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We study the relationship between average returns and risk factors through wavelet multiscaling approach which enables us to investigate the risk-return relationship based on different time scales. The data for the period July 1963-February 2018 are gathered from the Kenneth French website. Each time series in the dataset is decomposed into five time scales. In order to make a comparison, the five-factor model is estimated based on both the scale basis and raw data. There are several key implications from our estimation results: i) The effects of risk factors on average returns vary over the time scales by their coefficient magnitudes and statistical significance. ii) Gibbons, Ross, and Shanken (1989) test results show that the intercepts of scale basis models are close to zero. iii) There is a period of unexpectedly higher cash flow for big value portfolios for long-term investments. iv) There is a minimum (maximum) risk level for aggressive (conservative) portfolios at different time horizons. Finally, we identify the risk factors in our five-factor model that have a significant effect on returns, and our model can capture the variations in average returns for different investment horizons. (C) 2019 Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Bera, Anil Kumar] Univ Illinois, Dept Econ, Champaign, IL USA. [Uyar, Umut] Pamukkale Univ, Dept Business Adm, Denizli, Turkey. [Uyar, Sinem Guler Kangalli] Pamukkale Univ, Dept Econometr, Denizli, Turkey.

Purpose This study aims to compare investors of major conventional currencies and Bitcoin (BTC) investors by using the value at risk (VaR) method common risk measure. Design/methodology/approach The paper used a risk analysis named as VaR. The analysis has various computations that Historical Simulation and Monte Carlo Simulation methods were used for this paper. Findings Findings of the analysis are assessed in two different aspects of singular currency risk and portfolios built. First, BTC is found to be significantly risky with respect to the major currencies; and it is six times riskier than the singular most risky currency. Second, in terms of inclusion of BTC into a portfolio, which equally weights all currencies, it elevates overall portfolio risk by 98 per cent. Practical implications - In spite of the remarkable risk level, it could be considered that investors are desirous of making an investment on BTC could mitigate their overall exposed risk relatively by building a portfolio. Originality/value The paper questions the risk level of Bitcoin, which is a digital currency. BTC, a matter of debate in the contemporary period, is seen as a digital currency free from control or supervision of a regulatory board. With the comparison of major currencies and BTC shows that how could be risky of a financial instrument without regulations. However, there is some advice for investors who would like to invest digital currencies despite the risk level in this study. C1 [Uyar, Umut; Kahraman, Ibrahim Korkmaz] Pamukkale Univ, Denizli, Turkey.

Purpose: This study aims to compare investors of major conventional currencies and Bitcoin (BTC) investors by using the value at risk (VaR) method common risk measure. Design/methodology/approach: The paper used a risk analysis named as VaR. The analysis has various computations that Historical Simulation and Monte Carlo Simulation methods were used for this paper. Findings: Findings of the analysis are assessed in two different aspects of singular currency risk and portfolios built. First, BTC is found to be significantly risky with respect to the major currencies; and it is six times riskier than the singular most risky currency. Second, in terms of inclusion of BTC into a portfolio, which equally weights all currencies, it elevates overall portfolio risk by 98 per cent. Practical implications: In spite of the remarkable risk level, it could be considered that investors are desirous of making an investment on BTC could mitigate their overall exposed risk relatively by building a portfolio. Originality/value: The paper questions the risk level of Bitcoin, which is a digital currency. BTC, a matter of debate in the contemporary period, is seen as a digital currency free from control or supervision of a regulatory board. With the comparison of major currencies and BTC shows that how could be risky of a financial instrument without regulations. However, there is some advice for investors who would like to invest digital currencies despite the risk level in this study. © 2019, Emerald Publishing Limited.

This paper seeks to investigate the effect of financial development on growth in OECD countries during 1999-2014. The aim of the analysis is to study the dependence of growth on given financial development indicators along quantiles of the conditional growth distribution, taking into account the effect played by each country over time. For the purpose of the empirical analysis, it performed the instrumental variable quantile regression panel data (IV-QRPD) model suggested by Powell (2016). The findings of IV-QRPD model indicated that the effect of finance on growth is changing along quantiles of the conditional growth distribution. That is to say, we provide some evidence that high-growth OECD countries react to the changes in financial development less than low-growth countries.