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Background and purpose: nature-based interventions (NBI) have been shown to have positiveeffects on physical, psychological, social, and spiritual health. The purpose of this scopingliterature review was to describe what is known regarding the cancer survivor experience inrelationship to their interaction with the natural environment. Description/methods: this reviewwas completed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysesextension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The research strategy included a combination ofthese terms: cancer, neoplasms, nature, and forest therapy. The articles were blinded and screenedby four independent researchers. A total of twelve articles were selected. Outcome/results: a totalof 2786 cancer survivors participated in the twelve studies with multiple types and stages of cancerrepresented. The studies used multiple designs and measures. Results showed improvements inanxiety, depression, sleep, connectedness, stress, tension, confusion, fatigue, and pain. Participantsreported that nature was the most important resource in coping with their cancer. Conclusions andimplications: nature is beneficial for cancer survivors while they experience cancer diagnosis andtreatment. Nature opportunities can be feasibly delivered with this population and need to beexplored further and safely implemented to support the overall health and well-being of cancersurvivors.

The purpose of this paper is to put forward some evidence-based lessons that can be learned fromhow to respond to a Pandemic that relate to healthy living behaviours (HLB). A 4-stepmethodology was followed to conduct a narrative review of the literature and to present aprofessional practice vignette. The narrative review identified 8 lessons: 1) peer review; 2)historical perspectives; 3) investing in resilience and protection; 4) unintended consequences; 5)protecting physical activity; 6) school closures; 7) mental health; and 8) obesity. As in allprobability there will be another Pandemic, it is important that the lessons learned over the lastthree years in relation to HLB are acted upon. Whilst there will not always be a consensus on whatto emphasise, it is important that many evidence-based positions are presented. The authors of thispaper recognise that this work is a starting point and that the lessons presented here will need tobe revisited as new evidence becomes available.

The mental health crisis across college campuses is accelerating, with anxiety listed as the top mental health issue for undergraduate college students. Although evidence suggests the COVID-19 pandemic escalated the mental health crisis on college campuses, pre-COVID-19 anxiety among college students was on the rise. Research supports Mindfulness Based Interventions (MBIs) to reduce anxiety among college students. Additionally, exposure to natural environments, which are accessible to students on college campuses, is effective in reducing anxiety. While brief nature-based mindfulness interventions appear effective in reducing anxiety among college students, these interventions are often offered in isolation without social interaction among group members and lack intentional integration of mindfulness and nature-related theories. The purpose of this work is to describe a framework for integrating the use of Mindfulness and Attention Restoration Theory (ART) in an innovative psychoeducational group intervention, Nature-Based Mindfulness Training © (NBMT), for college students with anxiety. In conclusion, we argue for the need to intentionally integrate mindfulness and nature into nature-based mindfulness interventions as an effective and sustainable means to reduce anxiety. Limitations and areas for future research are described.

Introduction: In January 2020, a small, private school of nursing in a university in the pacificnorthwest, established the Initiative for Vital Practice (I4VP). The I4VP’s primary goal was tocreate a sustainable pathway for increasing vital practice through increasing resiliency and selfcarepractices. Objectives. The ensuing pathway’s objectives were to, (1) take previously identifiedfactors related to perceived stress related to workloads, impacts on professional quality of life andpsychosocial exposures during the COVID-19 pandemic; and (2) develop and pilot test a wellnessintervention (i.e., wellness pods) for faculty and staff to build community and find new ways toenhance well-being through peer support. Methods: Five focused Wellness Pods were developedon Microsoft Teams platform using the individual channels: (1) stress and mind–body explorationpod; (2) mindfulness in healthcare pod; (3) healing relationship pod; (4) environmental pod; and(5) physical activity pod. Faculty and staff self-selected into a Wellness Pod that interested them.The Wellness Pods met weekly in person over a period of two months. Quantitative and qualitativedata was collected via cross-sectional surveys including: four sociodemographic items, one itemon current stress level, one write-in item on current stress management at work, two write-in itemsfocused on the cognitive reasoning for participation, the 7-item subjective vitality scale focusedindividual difference, the 7-item subjective vitality scale focused on the state level, the 10-itemperceived stress scale, and one item ranking which wellness pod the individual wanted toparticipate in. There was one trained facilitator for the overall Wellness Pods operations andcommunication. Results. The average score on the perceived stress scale was 22.3 (SD = 3.5),indicating moderate levels of perceived stress. The average score on the individual differencevitality score was 26.5 (SD = 7.6), whereas the state level vitality score was 21.4 (

