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This study endeavors to formulate a sustainable development-oriented model for home-based businesses catering to rural women in Guilan province. Employing a qualitative-quantitative research approach, the study is practical in its objectives and relies on survey methods for data collection. The research population encompasses two main groups: the first group involves academic professionals, scholars, and managers or experts from provincial organizations dedicated to employment and women's issues, while the second group comprises 274 purposefully sampled individuals, including owners, managers, and women affiliated with micro-credit funds in Guilan province, selected through the snowball technique. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gather data, and the Smart-PLS software package utilized the partial least squares (PLS) technique for advanced multivariate analysis in structural equation modeling. Evaluation of the home-based business development model for rural women, based on the coefficients of the direct path, reveals that educational (β = 0.112), social (β = 0.232), economic (β = 0.274), and policymaking (β = 0.381) variables significantly influence the sustainable development of home-based businesses (P < 0.05). Notably, the policymaking variable exerts the most substantial impact. Furthermore, the model designed for sustainable development can account for 71 percent of the variance in the dependent variable. It is recommended that the government should allocate financial resources specifically for rural women house-based businesses and policies should prioritize and actively support home-based businesses, recognizing their significant impact on rural women's economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the current status of women in the history of science field. It highlights areas of concern, such as the underrepresentation of women in higher-ranking positions and the lack of visibility and equal opportunities for women. The article presents data on the representation of women in graduate programs, employment status, and their contributions to major journals in the field. It also discusses the challenges faced by women in terms of combining a professional life with marriage and family. The article concludes by recommending the establishment of a committee to address these issues and provide support for women in the field. [Extracted from the article]

Extensive literature has shown that women's employment contributes to increasing rates of household savings and economic growth. Likewise, evidence has been reported that in an economic integration scheme, such as that of Central America, the strong economic interdependence existing between countries, because of their relatively high trade flows of imports and exports, gives rise to the spread of economic developments occurring in a country. This paper investigates the extent to which the increase in female employment in the countries of the Northern Triangle of Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras) leads to the increase in growth rates in the other countries (Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama). For this purpose, principal components, which is a data compression methodology, is used. The variables that are included in the vector of principal components are the female-to-male employment ratios in the industrial sectors of the Northern Triangle countries. All data used in the analyses were taken from the World Bank's World Development Indicators. The first principal component of these variables explains 77 percent of the variance, and its decrease represents the deindustrialization of the respective countries. The second principal component accounts for 17 percent of the variance, and its increase represents the expansion of the service sector in the countries. The estimation of error correction equations showed that the first principal component of the female-to-male employment ratios of the industrial sector in Guatemala, El Salvador, and Costa Rica, exerted positive impacts on the economic growth rates of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, while the second principal component exerted negative impacts. The results also showed that the ratios of female to male industrial employment, as well as the first principal component, fell as tariffs on imports were reduced, reflecting a process of deindustrialization which has led to losses in economic growth, and a decrease in trade flows, and rising youth unemployment and increases of the underground economy with adverse impacts on productivity. Likewise, trends towards economic stagnation and rising unemployment have led to increases in irregular emigration and remittances. Another important result is that the process of deindustrialization, fueled by the extreme openness of economies, has generated a substantial increase in the homicide rate. In summary, the results show that female employment generates increases in the economic growth rate of the respective country and in the other member countries. However, this process of regional employment induction is undermined by the extreme openness of economies, which means that the main beneficiaries of the economic dynamism imparted by the increase in female employment may be the countries from which it is imported. In other words, "globalization" or "openness" frustrates national efforts at economic and social development. It should be noted that in the 1960s and 1970s, when the model of import substitution prevailed, the Central American economies grew at rates twice as high as those prevailing after the "reforms." The economic policy recommendations are based on the promotion of women's employment by increasing the levels of female schooling, the establishment of national networks of childcare centers, combating discrimination against women in the workplace, etc. Efforts to increase women's employment will be better developed if they are structured within the framework of a national/regional employment strategy, in which objectives and targets would be established for each country, and the actions to be carried out in the areas of obtaining resources, identifying, approving and supervising projects would be outlined, and the results goals would be established with the respective indicators to be achieved in the medium and long term. But it should be pointed