Search

Gestures--hand movements that accompany speech and express ideas--can help children learn how to solve problems, flexibly generalize learning to novel problem-solving contexts, and retain what they have learned. But does it matter who is doing the gesturing? We know that producing gesture leads to better comprehension of a message than watching someone else produce gesture. But we do not know how producing versus observing gesture impacts deeper learning outcomes such as generalization and retention across time. Moreover, not all children benefit equally from gesture instruction, suggesting that there are individual differences that may play a role in who learns from gesture. Here, we consider two factors that might impact whether gesture leads to learning, generalization, and retention after mathematical instruction: (1) whether children see gesture or do gesture and (2) whether a child spontaneously gestures before instruction when explaining their problem-solving reasoning. For children who spontaneously gestured before instruction, both doing and seeing gesture led to better generalization and retention of the knowledge gained than a comparison manipulative action. For children who did not spontaneously gesture before instruction, doing gesture was less effective than the comparison action for learning, generalization, and retention. Importantly, this learning deficit was specific to gesture, as these children did benefit from doing the comparison manipulative action. Our findings are the first evidence that a child's use of a particular representational format for communication (gesture) directly predicts that child's propensity to learn from using the same representational format.

This article describes a model and online resources for including learner-generated videos as part of an assessment portfolio, and a suggested schedule for a week-long filmmaking workshop. The rationale behind the guide was to enable teaching staff with limited filmmaking experience to embed a novel, authentic, and enjoyable assessment activity into their programmes which can allow learners to combine academic research with a variety of transferable skills; such as communication, collaboration and digital literacy. Ideas presented could be implemented within a variety of degree programmes at minimal financial cost.

COVID-19 has permeated news since December 2019 and has impacted all areas of life. Despite widespread coverage of COVID-related risks, there is limited understanding of adolescent resilience in Global South contexts (e.g., Africa) and against the backdrop of COVID-19. We, therefore, conducted a qualitative secondary analysis of 79 documents (i.e., drawings and written explanations) generated by school-attending adolescents in grades eight to ten in Zamdela, South Africa, during 2020 lockdown. Using a multisystemic resilience approach, we explored what these documents revealed as resilience enabling for adolescents in a township context during COVID-19. The thematic findings highlight the importance of personal resources, complemented by relational resources and very occasionally, resources in young people's physical ecology. These findings reinforce that resilience is more than a set of personal strengths and reminds us that individual capacity for resilience is pertinent when contextual and temporal dynamics such as resource constraints and lockdown conditions prevail.

Abstract Failure to consider population structure when managing harvested fishes increases the risk of stock depletion, yet empirical estimates of population structure are often lacking for important fishery species. In this study, we characterise genetic variation in single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to assess population structure for three harvested species of tropical snappers across the broad (up to 300 km wide) and extensive (~ 4000 km) continental shelf of north-western Australia. Comparisons across ~ 300 individuals per species, showed remarkably similar patterns of genetic structure among Lutjanus sebae (red emperor), L. malabaricus (saddletail snapper) and Pristipomoides multidens (goldband snapper) despite subtle differences in biological and ecological traits. Low levels of genetic subdivision were reflected in an isolation by distance relationship where genetic connectivity increased with geographic proximity. This indicates extensive but not unlimited dispersal across the north-western Australian shelf. Our findings provide evidence of connectivity between current management areas, violating the assumption of multiple independent stocks. Spatial stock assessment models may be more suitable for the management of these species however demographic connectivity rates cannot be accurately estimated from the conventional population genetic approaches applied in this study. We recommend that managers aim to maintain adequate spawning biomass across current management areas, and assess stocks at finer scales, where practical.

Abstract Background Pain, the primary complaint in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), is multifaceted, and may be driven by inflammatory disease activity and central sensitisation. We aimed to ascertain what proportion of RA pain severity is explained by markers of inflammation and quantitative sensory testing (QST) indices of central sensitisation. Methods This was a cross-sectional analysis of data from individuals with clinically active RA. Pain severity was assessed using numerical rating scales and inflammation via 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) and Ultrasound (Greyscale, Power Doppler). Pain sensitivity was assessed by ‘static’ (tibialis anterior or brachioradialis pressure pain detection threshold-PPT-TA/PPT-BR) and ‘dynamic’ (temporal summation-TS, conditioned pain modulation-CPM) QST. Bivariate associations used Spearman’s correlation coefficients, and multivariable linear regression models determined relative contributions to pain severity. Results In bivariate analyses of N = 96 (age 65 ± 10y, 77% females) people with RA, pain severity was significantly associated with inflammation indices (r = 0.20 to 0.55), and CPM (r=-0.26). In multivariable models that included TS, CPM, age, sex, and body mass index, inflammation indices remained significantly associated with pain severity. Multivariable models explained 22 to 27% of pain variance. Heterogeneity was apparent for associations with pain between subscores for pain now, strongest or average over the past 4-weeks. Conclusions In individuals with clinically active RA, markers of inflammatory disease activity best explain RA pain with only marginal contributions from QST indices of central sensitisation. Although inflammation plays a key role in the experience of RA pain, the greater proportion of pain severity remains unexplained by DAS28 and ultrasound indices of inflammation.

