMALCHANGE(2011), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Java, Computer science, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Vulnerability, Climate change, Horticulture, 01 natural sciences, Vulnerability indices, Software, Vulnerability assessment, Milieux et Changements globaux, Dissemination, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, computer.programming_language, changement climatique, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Forestry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Computer Science Applications, 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, business, Agronomy and Crop Science, computer
Abstract: Vulnerability assessment to climate change is an issue of concern.We develop Java-based software for vulnerability assessment to climate change.We illustrate the software in vulnerability assessments of European grasslands. Vuln-Indices Java-based software was developed on concepts of vulnerability to climate change of agro-ecological systems. It implements the calculation of vulnerability indices on series of state variables for assessments at both site and region levels. The tool is useful because synthetic indices help capturing complex processes and prove effective to identify the factors responsible for vulnerability and their relative importance. It is suggested that the tool may be plausible for use with stakeholders to disseminate information of climate change impacts.
Published: 2015
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7. Improving spatial predictions of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity

Author: Luigi Maiorano, Nicolas Salamin, Manuela D'Amen, Rubén G. Mateo, Wilfried Thuiller, Charlotte Ndiribe, Antoine Guisan, Julien Pottier, Loïc Pellissier, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' [Rome], Unit of Ecology and Evolution, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Laboratoire de Biologie de la Conservation (LBC), Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics [Lausanne] (SIB), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and University of Lagos
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Evolution, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Species distribution, Biodiversity, Plant Science, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, assemblage modelling, ecological assembly rules, macroecological models, similarity effect, SOrensen dissimilarity index, stacked species distribution models, vegetation, Diversity index, Behavior and Systematics, SÃ¸rensen dissimilarity index, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Phylogenetic tree, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Environmental niche modelling, Phylogenetic diversity, Evolutionary biology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Global biodiversity
Abstract: International audience; In this study, we compare two community modelling approaches to determine their ability to predict the taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic properties of plant assemblages along a broad elevation gradient and at a fine resolution. The first method is the standard stacking individual species distribution modelling (SSDM) approach, which applies a simple environmental filter to predict species assemblages. The second method couples the SSDM and macroecological modelling (MEMSSDM-MEM) approaches to impose a limit on the number of species co-occurring at each site. Because the detection of diversity patterns can be influenced by different levels of phylogenetic or functional trees, we also examine whether performing our analyses from broad to more exact structures in the trees influences the performance of the two modelling approaches when calculating diversity indices. We found that coupling the SSDM with the MEM improves the overall predictions for the three diversity facets compared with those of the SSDM alone. The accuracy of the SSDM predictions for the diversity indices varied greatly along the elevation gradient, and when considering broad to more exact structure in the functional and phylogenetic trees, the SSDM-MEM predictions were more stable. SSDM-MEM moderately but significantly improved the prediction of taxonomic diversity, which was mainly driven by the corrected number of predicted species. The performance of both modelling frameworks increased when predicting the functional and phylogenetic diversity indices. In particular, fair predictions of the taxonomic composition by SSDM-MEM led to increasingly accurate predictions of the functional and phylogenetic indices, suggesting that the compositional errors were associated with species that were functionally or phylogenetically close to the correct ones; however, this did not always hold for the SSDM predictions.Synthesis. In this study, we tested the use of a recently published approach that couples species distribution and macroecological models to provide the first predictions of the distribution of multiple facets of plant diversity: taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic. Moderate but significant improvements were obtained; thus, our results open promising avenues for improving our ability to predict the different facets of biodiversity in space and time across broad environmental gradients when functional and phylogenetic information is available.
Published: 2018
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8. Habitat filtering determines the functional niche occupancy of plant communities worldwide

Author: Andrew Siefert, Marie Vandewalle, Bill Shipley, Riin Tamme, Marco Antônio Batalha, Kouki Hikosaka, Tohru Nakashizuka, Sarah J. Richardson, Vinícius de L. Dantas, Chiho Kamiyama, Marko J. Spasojevic, Stéphanie Gaucherand, Daniel C. Laughlin, Antonio Gazol, Yoann Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Mark Westoby, Nicolas Gross, Cédric Frenette Dussault, Christian Schöb, Jake McC. Overton, Takehiro Sasaki, Honor C. Prentice, Frédérique Louault, Ning Chen, Yuanzhi Li, Jodi N. Price, Vincent Jung, Marcus Vinicius Cianciaruso, Brandon S. Schamp, Masatoshi Katabuchi, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, Université de Sherbrooke, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China, School of Life Sciences [Chine], Département de Biologie, Sherbrooke University, School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, The University of Western Australia (UWA), Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, Australia, Charles Sturt University [Australia], Institute of Geography, Federal University of Uberlândia – UFU, Uberlândia, Brazil, Federal University of Uberlândia [Uberlândia] (UFU), Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, University of Tartu, Evolution and Ecology Research Centre [UNSW Sydney], School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Sydney] (BEES), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW)-University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Dpt Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie University, Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California-University of California, Department of Biology, Algoma University, Marie, OA, Canada, Algoma University [Canada], Department of Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA, University of California [Riverside] (UCR), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand, Department of Botany, University of South Bohemia, University of South Bohemia, Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos [Madrid] (URJC), Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Zurich University, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, Lund University [Lund, Sweden], Centre d'études biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INRA-CEBC, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Landcare Research, Hamilton, New Zealand, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, Universidade Federal de Goiás [Goiânia] (UFG), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, Tohoku University [Sendai], Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan, Chiba University [Japan], Department of Biology [Gainesville], University of Florida [Gainesville], Ecosystèmes montagnards (UR EMGR), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Lanzhou University, Department of Conservation Biology [UFZ Leipzig], Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department of Botany, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil, Federal University of São Carlos [Bresil], Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, UOW1201, Royal Society of New Zealand, CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0006, European Social Fund, Czech State Budget, 563621/2010-9, CNPq/MCT/CAPES, 558187/2009-9, PELD/CNPq, 31270472, National Natural Science Foundation of China, PZ00P3_148261, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, 306843/2012-9, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, 2012102677001109, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás, 656035, Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, 2010/01835-0, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Australian Research Council, China Scholarship Council, Département de biologie [Sherbrooke] (UdeS), Faculté des sciences [Sherbrooke] (UdeS), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS)-Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), Algoma University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia (IPE), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé [France] (USC 1339 INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Department of Biology [Gainesville] (UF|Biology), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), European Project: 656035,H2020,H2020-MSCA-IF-2014,DRYFUN(2015), Vesk, Peter, University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), University of California [Riverside] (UC Riverside), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologìa = Pyrenean Institute of Ecology [Zaragoza] (IPE - CSIC), Lund University [Lund], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Universidade Federal de São Carlos [São Carlos] (UFSCar)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Occupancy, Niche, limiting similarity, Plant Science, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Intraspecific competition, Limiting similarity, species richness, Life Below Water, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Coexistence theory, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Ecology, Null model, intraspecific trait variability, habitat filtering, 15. Life on land, Biological Sciences, determinants of plant community diversity and structure, Habitat, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, community assembly, Species richness, Environmental Sciences, niche occupancy, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: [Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVIN [ADD1_IRSTEA]Dynamique et fonctionnement des écosystèmes; International audience; How the patterns of niche occupancy vary from species-poor to species-rich communities is a fundamental question in ecology that has a central bearing on the processes that drive patterns of biodiversity. As species richness increases, habitat filtering should constrain the expansion of total niche volume, while limiting similarity should restrict the degree of niche overlap between species. Here, by explicitly incorporating intraspecific trait variability, we investigate the relationship between functional niche occupancy and species richness at the global scale. 2.We assembled 21 datasets worldwide, spanning tropical to temperate biomes and consisting of 313 plant communities representing different growth forms. We quantified three key niche occupancy components (the total functional volume, the functional overlap between species and the average functional volume per species) for each community, related each component to species richness, and compared each component to the null expectations. 3.As species richness increased, communities were more functionally diverse (an increase in total functional volume), and species overlapped more within the community (an increase in functional overlap) but did not more finely divide the functional space (no decline in average functional volume). Null model analyses provided evidence for habitat filtering (smaller total functional volume than expectation), but not for limiting similarity (larger functional overlap and larger average functional volume than expectation) as a process driving the pattern of functional niche occupancy. 4.Synthesis. Habitat filtering is a widespread process driving the pattern of functional niche occupancy across plant communities and coexisting species tend to be more functionally similar rather than more functionally specialized. Our results indicate that including intraspecific trait variability will contribute to a better understanding of the processes driving patterns of functional niche occupancy
Published: 2018
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9. C and N models Intercomparison – benchmark and ensemble model estimates for grassland production

Author: Pete Smith, Sandro José Giacomini, Gianni Bellocchi, Joël Léonard, M. de Antoni Migliorati, Renata Sándor, Chris Dorich, Arti Bhatia, Ward Smith, Paul C. D. Newton, Jordi Doltra, Raia Silvia Massad, Fiona Ehrhardt, Miko U. F. Kirschbaum, Elizabeth Pattey, Matthew T. Harrison, Qing Zhang, Andrew D. Moore, Russell McAuliffe, Mark A. Liebig, Susanne Rolinski, Raphaël Martin, Brian Grant, Vasileios Myrgiotis, Mark Lieffering, Lorenzo Brilli, Jean-François Soussana, Luca Doro, Katja Klumpp, Bruno Basso, Elizabeth A. Meier, Patricia Laville, Sylvie Recous, Val Snow, Peter Grace, Lutz Merbold, Joanna Sharp, Nuala Fitton, Stephanie K. Jones, Lianhai Wu, Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry (ATK TAKI), Centre for Agricultural Research [Budapest] (ATK), Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Collège de Direction (CODIR), Department of Geological Sciences, Michigan State University [East Lansing], Michigan State University System-Michigan State University System, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), DISPAA, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Queensland University of Technology, Cantabrian Agricultural Research and Training Centre, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory [Fort Collins] (NREL), Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Desertification Research Group, University of Sassari, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Soil Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Agroressources et Impacts environnementaux (AgroImpact), United States Department of Agriculture, Lincoln Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre, Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Mazingira Centre, International Livestock Research Institute, Black Mountain Laboratories, CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Plant & Food Research, Sustainable Soils and Grassland Systems, Rothamsted Research, Institute of Atmospheric Physics [Beijing] (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), ANR, European Project: 277610, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Collège de Direction, University of Florence (UNIFI), Scotland's Rural College (SCUR), Landcare Research, Unité d'Agronomie de Laon-Reims-Mons (AGRO-LRM), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence (UniFI), Queensland University of Technology [Brisbane] (QUT), Università degli Studi di Sassari = University of Sassari [Sassari] (UNISS), Agriculture and Agri-Food (AAFC), and Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)-Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Calibration (statistics), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ANPP, Context (language use), Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Grassland, Physics::Geophysics, Benchmark (surveying), C-N MIP, Quantitative Biology::Populations and Evolution, model intercomparaison, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ensemble forecasting, Ecology, Simulation modeling, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, 15. Life on land, grassland production, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Arable land
Abstract: Much of the uncertainty in crop and grassland model predictions of how arable and grassland systems respond to changes in management and environmental drivers can be attributed to differences in the structure of these models. This has created an urgent need for international bench- marking of models, in which uncertainties are estimated by running several models that simulate the same physical and management conditions (ensemble modelling) to generate expanded envelopes of uncertainty in model predictions (Asseng et al. , 2013). Simulations of C and N fluxes, in particular, are inherently uncertain because they are driven by complex interactions (Sandor et al. , 2016) and complicated by considerable spatial and temporal variability in the measurements. In this context, the Integrative Research Group of the Global Research Alliance (GRA) on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases promotes a coordinated activity across multiple international projects (e.g. C and N Models Inter-comparison and Improvement to assess management options for GHG mitigation in agrosystems worldwide (C-N MIP) and Models4Pastures of the FACCE-JPI, https://www.faccejpi.com) to benchmark and compare simulation models that estimate C – N related outputs (including greenhouse gas emissions) from arable crop and grassland systems (http://globalresearchalliance.org/e/model- intercomparison-on-agricultural-ghg-emissions). This study presents some preliminary results on the uncertainty of outputs from 12 grassland models, whereas exploring differences in model response when increasing data resources are used for model calibration.
Published: 2016
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10. Potential of legume-based grassland-livestock systems in Europe: a review

