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2. Eye contact avoidance in crowds: A large wearable eye-tracking study

Author

Hessels, Roy S., Benjamins, Jeroen S., Niehorster, Diederick C., van Doorn, Andrea J., Koenderink, Jan J., Holleman, Gijs A., de Kloe, Yentl J.R., Valtakari, Niilo V., van Hal, Sebas, Hooge, Ignace T.C., Leerstoel Kemner, Helmholtz Institute, Experimental Psychology (onderzoeksprogramma PF), Leerstoel Postma, Leerstoel Kenemans, Leerstoel Kemner, Helmholtz Institute, Experimental Psychology (onderzoeksprogramma PF), Leerstoel Postma, and Leerstoel Kenemans

Subjects
Linguistics and Language, Wearable, Eye contact, Social Sciences, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Walking, Fixation, Ocular, Eye, ALLOCATION, Language and Linguistics, Wearable Electronic Devices, 3-DIMENSIONAL EYE, Psychology, Humans, HEAD, STRATEGY, Crowd navigation, Eye-Tracking Technology, DIRECTION, Gaze, REAL, Eye tracking, Psychology, Experimental, ATTENTION, Sensory Systems, Crowding, BEHAVIOR
Abstract

Eye contact is essential for human interactions. We investigated whether humans are able to avoid eye contact while navigating crowds. At a science festival, we fitted 62 participants with a wearable eye tracker and instructed them to walk a route. Half of the participants were further instructed to avoid eye contact. We report that humans can flexibly allocate their gaze while navigating crowds and avoid eye contact primarily by orienting their head and eyes towards the floor. We discuss implications for crowd navigation and gaze behavior. In addition, we address a number of issues encountered in such field studies with regard to data quality, control of the environment, and participant adherence to instructions. We stress that methodological innovation and scientific progress are strongly interrelated. ispartof: ATTENTION PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS vol:84 issue:8 pages:2623-2640 ispartof: location:United States status: published

Published
2022

3. Eye tracking in human interaction: Possibilities and limitations

Author

Valtakari, Niilo V., Hooge, Ignace T.C., Viktorsson, Charlotte, Nyström, Pär, Falck-Ytter, Terje, Hessels, Roy S., Leerstoel Kemner, Experimental Psychology (onderzoeksprogramma PF), Helmholtz Institute, Leerstoel Kenemans, Leerstoel Kemner, Experimental Psychology (onderzoeksprogramma PF), Helmholtz Institute, and Leerstoel Kenemans

Subjects
Eye Movements, Wearable, Computer science, BitTorrent tracker, Movement, ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION, Data analysis, Decision tree, Wearable computer, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Article, 050105 experimental psychology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Human Aspects of ICT, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Human interaction, Human–computer interaction, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Humans, Psychology, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Eye-Tracking Technology, Research question, Psychology(all), General Psychology, Eye tracking, Psykologi, 05 social sciences, Data quality, Gaze, Research questions, Psychology (miscellaneous), Head, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Mänsklig interaktion med IKT
Abstract

There is a long history of interest in looking behavior during human interaction. With the advance of (wearable) video-based eye trackers, it has become possible to measure gaze during many different interactions, even in challenging situations, such as during interactions between young children and their caregivers. We outline the different types of eye-tracking setups that currently exist to investigate gaze during interaction. The setups differ mainly with regard to the nature of the eye-tracking signal (head- or world-centered) and the freedom of movement allowed for the participants (see Figure 1). These crucial, yet often overlooked features place constraints on the research questions that can be answered about human interaction. Furthermore, recent developments in machine learning have made available the measurement of gaze directly from video recordings, without the need for specialized eye-tracking hardware, widening the spectrum of possible eye-tracking setups. We discuss the link between type of eye-tracking setup and the research question being investigated, and end with a decision tree to help researchers judge the appropriateness of specific setups (see Figure 2).

Published
2021

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