out that these actions cannot yield the results sought in the current structure of extreme openness of economies, which makes it necessary to design and implement policies to achieve the reindustrialization and re-agriculturalization of the economies, seeking, in addition to increasing economic dynamism, the increase of quality employment, and the reduction of violence and irregular emigration, the achievement of self-sufficiency and sustained increases in the production of goods of special importance. The results of this work have shown that in efforts to reignite economic growth, women's employment and Central American economic integration can play important roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) data from 2012 to 2020, we estimate the effect of the "Universal Two-Child" (UTC) policy on women's employment income in China by the Difference-in-Difference (DID) model. Our results show that the UTC policy leads to an average decrease of 20.86% in women's employment income. Moreover, we reveal the mediation effect in the impact of the UTC policy on women's income and find that the UTC policy leads to a decrease in women's income by reducing their working hours and hourly wages. Furthermore, we find that the negative impacts of the UTC policy on women's employment income are greater among women under 35 years old and those without a bachelor's degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women in corporate sectors across South Africa are not adequately represented. Despite the influx of women in the workforce, they are still experiencing challenges in leadership positions compared to their male counterparts. Thus, the gender gap has caused most women to put extra effort into building their careers through personal efforts - mentorship, networking, and further training. This article analyzed quantitative data and discussed how access to higher education influences career choice and the advancement of women in the telecommunication industry in South Africa. One hundred and thirty-three (133) junior and middle women workers from a telecommunication company were chosen randomly to understand how they plan to build their careers and the challenges they have encountered. The finding indicates that the driving force among the respondents was the opportunities they had created for themselves to progress in their careers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1960s, two landmark statutes—the Equal Pay and Civil Rights Acts—targeted the long-standing practice of employment discrimination against U.S. women. For the next 15 years, the gender gap in median earnings among full-time, full-year workers changed little, leading many scholars to conclude that the legislation was ineffectual. This article revisits this conclusion using two research designs, which leverage (i) cross-state variation in preexisting state equal pay laws and (ii) variation in the 1960 gender gap across occupation-industry-state-group cells to capture differences in the legislation's incidence. Both designs suggest that federal antidiscrimination legislation led to striking gains in women's relative wages, which were concentrated among below-median wage earners. These wage gains offset preexisting labor market forces, which worked to depress women's relative pay growth, resulting in the apparent stability of the gender gap at the median and mean in the 1960s and 1970s. The data show little evidence of short-term changes in women's employment but suggest that firms reduced their hiring and promotion of women in the medium to long term. The historical record points to the key role of the Equal Pay Act in driving these changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the labor market effects of oil palm cultivation among smallholder farmers in Indonesia. Oil palm requires less labor per unit of land than alternative crops, especially less female labor. Microlevel data and nationally representative regency-level data show that oil palm adoption, on average, led to an expansion of total cropland at the expense of forestland, resulting in higher agricultural labor demand for men. At the same time, women's employment rates declined due to a substantial decrease in agricultural family labor, which was most evident in regions with high initial land scarcity and thus limited options for cropland expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The background of this study was an investigation of a sustainability issue involving how to deal with increasing deaths due to substance use as well as housing instability among those with substance use problems. Our study investigated the relationship between community-level women's employment and two key variables within Oxford House recovery homes: levels of employment and the sharing of resources among residents. These variables are crucial for the sustainability of recovery homes as they contribute to maintaining an ecological balance in communities. For our methods, we gathered data from recovery homes located in three different regions of the United States. The focus was on examining how women's employment rates in these communities correlate with the employment statuses of house residents and their resource-sharing behaviors. Regarding the results, we found a positive association between rates of employment among women in these communities and employment within the recovery housesand resource lending among residents. We conclude that women's employment at the community-level appears to be a significant macro-level factor that promotes supportive social and environmental policies. These community-level policies enhance employment opportunities and encourage interpersonal sharing within recovery homes, contributing to ecological balance and sustainability in terms of environmental, economic, and social dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a correction notice for an article on the demand for family planning in Nigeria. It includes a corrected version of Figure 1 and Table 3, which had missing information and formatting errors. The corrected Table 3 provides results for model Dsa, including independent variables, adjusted odds ratios, standard errors, and p-values. The correction aims to provide accurate and complete information for researchers studying family planning in Nigeria. The given text appears to be a statistical analysis of various factors related to family planning in Nigeria, including community-level variables and their effects. The publisher acknowledges errors in the text and apologizes for them. [Extracted from the article]