Author: Andreas Lüscher, Jean-François Soussana, Irene Mueller-Harvey, Robert M. Rees, Jean-Louis Peyraud, Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Agroscope, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading (UOR), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage [Rennes] (PEGASE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), UE, and European Project: 266018,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-KBBE-2010-4,ANIMALCHANGE(2011)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, fixation d'azote, valeur énergétique, rendement, plant, ruminant, Review, 01 natural sciences, greenhouse gas emission, animal performance, gaz à effet de serre, Legume, 2. Zero hunger, changement climatique, Agroforestry, santé animale, Final product, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, captage du nitrate, Agricultural sciences, climate change, nitrate leaching, qualité du fourrage, Livestock, management, energy, tanin condense, bactérie symbiotique, yield, symbiotic N2 fixation, forage quality, animal performance, greenhouse gas emission, nitrate leaching, animal health, climate change, energy, plant, plante herbacée, durabilité des systèmes d'élevage, Forage, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Biology, légumineuse, tannins, Production (economics), Productivity, helminths, animal health, business.industry, Fossil fuel, Environmental and Society, performance animale, bloat, 15. Life on land, yield, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, plant secondary metabolites, Biotechnology, métabolite secondaire, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, ingestion, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, forage quality, Environnement et Société, symbiotic N2 fixation, business, Agronomy and Crop Science, Sciences agricoles, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: European grassland-based livestock production systems face the challenge of producing more meat and milk to meet increasing world demands and to achieve this using fewer resources. Legumes offer great potential for achieving these objectives. They have numerous features that can act together at different stages in the soil–plant–animal–atmosphere system, and these are most effective in mixed swards with a legume proportion of 30–50%. The resulting benefits include reduced dependence on fossil energy and industrial N-fertilizer, lower quantities of harmful emissions to the environment (greenhouse gases and nitrate), lower production costs, higher productivity and increased protein self-sufficiency. Some legume species offer opportunities for improving animal health with less medication, due to the presence of bioactive secondary metabolites. In addition, legumes may offer an adaptation option to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate change. Legumes generate these benefits at the level of the managed land-area unit and also at the level of the final product unit. However, legumes suffer from some limitations, and suggestions are made for future research to exploit more fully the opportunities that legumes can offer. In conclusion, the development of legume-based grassland–livestock systems undoubtedly constitutes one of the pillars for more sustainable and competitive ruminant production systems, and it can be expected that forage legumes will become more important in the future.
Published: 2014
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11. Long-term winter temperatures in central Mediterranean: forecast skill of an ensemble statistical model

Author: Nazzareno Diodato, Gianni Bellocchi, Met European Research Observatory (MetEROBS), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Meteorology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Exponential smoothing, Forecast skill, prévision, Statistical model, Term (time), 13. Climate action, Climatology, température, Trajectory, Environmental science, Hindcast, Predictability, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Pacific decadal oscillation, modélisation
Abstract: This study proposes a forecast skill scheme for winter temperatures in the central Mediterranean Sub-regional Area. An original series of mean winter (December to February) temperatures spanning the period 1698–2010 is the basis for developing long-term climate prediction. A procedure was identified where a predictable structure was first provided by reducing noise via the Empirical Mode Decomposition method and then an Ensemble Climate Prediction (ECP) was applied. The predictability limit of the decomposed series was assessed by applying a collection of methods from linear and nonlinear time series analysis (Hurst coefficients, Lyapunov exponents and wavelet patterns). The analysis was based on a set of tools that are suitable to discover the manifestation of a possible trajectory of projected temperature change. The progress of the winter temperature forecast was inferred by an Exponential Smoothing with a Damped (ESD) multiplicative trend model. ECP-ESD hindcast experiments were tested and ensemble forecasts run until the year 2040. ECP-ESD yields an ensemble mean path that consists: (1) of a sharp decline in winter temperature in the current decade; (2) more widespread predictions for 2020–2030, with fluctuations near the present multi-decadal average; and (3) a sharp warming for the 2030–2040 decade. Our results are compatible with projections for European winters and major climatic indices such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation.
Published: 2013
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12. The TOCATTA-χ model for assessing 14C transfers to grass: an evaluation for atmospheric operational releases from nuclear facilities

Author: D. Hébert, Raphaël Martin, Denis Maro, Séverine Le Dizès, C. Aulagnier, Romain Lardy, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Laboratoire de Radioécologie de Cherbourg-Octeville (LRC), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institute for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), and Grassland Ecosystem Research Group (UREP)
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Long-term monitoring, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, C-14, PREDICTIONS, 010501 environmental sciences, Poaceae, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Pasture, Grassland, Standard deviation, Atmosphere, Radioecology, medicine, Environmental Chemistry, Carbon Radioisotopes, PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION, Photosynthesis, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Air Movements, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, business.industry, Ecology, General Medicine, Models, Theoretical, 15. Life on land, Nuclear power, Pollution, Compartment model, Transfer, LA-HAGUE, Nuclear reprocessing, Air Pollutants, Radioactive, 13. Climate action, Grasslands, Environmental science, Nuclear facilities, business, Cycling, RICE PLANTS, DYNAMIC TRANSFER MODEL
Abstract: International audience; Radioactive C-14 is formed as a by-product of nuclear power generation and from the operation of nuclear fuel reprocessing plants like AREVA-NC La Hague (North France), which releases about 15 TBq per year of C-14 into the atmosphere. This article evaluates a recently improved radioecology model (TOCATTA-chi) to assess C-14 transfers to grassland ecosystems under normal operating conditions. The new version of the TOCATTA model (TOCATTA-chi) includes developments that were derived from PaSiM, a pasture model for simulating grassland carbon and radiocarbon cycling. The TOCATTA-chi model has been tested against observations of C-14 activity concentrations in grass samples collected monthly from six plots which are located around the periphery of the reprocessing plant. Simulated C-14 activities are consistent with observations on both intensively managed and poorly managed grasslands, but an adaptation of the mean turn-over time for C-14 within the plant is necessary in the model to account for different management practices. When atmospheric C-14 activity concentrations are directly inferred from observations, TOCATTA-chi performs better than TOCATTA (the root mean square error is decreased by 45%), but when atmospheric C-14 activity concentrations are not known and must be calculated, the uncertainty associated with the TOCATTA-chi model outcomes is estimated to be larger than the standard deviation of the observations. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published: 2013
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13. Les métabolismes oxydatifs extracellulaires : une nouvelle vision des processus de minéralisation du carbone organique du sol

Author: Keraval, Benoit, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Blaise Pascal (Clermont Ferrand 2), and Christian Amblard
Subjects: Biodiversity and Ecology, Minéralisation du carbone du sol, métabolisme oxydatif, Isotopie, Modélisation, Biodiversité et Ecologie, Métabolismes oxydatifs extracellulaires, Enzymologie du sol, these, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, enzymologie, minéralisation du carbone
Abstract: Les sols représentent une réserve de carbone plus importante que celles de l’atmosphère et de la végétation terrestre combinées. Ce réservoir de carbone impacte directement les concentrations en CO2 atmosphérique via le processus de minéralisation de la matière organique. Comprendre et prédire les flux de carbone dans le sol et entre le sol et l’atmosphère nécessite donc d’appréhender l’ensemble des processus soutenant la minéralisation de la matière organique dans le sol. Jusqu’en 2013, il était communément admis que la respiration par les microorganismes hétérotrophes du sol était la principale voie régulant la minéralisation de la matière organique dans ce compartiment. Cependant, suite à l’observation d’émissions de CO2 par des sols stérilisés, l’hypothèse d’une voie de minéralisation de matière organique soutenue par des métabolismes oxydatifs extracellulaires (EXOMET) a été proposée. Les travaux conduits au cours de cette thèse ont visé (i) à établir que les émissions de CO2 dans des sols stérilisés étaient le fait de métabolismes extracellulaires, (ii) à vérifier le caractère cosmopolite de ce processus quelles que soient les conditions édaphiques (iii) à identifier des facteurs impliqués dans la régulation de l’EXOMET et (iv) à proposer une approche permettant de déterminer sa contribution aux émissions de CO2 dans des sols vivants. Les résultats obtenus soutiennent l’hypothèse de l’EXOMET et mettent en exergue que les métabolismes extracellulaires sont régulés par des facteurs et des lois physico-chimiques différentes de celles supportées par les organismes vivants. Les données acquises suggèrent également que l’expression de l’EXOMET pourrait avoir des conséquences importantes pour certains écosystèmes (e.g., rhizosphère) et serait accentuée par les modifications de variables liées au changement climatique (e.g., température, humidité). Compte tenu des estimations de la contribution de l’EXOMET aux émissions de CO2 par les sols, de son activité au sein de sols aux conditions physico-chimiques variables et de la potentielle universalité de ce processus dans les sols, il est maintenant nécessaire d’intégrer l’EXOMET dans les modèles biogéochimiques globaux visant à appréhender les flux de carbone dans les sols et à prédire les émissions de CO2 et l’évolution du climat. Les données présentées dans ce manuscrit, contribuent significativement à la connaissance et à la compréhension de l’EXOMET mais soulignent également qu’un travail conséquent reste à mener pour appréhender les mécanismes sous tendant l’EXOMET et pour caractériser et quantifier ces métabolismes extracellulaires à l’échelle écosystémique.
Published: 2016

14. Unexpectedly high bacteriochlorophyll a concentrations in neotropical tank bromeliads

Author: Lehours, Anne-Catherine, Jeune, Anne-Hélène Le, Aguer, Jean-Pierre, Céréghino, Régis, Corbara, Bruno, Keraval, Benoit, Leroy, Céline, Perrière, Fanny, Jeanthon, Christian, Carrias, Jean-François, Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement (LMGE), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA), Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement - Clermont Auvergne (LMGE), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), MArine Phototrophic Prokaryotes (MAPP), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (ADMM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP), and Procaryotes Phototrophes Marins = MArine Phototrophic Prokaryotes (MAPP)
Subjects: [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: The contribution of bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl a) to photosynthetically driven electron transport is generally low in aquatic and terrestrial systems. Here, we provide evidence that anoxygenic bacterial phototrophy is widespread and substantial in water retained by tank bromeliads of a primary rainforest in French Guiana. An analysis of the water extracted from 104 randomly selected tank bromeliads using infrared fluorimetry suggested the overall presence of abundant anoxygenic phototrophic bacterial populations. We found that purple bacteria dominated these populations responsible for unusually high BChl a/chlorophyll a ratios (>50%). Our data suggest that BChl a-based phototrophy in tank bromeliads can have significant effects on the ecology of tank-bromeliad ecosystems and on the carbon and energy fluxes in Neotropical forests.
Published: 2016
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15. Priorities for modelling European grasslands under climate change

Author: Kipling, Richard P., Virkajärvi, Perttu, Breitsameter, Laura, Bellocchi, Gianni, Aberystwyth University, Green Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover [Hannover] (LUH), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)
Subjects: modelling, changement climatique, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, prairies, modélisation, prairie, grassland, Milieux et Changements globaux, global change
Abstract: Priorities for modelling European grasslands under climate change. 26th General meeting of the European Grassland Federation
Published: 2016

16. Évaluation du signal phylogénétique de la capacité de germination de l'orobanche rameuse sur une gamme d’hôtes de la famille des Fabacées

Author: Gibot-Leclerc, Stéphanie, Perronne, Rémi, Dessaint, Fabrice, Reibel, Carole, Le Corre, Valérie, Agroécologie [Dijon], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ), Unité de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV). FRA.
Subjects: agroecology, biotic interactions, parasitic plant, branched broomrape, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], oilseed rape, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], phylogenetic signal, pathovars
Abstract: SPEGESTADAGROSUPINRA; L’Orobanche rameuse (Phelipanche ramosa (L.) Pomel.) est une plante holoparasite obligatoire se développant sur une gamme très large d’hôtes sauvages et cultivés. En France, elle présente différents types génétiques (pathovars) caractérisés par une divergence génétique associée préférentiellement à une espèce cultivée d’hôte (notamment le colza, le tabac et le chanvre). L’Orobanche rameuse peut aussi se développer sur plusieurs dizaines d’espèces caractéristiques de la flore adventice des grandes cultures, et ainsi se maintenir au sein d’une parcelle, même en l’absence de la culture hôte durant plusieurs années. Connaitre la sensibilité de la communauté adventice à cette plante parasite pourrait permettre d’anticiper les risques associés à la présence de l’Orobanche rameuse. Plusieurs études récentes ont mis en évidence l’existence d’un signal phylogénétique pour différents traits caractérisant les hôtes d’un parasite au sein d’un groupe d’espèces ; les espèces apparentées présentant des valeurs de traits plus similaires que le simple hasard. L’existence d’un signal de ce type, lié à la sensibilité à l’Orobanche, pourrait constituer un prédicteur potentiel du risque d’infestation d’une communauté[1]. Dans le but d’évaluer cette hypothèse, nous avons étudié 2 pathovars (associé au colza et au chanvre) en vue de caractériser la capacité de l’hôte à induire la germination des graines d’Orobanche rameuse, en nous intéressant à 12 espèces de la famille des Fabacées. Pour chaque pathovar, nous avons évalué le taux de germination des graines d’Orobanche rameuse induit par chaque espèce hôte. Ensuite, en nous appuyant sur un arbre phylogénétique construit sur la base des séquences d'ADN (gènes rbcL et matK), nous avons recherché l’existence d’un signal phylogénétique via l’indice K* de Blomberg[2], les espèces d’hôtes étant réparties dans différentes tribus relativement éloignées sur l’arbre phylogénétique.
Published: 2016