Abstract To reduce breast motion with a bra, we need to understand what drives the motion of the breasts, and what variables change as support increases. Quantifying breast-torso coordination and movement complexity across the gait cycle may offer deeper insights than previously reported discrete time lag. We aimed to compare breast-torso coordination and mutual influence across breast support conditions during running. Twelve female participants ran on a treadmill at 10 km h−1 with an encapsulation and compression sports bra, and in no bra. Nipple and torso position was recorded. Vector coding, granger causality and transfer entropy were calculated within gait cycles. In both bra conditions, a greater percentage of gait cycles was spent with the breast and torso in-phase (> 90%) compared to no bra running (~ 66%, p

This paper examines the effectiveness of providing personalised email feedback via an automated email application in a large undergraduate introductory accounting course. Over 1,200 students received feedback via emails sent weekly, semi-tailored to each student based on their results in online self-test learning quizzes. We first found that students read the majority of emails distributed. Second, through tracking, using regression analysis, we found that reading emails is related to significantly higher final examination performance in some cases. However, this is moderated by factors relating to diversity in a large cohort exceeding 1,000 students. The results indicate that feedback needs to be readily actionable and aligned with assessed learning outcomes to realise significant impacts on exam performance. This study is relevant to educators who teach large and diverse cohorts and need time-efficient solutions to tailor the learning experience to each student.

Bladder cancer is a leading cancer type in men. The complexity of treatment in late-stage bladder cancer after systemic spread through the lymphatic system highlights the importance of modulating disease-free progression as early as possible in cancer staging. With current therapies relying on previous standards, such as platinum-based chemotherapeutics and immunomodulation with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, researchers, and clinicians are looking for targeted therapies to stop bladder cancer at its source early in progression. A new era of molecular therapies that target specific features upregulated in bladder cancer cell lines is surfacing, which may be able to provide clinicians and patients with better control of disease progression. Here, we discuss multiple emerging therapies including immune checkpoint inhibitors of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway, antibody-drug conjugates, modulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) cell proliferation pathway, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, and fibroblast growth factor receptor targeting. Together, these modern treatments provide potentially promising results for bladder cancer patients with the possibility of increasing remission and survival rates.

Abstract PARP inhibitor (PARPi) therapy has transformed outcomes for patients with homologous recombination DNA repair (HRR) deficient ovarian cancers, for example those with BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene defects. Unfortunately, PARPi resistance is common. Multiple resistance mechanisms have been described, including secondary mutations that restore the HR gene reading frame. BRCA1 splice isoforms △11 and △11q can contribute to PARPi resistance by splicing out the mutation-containing exon, producing truncated, partially functional proteins. However, the clinical impacts and underlying drivers of BRCA1 exon skipping are not fully understood. We analyzed nine ovarian and breast cancer patient derived xenografts (PDX) with BRCA1 exon 11 frameshift mutations for exon skipping and therapy response, including a matched PDX pair derived from a patient pre- and post-chemotherapy/PARPi. BRCA1 exon 11 skipping was elevated in PARPi resistant PDX tumors. Two independent PDX models acquired secondary BRCA1 splice site mutations (SSMs) that drive exon skipping, confirmed using qRT-PCR, RNA sequencing, immunoblotting and minigene modelling. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption of splicing functionally validated exon skipping as a mechanism of PARPi resistance. SSMs were also enriched in post-PARPi ovarian cancer patient cohorts from the ARIEL2 and ARIEL4 clinical trials. Few PARPi resistance mechanisms have been confirmed in the clinical setting. While secondary/reversion mutations typically restore a gene’s reading frame, we have identified secondary mutations in patient cohorts that hijack splice sites to enhance mutation-containing exon skipping, resulting in the overexpression of BRCA1 hypomorphs, which in turn promote PARPi resistance. Thus, BRCA1 SSMs can and should be clinically monitored, along with frame-restoring secondary mutations.