Burnout, compassion fatigue, and perceived stress among undergraduate nursing students aresignificant factors leading to a poorer quality of life, decreased job satisfaction, and adverselyimpact patient outcomes. Burnout among undergraduate nursing students is a critical individualand workforce issue with contributing factors including a relentless schedule, academicallychallenging and rigorous programs, pressure to perform, and the completion of clinical hourscaring for patients. This paper describes our feasibility study of a nature-based intervention (NBI)to reduce perceived stress and quality of life as it relates to burnout, and compassion fatigue.Quantitative data was collected through demographics, surveys, and electronic sensor data. Theproject’s aim was to determine the feasibility of NBI monitored by NatureDoseTM to decreaseperceived stress burnout and compassion fatigue among undergraduate nursing students.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to provide you, the reader, with an overview of newadvancements in wellness therapies using integrative health focusing on nature. Nature isinherently variable, and as such, we the editors do not ascribe to a single definition of nature.Experiencing the health benefits of nature is not limited to long immersions in remote naturepreserves. Ongoing research highlights the benefits of even short exposure to green and blue areas.Whether looking out an office window at a single tree or on a long mindfulness retreat in a remoteforest, there lies the potential to improve our mental and physical health. Depending on where youlive, your proximity to water, elevation, the equator, etc., will all change the objective appearanceand experience of nature. Moreover, how you perceive nature as an individual is subjective basedupon your own bio-psycho-social experience with and within nature—which is why you will findvariable definitions and applications of nature.

The unique health care needs of diverse individuals and communities are complex. To meet theseneeds, healthcare professionals are being called upon to alter traditional ways of thinking,perceiving, and acting in order to create more inclusive environments. Research shows that usingmindsight, a process that increases both insight and empathy, can enhance an individual’s mind–body-environment connection, increase self-awareness, and promote the development of culturalhumility. This paper will discuss the current perspectives on the mind/body/environmentconnection from a Western lens that may impact the enactment of cultural humility for healthcareproviders. Two evidence-based approaches, yoga and forest therapy, are recommended as effectiveintervention tools in fostering mindsight and cultural humility. Blending traditional cognitivelearning with techniques anchored in the physical body may hold promise in supporting thedevelopment of mindsight and cultural humility in healthcare education and practice.

We have been amid unhealthy living and related chronic disease pandemics for several decades.These longstanding crises have troublingly synergized with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The need to establish research priorities in response to COVID-19 can be used toaddress broad health and wellbeing, social and economic impacts for the future is emerging.Accordingly, this paper sets out a series of research priorities that could inform interdisciplinarycollaboration between clinical sciences, public health, business, technology, economics, healthcareproviders, and the exercise science/sports medicine communities, among others. A five-stepmethodology was used to generate and evaluate the research priorities with a focus on broad healthand well-being impacts. The methodology was deployed by an international and interdisciplinaryteam from the Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL- PIVOT) network. This teamwere all engaged in responding to the Pandemic either on the ‘front-line’ and/or in leadershippositions ensuring the currency and authenticity of the process. Eight research priorities wereidentified clustered into two groups: i) Societal & Environmental, and ii) Clinical. Our eightresearch priorities are presented with insight from previously published research priorities fromother groups.

This manuscript offers findings from a pilot project which prepares nursing students for embodiedprofessional practice through the lens of ethics. Four undergraduate nursing students werementored by two nursing faculty in the Dundon-Berchtold Institute Faculty Fellowship Programin the Application of Ethics through an exploration on the ethics of embodiment using an artspedagogy across one academic year. Inspired by the intersection of nature and health, this projectexplores the impact of an arts-integrated pedagogy on the human body. The findings from thisproject provide a natural first step for nursing students to consider multiple interpretations of thehuman body and to facilitate the students’ development of an embodied ethical practice that isperceptive, empathic, and attuned to themselves as natural beings as well as diverse individualsand populations. The findings from this pilot project presents a pivotal opportunity to guide futurenursing curricular development toward holistic, nature-inspired, and mindful-based interventionsin order to increase resilience, decrease risk factors of compassion fatigue and burnout, and supportnursing students to develop strength-based skills to use in their professional nursing practice.