17. Dynamics of root growth in response to grazing intensity and climate variability of a permanent upland mesic grassland

Author: Picon-Cochard, Catherine, Vassal, Nathalie, Herfurth, Damien, Revaillot, Sandrine, Sauvat, Stéphane, Note, Priscilla, Louault, Frédérique, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UPE, European Union Reference Laboratory for equine diseases (EURL), and Herbipôle
Subjects: Biodiversity and Ecology, stockage du carbone, racine, stockage du carbone dans le sol, Biodiversité et Ecologie, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, écosystème prairial, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Milieux et Changements globaux
Abstract: National audience; Permanent grassland provides ecosystem services such as protection of soil quality, preservation of ground and surface water quality and regulation of climate through soil carbon sequestration. Intensification of management practices through changes of mowing, fertilization and grazing intensity may threaten these services as well as climate variability through increasing drought intensity and frequency. In grassland, root activity (growth, mortality) contributes to the main inputs of C and N compounds into the soil. Understanding how root activity and soil C stock respond to management is of prime importance for the ecosystem C sequestration service. We studied during two years the dynamics of root mass production of an upland grassland subjected to different grazing intensity (abandonment, low and high stocking density with respectively 0, 6.9 and 13.8 LSU ha-1, livestock unit) and to ambient climate variability. We expected to have lower below-ground net primary production in intensive than in extensive grazing treatments due to stimulation of shoot mass at the expense of roots. The site is part of the long-term observatory network (ACBB-SOERE) located at St-Genès-Champanelle, France and included 12 plots, in which four ingrowth cores were inserted at 20 cm and collected 10 times each year during two following years. In addition root mass was measured three times during the first year to calculate root turnover. We showed strong seasonal root production in spring and autumn for all treatments either during a wet (first) or a dry (second) year. Root production started earlier in spring for both grazing treatments than in abandonment, which can be explained by higher soil temperature. However at the annual scale, root production and root stock were similar between treatments, leading to unchanged root turnover. Thus grazing intensity did not lead to change of root stock, although root dynamics, above-ground biomass and species composition were affected.
Published: 2016

18. webXTREME: a simple web tool for calculating agroclimatic indicators of extreme events

Author: Klein, Tommy, Samourkasidis, Argyrios, Athanasiadis, Ioannis N., Bellocchi, Gianni, Calanca, Pierluigi, Agroscope, Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), European Project: 613817,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-KBBE-2013-7-single-stage,MODEXTREME(2013), Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)
Subjects: indicateur climatique, climat extrème, événements extrêmes, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, indicateurs, Milieux et Changements globaux
Abstract: Extreme events such as frost, drought or excessive heat occurring during a critical plant stage can cause extensive and sometimes irreversible damages to agricultural production. Tools for gauging the occurrence of extreme events can thus play an important role in the context of agricultural decision problems. Agroclimatic indicators offer simple means to discriminate between favourable and unfavourable conditions. Their evaluation can be supported by dedicated software tools, even though this typically requires local installation of the proposed solution. Here we present webXTREME, a new web-based tool to characterize the occurrence and intensity of extreme events in agriculture (available through www.modextreme.org/webxtreme, accessed on 6 April, 2016). Objectives, which motivated its development, were: ease of access (available from any internet-connected device), simple setup, universal compatibility (no installation required), extensibility and the possibility to offer regular updating services. webXTREME was designed to help scientists and practitioners with various backgrounds to configure the solving algorithms by taking into account plant-specific thresholds and relevant time windows during the growing seasons of arable crops, grasslands and woody species. Graphical display of the results enables comparative assessments, either in space or in time. webXTREME was implemented using Shiny, an open-source web application framework for R. This allows combining the computational power of dedicated R functions with modern web technologies. webXTREME can easily be integrated into other modelling platforms (e.g. BioMA, http://bioma.jrc.ec.europa.e
Published: 2016

19. Plant trait-based assessment of the Pasture Simulation model

Author: Graux, A. -I, Klumpp, K., Ma, S., Raphaël Martin, Bellocchi, G., Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage [Rennes] (PEGASE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)
Subjects: modelling, traits des plantes, prairies, modélisation, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, prairie, grassland, Milieux et Changements globaux
Abstract: We used a functional trait-based plant classification to improve the plant module of the biogeochemical grassland model PaSim. Based on four main classes (A, B, C, D) and two derived types (b, d) covering a gradient from high to low productive/fertile grassland vegetation types, we derived new classes of model plant parameters representing an evolution of a previous parameterization obtained by calibration without considering any plant diversity. Illustrative results are presented for the French grassland site of Laqueuille, by comparing two grazing management treatments: intensive (type B) and low animal stocking rate extensive (type b). [br/] Model performances (reflected by root mean square error and coefficient of determination metrics) showed that accounting for plant traits may help predicting carbon-water fluxes (actual evapotranspiration, gross primary productivity, ecosystem respiration and net ecosystem exchange) and soil variables (temperature and water content). Whether the pattern of results (yet complex) generally supported the validity of the plant trait-based approach to derive model parameters, a substantiation is required by assessing model performances on a range of sites (as listed in the paper) covering a wide variety of conditions
Published: 2016

20. The Pasture Simulation model – evaluation of plant acclimatory effects on grassland systems in France

Author: Zaka, S., Sándor, R., Raphaël Martin, Louarn, G., Klumpp, K., Borras, D., Bellocchi, G., Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies et Plantes Fourragères (P3F), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Kaposvar University, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), European Project: 613817,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-KBBE-2013-7-single-stage,MODEXTREME(2013), and Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)
Subjects: modelling, modélisation, prairies, acclimatation, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], prairie, grassland
Abstract: The Pasture Simulation model – evaluation of plant acclimatory effects on grassland systems in France. 8th International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software (iEMSs)
Published: 2016

21. Etude de l'impact du pâturage sur l'hétérogénéité spatiale d'un écosystème prairial

Author: Zanin, Geoffrey, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), France. Université Blaise Pascal (Clermont Ferrand 2) (UBP), FRA., Juliette Bloor, and Katja Klumpp
Subjects: pâturage, variable du sol, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, prairie permanente, hétérogénéité spatiale, Milieux et Changements globaux
Abstract: L’hétérogénéité spatiale d’un écosystème a été étudiée au sein de prairies pâturées, afin de déterminer l’impact d’une intensification des pratiques d’élevage sur la distribution spatiale de différentes variables liées d’une part aux propriétés physico-chimiques du sol et à celle de la végétation. Pour mener à bien cette étude, des mesures spatialisées ont été conduites sur deux parcelles de prairie permanente auvergnate située en moyenne montagne. Ces sites d’études sont en place depuis 2002, l’une des parcelles subit un traitement dit intensif (fort chargement animal, fertilisation), la seconde subit un traitement dit extensif (faible chargement animal, pas de fertilisation). Les résultats montrent que la distribution spatiale de certaines variables (hauteur d’herbe, composition floristique ou encore stock de carbone) est dépendante de l’intensité du pâturage. L’intensification conduit généralement à la diminution de la taille des patchs, voire à une perte de la dépendance spatiale et donc à une homogénéisation de l’écosystème. Cette étude a donc permis de mettre en avant l’impact d’une intensification des pratiques d’élevage mais également de mettre au points une méthode d’analyse de l’hétérogénéité spatiale en vue de la déployé dans le cadre d’un projet européen., Ecosystem’s spatial heterogeneity was studied in grazed grassland. With the aim of identify the effects of a livestock intensification on the spatial distribution of varied variables describing the soil’s physicochemical and vegetation properties. To perform this study, spatialize measurements were lead on two permanent grassland localized in Auvergne, a low mountain region. Those experimental sites are used since 2002, one of the grassland receives an intensive treatment (high stock rate, fertilization), and the second one endures an extensive treatment (low stock rate, no fertilization). Results show for some variables (plant height, floristic composition, carbon stocks) a spatial distribution dependent of the grazing intensity. Usually, the intensification leads to à decrease of the patch sizes. But can also go further with a loose of the spatial dependence and so bring to an ecosystem homogenization. This study permit to show us the effects of an intensification of livestock management on spatial heterogeneity but as well to develop a method of heterogeneity analysis in grassland with the purpose of use it as part of an European project.
Published: 2016

22. Scenario analysis of alternative management options on the forage production and greenhouse gas emissions in Mediterranean grasslands

Author: Pulina, Antonio, Bellocchi, Gianni, Seddaiu, Giovanna, Roggero, Pier Paolo, Dipertimento di agraria & nucleo ricerca desertificazione, University of Sassari, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Dipartimento di agraria & nucleo ricerca desertificazione, MACSUR, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)
Subjects: modelling, prairies, modélisation, scénarii, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, prairie, grassland, Milieux et Changements globaux
Abstract: Scenario analysis of alternative management options on the forage production and greenhouse gas emissions in Mediterranean grasslands. 19th Meeting of the FAO-CIHEAM Mountain Pastures Network
Published: 2016

23. Presence of Trifolium repens Promotes Complementarity of Water Use and N Facilitation in Diverse Grass Mixtures

Author: Pauline Hernandez, Catherine Picon-Cochard, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, racine profonde, diversité fonctionnelle, surface foliaire, légumineuse, minirhizotron, leaf area, water use efficiency, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Biodiversité et Ecologie, Plant Science, Biology, lcsh:Plant culture, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Competition (biology), Biodiversity and Ecology, over-yielding, lcsh:SB1-1110, Water-use efficiency, Milieux et Changements globaux, Water content, media_common, Original Research, deep root, 2. Zero hunger, Biomass (ecology), 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, legume, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, functional diversity, Agronomy, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Trifolium repens, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Soil horizon, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Water use
Abstract: International audience; Legume species promote productivity and increase the digestibility of herbage in grasslands. Considerable experimental data also indicate that communities with legumes produce more above-ground biomass than is expected from monocultures. While it has been attributed to N facilitation, evidence to identify the mechanisms involved is still lacking and the role of complementarity in soil water acquisition by vertical root differentiation remains unclear. We used a 20-months mesocosm experiment to investigate the effects of species richness (single species, two- and five-species mixtures) and functional diversity (presence of the legume Trifolium repens) on a set of traits related to light, N and water use and measured at community level. We found a positive effect of Trifolium presence and abundance on biomass production and complementarity effects in the two-species mixtures from the second year. In addition the community traits related to water and N acquisition and use (leaf area, N, wateruse efficiency, and deep root growth) were higher in the presence of Trifolium. With a multiple regression approach, we showed that the traits related to water acquisition and use were with N the main determinants of biomass production and complementarity effects in diverse mixtures. At shallow soil layers, lower root mass of Trifolium and higher soil moisture should increase soil water availability for the associated grass species. Conversely at deep soil layer, higher root growth and lower soil moisture mirror soil resource use increase of mixtures. Altogether, these results highlight N facilitation but almost soil vertical differentiation and thus complementarity for water acquisition and use in mixtures with Trifolium. Contrary to grass-Trifolium mixtures, no significant overyielding was measured for grass mixtures even those having complementary traits (short and shallow vs. tall and deep). Thus, vertical complementarity for soil resources uptake in mixtures was not only dependant on the inherent root system architecture but also on root plasticity. We also observed a time-dependence for positive complementarity effects due to the slow development of Trifolium in mixtures, possibly induced by competition with grasses. Overall, our data underlined that soil water resource was an important driver of over-yielding and complementarity effects in Trifolium-grass mixtures.
Published: 2016
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24. Modelling the transfer of 14C from the atmosphere to grass: A case study in a grass field near AREVA-NC La Hague

Author: M.-A. Gonze, Denis Maro, Romain Lardy, S. Le Dizès, Raphaël Martin, C. Aulagnier, D. Hébert, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institute for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), and French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, DIGESTIBILITY, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Pasture, Grassland, BIOMASS, Soil, Radioecology, NUCLEAR-FUEL CYCLE, Carbon Radioisotopes, Waste Management and Disposal, geography.geographical_feature_category, Carbon cycle, General Medicine, Pollution, Substrate (marine biology), MANAGED PERMANENT PASTURES, Nuclear Power Plants, Terrestrial ecosystem, France, RICE PLANTS, Environmental Monitoring, DYNAMIC TRANSFER MODEL, medicine.medical_specialty, Meteorology, Poaceae, Models, Biological, Atmosphere, Atmospheric release, C-14 model, medicine, Environmental Chemistry, HERBAGE, Nitrogen cycle, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, DISCHARGES, ENVIRONMENT, geography, PREDICTING DYNAMICS, 15. Life on land, Carbon, Air Pollutants, Radioactive, 13. Climate action, Environmental science
Abstract: International audience; Radioactive C-14 is formed as a by-product of nuclear power generation and from operation of nuclear fuel reprocessing plants like AREVA-NC La Hague (North France), which releases about 15 TBq per year of C-14 into the atmosphere. Since the autumn of 2006, C-14 activity concentrations in samples from the terrestrial environment (air, grass and soil) have been monitored monthly on grassland 2 km downwind of the reprocessing plant. The monitoring data provides an opportunity to validate radioecology models used to assess C-14 transfer to grassland ecosystems. This article compares and discusses the ability of two different models to reproduce the observed temporal variability in grass C-14 activity in the vicinity of AREVA-NC La Hague. These two models are the TOCATTA model which is specifically designed for modelling transfer of C-14 and tritium in the terrestrial environment, and PaSim, a pasture model for simulating grassland carbon and nitrogen cycling. Both TOCATTA and PaSim tend to under-estimate the magnitude of observed peaks in grass C-14 activity, although they reproduce the general trends. PaSim simulates C-14 activities in substrate and structural pools of the plant. We define a mean turn-over time for C-14 within the plant, which is based on both experimental data and the frequency of cuts. An adapted PaSim result is presented using the 15 and 20 day moving average results for the C-14 activity in the substrate pool, which shows a good match to the observations. This model reduces the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) by nearly 40% in comparison to TOCATTA. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published: 2012
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25. Multiscale modelling of rainstorm-induced historical intermediate floods (June–November) in the Rhone River Basin