Abstract This article outlines recent developments in non-allergist delivered penicillin allergy de-labelling (PADL), discusses remaining controversies and uncertainties and explores the future for non-allergist delivered PADL. Recent developments include national guidelines for non-allergist delivered PADL and validation of penicillin allergy risk assessment tools. Controversies remain on which penicillin allergy features are low risk of genuine allergy. In the future genetic or immunological tests may facilitate PADL.

Monitoring subnational healthcare quality is important for identifying and addressing geographic inequities. Yet, health facility surveys are rarely powered to support the generation of estimates at more local levels. With this study, we propose an analytical approach for estimating both temporal and subnational patterns of healthcare quality indicators from health facility survey data. This method uses random effects to account for differences between survey instruments; space-time processes to leverage correlations in space and time; and covariates to incorporate auxiliary information. We applied this method for three countries in which at least four health facility surveys had been conducted since 1999 - Kenya, Senegal, and Tanzania - and estimated measures of sick-child care quality per WHO Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) guidelines at programmatic subnational level, between 1999 and 2020. Model performance metrics indicated good out-of-sample predictive validity, illustrating the potential utility of geospatial statistical models for health facility data. This method offers a way to jointly estimate indicators of healthcare quality over space and time, which could then provide insights to decision-makers and health service program managers.

As part of efforts to become more interdisciplinary, socially embedded, and innovative, leaders of a large college of education reimagined a program originally designed to retain struggling students to target students interested in nontraditional educational careers (e.g., nonprofits). Researchers in this study explore reasons why this program has increasingly become a program of choice through both quantitative and qualitative analyses of institutional data across the program's history and surveys of current students and instructors. Findings about shifting demographics of students enrolled in the program toward nontraditional students who appreciate the accessibility and flexibility of the online modality, as well as shifts in program focus on preparation for a broader range of educational career options are presented. Findings also highlight the possibilities of this type of program to prepare students for further educational opportunities, including graduate programs, to also facilitate university-business partnerships. Implications for continued improvement and growth of this program and the design of similar programs targeting the preparation of students for non-traditional teaching positions are also discussed.

Background Marketing of flavored tobacco products has drawn concern because they are used disproportionately by young people. Online retailers have marketed e-cigarette liquids and devices to minors despite knowing it is illegal. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in substantial increases in online purchasing, however, there has been limited study of possible shifts in online tobacco product marketing associated with this change. Objectives We sought to identify types of tobacco regulatory violations in 2021-2022, marketing claims made by retailers, the extent to which retailers had processes in place to deter minors from browsing websites, and the types of flavors promoted. Design and Methods Our observational study was based on an initial sample of 100 tobacco retailers that had received FDA Warning Letters in 2020-2021. Using methods validated in previous research, we coded the letters for retailer information, violation type, and for retailers with an online presence, the types of products sold, and their marketing claims. Results Most retailers with violations were in the US South (48%), 65% had an online presence at the time of analysis, and 53% had a website that offered online product sales. The most common type of violation was the sale of new tobacco products without required marketing authorization (83%). For the retailers in the sample with active websites, 42% were still selling a product that the FDA had indicated was marketed unlawfully. Among these retailers with active websites, 32% did not have processes in place to deter access by minors. Advertised flavors focused on food (eg, mango, honey) and concepts (eg, “love”, “classic”). Conclusions Online retailers appeared less likely to remediate tobacco product violations identified by the FDA after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic than before it, and few websites had strong processes in place that would deter youth browsing.

Summary: Despite extensive global research into genetic predisposition for severe COVID-19, knowledge on the role of rare host genetic variants and their relation to other risk factors remains limited. Here, 52 genes with prior etiological evidence were sequenced in 1,772 severe COVID-19 cases and 5,347 population-based controls from Spain/Italy. Rare deleterious TLR7 variants were present in 2.4% of young (

Density-dependent competition for food influences the foraging behaviour and demography of colonial animals, but how this influence varies across a species’ latitudinal range is poorly understood. Here we used satellite tracking from 21 Northern Gannet Morus bassanus colonies (39% of colonies worldwide, supporting 73% of the global population) during chick-rearing to test how foraging trip characteristics (distance and duration) covary with colony size (138–60 953 breeding pairs) and latitude across 89% of their latitudinal range (46.81–71.23° N). Tracking data for 1118 individuals showed that foraging trip duration and maximum distance both increased with square-root colony size. Foraging effort also varied between years for the same colony, consistent with a link to environmental variability. Trip duration and maximum distance also decreased with latitude, after controlling for colony size. Our results are consistent with density-dependent reduction in prey availability influencing colony size and reveal reduced competition at the poleward range margin. This provides a mechanism for rapid population growth at northern colonies and, therefore, a poleward shift in response to environmental change. Further work is required to understand when and how colonial animals deplete nearby prey, along with the positive and negative effects of social foraging behaviour.