Arts-based pedagogy (ABP) is an innovative teaching method combining art and learning in an existing curriculum. To understand the impact of students' perceptions of the effects of ABP on critical thinking, communication, and observational skills, 89 students completed an online survey. The results indicate that students enjoyed ABP and that it positively affected critical thinking, enhancing their future clinical practice and preparing them for increasingly complex health care environments.

People with spinal cord injury (SCI) face unique challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, including greater risk of poor COVID-19-related outcomes, increased social isolation, and restricted access to important services. Furthermore, COVID-19 related restrictions have decreased already low levels of physical activity (PA) in this population. Therefore, the purpose of this commentary is to: 1) address the impact of COVID-19 on PA and sedentary behavior (SB) in people with SCI; 2) provide potential SB reduction strategies to guide future research; and 3) provide recommendations to increase PA and reduce SB on behalf of the American College of Sports Medicine Exercise is Medicine (ACSM-EIM) and Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL-PIVOT) using a social-ecological model targeting the individual-, social environment-, physical environment-, and policy-level determinants of behavior in people with SCI.

Background: A private university nursing program established the Initiative for Vital Practice in response to increasing levels of compassion fatigue (CF) and burnout among faculty and staff during an undergraduate program revision and accompanying leadership transitions.Method: A pilot mixed-method project evaluated self-management practices meant to mitigate CF among faculty and staff.Results: Faculty and staff (N = 34) identified four primary risk factors for CF, including physical symptoms (14 of 34 = 41%); feeling trapped in work (14 of 34 = 41%); lacking time away from work (11 of 34 = 32%); and inability to work hard enough (10 of 34 = 29%). Individual and organizational stressors and alleviators were analyzed; aggregate scores for three Professional Quality of Life scales presented at a “moderate level.”Conclusion: Preliminary results establish a baseline to measure the effect of burnout and secondary stress and guide further development of our organizational framework and initiative.

Mindfulness and Shinrin-yoku (SY) translated as forest bathing, is potentially effective to alleviatemental health issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. The purpose of this article isto provide a translational and pragmatic approach to understanding mindfulness in the context ofSY and psychological wellbeing through a rapid review of the literature. The background ofmindfulness and SY practice are discussed and the emotional, neuroendocrine, and neurobiologicalresponses are examined. Next, a rapid review of the literature examined six studies, publishedbetween 2010 and 2020 to determine what is known regarding the relationship between SY,mindfulness, and psychological wellbeing. The studies included 21–360 participants with a meanage of 20–55 years. The results demonstrated a significant positive correlation between nature,mindfulness, and measures of psychological wellbeing. During uncertain events, includingCOVID-19, weaving mindfulness with SY may be specifically important to at-risk groups, thoseexperiencing depression, loneliness, and social isolation, and at-risk populations such as collegestudents, veterans, and professionals with high levels of stress. The goal of this review is to providea thorough background and support of this cost-effective modality to promote overallpsychological wellbeing as a preventative measure to those at risk or experiencing psychologicalillnesses.

Nurses and other health care workers are often exposed to inappropriate patient sexual behavior (IPSB). Johnson and colleagues define IPSB as any “verbal or physical act of an explicit, or perceived sexual nature which is unacceptable within the social context in which it is carried out.” [1] IPSB encompasses a spectrum of behaviors including: gesturing, giving romantic gifts, making suggestive remarks, propositioning, exposing genitalia, unnecessary touching, with some of the more extreme cases resulting in sexual assault and rape. [2]. It is imperative to note that when a patient’s behavior creates a hostile or intimidating work environment for any health care worker, as in its extreme manifestations, IPSB falls under the legal classification of sexual harassment, a form of sex discrimination that violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [3]. The definition of IPSB and how it relates to sexual harassment is not clear in existing literature. Not only are these terms unclear in and of themselves, but they are frequently used interchangeably. When IPSB is recognized as sexual harassment, it can imply patients as adversaries creating a difficult care environment. Sexual harassment by patients is a significant problem for general healthcare professionals; however, nurses consistently report sexual harassment by their patients more than any other healthcare sector [2]. This is particularly poignant given that nursing is predominantly female and that we are in the midst of several international campaigns increasing the awareness of sexual assault and harassment. Additionally, the Joint Commission has issued a Sentinel Event Alert on physical and verbal violence against healthcare workers, including sexual harassment, which calls to enforce workplace policies that keep nurses and other healthcare workers safe [4].