Author: Gianni Bellocchi, Nazzareno Diodato, Met European Research Observatory (MetEROBS), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Diodato, Nazzareno
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 0207 environmental engineering, Drainage basin, Fluvial, 02 engineering and technology, Forcing (mathematics), expérimentation multi-échelles, 01 natural sciences, bassin-versant, Natural hazard, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), inondation, 020701 environmental engineering, inondations, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Flooding (psychology), Storm, Moving window, bassin versant, multi-échelles, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, Climate model
Abstract: This study reveals the changes and evolution of rainstorm-driven intermediate floods occurring and driving multiple damaging hydrological events in the Rhone River Basin (RRB), since 1500 until 2010. A parsimonious approach was developed to simulate the major hydroclimatological flood-producing forcing, the Multiscale Rainstorm Climate Model (STORMCLIMM). We collected the frequency of intermediate floods—a type of particularly hazardous floods commonly taking place between June and beginning of November—from the RCB to be compared to STORMCLIMM estimates. The latter, smoothed by a moving window of 21 years, results in a high-pass filter in the time domain, which magnifies the signal of forcing variations causing intermediate floods. The RRB showed large temporal variations in both extreme rainstorms and associated multidecadal intermediate-floods (MUDIF) frequency at different climatic periods and land-use systems through historical times. An important peak was observed in the Maunder Minimum (1645–1715 AD). The model allowed detecting MUDIF occurred in the historical times. The situation becomes interesting with respect to recent times, because the Rhone landscape looks more vulnerable in the last decades as a consequence of land-use changes and climate shift towards more erratic and intensive storms. This evidence suggests that the interactions of land-use and climatic changes may turn into considerable vulnerability to fluvial flooding and agro-ecosystem connected to them for upcoming years. The Rhone, for example, provides basis for use of hydrological indicators (such as the one represented by STORMCLIMM) for one site or region and which, through minor modifications, can be made relevant to specific needs.
Published: 2012
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26. Spatial predictions of land-use transitions and associated threats to biodiversity: the case of forest regrowth in mountain grasslands

Author: Pascal Vittoz, Julien Pottier, Loïc Pellissier, Luigi Maiorano, Antoine Guisan, Maruska Anzini, Anne Dubuis, Département d'écologie et évolution [Lausanne] (DEE), Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biodiversity, statistical models, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Biodiversity conservation, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Grassland, Semi-natural grassland, biodiversity conservation, species richness, forest regrowth, ensemble forecasting, agricultural land abandonment, semi-natural grassland, Ecosystem, Agricultural land abandonment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, 2. Zero hunger, geography, Statisticalmodels, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Land use, Ensemble forecasting, business.industry, Forest regrowth, 15. Life on land, Habitat, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, Environmental science, Physical geography, Species richness, business
Abstract: Question Can we predict where forest regrowth caused by abandonment of agricultural activities is likely to occur? Can we assess how it may conflict with grassland diversity hotspots? Location Western Swiss Alps (400–3210 m a.s.l.). Methods We used statistical models to predict the location of land abandonment by farmers that is followed by forest regrowth in semi-natural grasslands of the Western Swiss Alps. Six modelling methods (GAM, GBM, GLM, RF, MDA, MARS) allowing binomial distribution were tested on two successive transitions occurring between three time periods. Models were calibrated using data on land-use change occurring between 1979 and 1992 as response, and environmental, accessibility and socio-economic variables as predictors, and these were validated for their capacity to predict the changes observed from 1992 to 2004. Projected probabilities of land-use change from an ensemble forecast of the six models were combined with a model of plant species richness based on a field inventory, allowing identification of critical grassland areas for the preservation of biodiversity. Results Models calibrated over the first land-use transition period predicted the second transition with reasonable accuracy. Forest regrowth occurs where cultivation costs are high and yield potential is low, i.e. on steeper slopes and at higher elevations. Overlaying species richness with land-use change predictions, we identified priority areas for the management and conservation of biodiversity at intermediate elevations. Conclusions Combining land-use change and biodiversity projections, we propose applied management measures for targeted/identified locations to limit the loss of biodiversity that could otherwise occur through loss of open habitats. The same approach could be applied to other types of land-use changes occurring in other ecosystems.
Published: 2012
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27. Testing the Robustness of Validated Methods for Quantitative Detection of GMOs Across qPCR Instruments

Author: Marco Mazzara, Emanuele Grazioli, Gianni Bellocchi, Thomas P. Weber, B. Munaro, G. Pinski, Nicoletta Foti, G. Van den Eede, E. Luque-Perez, C. Savini, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: validation, business.industry, gmo, Biology, robustesse, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Analytical Chemistry, Biotechnology, Genetically modified organism, Robustness (computer science), media_common.cataloged_instance, Pairwise comparison, European union, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, business, [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition, Safety Research, Food Science, media_common
Abstract: The number of real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) instruments available has greatly increased over recent years. However, little information is available on the performance of validated quantitative methods when tested in different instruments. A study has been designed to evaluate the robustness of three validated methods for genetically modified organisms (GMO) quantification across six real-time platforms from four different suppliers. The performance of three validated methods for event-specific detection of Bt11 maize, DAS 59122 maize and MON 89788 soybean was evaluated on six qPCR platforms (ABI 7900 HT, ABI Prism® 7700 and ABI 7500 from Applied Biosystems; LightCycler® 480 from Roche; Mx3005P® from Stratagene; and iQ™5 from Bio-Rad). Method performance criteria were compared against European Network of GMO Laboratories method performance requirements for analytical methods of GMO testing. The latter comparison indicates that the criteria are fulfilled for most of the platforms and levels of GMO concentrations, though with minor exceptions. The analysis of variance (one-way) indicated that the quantification of GMOs was affected by the platforms, which did not respond consistently across GM levels. A two-way analysis of variance confirmed that there were significant interactions between platforms and GM levels. The pairwise comparison of the platforms' performance indicated that some deviate significantly from others, though differences between methods were observed.
Published: 2012
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28. Continental atmospheric circulation over Europe during the Little Ice Age inferred from grape harvest dates

Author: C. van Leeuwen, I. Garcia de Cortazar-Atauri, Jean-Michel Boursiquot, Valérie Daux, Nicolas Viovy, Pascal Yiou, Emmanuel Garnier, Isabelle Chuine, Amber Parker, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UE Agroclim (UE AGROCLIM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Géochrononologie Traceurs Archéométrie (GEOTRAC), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne (EGFV), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Agroclim (AGROCLIM), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables (GLACCIOS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne (UMR EGFV), Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Yiou, P., Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric circulation, Stratigraphy, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], lcsh:Environmental protection, circulation atmosphérique, vendange, 01 natural sciences, vitis vinifera, lcsh:Environmental pollution, Harvest, lcsh:TD169-171.8, Little ice age, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, gradient altitudinal, lcsh:GE1-350, Global and Planetary Change, changement climatique, période glaciaire, donnée historique, Atmospheric flow, Paleontology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, analyse comparative, phénologie, Shutdown of thermohaline circulation, 13. Climate action, Climatology, lcsh:TD172-193.5, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Environmental science, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, europe
Abstract: Une discussion entre les reviewers a donné lieu à une publication (The requested discussion paper has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper.) :Yiou, P. (Auteur de correspondance), Garcia De Cortazar Atauri, I., Chuine, I., Daux, V., Garnier, E., Viovy, N., Van Leeuwen, C., Parker, A., Boursiquot, J.-M. (2011). Continental atmospheric circulation over Europe during Little Ice Age inferred from grape harvest dates. Discussions. Climate of the past, 7 (5), 3023-3048. DOI : 10.5194/cpd-7-3023-2011; Estimates of climate conditions before the 19th century are based on proxy data reconstructions or sparse meteorological measurements. The reconstruction of the atmospheric circulation that prevailed during the European Little Ice Age (∼1500–1850) has fostered many efforts. This study illustrates a methodology, combining historical proxies and modern datasets to obtain detailed information on the atmospheric circulation that prevailed over the North Atlantic region during the Little Ice Age. We used reconstructions of temperature gradients over France based on grape harvest dates to infer the atmospheric circulation. We found that blocking situations were more likely in summer, inducing a continental atmospheric flow. This study advocates that the reconstructions of the past atmospheric circulation should take this regime into account.
Published: 2012
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29. Plant–herbivore interactions affect the initial direction of community changes in an ecosystem manipulation experiment

Author: F. Decuq, Antoine Tardif, Cécile Ginane, Anne Farruggia, Frédérique Louault, Bertrand Dumont, Laurent Lanore, Pascal Carrère, Olivier Darsonville, Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores (URH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Service d'ophtalmologie [Clermont-Ferrand], CHU Clermont-Ferrand, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, sheep, Biology, vegetation dynamic, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Stocking, Abundance (ecology), Grazing, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, 2. Zero hunger, Herbivore, Biomass (ecology), Ecology, Plant community, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, grazing intensity, Agronomy, cattle, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Species evenness, diet selection, Species richness, grassland, rotational grazing, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract: International audience; Das Fehlen von Daten zum kombinierten Effekt von Nutztierart und Beweidungsintensität erschwert Empfehlungen zum Management von Biodioversität und Produktion in Grasland-Ökosystemen. Wir unterteilten ein fruchtbares Grasland in 12 Areale, die von Rindern in hoher oder geringer Besatzdichte beweidet wurden oder von Schafen in derselben geringen Besatzdichte. Das Beweidungsmanagement hatte einen sofortigen und direkten Einfluss auf die Rasenstruktur. Wir schlossen, dass die dominanten Krautpflanzen (Taraxacum officinale) und Leguminosen (Trifolium repens) stark durch die Biomasseakkumulation auf leicht beweideten Flächen benachteiligt wurden. Damit beeinflusste die Besatzdichte die Zusammensetzung der Pflanzengesellschaft vom Anfang des zweiten Jahres der Untersuchung an. Es gab direkte und indirekte Anhaltspunkte dafür, dass die Selektion von Krautpflanzen und Leguminosen durch Schafe intensiver war als die durch Rinder. Die Auswirkungen dieser unterschiedlichen Selektivität wurden aber erst nach sechs Jahren manifest, als auf von Schafen beweideten Flächen die Abundanz der Leguminosen ihren niedrigsten und die Abundanz der Gräser ihren Spitzenwert erreichten. Umgekehrt wurden weder der Artenreichtum noch die Evenness der Pflanzengesellschaft während der ersten fünf Untersuchungsjahre verändert. Die Untersuchung sollte fortgeführt werden, um die Gleichgewichtszustände, die mit den drei Managementstrategien erreicht werden können, zu bestimmen.; The lack of data on the combined effects of livestock species and grazing intensity makes it difficult to propose recommendations for the management of biodiversity and production in grassland ecosystems. We therefore divided a fertile grassland into 12 plots that were grazed by either cattle at a high or a low stocking density or by sheep at the same low stocking density. Grazing management had an immediate and direct impact on sward structure. We infer that dominant forbs (Taraxacum officinale) and legumes (Trifolium repel's) were strongly disadvantaged by biomass accumulation in lightly grazed plots. Consequently, stocking density affected plant community composition right from the start of the second year of the survey. There was direct and indirect evidence that the selection made by sheep on forbs and legumes could be stronger than the selection made by cattle. The impact of this difference in selectivity took six years to manifest, when legume abundance became lowest and grass abundance peaked in sheep-grazed pastures. Conversely, neither species richness nor evenness of the plant community was modified over the first six years of the survey; it should therefore be continued in order to determine the equilibrium states that can be reached under the three management strategies.
Published: 2011
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30. Scale-invariant rainstorm hazard modelling for slopeland warning