BackgroundChildren with cancer or cancer-like disease risk treatment-related isolation, which can negatively impact their peer relationships and social competencies and exacerbate their loneliness. During the COVID-19 pandemic, increased online socialization became the new normal imposed by national isolation guidelines. To adhere to the treatment-related isolation guidelines, children with cancer were offered online classmate “ambassador” visits during hospitalization. ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify facilitators and barriers to online classmate “ambassador” visits during children with cancer’s hospitalization through a qualitative descriptive process evaluation using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. MethodsFrom January to April 2022, we conducted 39 individual semistructured interviews with hospitalized children (n=16), their classmates (n=16), teachers from their schools (n=3), and study nurses (n=4) from involved hospitals. Most interviews (n=37, 95%) were conducted online using Microsoft Teams or Google Meet, while 2 (5%) interviews were conducted in person at the participants’ residences. This approach allowed us to gain a broad understanding of the facilitators and barriers to online ambassador visits. ResultsWe identified four themes: (1) working together, (2) ensuring participation, (3) staying connected, and (4) together online. The themes are described in terms of facilitators and barriers to online ambassador visits with 3 Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research domains: innovation, individuals, and the implementation process. ConclusionsAddressing the social needs of hospitalized children through online visits with their classmates may be relevant when one-on-one meetings are problematic. The online visits are highly dependent on collaboration between study nurses and teachers and assessing the needs of the hospitalized children. While a high degree of adult engagement and a stable internet connection are pivotal, these online visits can promote much-needed social interaction between children across physical settings.

BackgroundIn 2022, despite expanding state-level legalization, cannabis remained illegal at the federal level, driving drug offenses, and contact with the justice system. Cannabis criminalization disproportionately impacts minorities, and criminal records carry negative economic, health, and social consequences. Legalization prevents future criminalization but fails to assist existing record-holders. We surveyed 39 states and Washington DC where cannabis was decriminalized or legalized to determine record expungement availability and accessibility for cannabis offenders.MethodsWe performed a retrospective, qualitative survey of state expungement laws allowing record sealing or record destruction where cannabis use was decriminalized or legalized. Statutes were collected between February 25, 2021, and August 25, 2022, from state websites or NexisUni. We collected pardon information for two states from online state government resources. Materials were coded in Atlas.ti to determine if states had general, cannabis, and other drug conviction expungement regimes, petitions, or automated systems, waiting periods, and financial requirements. Codes were developed via inductive and iterative coding of materials.ResultsAmong places surveyed, 36 provided any conviction expungement, 34 provided general relief, 21 offered cannabis-specific relief, and 11 offered general drug relief, nonexclusively. Most states used petitions. Thirty-three general and 7 cannabis-specific programs required waiting periods. Nineteen general and 4 cannabis programs imposed administrative fees, and 16 general and one cannabis-specific program required legal financial obligations to be paid.ConclusionAmong the 39 states and Washington DC that decriminalized or legalized cannabis and offered expungement, more states relied on general rather than cannabis-specific systems, and the majority of these required record holders to petition for relief and imposed waiting periods and financial requirements. Research is needed to determine if automating expungement, reducing or eliminating waiting periods, and eliminating financial requirements may expand record relief for former cannabis offenders.