Background: Not meeting physical activity guidelines is a major public health concern. Studies show that Black and Latina women have general lower levels of physical activity (PA) than White women and are therefore at higher risk for chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity. The purpose of this study is to analyze National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data to determine what factors, if any may contribute to Black and Latina women between the ages of 18 and 47, adhering to the federal PA guidelines. Identifying these factors will help in the development of PA promotion programs aimed at increasing adherence to the federal PA guidelines among minority women.Method: Secondary analysis of data from the National Health Interview Survey 2008–2014 was analyzed to determine factors which may be associated with PA adherence among Black (N = 23,162) and Latina (N = 37,103) women.Results: Logit modeling examined mean differences between groups and related variables. Blacks are more likely to meet muscle-strength guidelines with increased education and increased income. Latinas are more likely to meet muscle-strength as education and US acculturation increases.Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of understanding and considering racial/ethnic differences when developing strategies for promotion of PA among minority women. Identifying strategies and factors for increasing PA is a major step toward reducing risk factors associated with inadequate PA. Practitioners should be aware of these results and trends when discussing PA recommendations with their patients.

Manifestations of stress have serious consequences for nursing professionals beginning withnursing students. [1, 2] One source of stress for baccalaureate nursing students is inappropriatepatient sexual behavior (IPSB). [3, 4] Baccalaureate nursing programs have limited responseframeworks to provide support to affected students. High levels of stress, regardless of duration orfrequency, can affect learning, performance, and retention in nursing programs. [1, 3] Manystressful incidents experienced by nursing students do not meet parameters of existing studentsupport policies, including Title IX or early alert programs since they occur in clinical sites offcampus. Repetitive high-stake stressors encountered by nursing students increase risks fordeleterious health outcomes. [1–4] Therefore, policy changes at university, state, and federal levelsto build resilience, health, and wellness for undergraduate nursing students must be developed andimplemented.

Aim The aim was to understand how health policy education is currently being delivered in the United States’ graduate nursing programs.Methods This exploratory cross-sectional design used an anonymous online survey to target graduate nursing students attending American Association of College of Nursing (AACN) member institutions.Results Over 75% of the sample (n = 140) reported taking a dedicated health policy course and 71.5% ( n = 131) of the sample responded that a health policy course was required and an equal distribution among master’s and doctoral students. There was no significant difference between type of graduate degree sought and the requirement to take a health policy course ( P = 0.37). For students involved in health policy, there was a greater proportion of master’s students involved at the state level, than doctorate of nursing practice (DNP) or PhD students ( P = 0.04).Conclusions Health policy and advocacy education are important aspects of graduate nursing curriculum and have been integrated into curricula. Graduate nursing students at all levels reported that health policy AACN Essential competencies are being included in their program, either as stand-alone health policy courses or integrated health policy learning activities during matriculation.

Background Stress is a part of daily life for graduate students, including graduate nursing students. Contemporary graduate nursing students are facing unprecedented challenges to meet rigorous academic standards as they prepare for their advanced professional role to meet the demands of the nation's complex and ever-changing healthcare system. Empowering graduate nursing students to ease their perceived stress and minimize undesirable health effects may benefit their capacity to adapt and successfully manage perceived stress in their future healthcare role.Aims To conduct a systematic review to evaluate the existing evidence with the aim of identifying evidence-based self-care interventions for coping with perceived stress.Methods We conducted a systematic review, searching CINAHL Plus with Full Text, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE. Inclusion criteria included self-care, graduate students, perceived stress as measured by Perceived Stress Scale, quantitative analysis, conducted within the United States, English language, and peer reviewed. Two authors completed an asynchronous review of the articles, and one expert evidence-based practice mentor and one wellness expert conducted rigorous appraisal of the eight identified studies. Evidence was evaluated and synthesized, and recommendations for practice were determined.Results Eight studies meeting the criteria for this systematic review were critically appraised. The interventions varied from a stress management course to mind-body-stress-reduction (MBSR) techniques, such as yoga, breath work, meditation, and mindfulness. All studies measured the outcome of stress with the Perceived Stress Scale. Each study demonstrated a reduction in perceived stress postintervention.Linking Evidence to Action Most effective self-care MBSR interventions include (a) a didactic component, (b) a guided MBSR practice session, and (c) homework. Consideration should be given to a trained or certified MBSR instructor to teach the intervention.

