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The article discusses the role of Russian patriotic volunteer societies in Moscow and Petrograd, Russia in civilian mobilization campaigns during World War I including the Vol’noe Ekonomicheskoe Obshchestvo economic society, the Moskovskoe avtomobil’noe obshchestvo automotive society, and the Moskovskoe obshchestvo sel’skogo khoziaistva agricutlural society. The alleged necessity of patriotism in waging total war is emphasized, historiographic sources on volunteer societies including periodicals, archives, and private correspondence are analyzed, and the encouragement of patriotism by Russian political leaders is described, Information is offered on Russian government persecution of German landholder "enemy aliens" .

Focuses on Great Britain's Red Cross volunteers in World War I. Difficulties in explaining what drew women to offer their labor; Benedict Anderson's theory of `imagined communities'; Experiences of the women in `Voluntary Aid Detachments' (VAD); Social aspects of VADs.

The article discusses the construction of ships, particularly wooden ships, in the Pacific Northwest during World War I. It comments on the involvement of the Emergency Fleet Corporation (EFC) and the United States Shipping Board (USSB) in ship construction. The author considers shipyards and the impact of shipbuilding on cities in the region, including Portland, Oregon and Seattle, Washington. The involvement of the shipbuilding company Grant Smith-Porter in the EFC wooden ship program is also addressed.

The article reports on the consequences of the military mobilization of the German economy between 1914 and 1916. The author states that German industrialists often clashed with the German War Ministry over issues such as manpower, steel allocations and compensation rates for materials provided to the military. The author notes that German industrialists systematically secured their own profits at the expense of national interests, ultimately crippling the war effort and contributing to Germany's defeat.

Reexamines the war aims of Russia during the First World War. Enumeration of a list of specific war aims by Foreign Minister Sergei D. Sazonov; Ratification of the war aims by Emperor Nicholas II; Authenticity of Sazonov's thirteen-point program.

The article discusses the effect of World War I on the employment of women, and on Victorian middle class notions of feminine respectability, in England. Women's employment in prewar England, mainly as unskilled laborers, is discussed, as is the more skilled war work they performed, and their large-scale departure from the labor force after the war. Also discussed are labor statistics from 1921 indicating a small but significant expansion of employment opportunities for British women, in such areas as clerical work, the clothing trade, and domestic occupations.

The article focuses on the method of checking the escalation of international conflicts. It takes in to study account of earlier conflicts to process the method. The relations of states may be studied from the viewpoint of the world as a whole by locating states in an analytic field of which the coordinates indicate their values and their capabilities. Conflict is a particular relationship between states and may exist at all levels and in varied degrees. Conflict in a narrow sense refers to a situation in which the parties are taking action against each other. The intent of the study is to provide a rough measure of the probable motivations of the parties which induce them to escalate a given conflict, to urge a cease-fire, or to negotiate at a given stage and to test the formula which relates these motivations by applying it to estimates of the magnitude of the variables at successive stages of 45 conflicts beginning with the World War I. The study suggests that factors promoting escalation of international conflicts are perceptions of vital national interests by both parties.

The article provides a historical overview of the support and work of the Australian Red Cross and Australian Comforts Fund for the Australian troops during the World War I. It says that these organizations were formed for the benefit of the Australian troops by providing services and relief to the wounded soldiers and prisoners of war and distributing parcels to the troops. It also presents an excerpt from the book "A Woman's War," which features women on the home front during the war.