Abstract Background There are no robust population-based Australian data on prevalence and attributed burden of migraine and medication-overuse headache (MOH) data. In this pilot cross-sectional study, we aimed to capture the participation rate, preferred response method, and acceptability of self-report questionnaires to inform the conduct of a future nationwide migraine/MOH epidemiological study. Methods We developed a self-report questionnaire, available in hard-copy and online, including modules from the Headache-Attributed Restriction, Disability, Social Handicap and Impaired Participation (HARDSHIP) questionnaire, the Eq. 5D (quality of life), and enquiry into treatment gaps. Study invitations were mailed to 20,000 randomly selected households across Australia’s two most populous states. The household member who most recently had a birthday and was aged ≥ 18 years was invited to participate, and could do so by returning a hard-copy questionnaire via reply-paid mail, or by entering responses directly into an online platform. Results The participation rate was 5.0% (N = 1,000). Participants’ median age was 60 years (IQR 44–71 years), and 64.7% (n = 647) were female. Significantly more responses were received from areas with relatively older populations and middle-level socioeconomic status. Hard copy was the more commonly chosen response method (n = 736). Females and younger respondents were significantly more likely to respond online than via hard-copy. Conclusions This pilot study indicates that alternative methodology is needed to achieve satisfactory engagement in a future nationwide migraine/MOH epidemiological study, for example through inclusion of migraine screening questions in well-resourced, interview-based national health surveys that are conducted regularly by government agencies. Meanwhile, additional future research directions include defining and addressing treatment gaps to improve migraine awareness, and minimise under-diagnosis and under-treatment.

Abstract Advancements in cytometry technologies have enabled quantification of up to 50 proteins across millions of cells at single cell resolution. Analysis of cytometry data routinely involves tasks such as data integration, clustering, and dimensionality reduction. While numerous tools exist, many require extensive run times when processing large cytometry data containing millions of cells. Existing solutions, such as random subsampling, are inadequate as they risk excluding rare cell subsets. To address this, we propose SuperCellCyto, an R package that builds on the SuperCell tool which groups highly similar cells into supercells. SuperCellCyto is available on GitHub ( https://github.com/phipsonlab/SuperCellCyto ) and Zenodo ( https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10521294 ).

Abstract Background Halting and reversing the upward trend in obesity requires sustained implementation of comprehensive, evidence-based strategies at the population-level. The LiveLighter® program targets adults using a range of public education strategies, including mass media campaigns, to support healthy lifestyle changes to attain or maintain a healthy weight and reduce the risk of chronic disease. LiveLighter® has been implemented in Western Australia (WA) since 2012 and, to our knowledge, includes the longest running adult-targeted mass media campaign for healthy weight and lifestyle promotion and education globally. This evaluation assessed the impact of LiveLighter® on WA adults’ knowledge, intentions and behaviours as they relate to healthy eating and body weight from 2012 to 2019. Methods LiveLighter® mass media campaigns, which are TV-led and aired statewide, depict genuine, graphic imagery of visceral fat around internal organs to raise awareness about the link between excess body weight and chronic diseases; demonstrate how unhealthy food and drink consumption can contribute to unhealthy weight gain; and recommend healthy alternatives. Cross-sectional telephone surveys were conducted at baseline and following each campaign phase with an independent, randomly selected sample of WA adults aged 25 to 49 years (n = 501 to n = 1504 per survey) to assess their knowledge of the link between excess body weight and chronic diseases, and their intentions and behaviours related to healthy eating and weight. Multivariable logistic regression models were undertaken to assess differences in responses between baseline and each post-campaign survey. Results Compared to baseline, there were significant increases in the proportion of respondents reporting knowledge of excess body weight as a risk factor for certain cancers and type 2 diabetes, intentions to eat more fruit and vegetables and drink less sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) in the next seven days, and the proportion of respondents who reported meeting guidelines for daily vegetable intake. Reported consumption of SSBs significantly decreased. Conclusions LiveLighter® is associated with improvements in knowledge of the health risks associated with excess body mass, increased vegetable intake and reduced SSB consumption in WA adults. These findings support the use of sustained, well-designed healthy lifestyle promotion and education programs as part of a comprehensive obesity prevention strategy.