Background: About 6 million people search for health information on the Internet each day in the United States. Both patients and caregivers search for information about prescribed courses of treatments, unanswered questions after a visit to their providers, or diet and exercise regimens. Past literature has indicated potential challenges around quality in health information available on the Internet. However, diverse information exists on the Internet—ranging from government-initiated webpages to personal blog pages. Yet we do not fully understand the strengths and weaknesses of different types of information available on the Internet.Objective: The objective of this research was to investigate the strengths and challenges of various types of health information available online and to suggest what information sources best fit various question types.Methods: We collected questions posted to and the responses they received from an online diabetes community and classified them according to Rothwell’s classification of question types (fact, policy, or value questions). We selected 60 questions (20 each of fact, policy, and value) and the replies the questions received from the community. We then searched for responses to the same questions using a search engine and recorded theResults: Community responses answered more questions than did search results overall. Search results were most effective in answering value questions and least effective in answering policy questions. Community responses answered questions across question types at an equivalent rate, but most answered policy questions and the least answered fact questions. Value questions were most answered by community responses, but some of these answers provided by the community were incorrect. Fact question search results were the most clinically valid.Conclusions: The Internet is a prevalent source of health information for people. The information quality people encounter online can have a large impact on th

Background Increasing moderate to vigorous physical activity among urban girls of lowsocioeconomic status is both a challenge and a public health priority. Physical activityinterventions targeting exclusively girls remain limited, and maintenance of moderate to vigorousphysical activity during the post-intervention period has been difficult to maintain. The main aimof the 5-year “Girls on the Move” group randomized trial is to evaluate the efficacy of acomprehensive school-based intervention in increasing girls’ minutes of moderate to vigorousphysical activity and improving cardiovascular fitness, body mass index, and percent body fatimmediately post-intervention (after 17 weeks) and at 9-month post-intervention follow-up (9months after end of intervention).Methods/Design A total of 24 urban middle schools in the Midwestern U.S. will be randomizedto either receive the intervention or serve as a control (N = 1200 girls). The intervention, based onthe Health Promotion Model and Self-Determination Theory, will include: (1) two face-to-facemotivational, individually tailored counseling sessions with a registered nurse, one at thebeginning and the other at the end of the intervention period; (2) an interactive Internet-basedsession during which each girl receives individually tailored motivational and feedback messagesvia iPad at 11 weeks (shortly after midpoint of intervention); and (3) a 90-minute after-schoolphysical activity club. Racially diverse, low-active, 10- to 14-year-old 5th to 8th-grade girls willcomplete questionnaires and physical measures at baseline and post-intervention (n = 50 perschool). Minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity will be assessed with accelerometers.Cardiovascular fitness will be assessed by estimating VO2 max with PACER (Progressive AerobicCardiovascular Endurance Run) scores. Height and weight will be assessed to calculate body massindex. Percent body fat will be estimated with a foot-to-foot bioelectric impedance scale. Line

U.S. Hispanics, especially women, experience a disproportionate amount of disease burden for depression. This disparity among Hispanic women necessitates examination of factors associated with depression. The objective of this study was to use an adaptation of the Stress Process Model to test whether self-esteem mediated the relationship between Hispanic stress and depressive symptoms. Data for this secondary analysis were from a previous randomized-control HIV prevention trial. Participants were 548 Hispanic women (19-52 years). Data collection measures included the Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Hispanic Stress Scale. The bootstrap method in Mplus 6 was used to test mediation. Results indicated that self-esteem was inversely related to depression, and Hispanic stress was found to be positively related to depression. Self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between stress and depression. Strategies to improve/maintain self-esteem should be considered in future interventions for Hispanic women with depression.