Author: Diodato, Petrucci, Bellocchi, Met European Research Observatory (MetEROBS), Research Institute for Geo-hydrological Protection, Partenaires INRAE, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: landslide, Atmospheric Science, glissement terrain, tempête, modèle, Meteorology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 0207 environmental engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Weather warning, calabria, Precipitation, Milieux et Changements globaux, 020701 environmental engineering, 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, Resistance (ecology), Flooding (psychology), glissement de terrain, Storm, Hazard index, Hazard, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Erosion, Environmental science
Abstract: International audience; Periods characterized by heavy rain and storms can trigger Multiple Damaging Hydrological Events (MDHE), in turn developing flooding, erosion, downpours and other phenomena affecting human habitats and ecosystems. However, approaches and applications to model MDHE and weather warning under specific environmental conditions are still poor. Based on the interpretation of the rainstorm – MDHE relationship, it was reconsidered and extended to a modelbased rainstorms hazard index (RHI) developed in a previous paper, where rainstorm-pulsing force and resistance state are combined. In this way, landscape response was achieved by individual formative rainfall events, while the specific sequence of events that can affect landscape was only assessed in a qualitative way. A retrospective evaluation of rainstorm hazard modelling, control runs, are also given for different precipitation durations (from 1 to 240 h), to be compared with MDHE at two test-sites of Southern Italy (Benevento, Campania region; Scilla, Calabria region). For these sites, the complete series of historical MDHE which occurred during a 10 year period (1997–2008) was gathered and used to validate the results of the rainfall model. The tool is relatively simple and potentially attractive to rapidly prediction of adverse consequences of rainstorms. Perspectives for real-time applications in emergency planning are ultimately given for an agenda in future research. Copyright 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Published: 2011
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31. Technical assessment and evaluation of environmental models and software: Letter to the Editor

Author: Anke Hildebrandt, Daniel P. Ames, Mike Rivington, Gianni Bellocchi, Marina G. Erechtchoukova, S.T. Purucker, Neil M.J. Crout, Georgii A. Alexandrov, Michael Bruen, Conrad Jackisch, F. Hoffman, Giorgio Mannina, T. Matsunaga, Peter A. Khaiter, Luis Samaniego, Natl Inst Environm Studies, Partenaires INRAE, Idaho State University, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University College Dublin (UCD), Sch Biosci, University of Birmingham, York University, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Università degli Studi di Palermo, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Alexandrova, GA, Amesb, D, Bellocchici, G, Bruend, M, Croute, N, Erechtchoukovaf, M, Hildebrandtg, A, Hoffmanh, F, Jackischi, C, Khaiterf, P, Mannina, G, Matsunagaa, T, Puruckerk, T, Rivingtonl, M, and Samaniegog, L
Subjects: Environmental impact analysis--Software--Evaluation, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, Process (engineering), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Best practice, media_common.quotation_subject, 0207 environmental engineering, Environmental modelling, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Environmental impact analysis--Computer simulation--Evaluation, Model credibility, Software verification, Credibility, Environmental impact assessment, Quality (business), Environmental software, 020701 environmental engineering, Model evaluation, Publication, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Environmental sciences--Computer simulation--Evaluation, Settore ICAR/03 - Ingegneria Sanitaria-Ambientale, Environmental assessment, Management science, business.industry, Ecological Modeling, Action (philosophy), Risk analysis (engineering), Environmental sciences--Software--Evaluation, business, Software
Abstract: International audience; This letter details the collective views of a number of independent researchers on the technical assessment and evaluation of environmental models and software. The purpose is to stimulate debate and initiate action that leads to an improved quality of model development and evaluation, so increasing the capacity for models to have positive outcomes from their use. As such, we emphasize the relationship between the model evaluation process and credibility with stakeholders (including funding agencies) with a view to ensure continued support for modelling efforts. Many journals, including EM&S, publish the results of environmental modelling studies and must judge the work and the submitted papers based solely on the material that the authors have chosen to present and on how they present it. There is considerable variation in how this is done with the consequent risk of considerable variation in the quality and usefulness of the resulting publication. Part of the problem is that the review process is reactive, responding to the submitted manuscript. In this letter, we attempt to be proactive and give guidelines for researchers, authors and reviewers as to what constitutes best practice in presenting environmental modelling results. This is a unique contribution to the organisation and practice of model-based research and the communication of its results that will benefit the entire environmental modelling community. For a start, our view is that the community of environmental modellers should have a common vision of minimum standards that an environmental model must meet. A common vision of what a good model should be is expressed in various guidelines on Good Modelling Practice. The guidelines prompt modellers to codify their practice and to be more rigorous in their model testing. Our statement within this letter deals with another aspect of the issue it prompts professional journals to codify the peer-review process. Introducing a more formalized approach to peer-review may discourage reviewers from accepting invitations to review given the additional time and labour requirements. The burden of proving model credibility is thus shifted to the authors. Here we discuss how to reduce this burden by selecting realistic evaluation criteria and conclude by advocating the use of standardized evaluation tools as this is a key issue that needs to be tackled. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published: 2011
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32. A hierarchical model for analysing the stability of vegetation patterns created by grazing in temperate pastures

Author: Rossignol, Nicolas, Chadoeuf, Joel, Carrère, Pascal, Dumont, Bertrand, Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores (URH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Biostatistique et Processus Spatiaux (BioSP), and INRA-ECOGER program DIVHERBE
Subjects: modèle explicite, explicit model, stocking rate, procédé booleen, semi-variograms, spacialement, functional diversity, boolean process, patch stability, spatially, semi-variogrammes, cattle, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, pourcentage de stockage
Abstract: International audience; Method: The mosaic of short and tall vegetation stands considered as grazed and ungrazed patches respectively is modeled as the realization of a Boolean process. This method does not require any arbitrarily set sward-height thresholds to discriminate between grazed and ungrazed areas, or the use of additional variables such as defoliation indexes. The model was validated by comparing empirical and simulated sward-height distributions and semi-variograms. Results: The model discriminated between grazed and ungrazed patches at both a fine (1 m(2)) and a larger (500 m(2)) scale. Selective grazing on legumes and forbs and avoidance of reproductive grass could partly explain the stability of fine-scale grazing patterns in lightly grazed plots. In these plots, the model revealed an inter-annual stability of large-scale grazing patterns at the time peak biomass occurred. At the end of the grazing season, lightly grazed plots showed fluctuating patch boundaries while heavily grazed plots showed a certain degree of patch stability. Conclusion: The model presented here reveals that selective grazing at the bite scale could lead to the creation of relatively stable patches within the pasture. Locally maintaining short cover heights would result in divergent within-plot vegetation dynamics, and thus favor the functional diversity of vegetation.
Published: 2010
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33. Productivity, Respiration, and Light-Response Parameters of World Grassland and Agroecosystems Derived From Flux-Tower Measurements

Author: Tagir G. Gilmanov1, L. Aires2, Z. Barcza2, V. S. Baron3, L. Belelli2, J. Beringer2, D. Billesbach3, D. Bonal2, J. Bradford2, E. Ceschia2, D. Cook2, C. Corradi2, A. Frank4, D. Gianelle2, C. Gimeno2, 3, T. Gruenwald2, Haiqiang Guo2, N. Hanan2, L. Haszpra2, J. Heilman2, A. Jacobs2, M. B. Jones3, D. A. Johnson4, G. Kiely2, Shenggong Li2, V. Magliulo2, E. Moors2, Z. Nagy2, M. Nasyrov3, C. Owensby3, K. Pinter2, C. Pio2, M. Reichstein2, M. J. Sanz2, R. Scott2, J. F. Soussana2, P. C. Stoy2, T. Svejcar4, Z. Tuba2, 5, Guangsheng Zhou2, Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University (SDSTATE), Universidade de Aveiro, Department of Meteorology [Budapest], Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences [Budapest], Faculty of Sciences [Budapest], Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)-Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)-Faculty of Sciences [Budapest], Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)-Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Lacombe Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), Tuscia University, School of Geography and Environmental Scienc, Monash University [Clayton], Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska System, Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environmental Science Division, Climate Research Section, Argonne National Laboratory [Lemont] (ANL), Istituto Agrario di San Michele all'Adige (IASMA), Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterraneo, Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology [Dresden], Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering [Shanghai], Institute of Biodiversity Science at Fudan University [Shanghai] (IBSFU), Geographic Information Science Center of Excellence (GILScCE), Hungarian Meteorological Service (OMSz), Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University System, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Botany Department, Trinity College Dublin, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University College Cork, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (ISAFOM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Institute of Botany and Ecophysiology, Agricultural University of Gödöllô, Samarkand State University, Agronomy Department, Kansas State University, Department of Environment, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University (MSU), Institute of Botany, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), and University College Cork (UCC)
Subjects: net ecosystem CO(2) exchange, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, ecosystem respiration, Steppe, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], northern great-plains, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Grassland, agro-ecosystemen, meting, FluxNet, Alterra - Centre for Water and Climate, net ecosystem carbon balance, CWK - Earth System Science and Climate Change, light-response function method, Wageningen Environmental Research, net CO(2) flux partitioning, 2. Zero hunger, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, grasslands, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, croplands, graslanden, temperate grassland, kooldioxide, Ecosystem respiration, gross primary productivity, Alterra - Centrum Water en Klimaat, agroecosystems, koolstofcyclus, net ecosystem exchange, water-vapor, Eddy covariance, netto ecosysteem koolstofbalans, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, soil, carbon cycle, eddy covariance, Ecosystem, Bowen ratio, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, carbon-dioxide exchange, geography, WIMEK, Primary production, carbon dioxide, co2 exchange, 15. Life on land, gross primary production, CWC - Earth System Science and Climate Change, tallgrass prairie, 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Animal Science and Zoology, measurement
Abstract: Grasslands and agroecosystems occupy one-third of the terrestrial area, but their contribution to the global carbon cycle remains uncertain. We used a set of 316 site-years of CO(2) exchange measurements to quantify gross primary productivity, respiration, and light-response parameters of grasslands, shrublands/savanna, wetlands, and cropland ecosystems worldwide. We analyzed data from 72 global flux-tower sites partitioned into gross photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration with the use of the light-response method (Gilmanov, T. G., D. A. Johnson, and N. Z. Saliendra. 2003. Growing season CO(2) fluxes in a sagebrushsteppe ecosystem in Idaho: Bowen ratio/energy balance measurements and modeling. Basic and Applied Ecology 4:167-183) from the RANGEFLUX and WORLDGRASSAGRIFLUX data sets supplemented by 46 sites from the FLUXNET La Thuile data set partitioned with the use of the temperature-response method (Reichstein, M., E. Falge, D. Baldocchi, D. Papale, R. Valentini, M. Aubinet, P. Berbigier, C. Bernhofer, N. Buchmann, M. Falk, T. Gilmanov, A. Granier, T. Grunwald, K. Havrankova, D. Janous, A. Knohl, T. Laurela, A. Lohila, D. Loustau, G. Matteucci, T. Meyers, F. Miglietta, J.M. Ourcival, D. Perrin, J. Pumpanen, S. Rambal, E. Rotenberg, M. Sanz, J. Tenhunen, G. Seufert, F. Vaccari, T. Vesala, and D. Yakir. 2005. On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm. Global Change Biology 11: 1.424-1439). Maximum values of the quantum yield (alpha = 75 mmol.mol(-1)), photosynthetic capacity (A(max) = 3.4 mg CO(2) . m(-2).s-1), gross photosynthesis (P(g,max) = 1.16 g CO(2) . m(-2).d(-1)), and ecological light-use efficiency (epsilon(ecol) = 59 mmol . mol(-1)) of managed grasslands and high-production croplands exceeded those of most forest ecosystems, indicating the potential of nonforest ecosystems for uptake of atmospheric CO(2). Maximum values of gross primary production (8 600 g CO(2) . m(-2).yr(-1)), total ecosystem respiration (7 900 g CO(2) . m(-2).yr(-1)), and net CO(2) exchange (2 400 g CO(2) . m(-2).yr(-1)) were observed for intensively managed grasslands and high-yield crops, and are comparable to or higher than those for forest ecosystems, excluding some tropical forests. On average, 80% of the nonforest sites were apparent sinks for atmospheric CO(2), with mean net uptake of 700 g CO(2) . m(-2).yr(-1) for intensive grasslands and 933 g CO(2) . m(-2).d(-1) for croplands. However, part of these apparent sinks is accumulated in crops and forage, which are carbon pools that are harvested, transported, and decomposed off site. Therefore, although agricultural fields may be predominantly sinks for atmospheric CO(2), this does not imply that they are necessarily increasing their carbon stock.
Published: 2010
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34. Effects of land-use change on productivity depend on small-scale plant species diversity