الملخص: أهداف البحث: الكشف عن وجهات وأراء طلبة مرحلة البكالوريوس في البرامج الصحية عن مقترحاتهم لجعل التعليم المتداخل الطبي ناجح. الوعي لضرورة تطبيق التعليم المتداخل الطبي في البرامج الصحية لمرحلة البكالوريوس أصبح متزايدا في كل أنحاء العالم. آراء الطلبة عن تجاربهم في التعليم توفر معلومات مفيدة قد تساهم في تطوير مناهج التعليم، ومع ذلك لم تدرس أرائهم بشكل كاف في علم أبحاث التعليم المتداخل الطبي. طرق البحث: تم إجراء مجموعات النقاش المركزة مع الطلاب الذين قد حضروا أنشطة التعليم المتداخل الطبي، وكانوا من عدة برامج صحية من ثلاث جامعات بريطانية. نسخ مجموعات النقاش تم تحليلها بحسب طريقة تحليل الموضوعات. النتائج: خمسة وعشرون طالبا شاركوا في مجموعات النقاش. الطلبة المشاركين يرون بأن التعليم المتداخل الطبي يجب أن يقدم بشكل مستمر خلال سنوات الدراسة لضمان الإستمرار في التعلم. اعتقد الطلبة أن تعريف التعليم المتداخل الطبي لمن يحضرون النشاط لأول مرة مهم لزيادة وعيهم بهذا النوع من التعليم وتحفيزهم. ذكر الطلبة أن عدم معرفة/ فهم التعليم المتداخل الطبي قد يؤثر سلبا على رغبتهم في حضور الأنشطة، والأهم على تفاعلهم مع هذا التعليم. خلال أنشطة التعليم المتداخل الطبي، اعتقد الطلاب بأن التوجيه ووجود التعليمات المساعدة مهم لتحسين تجربة التعلم. الطلبة يفضلون تمارين المراجعة، بينما الاختبارات الرسمية التقليدية تم وصفها بأنها عائق يمنع من التفاعل خلال الأنشطة. الخاتمة: اعتبر الطلبة التعليم المتداخل الطبي وسيلة مهمة لتأهيلهم للعمل الطبي مستقبلا، لكن الطلاب يشعرون بأن تجارب التعليم المتداخل الطبي يمكن لها أن تتحسن أكثر بالتخطيط المناسب لضمان تقديمها بشكل إلزامي ومستمر خلال سنوات الدراسة. لتجارب تعليم متداخل طبي أفضل، تصميم وتقديم هذه الأنشطة يجب أن يكون على توافق مع متطلبات التعليم والتدريب الخاصة بكل برنامج صحي. Abstract: Objectives: To explore healthcare undergraduates' views on how to design effective IPE. The need for interprofessional education implementation in undergraduate healthcare education is gaining wide recognition globally. Students' views about their learning experiences can offer useful insights to advance teaching and learning courses. Thus, in the IPE literature, students’ views on how to effectively design IPE can help shape future IPE plans. Methods: Purposeful sampling was used to recruit healthcare students who attended IPE events across three UK institutions. Virtual focus groups were conducted, and audio recorded. Transcripts were thematically analysed and relevant themes were presented under three subheadings, pre, during and post IPE session. Results: Twenty-five students from medicine, nursing, pharmacy, midwifery and other disciplines participated in six focus groups. Students thought IPE should be offered consistently across the programme's years of study to ensure learning continuity. Students from programmes with higher placement hours (nursing and midwifery), suggested more IPE in placement. Pre-IPE sessions, introducing IPE to students attending for the first time was perceived to be important as the lack of awareness/understanding of IPE could adversely impact their willingness to attend and their engagement. During IPE, interaction with other students was perceived as the core of an effective IPE session. Students reported difficulties in communication with other students via online IPE sessions and thought they were less engaged compared to face-to-face sessions. Post-IPE, students valued reflective exercises, whereas traditional formal assessment was seen as a barrier to engagement with the learning. Conclusion: Students considered IPE valuable to prepare for future practice. However, students felt that IPE experiences could be enhanced with proper planning to ensure regular compulsory IPE exposure. For better IPE experiences, IPE design and delivery should be in line with each healthcare programme's unique learning and training curriculum.

Abstract The RNase III enzyme Drosha has a central role in microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis, where it is required to release the stem-loop intermediate from primary (pri)-miRNA transcripts. However, it can also cleave stem-loops embedded within messenger (m)RNAs. This destabilizes the mRNA causing target gene repression and appears to occur primarily in stem cells. While pri-miRNA stem-loops have been extensively studied, such non-canonical substrates of Drosha have yet to be characterized in detail. In this study, we employed high-throughput sequencing to capture all polyA-tailed RNAs that are cleaved by Drosha in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and compared the features of non-canonical versus miRNA stem-loop substrates. mRNA substrates are less efficiently processed than miRNA stem-loops. Sequence and structural analyses revealed that these mRNA substrates are also less stable and more likely to fold into alternative structures than miRNA stem-loops. Moreover, they lack the sequence and structural motifs found in miRNA stem-loops that are required for precise cleavage. Notably, we discovered a non-canonical Drosha substrate that is cleaved in an inverse manner, which is a process that is normally inhibited by features in miRNA stem-loops. Our study thus provides valuable insights into the recognition of non-canonical targets by Drosha.