Researchers exploring the health of Hispanics in South Florida utilizing a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods have identified that substance abuse, violence, risky sexual behavior, and depression are not only conceptualized as tightly interrelated health and social problems, but also hold together in a measurement model to represent an underlying phenomenon (i.e., the Syndemic Factor). The purpose of this study is to test hypothesized relationships between cultural phenomena and the Syndemic Factor among community-dwelling Hispanic women. Standardized questionnaires assessing Acculturation, Hispanic Stress, Familism, and the Syndemic Factor were administered to a cross-sectional sample of 548 Hispanic women from South Florida. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze relationships. The model explained 61 percent of the variance in the Syndemic Factor. There was a large positive relationship between the Syndemic Factor and Hispanic Stress, and a small inverse relationship between the Syndemic Factor and Familism. Women with high Hispanic Acculturation and low U.S. Acculturation scored lower on the Syndemic Factor than Integrated/Bicultural women. Familism buffered the relationship between Hispanic Stress and the Syndemic Factor. Structural, community, family, and individual prevention strategies that address underlying conditions associated with the Syndemic Factor must be developed and formally evaluated.

The purpose of this study was to explore variations in demographics, culture, self-esteem, and intimate partner violence among Hispanic women according to birthplace, and to identify factors associated with these differences in intimate partner violence (IPV). Baseline data from a randomized control trial testing the efficacy of an HIV prevention program were used. Path analyses identified differences in IPV between Colombian women and women from other Central/South American countries. Self-esteem was the only factor associated with these differences. Interventions addressing the unique needs of Hispanic women from different subgroups are needed.

BACKGROUND: Clients with HIV infection have been conceptualized as a resilient population. Although a few researchers have documented resilience among clients with HIV infection, a theory of resilience in the context of HIV infection has not been developed. The purpose of this study was to describe the process by which resilience occurs for clients in the context of HIV infection.METHOD: Grounded theory methodology was used to sample and analyze data from 15 qualitative interviews with adults with HIV infection. Data were collected until saturation was reached.RESULTS: A theory, motivation, management, and mastery, a description of the process by which resilience occurs in the context of HIV infection, emerged from the data.CONCLUSION: Many clients living with HIV infection are resilient, despite the physical, psychological, and social challenges of this chronic illness. Nursing interventions to promote resilience among clients with HIV infection should be directed toward identification of client motivation factors and disease management strategies that may influence health outcomes of people living with HIV infection.

The majority of Latinas of childbearing age is not sufficiently active; a significant health disparity, and is at risk for deleterious health consequences. The study’s objectives were to explore acculturation and associated factors’ effect on engagement in physical activity (PA) among Latinas. Based on data (2008-2011 National Health Interview Survey; N = 7,278), multinomial logistic models predicted odds of adherence to 2008 PA Guidelines for Americans. Among 3,386,680 Latinas, 18 to 47 years, 58.9% (standard error [SE] = 0.0073) met neither aerobic nor muscle-strengthening recommendations, after controlling for poverty, income, marital status, and competing obligations. Less acculturated Latinas (Spanish-preferring) were less likely to engage in PA than English-preferring counterparts (odds ratio [OR] = 0.57, p < .01). Spanish-preferring foreign-born Latinas have substantially smaller odds of meeting PA guidelines than U.S.-born English-preferring Latinas (OR = 0.3, p < .001). Puerto Ricans and Dominican immigrants are least likely to meet guidelines. Latinas are not homogeneous. Country of origin and acculturation should be considered in future PA interventions.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at an increased risk of contracting HIV infection and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) because of participation in high-risk sexual behaviors.1 High-risk sexual behaviors include sexual activity without condoms, anal intercourse, or sexual behaviors under the influence of drugs and alcohol.1 Participation in high-risk sexual behaviors places MSM of all ages, races, and ethnicities at risk for HIV and STIs, but Hispanic MSM are at a particular risk of HIV infection related to a number of factors including behavioral, cultural, social, and socioeconomic factors affecting Hispanic MSM.2 The rate of new cases of HIV infection among Hispanic MSM (27.7/100,000) was nearly triple the rate of new cases of HIV infection among White MSM (9.2/100,000); nearly 60% of all new infections of HIV are among Hispanic MSM.2A number of research studies have been conducted on the sexual behaviors of the general population of MSM, but less is known about the predictors of sexual behaviors among Hispanic MSM. Drawing on the available research knowledge base of the general population of MSM and research with Hispanic MSM when available, a review of the literature was conducted before study development to identify variables to include in this study.