Refugee women's employment and economic inclusion have emerged as significant areas of focus, with these women facing unique challenges due to their gender, refugee status, and sociocultural identities. Policymakers and researchers worldwide are giving this issue increased attention. This systematic review uses a mixed methods approach and includes 31 studies to explore the predictors, barriers, and facilitators of refugee women's employment. The results reveal a pooled employment rate of 31.1% among refugee women. It identifies demographic features, language proficiency, education, and family structure as critical determinants of employment. The qualitative synthesis uncovers three key themes: the meaning and significance of employment; barriers to employment; and facilitators and coping for employment. This study underscores the multifaceted influences on refugee women's employment. The findings can inform the creation of more targeted interventions, policies, and practices to support refugee women's employment and economic integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to identify the differences in the employment rate dynamics in economy sections, considering gender, in the European Union countries in 2020, compared to the 2008–2019 period. Two methods were used. The first method compares forecasts from models describing employment changes in the pre-pandemic periods with information concerning the actual employment rate in 2020, using three indices measuring the significance of the observed discrepancies. The second method uses dynamic cluster analysis for the 2008–2020 period, and evaluates the changes in composition of groups that occured in 2020. The proposed methods were applied separately to the data concerning the employment of females and males (employment rates) in the EU countries, always divided into economy sections and section groups (A, B-E, F, G-I, J, K, L, M and N, O-Q, R). The application of the “Triple 2 Rule” helped to identify the changes in the previous employment trends (“Interventions”). The evaluation of changes in the dynamics of the employment rate in total and in section groups and according to gender in the EU countries in 2020 – compared to the forecasts from the 2013–2019 trends – revealed that the EU labour market responded differently to the COVID-19 pandemic situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dados - Revista de Ciências Sociais is the property of DADOS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Papers: Revista de Sociologia is the property of Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With globalisation and international trade, remittances and migration significantly influence economic activities, yet their impact on tourism income and gender-specific employment remains under-researched. This study uses autoregressive distributed lags and Granger causality to examine the effects of remittances and migration on tourism income and employment in South Africa. Three models are established as follows: for aggregate employment, male employment, and female employment, each with equations for tourism income and employment. Key findings from this study indicate that remittances significantly drive tourism income in both the short and long run across all models. Conversely, employment negatively impacts tourism income, hinting at sectoral trade-offs. Migration positively affects tourism income in the short run for male and aggregate models but is insignificant for female employment. Remittances boost male employment in both the short and long run, whereas their impact on female employment is significant only in the long run. Causality analysis shows a bidirectional relationship among employment indicators, with unidirectional causality from remittances to migration and from migration to income. This study recommends policies to support remittance inflows and their productive use in tourism, along with targeted interventions to reduce gender disparities in employment and promote equitable economic opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on women's labor force participation in 14 Arab countries from 1991 to 2021. Theoretically, FDI supports gender equality by creating more jobs for women, providing them with better working conditions, and increasing their wages relative to those provided by local firms. It also does this via increasing the demand for labor and technological spillovers. Unlike previous studies, we utilize likelihood-based panel cointegration and multivariate analysis to examine cointegration between the variables, considering cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity. The results demonstrate that FDI inflows boost women's participation in the labor force in nearly half of the sample countries. Policywise, the findings imply that FDI inflows can assist central governments in achieving better gender development and equality through either higher female labor demand or sustainable labor practices and gender-equal norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While policy evaluation is essential for improving labor programs, a significant knowledge gap exists regarding the impact of local labor market policies in developing countries. This article analyzes the impact of three employment programs in Chile aimed at enhancing employability and wages, namely Youth Employment Subsidy (SEJ), Women's Employment Subsidy (BTM), and Job or Skill Training (CT). We evaluate data from the CASEN Survey in 2015 and 2017 using matching techniques, presenting results for each program separately as they target different segments of the labor market. Fixed effects by territorial units, time effects, and geographic factors are all employed as controls per each matching procedure. For wages, variables such as the worker's productive sector, type of contract, and other socioeconomic controls are considered as well. Robustness analyses through different matching strategies are included. The results indicate that the SEJ and BTM have positive and significant effects on employability, while their impact on wages is null. As for CT, there are positive and significant effects on wages and employability, though with nuanced variations across territories. These findings are relevant