Author: Juliette M. G. Bloor, Vincent Maire, Jean-François Soussana, Frédérique Louault, Nicolas Gross, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, spatial stability, biodiversity effect, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biodiversity, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, fertilisation, Ecosystem services, Land use, land-use change and forestry, Ecosystem, species richness, mowing, intensification, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 2. Zero hunger, Biomass (ecology), above-ground biomass production, Agroforestry, Ecology, grasslands, land use, Species diversity, 15. Life on land, Productivity (ecology), Environmental science, Species richness, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Understanding the interplay between land-use change, species diversity and ecosystem function is critical for the prediction of global change impacts on ecosystem services. Biodiversity experiments with artificial species assemblages have shown that community-scale species richness may affect ecosystem productivity and spatial stability. However, the use of synthetic communities with controlled levels of species density for biodiversity experiments has been criticised and their relevance for natural communities has been questioned. Here, we use a land-use change experiment to investigate the biodiversity effects on production within managed, upland grasslands. We examine species diversity and productivity at both the small plant-neighbourhood scale (14 x 14 cm) and the field scale (15 m x 25 m) for two land-use trajectories under field conditions: intensification through fertilisation, and extensification through the cessation of mowing. Both intensification and extensification were associated with a decrease in species number, but the magnitude of this decrease was greater at the small scale. Extensification was associated with a decrease in small-scale productivity whereas intensification had no significant effect on small-scale productivity. Effects of land-use treatments on biomass production were mediated by variation in small-scale species number; species number showed a significant positive relationship with small-scale productivity within each land-use treatment. Furthermore, species number was associated with a decrease in the variance of small-scale green biomass. In contrast, no species diversity effects were found on productivity at the field scale. Instead, field-scale species diversity decreased with increase in the total above-ground biomass (green biomass + litter). This study demonstrates that biodiversity effects can be observed under field conditions at the small scale and may play an important role for ecosystem functioning and stability even in low-diversity plant communities. (C) 2009 Gesellschaft fur Okologie. Published by Elsevier Gmbh. All rights reserved.
Published: 2009
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35. Trade-off between root nitrogen acquisition and shoot nitrogen utilization across 13 co-occurring pasture grass species

Author: Catherine Picon-Cochard, Jean-François Soussana, Vincent Maire, Nicolas Gross, Laíse da Silveira Pontes, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and French ANR DISCOVER [ANR-05BDIV-010-01]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Biology, absorption par les racines, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Pasture, chemistry.chemical_compound, nitrate, Temperate climate, Ecosystem, Ammonium, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 2. Zero hunger, Biomass (ecology), geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, fungi, food and beverages, Plant physiology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Herbaceous plant, ammonium, chemistry, Agronomy, Shoot, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, trait fonctionnel des plantes, efficacité de l'utilisation de l'azote
Abstract: International audience; 1. Although plant nitrogen (N) strategies may play an important role for community structure and ecosystem functioning, there is not a clear understanding of the link between N acquisition by roots and N utilization by shoots. Particularly, it is unclear how the co-variations between size- and physiology-related traits determine N acquisition and N utilization at the plant scale. 2. We used 13 co-occurring temperate pasture grasses to study inter-specific variations in above-ground N yield and in root N acquisition and shoot N utilization traits. N acquisition traits concerned root influx capacities for and , root mass and specific root area in ingrowth cores. N utilization traits concerned leaf life span, leaf N content, leaf N resorption, mean residence time of N and leaf N use efficiency. 3. We found evidence for three trade-offs across species concerning root N acquisition: (i) root mass increased when specific root area declined; (ii) an increase in root area was observed when total N influx capacity decreased; and (iii) root influx capacity increased when capacity declined. 4. High total root uptake capacity gave rise to high leaf N content and was associated across species to low leaf N use efficiency. Tall grasses were characterized by high shoot N yield, high root biomass and high leaf N use efficiency. Physiology-related traits and size-related traits were generally found independent. 5. Our study demonstrates how size and N uptake related root traits are associated to major axes of plant specialization ((i) plant size and (ii) conservation vs. exploitation of N) which were previously identified based on shoot traits. Contrasted N strategies were segregated across species according to four combinations along these two axes.
Published: 2009
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36. Importance of methane and nitrous oxide for Europe’s terrestrial greenhouse-gas balance

Author: Sebastiaan Luyssaert, John H. C. Gash, Christian Rödenbeck, Jean-François Soussana, Philippe Bousquet, Annette Freibauer, Ivan A. Janssens, Pete Smith, John Grace, Ernst Detlef Schulze, Giuseppe Etiope, Ingeborg Levin, B. Thiruchittampalam, Philippe Peylin, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Martin Wattenbach, Wouter Peters, Z. Poussi, Jens Nieschulze, P. Ciais, A. J. Dolman, Nicolas Vuichard, Martin Heimann, Riccardo Valentini, Hydrology and Geo-environmental sciences, Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp (UA), College of Forestry [Corvallis], Oregon State University (OSU), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), inconnu, Inconnu, Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Edinburgh, Institut für Umweltphysik [Heidelberg], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], University of Tuscia, Laboratoire d'Analyse, Topologie, Probabilités (LATP), Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Meteorology and Air Quality Department [Wageningen] (MAQ), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Department of Forest Resources and Environment, School of Biological Sciences [Aberdeen], University of Aberdeen, Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], European Forest Institute = Institut Européen de la Forêt = Euroopan metsäinstituutti (EFI), Institute of Hydrology, Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de recherche d'Agronomie (UA), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institut, Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP), Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences [Aberdeen], Heidelberg University, University of Stuttgart, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), VU University Amsterdam, Tuscia University, Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), and 0 Pre-GFZ, Departments, GFZ Publication Database, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum
Subjects: Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology and Air Quality, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Atmospheric carbon cycle, Carbon dioxide equivalent, 550 - Earth sciences, Soil science, Carbon sequestration, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, atmospheric methane, carbon budget, Environmental protection, 11. Sustainability, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Wageningen Environmental Research, Carbon credit, sink, Biology, soils, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, WIMEK, Carbon offset, emissions, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, fluxes, Centrum Ecosystemen, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, Climate change mitigation, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Greenhouse gas, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, co2, Kyoto Protocol, ecosystems
Abstract: Climate change negotiations aim to reduce net greenhouse-gas emissions by encouraging direct reductions of emissions and crediting countries for their terrestrial greenhouse-gas sinks. Ecosystem carbon dioxide uptake has offset nearly 10% of Europe's fossil fuel emissions, but not all of this may be creditable under the rules of the Kyoto Protocol. Although this treaty recognizes the importance of methane and nitrous oxide emissions, scientific research has largely focused on carbon dioxide. Here we review recent estimates of European carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes between 2000 and 2005, using both top-down estimates based on atmospheric observations and bottom-up estimates derived from ground-based measurements. Both methods yield similar fluxes of greenhouse gases, suggesting that methane emissions from feedstock and nitrous oxide emissions from arable agriculture are fully compensated for by the carbon dioxide sink provided by forests and grasslands. As a result, the balance for all greenhouse gases across Europe's terrestrial biosphere is near neutral, despite carbon sequestration in forests and grasslands. The trend towards more intensive agriculture and logging is likely to make Europe's land surface a significant source of greenhouse gases. The development of land management policies which aim to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions should be a priority. © 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
Published: 2009
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37. Use of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy to predict the percentage of dead versus living grass roots

Author: Catherine Picon-Cochard, Sandrine Revaillot, Michel Jestin, Rémi Pilon, Lorna Dawson, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores (URH), Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, and Partenaires INRAE
Subjects: roots, nirs, 0106 biological sciences, Reflectance spectroscopy, species, Soil Science, Near-Infrared Spectrometry, Plant Science, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Reflection spectrometry, Grassland, Animal science, Botany, Poaceae, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, grasslands, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany, Field conditions
Abstract: International audience; We tested the potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict the percentage of dead versus living roots of five grass species grown in monocultures under field conditions. Root death was induced after total severance of aboveground vegetation. Root samples were collected immediately after this treatment to obtain predominantly live roots (L), and then one (D1) and two months (D2) to obtain dead roots. NIRS spectra of L samples were different from D1 and D2 samples for four of the five species. The percentage of live and dead roots and root C and N were significantly predicted by NIRS. Validation of live and dead root percentage calibration was achieved with an error of prediction of 15%. These results show the potential of NIRS to predict the percentage of dead and live roots under field conditions and open up new opportunities in estimating more accurately below-ground net primary production of grasslands.
Published: 2008
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38. Fuzzy-logic based multi-site crop model evaluation in europe

Author: Ferrise, Roberto, Bindi, Marco, Acutis, Marco, Bellocchi, Gianni, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Department and Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, (DiSAA), University of Milan, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UE, European Project: 613817, University of Florence (UNIFI), Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence (UniFI), Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), and Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)
Subjects: modelling, logique floue, modélisation, évaluation, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Milieux et Changements globaux
Abstract: It is agreed that the aggregation of metrics of different nature into integrated indicators offers a valuable way to assess models (Bellocchi et al., 2010). A composite indicator (MQIm: Model Quality Indicator for multi-site assessment) was elaborated on metrics commonly used to evaluate simulation models, and on recent concepts of model evaluation integrating sensitivity analysis and robustness measures, as well as information criteria for model selection and expert judgments on the importance of different metrics. For wheat modelling in Europe, we document to what extent the MQIm reflects the main components of model quality and supports inferences about model performances.
Published: 2016

39. Uncertainties of different weather data input on three multi-models simulations of yield and water use

Author: Cammarano, Davide, Matthews, Keith B., Miller, Dave, Rivington, Mike, Bellocchi, Gianni, The James Hutton Institute, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: modelling, incertitudes, climat, production agricole, modélisation, agricultural production, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Milieux et Changements globaux, uncertainty, incertitude
Abstract: One of the sources of uncertainty in simulating the plausible impacts of climate change on crop production is the usefulness of the weather projections. Climate model outputs provide both biased and uncertain representations of observed data, and therefore there will be errors related with the use of the projections. Building on previous research about the link between weather data type, sources with known biases, and multiple crop model errors, we investigated the complexities in using climate model projections representing different spatial scales within climate change impacts and adaptation studies.
Published: 2016

40. Sur l'utilisation des modèles hydrologiques et données par satellite pour étudier le bilan d'eau des bassins fluviaux touchés par les activités humaines : Exemples du bassin Garonne de la France

Author: Sylvain Ferrant, Romain Lardy, Patrick Le Moigne, Eric Martin, Vincent Rivalland, José-Miguel Sanchez Perez, Clément Murgue, Youen Grusson, Sabine Sauvage, Delphine Leenhardt, François Anctil, Mélanie Bardeau, Olivier Therond, Simon Gascoin, Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Structure et fonctionnement des systèmes hydriques continentaux (SISYPHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecoclab, Partenaires INRAE, AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires (AGIR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Department of Civil and Water Engineering, Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes (EMMAH), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Laval University [Québec]
Subjects: HYDROLOGICAL MODEL, Resource (biology), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, ACTION ANTHROPIQUE, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Drainage basin, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, DONNEE DE SATELLITE, 02 engineering and technology, Structural basin, 01 natural sciences, HYDROLOGIC BALANCE, MODELE HYDROLOGIQUE, Hydrology (agriculture), Geochemistry and Petrology, Evapotranspiration, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, TELEDETECTION, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Anthropogenic changes, Discharge, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, Modeling, SOCIOLOGY, Agriculture, ANTHROPIC ACTIVITY, 15. Life on land, Remote sensing, Snow, 6. Clean water, 020801 environmental engineering, Water resources, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Sociological and hydrological system, BILAN HYDROLOGIQUE, SATELLITE DATA, SOCIOLOGIE
Abstract: [Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]ARCEAU; International audience; Natural and anthropogenic forcing factors and their changes significantly impact water resources in many river basins around the world. Information on such changes can be derived from fine scale in situ and satellite observations, used in combination with hydrological models. The latter need to account for hydrological changes caused by human activities to correctly estimate the actual water resource. In this study, we consider the catchment area of the Garonne river (in France) to investigate the capabilities of space-based observations and up-to-date hydrological modeling in estimating water resources of a river basin modified by human activities and a changing climate. Using the ISBA--MODCOU and SWAT hydrological models, we find that the water resources of the Garonne basin display a negative climate trend since 1960. The snow component of the two models is validated using the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer snow cover extent climatology. Crop sowing dates based on remote sensing studies are also considered in the validation procedure. Use of this dataset improves the simulated evapotranspiration and river discharge amounts when compared to conventional data. Finally, we investigate the benefit of using the MAELIA multi-agent model that accounts for a realistic agricultural and management scenario. Among other results, we find that changes in crop systems have significant impacts on water uptake for agriculture. This work constitutes a basis for the construction of a future modeling framework of the sociological and hydrological system of the Garonne river region.
Published: 2016
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41. Prairies permanentes basco-béarnaises : une typologie pour évaluer les services écosystémiques rendus par les prairies et par les exploitations

Author: Arranz, Jean-Marc, BERNOS, Nicolas, Carrère, Pascal, CHARBONNEAU, Marion, GASCOUAT, Pierre, Hulin, Sophie, INARRA, Philippe, MAREAUX, Marie-Claude, Noblia, Jean-Marie, OLHA, Elise, Groupement d'Intérêt Scientifique ID 64 - Recherches sur les ovins et le lait de montagne des Pyrénées-Atlantiques (GIS ID 64), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Passages, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Pôle Fromager AOC Massif Central, CASDAR - ATOUS, GIS id64 CDA 64, F-64120 Bizkarreta, Behasque, France, Recherches sur les ovins lait des Pyrénées-Atlantiques (GIS ID64), CDA 64, CENTRE PERMANENT d'Initiation à l'Environnement Pays Basque (CPIE), CPIE, Centre Permanent d'Initiation à l'Environnement Pays Basque, Lycee Metiers Montagne, Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Départemental de l'Elevage Ovin (CDEO), Pôle fromager AOP Massif central, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: Pyrenees-Atlantiques, permanent pastures, typologie des prairies, grassland typology, grassland multi-functionality, services rendus par les prairies, service écosystémique, biodiversité, services provided by grasslands, functional composition, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, land development (agriculture), permanent pasture, végétation, biodiversity, territoire, holdings, territory, prairie permanente, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, composition fonctionnelle, simulation, services écosystémiques, méthode, typologie de prairie, développement agricole, multifonctionnalité des prairies, method, exploitation agricole, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, ecosystem services, Agricultural development, farm
Abstract: International audience; We developed a system for classifying permanent grasslands in Béarn and the Northern Basque Country that serves several specific purposes. It emerged from a significant collective investment that aimed to offer users a tool that accounts for the multifunctionality of grasslands in this area.The system also highlights the relationship between cultural heritage and product quality. Using an up-to-date database, we were able to identify 21 types of grasslands. By analysing grassland vegetation, species functional ecology, and farming practices, we could calculate indices reflecting forage production levels, environmental conditions, and cheese quality. The Geroko application calculates farm-level indices based on parcel-level data and allows users to simulate changes in forage systems. An index providing plant names in Basque is a helpful addition to this comprehensivedescription of our classification system, which comes complete with illustrations.; La typologie régionale réalisée pour les prairies permanentes basco-béarnaises répond à des objectifs propres ; elle s'est appuyée sur un investissement collectif pour offrir aux multiples usagers un outil qui réponde à la multifonctionnalité des prairies de ce territoire ; le lien entre dimension patrimoniale et qualité des produits est souligné. Une base de données évolutive a permis d'identifier 21 types de prairies ; l'analyse de la végétation, la typologie fonctionnelle des graminées, la description des pratiques ont permis d'évaluer des indicateurs de production fourragère, environnementaux, de qualité des fromages. Le passage de l'échelle parcellaire à celui de l'exploitation, via le tableur Geroko, permet de construire des indicateurs pour l'exploitation et de simuler des évolutions du système fourrager. Un index des noms de plantes en basque complète cette typologie très bien illustrée et disponible en ligne.
Published: 2016

42. Herbaceous angiosperms are not more vulnerable to drought-induced embolism than angiosperm trees

Author: Frederic Lens, Catherine Picon-Cochard, Constant Signarbieux, Chloé E. L. Delmas, Hervé Cochard, Alexandre Buttler, Larissa Chacon Dória, Steven Jansen, Thibaud Chauvin, Marcelino del Arco, Sylvain Delzon, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Santé et agroécologie du vignoble (UMR SAVE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l'Arbre Fruitier et Forestier (PIAF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Universität Ulm - Ulm University [Ulm, Allemagne], Unité de recherche Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières (AGPF), Universidad de La Laguna, Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), COST Action FP1106 STReESS, Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden], Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP), Universidad de La Laguna [Tenerife - SP] (ULL), and Picon-Cochard, Catherine
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Physiology, Biodiversité et Ecologie, Growing season, Plant Science, Biology, Poaceae, complex mixtures, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Trees, Biodiversity and Ecology, Magnoliopsida, Species Specificity, Osmotic Pressure, Xylem, Root pressure, Botany, Genetics, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Aridity index, Transpiration, sécheresse, Water transport, Vegetal Biology, Plant Stems, fungi, prairie, Water, food and beverages, Biological Transport, Plant Transpiration, 15. Life on land, Herbaceous plant, Droughts, Research Report - Focus Issue, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Biologie végétale, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: The water transport pipeline in herbs is assumed to be more vulnerable to drought than in trees due to the formation of frequent embolisms (gas bubbles), which could be removed by the occurrence of root pressure, especially in grasses. Here, we studied hydraulic failure in herbaceous angiosperms by measuring the pressure inducing 50% loss of hydraulic conductance (P50) in stems of 26 species, mainly European grasses (Poaceae). Our measurements show a large range in P50 from 20.5 to 27.5 MPa, which overlaps with 94% of the woody angiosperm species in a worldwide, published data set and which strongly correlates with an aridity index. Moreover, the P50 values obtained were substantially more negative than the midday water potentials for five grass species monitored throughout the entire growing season, suggesting that embolism formation and repair are not routine and mainly occur under water deficits. These results show that both herbs and trees share the ability to withstand very negative water potentials without considerable embolism formation in their xylem conduits during drought stress. In addition, structure-function trade-offs in grass stems reveal that more resistant species are more lignified, which was confirmed for herbaceous and closely related woody species of the daisy group (Asteraceae). Our findings could imply that herbs with more lignified stems will become more abundant in future grasslands under more frequent and severe droughts, potentially resulting in lower forage digestibility.
Published: 2016
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43. Soil carbon dioxide emissions controlled by an extracellular oxidative metabolism identifiable by its isotope signature

Author: B. Kéraval, A. C. Lehours, J. Colombet, C. Amblard, G. Alvarez, S. Fontaine, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement - Clermont Auvergne (LMGE), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement (LMGE), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])
Subjects: sédiment, sol, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Biodiversité et Ecologie, lcsh:Life, 01 natural sciences, soil respiration, chemistry.chemical_compound, Isotope fractionation, décomposition du sol, mineralization, AGRICULTURAL SOILS, Milieux et Changements globaux, organic matter, 2. Zero hunger, agricultural soil, FRACTIONATION, lcsh:QE1-996.5, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, ORGANIC-MATTER, RESPIRATION, Carbon dioxide, respiration du sol, ENZYMES, DECOMPOSITION, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Biology, Carbon cycle, soil, Biodiversity and Ecology, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Respiration, Botany, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, sol agricole, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, stérilisation, sterilization, Metabolism, Soil carbon, Mineralization (soil science), 15. Life on land, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, enzyme, chemistry, 13. Climate action, matière organique, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, ECOENZYMATIC STOICHIOMETRY, STERILIZATION, MINERALIZATION, SEDIMENT, lcsh:Ecology, minéralisation, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Soil heterotrophic respiration is a major determinant of the carbon (C) cycle and its interactions with climate. Given the complexity of the respiratory machinery, it is traditionally considered that oxidation of organic C into carbon dioxide (CO2) strictly results from intracellular metabolic processes. Here we show that C mineralization can operate in soils deprived of all observable cellular forms. Moreover, the process responsible for CO2 emissions in sterilized soils induced a strong C isotope fractionation (up to 50 ‰) incompatible with respiration of cellular origin. The supply of 13C glucose in sterilized soil led to the release of 13CO2 suggesting the presence of respiratory-like metabolism (glycolysis, decarboxylation reaction, chain of electron transfer) carried out by soil-stabilized enzymes, and by soil mineral and metal catalysts. These findings indicate that CO2 emissions from soils can have two origins: (1) from the well-known respiration of soil heterotrophic microorganisms and (2) from an extracellular oxidative metabolism (EXOMET) or, at least, catabolism. These two metabolisms should be considered separately when studying effects of environmental factors on the C cycle because the likelihood is that they do not obey the same laws and they respond differently to abiotic factors.
Published: 2016
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44. Potential and limitations of inferring ecosystem photosynthetic capacity from leaf functional traits

Author: Musavi, Talie, Migliavacca, Mirco, van de Weg, Martine Janet, Kattge, Jens, Wohlfahrt, Georg, van Bodegom, Peter M, Reichstein, Markus, Bahn, Michael, Carrara, Arnaud, Domingues, Tomas F, Gavazzi, Michael, Gianelle, Damiano, Gimeno, Cristina, Granier, André, Gruening, Carsten, Havránková, Kateřina, Herbst, Mathias, Hrynkiw, Charmaine, Kalhori, Aram, Kaminski, Thomas, Klumpp, Katja, Kolari, Pasi, Longdoz, Bernard, Minerbi, Stefano, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moors, Eddy, Oechel, Walter C, Reich, Peter B, Rohatyn, Shani, Rossi, Alessandra, Rotenberg, Eyal, Varlagin, Andrej, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wirth, Christian, Mahecha, Miguel D, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Amsterdam Global Change Inst, University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), University of Innsbruck, Leiden Univ, Inst Environm Sci, Leiden University, German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res IDiv, Fondation CEAM, Mediterranean Center for Environmental Studies, FFCLRP-USP, Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center (EFETAC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Foxlab Joint CNR-FEM Initiative, Fondazione Edmund Mach di San Michele all'Adige = Edmund Mach Foundation of San Michele all'Adige, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, European Commission, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (GCRI), Johann Heinrich von Thunen Inst, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, 15National Hydrology Research Centre (NHRC), Dept Biol, University of Antwerp (UA), The Inversion Lab, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Dept Phys (OFS OPTICS), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano Servizi Forestali, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Netherlands, Alterra Green World Research (ALTERRA), School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences [Milton Keynes], Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics [Milton Keynes], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU)-The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), San Diego State University (SDSU), Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment [Richmond] (HIE), Western Sydney University, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, Department of Earth and Planetary Science [Rehovot], Weizmann Institute of Science [Rehovot, Israël], The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ), Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (RAAS), Forest Res, Environm & Human Sci Div, Farnham, Surrey, England, Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], Department of Physics, Ecosystem processes (INAR Forest Sciences), Micrometeorology and biogeochemical cycles, University of Amsterdam, USDA, 8Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), University of Florida [Gainesville], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Western Sydney University (UWS), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], and Weizmann Institute of Science
Subjects: Biodiversité et Ecologie, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, CROSS-BIOME ANALYSIS, FLUXNET, traitement des plantes, ecosystem functional property, eddy covariance, interannual variability, photosynthetic capacity, plant traits, spatiotemporal variability, TRY database, Eddy covariance, Ecosystem functional property, 114 Physical sciences, variabilité interannuelle, Biodiversity and Ecology, CARBON-DIOXIDE, Interannual variability, WIDE-RANGE, ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS, Milieux et Changements globaux, TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE, 1172 Environmental sciences, Original Research, Plant traits, 4112 Forestry, food and beverages, GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION, FOREST PRODUCTIVITY, Climate Resilience, Photosynthetic capacity, Klimaatbestendigheid, Spatiotemporal variability, capacité photosynthétique, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, RELATIVE GROWTH-RATE, variabilité spatio temporelle
Abstract: The aim of this study was to systematically analyze the potential and limitations of using plant functional trait observations from global databases versus in situ data to improve our understanding of vegetation impacts on ecosystem functional properties (EFPs). Using ecosystem photosynthetic capacity as an example, we first provide an objective approach to derive robust EFP estimates from gross primary productivity (GPP) obtained from eddy covariance flux measurements. Second, we investigate the impact of synchronizing EFPs and plant functional traits in time and space to evaluate their relationships, and the extent to which we can benefit from global plant trait databases to explain the variability of ecosystem photosynthetic capacity. Finally, we identify a set of plant functional traits controlling ecosystem photosynthetic capacity at selected sites. Suitable estimates of the ecosystem photosynthetic capacity can be derived from light response curve of GPP responding to radiation (photosynthetically active radiation or absorbed photosynthetically active radiation). Although the effect of climate is minimized in these calculations, the estimates indicate substantial interannual variation of the photosynthetic capacity, even after removing site-years with confounding factors like disturbance such as fire events. The relationships between foliar nitrogen concentration and ecosystem photosynthetic capacity are tighter when both of the measurements are synchronized in space and time. When using multiple plant traits simultaneously as predictors for ecosystem photosynthetic capacity variation, the combination of leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio with leaf phosphorus content explains the variance of ecosystem photosynthetic capacity best (adjusted R-2 = 0.55). Overall, this study provides an objective approach to identify links between leaf level traits and canopy level processes and highlights the relevance of the dynamic nature of ecosystems. Synchronizing measurements of eddy covariance fluxes and plant traits in time and space is shown to be highly relevant to better understand the importance of intra-and interspecific trait variation on ecosystem functioning.
Published: 2016
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45. Modeling European ruminant production systems: Facing the challenges of climate change