in terms of effective labor market support programs, crucial for improving working conditions, narrowing gaps, and increasing employment opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though understudied, dysmenorrhea, a painful cramping sensation occurring near and during menses, is the most prevalent gynecological disorder among women of reproductive age, affecting 50– 90% of the global population. Contributing factors of this disorder include poor medical assessment, lack of consciousness, gender bias, moderate to high levels of stress, and depression and anxiety. Among school students and healthcare trainees, dysmenorrhea contributes to short-term absenteeism, lower productivity, creativity, and job performance. Among medical trainees, dysmenorrhea has been found to impact daily activities to a disabling degree in nearly one third of instances, resulting in difficulties in relationships and even self-isolation. Dysmenorrhea further produces substantial global economic losses and higher healthcare costs. To begin to alleviate the extensive issue of dysmenorrhea, we must increase awareness to fully understand its prevalence, risk factors, and potential for effective, affordable, and accessible treatments. Concurrently, our clinical environment must adopt a standard description and assessment tool to prevent, measure, and monitor dysmenorrhea, while on a global scale, we must develop and widely disseminate nationwide labor regulations that address the workforce impact due to the effects of dysmenorrhea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document summarizes the work of Claudia Goldin, who was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in 2023 for her research on women's labor market outcomes. Goldin's research emphasizes the impact of institutional structures and technology on perpetuating gender inequality in earnings. However, some critics argue that her analysis relies too heavily on neoclassical assumptions and overlooks the inefficiencies and unfairness of current institutional structures. Additionally, Goldin's focus on college-educated career women may divert attention from other dimensions of inequality. While her research is valuable, it may not fully address the intersections of inequality and may not contribute to more equitable economic development. The document also provides contact information for Nancy Folbre, a Professor emerita of Economics and Director of the Program on Gender and Care Work at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. [Extracted from the article]

While India's low female labor force participation in urban areas is often attributed to its demographic and labor market characteristics, education, and cultural aspects, attention is not paid to the labor market opportunity structure limiting women's labor market participation. We examine the role of transport infrastructure in gendergap in labor force participation and its variations by gender-norms across communities. Using India Human Development Survey and city-level data on transport infrastructure, the causal effects of differential employment status of women and men are related to size and quality of transport in twelve Indian cities. Interaction effects are explored to understand varying impacts of transport on employment by gender-context in communities. We find that an improvement in the size and quality of transportation infrastructure improves women's labor market participation more than that of men. In gender egalitarian communities, stronger positive effect of transport on female labor and reduction of gender gap in employment. Along with generation of new job opportunities suitable for women, it is important to encourage a gender-friendly institutional and social fabric to allow women to connect to new jobs. Using a novel data, the paper highlights the importance of ostensibly gender-neutral development policies for shaping gender inequalities in outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Online Journal of Music Sciences (OJOMUS) is the property of Online Journal of Music Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Necmettin Erbakan University Journal of the Faculty of Political Science / Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Necmettin Erbakan University Journal of The Faculty of Political Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates the effect of socioeconomic factors on income, savings and employment status during the outbreak and spread of Covid-19, with a focus on gender segregation between two groups of women and men. The data for this article were gathered through the administration of questionnaires. SPSS software was utilized to analyze the regressions related to the status of income, savings, and employment. The investigation encompasses a statistical population of 1093 individuals, of which 523 are women and 570 are men at the 95% confidence level, the results of the regression analysis indicate that households with more members, tenants, and older individuals have all experienced a decline in income and savings, with males being disproportionately affected. Enhancing socioeconomic status, education, and income class has the potential to mitigate the detrimental effects of Corona. Specifically, women experience a greater reduction in damage than males in this regard. Among different jobs, self-employed jobs were disproportionately impacted by Corona than government and salaried positions. Given the significance of employment in both the public and private sectors within Iranian society, it was deliberated in this domain. In this regard, females have incurred a greater number of occupational injuries and losses than males. Hence, it can be asserted that employed women hold occupations that are more precarious in nature compared to employed men, and in times of emergencies such as the Covid-19 pandemic crisis, they will endure a greater degree of occupational harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article, "Nobel Lecture: An Evolving Economic Force" by Claudia Goldin, explores the increasing role of women in the global economy. It discusses the historical evolution of women's labor force participation and highlights the factors that have contributed to the rise of women in the workforce. The article also addresses the issue of the gender pay gap and proposes solutions to reduce it. It emphasizes the importance of shared responsibilities in the home and societal changes to support gender equity. Overall, the article provides insights into the complexities of women's economic participation and the challenges they face in achieving equal opportunities. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej is the property of Redakcja Przegladu Socjologii Jakosciowej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article provides an analysis of labor force participation and employment trends among Americans aged 55 and older. It examines data from the U.S. Census Bureau's Current Population Survey, focusing on age, gender, and race. The study reveals fluctuations in labor force participation rates across different age and gender groups, an increase in the labor force share of individuals aged 65-69, and changes in labor force participation rates among various racial groups. The report offers a comprehensive overview of the aging workforce in the United States, emphasizing the importance for employers to recognize and accommodate the evolving demographics and diversity of older workers. [Extracted from the article]

This paper studies new changes in elderly care in urban areas against the background of population aging with data from the China Social Survey 2021. The study revealed that urban families mainly adopt two models—the "living-with-the-elderly" model and the "providing-economic-support" model—and that there is a substitution effect between the two models. Regarding individual characteristics, younger individuals with higher education levels tend to use the providing-economic-support model instead of the living-with-the-elderly model. In terms of family features, the greater the number of underage children in a family is, the greater the probability of giving economic support and the lower the probability of living with elderly people, reflecting a family resource allocation model centered on "children". This paper further explores the impact of urban female employment on family care model choice and finds that employed women are more inclined to use economic support instead of living with elderly people. The study suggested that the government should gradually improve the public resource support system, promote community service infrastructure development, and expand professional service supply capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urbanization process in Malaysia since 1957 has significantly transformed the role of women in society. Urbanization phenomena have transformed the structure, dynamics, and traditional roles of women within the basic unit of the family. This paper examines how urbanization and social changes in the post-independence period have influenced the shift in women's roles - from traditional domestic functions to becoming key income-generators for their families. The analysis is grounded in Census data and Vital Statistics from the Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOSM). A review of rapid urban growth from 1957 to 2025 indicates that urbanization has shaped a distinct pattern of increasing women's participation in the labor force and a rise in the proportion of women serving as Heads of Households. Concurrently, data shows a significant upward trend in women's enrollment in higher education (matriculation, colleges, and universities). Additionally, the data reveals a pattern of delayed marriage among working women (aged 27-29) and a tendency towards smaller nuclear family sizes. The profound changes observed between 1957 and 2025 demonstrate that the urbanization process has fundamentally reshaped the role of Malaysian women, transitioning them from traditional domestic roles to primary income-generators for their families. As women's economic roles have expanded, they require a supportive environment and appropriate policies to effectively fulfill their evolving responsibilities. This includes work-life balance initiatives, fair career opportunities, and more equitable distribution of household tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the female labour force participation rate on urbanization, which is the question of reverse causality, was not investigated in the earlier literature despite the widespread belief that urbanization leads to modernization and social transformation. The paper used World Bank data from 217 countries from 1991 to 2022 to address this issue. The Random Effect (RE) Two-Stage least squares (2SLS) regression analysis suggests that urbanization has a detrimental effect on the ratio of female to male labour force participation. On the other hand, the proportion of women to men participating in the labour force positively influences urbanization. The GDP growth rate and the proportion of female employers favourably influence the participation rate of women in the labour force. However, the estimated results do not support the idea that long-term economic growth and the percentage of women in the labour force follow a U-shaped pattern. The results do not support a U-shaped association between the female labour force participation rate and urbanization. However, a causal and long-term stable association exists between female labour force participation rate and urbanization. Finally, we suggest several policies that will benefit women's labour force participation rate during the process of economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction industry's male-dominated image, working ethos, and environment have led to an abysmal representation of women professionals in the workforce. The industry, the second largest employer in India, contributing 9% to India’s GDP has a mere 2% representation of women professionals (architects, site engineers, quantity surveyors, planning engineers, safety professionals, etc.) in employment. Manpower shortage continues to challenge the industry and poses an opportunity for women and employers alike. In this context, the paper aims to identify and evaluate the barriers and approaches to improve the wellbeing, safety, and health of women professionals at project sites thus increasing their share in employment. A mixed approach of questionnaire survey, interviews, and focused discussion was adopted. The top three barriers identified were – Long working hours and a culture that working long demonstrate work commitment, Remote and changing work locations of project sites impacting family life, and Inflexible work hours; while the top three approaches were – Providing appropriate sanitary facilities, Separate and clean restrooms and Evaluating performance based on output rather than hours put in. Results suggest that men and women shared a common perception of all barriers and approaches except for three. The findings will aid in advocating for women's wellbeing, safety and health at construction sites and spread the word about the value of gender mainstreaming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the demographic dividend disappearing, the key to achieving high-quality development in China is to promote full employment of the workforce. Women are a significant group in the job market, but they frequently face greater pressure and higher employment thresholds. Ensuring high-quality employment for women will be one of the most important tasks in the future. Based on the China Family Panel Studies data, this paper uses two-way fixed effects models, causal stepwise regression analysis, and structural equation models to study the impact of digital transformation of households on female employment and how it works. The empirical results show that digital transformation of households significantly promotes female employment. For low-security employment and high-security employment, the promotion effect of digital transformation is significant. Further mechanism analysis shows that digital transformation of households mainly increases women's human capital, improves their search for information, and stimulates improvements in social skills, thus effectively eliminating employment-related gender discrimination and ultimately promoting women's employment. This paper can provide a significant reference for alleviating female employment pressure, promoting full employment, and achieving high-quality development in the context of digital transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Unemployment rate inches up during 2023, labor force participation rises" provides data on the U.S. labor market in 2023. The unemployment rate increased slightly in the second half of the year, but remained below 4 percent throughout the year. The labor force participation rate increased, particularly among women and people of prime working age. Unemployment rates varied by gender, race, education, and age. The article also discusses changes in labor force status, employment by occupational group, and telework rates. Overall, the labor market remained strong in 2023. [Extracted from the article]

"Evolving Households: The Imprint of Technology on Life" by Jeremy Greenwood explores the impact of technological advancements on various aspects of household life. The book uses economic models and mathematical analyses to integrate historical data and examine long-term trends in U.S. households. Topics covered include the rise in female labor supply, the decline in fertility, the decline in marriage rates, the relationship between culture and technological advances, and the impact of technological progress on healthcare and retirement. The book argues that technology has had a substantial effect on household dynamics and provides economic statistics to support its claims. It is recommended for advanced undergraduate and graduate students studying economics, as well as researchers in history and sociology. [Extracted from the article]

There are many complex reasons for the underrepresentation of women among executive ranks, both on the supply side (that is, women opting out of the executive track or career experiences that put them on it) and the demand side. To begin to tackle this multifaceted issue and better understand the demand-side drivers of lack of diversity in the upper echelons of organizations, we build on the institutional logics literature to develop the notion of CEO exclusionary schema and argue that it introduces an unconscious bias. To test this notion, we empirically investigate the role that a CEO's participation in a male-dominated, exclusionary sport plays as an obstacle to female advancement in the executive ranks. Specifically, we find that CEOs that play golf are significantly less likely to employ a female on their executive team, across a range of definitions. Further, we show that this relationship is even stronger for CEOs with elite educational backgrounds. In additional analyses, we find that the gender pay gap on the top management team is also much larger at firms where the CEO plays golf. Overall, our study suggests that CEO out-of-the-office experiences and background can support unconscious biases, and there is still significant work to be done to break down demand-side barriers to female advancement in the executive realm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the association between women's relative employment positions and the transition to parenthood, focusing on women of Maghrebi, Turkish, and Southern European origin in Belgium. Whereas gender specialization is associated with higher chances of entering parenthood in the older literature, the economic preconditions to parenthood have shifted and more recent studies indicate that couples where both partners work are more likely to start a family. However, whereas this shift has been extensively studied among majority populations, we lack insight into whether similar patterns can also be found among population subgroups with a migration background. This paper uses Belgian census data from 2011–2015 to explore how women's relative employment positions are linked to the likelihood of entering parenthood and whether this association varies by women's age, generation, and origin of the male partner. The results indicate that couples in which both partners are employed are more likely to enter parenthood regardless of migration background. However, the results for women of Maghrebi or Turkish background suggest that single-earner couples and couples where both partners are unemployed delay entry into parenthood to a similar extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Return to work and permanence in employment of women who survive breast cancer are topics that become important as incidence and survival rates increase. Self-efficacy as a modifiable element is of special interest in this process. The objective of this study is to measure the level of self-efficacy in female breast cancer survivors, according to sociodemographic, work and treatment characteristics and their relationship with return to work. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, based on a survey of breast cancer patients about their demographic and work characteristics, the return to work process, permanence in the same job and the level of work self-efficacy. Differences in the level of self-efficacy with respect to characteristics were evaluated using bivariate analyses and hypothesis statistical testing. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: One hundred and twenty-four women were included, 87.9% had returned to work, the majority (56.4%) between one and six months after treatment, 67.7% remained in the same job. Higher levels of work self-efficacy were related to a higher probability of returning to work and staying there, and a shorter time to return to work; these differences were statistically significant. Conclusion: Occupational health and risk prevention services must consider and strengthen work self-efficacy and organizational support in breast cancer survivors to achieve a successful return to work [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, a coresiding mother-in-law may restrict a woman's labor force participation as the custodian of gender-specific social norms but may also help by taking on housework responsibilities. We use the exogenous variation in the coresiding mother-in-law's death to investigate which effect dominates. We use a difference-in-differences strategy along with individual fixed effects to find a 10% decrease in women's labor force participation following their mother-in-law's death. We provide suggestive evidence to show that while mothers-in-law restrict the autonomy of their daughters-in-law, they also free up time for their daughters-in-law by sharing their housework burdens, thus allowing them to work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In knowledge-based organizations, conflict among interdependent occupations can be exacerbated by the absence of a clear hierarchical ordering of these occupations within the organization. Moreover, given women's inroads into some traditionally male-dominated occupations but not others, these workplaces are increasingly horizontally gender segregated. In this paper, we study how members of these symmetric and segregated occupations manage conflict in U.S. advertising agencies through the case of relationships between "creatives" (copywriters, designers, and creative directors) and "suits" or account practitioners (account executives, strategists, and managers). Creatives and suits are at the same organizational level in their agencies. While creatives are primarily men, suits, traditionally also men, are now primarily women. Drawing on participant observation in five different U.S. advertising agencies and over 100 interviews, we show how creatives and account practitioners use gender ordering to overcome jurisdictional conflict. These practices are grounded in enacting essentialist gender differences that transform symmetric occupational relationships into hierarchical ones by embedding the gender hierarchy. We find that, while gender ordering helps women and men in cross-occupational pairs get work done, it also reinforces women's disadvantage, because, for women, it involves low-status and emotionally taxing scut work that it does not involve for men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay deems education and employment as the two separate but interrelated spheres of socioeconomic life which have consistently been the subject of observation and analysis in the fields of education, sociology, anthropology and development. The focus is on how education relates to employment, women's status, and more recently on the sustainability of development. Recently, critical observations were made of education, charging it with a) irrelevance to the real world (the ivory tower image), b) rigid institutionalization of fields as 'silos' (non-integration across fields), and c) overemphasis on the 'teaching' aspect with disregard for the 'learning' component. From this standpoint it is purported that education failed to meet contemporary needs and should be subjected to a total transformation. The author contends that much of such critique tends to be ideological rather than empirically grounded. This issue will be addressed by bringing in some empirical observations from actual studies to perhaps reach some insights on education that can guide us into thinking about contemporary conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of Spanish fiction series has been strengthened in recent decades and has recently been boosted by the establishment in Madrid of Netflix's European operations center. In this moment of boom, we examine the participation of female professionals in the audiovisual sector, where we start from data that reveal the masculinization of most of the teams. We go through the Netflix catalog and find that only 5 of the 34 series produced in Spain until 2022 have an exclusively female leadership. Valeria stands out among them, where the presence of women is the majority, also in positions of responsibility. Therefore, we turned this fiction into our case study and covered the three seasons broadcast from May 2020 to June 2023. We pay attention to the plots, conflicts and character construction, resorting to a content analysis of its 24 episodes. We are also interested in the experience of the professionals involved, in order to study, through in-depth interviews, the distinctive aspects of the female teams. Our results define Valeria as a creation that avoids the label "for women", with characters inspired by certain archetypes, but who evolve as they struggle to achieve the life they want. The professionals consulted give a positive assessment of the performance within an almost exclusively female, highlighting aspects such as collaboration, work capacity, or the subordination of egos to the need to achieve a good result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stunting is a community health problem with significant impacts. The estimated prevalence rate of stunting was 24.4% in Indonesia and 25.7% in the Berau Regency. Stunting is a growth disorder caused by chronic malnutrition during the first 1,000 days of life. It is characterized by a height-for-age Z-score below -2 standard deviations from the child growth standards median of the World Health Organization, an insufficient growth rate, and