Author: Nicholas J. Hutchings, Richard P. Kipling, Tommy Dalgaard, André Bannink, Cairistiona F. E. Topp, Perttu Virkajärvi, Naomi J. Fox, Chris Kjeldsen, Franz Sinabell, Nicola Lacetera, Nigel D. Scollan, Marcel van Oijen, Gianni Bellocchi, Aberystwyth University, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Aarhus University [Aarhus], Scotland's Rural College (SCUR), University of Tuscia, Austrian Institute of Economic Research, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), and Natural resources institute Finland
Subjects: Animal Nutrition, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Stakeholder engagement, Climate change, klim, Policy support, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, 12. Responsible consumption, Ecosystem services, modelling, Livestock systems, Soil retrogression and degradation, Milieux et Changements globaux, pastoral systems, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, modélisation, 2. Zero hunger, Food security, business.industry, système d'élevage, systèmes pastoraux, FOOD SECURITY, Environmental resource management, Modeling, livestock systems, modeling, policy support, Ruminants, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Systems modeling, Diervoeding, Agriculture and Soil Science, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, WIAS, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Food processing, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Animal Science and Zoology, Pastoral systems, Business, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: Ruminant production systems are important producers of food, support rural communities and culture, and help to maintain a range of ecosystem services including the sequestering of carbon in grassland soils. However, these systems also contribute significantly to climate change through greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while intensification of production has driven biodiversity and nutrient loss, and soil degradation. Modeling can offer insights into the complexity underlying the relationships between climate change, management and policy choices, food production, and the maintenance of ecosystem services. This paper 1) provides an overview of how ruminant systems modeling supports the efforts of stakeholders and policymakers to predict, mitigate and adapt to climate change and 2) provides ideas for enhancing modeling to fulfil this role. Many grassland models can predict plant growth, yield and GHG emissions from mono-specific swards, but modeling multi-species swards, grassland quality and the impact of management changes requires further development. Current livestock models provide a good basis for predicting animal production; linking these with models of animal health and disease is a priority. Farm-scale modeling provides tools for policymakers to predict the emissions of GHG and other pollutants from livestock farms, and to support the management decisions of farmers from environmental and economic standpoints. Other models focus on how policy and associated management changes affect a range of economic and environmental variables at regional, national and European scales. Models at larger scales generally utilise more empirical approaches than those applied at animal, field and farm-scales and include assumptions which may not be valid under climate change conditions. It is therefore important to continue to develop more realistic representations of processes in regional and global models, using the understanding gained from finer-scale modeling. An iterative process of model development, in which lessons learnt from mechanistic models are applied to develop 'smart' empirical modeling, may overcome the trade-off between complexity and usability. Developing the modeling capacity to tackle the complex challenges related to climate change, is reliant on closer links between modelers and experimental researchers, and also requires knowledge-sharing and increasing technical compatibility across modeling disciplines. Stakeholder engagement throughout the process of model development and application is vital for the creation of relevant models, and important in reducing problems related to the interpretation of modeling outcomes. Enabling modeling to meet the demands of policymakers and other stakeholders under climate change will require collaboration within adequately-resourced, long-term inter-disciplinary research networks.
Published: 2016
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46. Apport de l’approche par traits fonctionnels pour comprendre les liens plantes-faune du sol dans les écosystèmes forestiers

Author: Henneron, Ludovic, Aubert, Michaël, Abgrall, Corentin, Archaux, Frédéric, Bureau, Fabrice, Dumas, Yann, Ningre, Francois, Richter, Claudine, Salmon, Sandrine, Balandier, Philippe, Chauvat, Mathieu, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Laboratoire d'Etudes des Ressources Forêt-Bois (LERFoB), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Office National des Forêts (ONF), Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, and Mécanismes adaptatifs : des organismes aux communautés (MECADEV)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], trait fonctionnel, plante, lien plante-faune du sol, écosystème forestier, faune du sol, forest ecosystem, soil fauna
Abstract: Apport de l’approche par traits fonctionnels pour comprendre les liens plantes-faune du sol dans les écosystèmes forestiers. Vèmes Journées de travail TEBIS
Published: 2016

47. Modelling the Rainfall Erosivity of the Rhone Region (Southeastern France) Associated with Climate Variability and Storminess

Author: Gianni Bellocchi, Nazzareno Diodato, Nunzio Romano, Francesco M. Guadagno, Met European Research Observatory (MetEROBS), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Diodato, Nazzareno, Bellocchi, Gianni, Romano, Nunzio, and Guadagno, Francesco M.
Subjects: Mediterranean climate, Atmospheric Science, sédiment, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Article Subject, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Climate change, Magnitude (mathematics), crue, 02 engineering and technology, Forcing (mathematics), lcsh:QC851-999, Spatial distribution, 01 natural sciences, Soil retrogression and degradation, géomorphologie, événement extrême, sud de la France, Milieux et Changements globaux, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Storm, 15. Life on land, crue subite, Pollution, 020801 environmental engineering, Geophysics, Geography, rainfall, erosivity, climate change, storminess, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Spatial ecology, lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology
Abstract: Changes in the spatial and temporal patterns of extreme rainfall may have important effects on the magnitude and timing of rainfall erosivity, which in turn lead to even severe soil degradation phenomena. The Mediterranean belt is characterized by strong climatic variability and specific seasonal features, where dry periods are often interrupted by pulsing storms. Identifying the thresholds associated with extreme rainfall events is among the most important challenges for this region. To discern the spatial patterns of rainfall erosivity hazard in the Rhone region (eastern France), this study establishes thresholds in the power of rainstorms. An indicator Kriging approach was employed for computing probability maps of the annual rainfall erosivity exceeding the threshold of 1800 MJ mm ha−1 h−1, the latter being twice greater than the standard deviation. The interdecadal spatial patterns of hazard were assessed for recent decades (1991–2010) and the precedents ones (1961–1990). Climate fluctuations of rainfall erosivity revealed possible signals of increased storminess hazard across the region in recent times. We also discussed changes in the rainfall erosivity hazard forcing as related to climatic changes in daily rain rate, especially in autumn when the erosivity is likely affected by more intense storminess occurring across the southern part of the Rhone region.
Published: 2016
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48. Comprendre les écosystèmes pour imaginer une autre agriculture

Author: Fontaine, Sébastien, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Réseau Rural Auvergne.
Subjects: service écosystèmique, synchronisation sol/plante, prairie permanente, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, service écosystémique
Abstract: National audience
Published: 2016

49. Utiliser les mélanges fourragers pour s'adapter au changement climatique : opportunités et défis

Author: Isabelle Litrico, Karim Barkaoui, Ana Barradas, Philippe Barre, Vincent Beguier, Marine Birouste, Pauline Bristiel, David Crespo, Claire Deléglise, Jean-Louis Durand, Laura Fernandez, Francois Gastal, Marc Ghesquière, Bruno Godinho, Pauline Hernandez, Bernadette Julier, Gaëtan Louarn, Marco Meisser, Eric Mosimann, Catherine Picon-Cochard, Catherine Roumet, Florence Volaire, Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies et Plantes Fourragères (P3F), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Fertiprado, Jouffray-Drillaud, Agroscope, UE 1373 Fourrages Environnement Ruminants Lusignan, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Physiologie Animale et Systèmes d'Elevage (PHASE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Environnement et Agronomie (E.A.)-Biologie et Amélioration des Plantes (BAP)-Fourrages Environnement Ruminants Lusignan (FERLUS), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Climagie, Métaprogramme ACCAF, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Fourrages Environnement Ruminants Lusignan (FERLUS), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Jean-Louis Durand, ProdInra, Archive Ouverte, and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)
Subjects: [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Plante pour herbage, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, adaptation aux changements climatiques, F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement, drought, biodiversité, perennité, functional composition, persistency, variabilité interspécifique, sécheresse, biodiversity, [SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, changement climatique, système racinaire, prairie, composition fonctionnelle, varietal selection, Variation saisonnière, plant association, variabilité intraspécifique, Conduite des herbages, root system, sélection variétale, association végétale, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, Culture en mélange, variations saisonnières, mélange fourrager, Stade de développement végétal, Plante fourragère, global change, climatic change, seasonal variations, tolérance à la sécheresse, Résistance à la sécheresse, forage mixture, Choix des espèces, genetic variation, cultivar breeding, adaptation au changement climatique, grassland
Abstract: In the context of climate change, grasslands will need to be populated with forage species that tolerate drought conditions. Planting forage mixtures is a possible solution, but questions remain regarding the specific varieties to use. Recently, different experiments have shown that both intra- and interspecific diversity could have a positive effect on grassland production under climate change and, more specifically, during droughts. However, to choose which species and genotypes to include, it is necessary to define the rules of assembly. These rules could be based on the choice of certain functional traits. For instance, research suggests that differences in growth-related traits among plants within the community, namely temporal differences in growth periods, have a positive effect. Defining the traits of greatest interest and their relative importance in grassland communities is a major consideration when selecting the plant varieties to include in forage mixtures., Le changement climatique s'accompagne d'un accroissement de la fréquence des sécheresses qui menace la pérennité et la production des prairies. Il est donc nécessaire d'adapter les couverts prairiaux à des conditions hydriques limitantes. Les mélanges offrent des perspectives intéressantes mais posent des questions quant aux critères de sélection des variétésDifférentes expérimentations récentes montrent la plus-value de la diversité spécifique et intraspécifique sur la production des prairies face au changement climatique et en particulier face aux épisodes de sécheresse. Mais le choix des espèces et des génotypes composant cette diversité nécessite de définir correctement les règles d'assemblage. Ces règles pourraient être basées sur des choix de traits (caractères) des espèces et des génotypes. La diversification de traits liés à des stratégies de croissance décalées dans le temps semble avoir un effet positif, contrairement aux traits racinaires. Ainsi, le choix de traits d'intérêt et de la valeur de ces traits dans les couverts prairiaux est à considérer dans les processus de sélection variétale.
Published: 2016

50. Quelle est la variabilité intra- et interspécifique des caractères d’adaptation des espèces prairiales pérennes aux variables du changement climatique ?

Author: Florence Volaire, Lina Qadir Ahmed, Philippe Barre, Thierry Bourgoin, Jean-Louis Durand, Abraham ESCOBAR GUTIERREZ, Malika Fakiri, Marc Ghesquière, Bernadette Julier, Rajae Kallida, Gaëtan Louarn, Annette Bertrand, Catherine Picon-Cochard, Marie-Pascale Prud'Homme, Naima Shaimi, Serge Zaka, Latifa Zhouri, Marine Zwicke, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies et Plantes Fourragères (P3F), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), PTIV, Agri-Obtentions, Laboratoire Agroalimentaire et Santé [Settat], Faculté des Sciences et Techniques [Settat] (FSTS), Université Hassan 1er [Settat]-Université Hassan 1er [Settat], Unité de recherche de Production Animales et Fourrage, Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique, Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie et Nutritions (EVA), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Unité de Recherche d'Amélioration des Plantes, Climagie, Métaprogramme ACCAF, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Agri Obtentions (AO), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), and Jean-Louis Durand
Subjects: herbage growth, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, cycle végétatif, grass, croissance végétale, forage species, drought, couvert prairial, physiologie végétale, zone méditerranéenne, zone tempérée, température, plante pérenne, espèce fourragère, variabilité interspécifique, intraspecific variability, global change, sécheresse, ressources génétiques, changement climatique, climatic change, fourrage, plant physiology, prairie, temperate region, cycle duration, forage, graminée, genetic resources, genetic variation, cultivar breeding, variabilité intraspécifique, adaptation au changement climatique, grassland, sélection variétale, mediterranean region
Abstract: Ce numéro de la revue Fourrages présente les résultats des travaux du projet Climagie du métaprogramme Adaptation au changement climatique de l'agriculture et de la forêt (ACCAF) de l'Inra; This review presents the main results of the INRA ACCAF-Climagie project pertaining to intra- and interspecific variability in climate-related responses in the most common perennial C3 forage species. More specifically, the project examined (1) how germination and growth are affected by temperature and (2) how plants escape from drought (via early ear emergence) or tolerate drought conditions (via summer dormancy and fructan accumulation). The results underscore two major reasons for studying Mediterranean natives. First, relevant model species may reveal how well intraspecific variability will allow plants to deal with increased stress levels. Second, such species provide valuable genetic resources that should be included in breeding programs, which have thus far focused on temperate species. The ultimate goal is to create productive and marketable cultivars that display a range of adaptive responses to climate change.; Cette synthèse présente les principaux résultats obtenus dans le cadre du projet Climagie du méta-programme INRA (ACCAF) sur la variabilité intra- et interspécifique de : (1) la réponse de la germination et de la croissance à la température et (2) l'adaptation à la sécheresse par échappement (date d'épiaison précoce) et par tolérance à la déshydratation (dormance estivale et accumulation de fructanes) des principales espèces fourragères pérennes en C3. Ces travaux montrent l'importance d'étudier le matériel d'origine méditerranéenne : (1) comme modèle d'étude pertinent pour identifier les limites de la variabilité intraspécifique à l'adaptation aux stress croissants et, (2) comme ressource génétique d'intérêt à valoriser dans les schémas d'amélioration basés jusqu'à présent surtout sur du matériel d'origine tempérée, dans l'objectif de créer des variétés combinant une gamme de stratégies d'adaptation au changement climatique tout en préservant de bonnes performances agronomiques.
Published: 2016

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