a reduced potential final height. The contributing factors to stunting include maternal variables, as mothers are the primary caregivers. The objective of this study was to determine the factors for stunting and specifically investigate if there is a relationship between maternal employment and stunting in the Maratua District of Berau, Indonesia. This study used a cross-sectional research design. The sample size was determined using the Sample Size Calculator from the World Health Organization for a two-sided test (α = 0.05; β = 0.2; p1 = 0.63; p2 = 0.25; 95% CI). The data were collected from the nutrition report and anthropometric measurements at Maratua Primary Healthcare Center. The research was carried out at the Integrated Health Posts (Pos Layanan Terpadu/Posyandu) in the Maratua District. The toddlers (n = 56) were examined with their parental consent. Toddlers with overnutrition, obesity, and acute infectious diseases were excluded from this study. The data were processed using Chi-square and Fisher tests (p < 0.05). In the analysis, no significant relationship was found between stunting and maternal employment. However, the results revealed that fathers who were not fishermen had a 6.3 times greater risk of having stunted toddlers compared to fathers who worked as fishermen. Fathers with a junior high school degree showed a 6.1 times higher risk of having stunted toddlers than fathers with different educational levels. In conclusion, stunting in the Maratua District is associated with the fathers' educational attainment and employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on gender-and age-related wage–productivity gaps in intangible and non-intangible work occupations using the 2017 Slovenian linked employer–employee microdata for privately owned firms. Comparing employees based on age, gender and occupation, our results show that, in general, there are wage gaps in favour of men, with the exception of individuals aged 50 or older who belong to the intangible capital group, where the wages of men and women are almost equal. There are also significant wage gaps in favour of older workers, with the exception of women in non-intangible occupations, where those aged 30–49 and those aged 50+ earn almost the same. Comparing the productivity of workers using value added decomposition method and based on age, gender and occupation, in general we find that gender and age gaps are more pronounced. For example, women tend to be more productive than men, with the exception of men under the age of 30 in non-intangible work occupations. Similarly, older workers tend to be less productive than their younger counterparts, with the exception of women aged 30–49 compared to women under 30 in non-intangible work occupations. Moreover, age-related wage productivity gaps are higher for intangible than for non-intangible worker occupations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the impact of trade-induced changes in labor market conditions on violence within the household. We exploit the local labor demand shocks generated by Cambodia's WTO accession to assess how changes in the employment of women relative to men affected the risk of intimate partner violence. We document that men in districts facing larger tariff reductions experienced a significant decline in paid employment, whereas women in harder-hit districts increased their entry into the labor force. These changes in employment patterns triggered backlash effects by increasing intimate partner violence, without changes in marriage, fertility, psychological distress, or household consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High population growth without concurrent improvements in human quality poses significant challenges in promoting equitable welfare across various life aspects. Thus, population control is crucial for achieving sustainable development goals. This study emphasizes the role of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC) in managing fertility rates and investigates three main components of population growth: fertility, mortality, and migration. The objectives are threefold: 1) Analyze the profile of fertileage couples using LARC in rural Jambi; 2) Investigate the socio-economic factors influencing the choice between LARC and non-LARC methods among these couples; 3) Explore the relationship between the couples' characteristics and their choice of LARC. Data were collected from a survey of 200 fertile-age couples participating in a family planning program across four villages in Jambi. The analysis utilized descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression, and multinomial logistic regression. Findings indicate that LARC usage among fertile-age couples in rural Jambi is low, at approximately 28% of total contraceptive users, with implants being the most common LARC type. In contrast, non-LARC methods are more prevalent, accounting for 72% of usage, dominated by three-month injectables, followed by pills and male condoms. Significant factors influencing the choice between LARC and non-LARC include the husband's education, the woman's employment status, the number of living children, the disparity between actual and ideal family size, desire for more children, knowledge about contraceptive options, and family income. Furthermore, characteristics significantly related to the choice of LARC methods such as tubal ligation, implants, and IUDs include the woman's age, number of living children, the gap between the ideal and actual number of children, desire for more children, woman's employment status, knowledge about contraceptive devices, and family income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between employment and women's weight outcomes in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) is less studied. In this study, we use nearest‐neighbor matching to analyze the association between off‐farm employment and women's body mass index (BMI), using data from 364,426 adult women from 36 SSA countries. We find that employment off‐farm is associated with improvement in women's weight status. Off‐farm employment is associated with higher BMI in women (by 1.6%), and lower BMI among obese and overweight women (by 28% and 16%, respectively). These findings provide information that could guide policymakers working at the intersection of women's health and employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]