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Wind turbine blades are primarily composed of fiberglass composite, posing a significant recycling challenge for the wind energy industry. This paper introduces a novel recycling approach by comprehensively analyzing the pozzolanic reactivity of recycled powder as a new supplementary cementitious material (SCM). A systematic characterization using laboratory techniques is first described, establishing both the chemical and morphological properties of the powder and suggesting that the material was likely to be capable of acting as a pozzolan. The effects of thermal and mechanical processing on the reactivity characteristics of the material were elucidated using a suite of analytical and standardized characterization approaches. It was found that through heat treatment to remove impinging resin and subsequent mechanical processing to synthesize a fine powder, the reactivity of the material could be improved to an extent at which the performance characteristics of a conventional class F fly ash were closely matched. For instance, mortar containing 10% of thermally-mechanically processed powder achieves 95% of the 28-day strength of cement mortar. This paper opens the door for both the use of these materials to bolster dwindling supplies of supplementary cementitious materials, and to provide a much-needed reprocessing route for waste fiberglass which are otherwise highly challenging to dispose of cost-effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study deals with the reuse of agro-industrial waste with a specific focus on biochar (processed plant biomass or biochar) consisting of organic and inorganic waste biomass subjected to thermochemical processes. The objective of this work is to carry out a systematic review of the literature according to the Methodi Ordinatio methodology and select a bibliographic portfolio of high relevance to this study that makes it possible to present the concepts, applications and interest on the part of companies in including biochar in their processes, as well as addressing the environmental impacts linked to incorrect waste disposal. In this sense, biochar presents an interesting potential solution from both a waste management and environmental point of view. The current challenge is studies that prove economic viability.

Baitul Qur'an Islamic Boarding School Campus 3 which is located in the West Rumbai District Area, including Pekanbaru City, this campus has a very extensive educational environment so it is necessary to carry out maintenance to maintain the cleanliness of the boarding school, especially for students who may not have knowledge about classifying types of waste and the processor. For this reason, the service team wants to provide education on the introduction of types of waste and their processing. This outreach activity was attended by students, especially at the Aliyah and MTs levels. In the pretest, the percentage of participants who understood various aspects of waste management ranged from 12% to 76%, with the lowest understanding in electronic waste management and the highest in the definition and types of waste. After the counseling was carried out, the results were that participants were very enthusiastic in this activity, so that in the posttest activity the results were 100% of the 25 participants understood the activities carried out.

The present study deals with the reuse of agro-industrial waste with a specific focus on biochar (processed plant biomass or biochar) consisting of organic and inorganic waste biomass subjected to thermochemical processes. The objective of this work is to carry out a systematic review of the literature according to the Methodi Ordinatio methodology and select a bibliographic portfolio of high relevance to this study that makes it possible to present the concepts, applications and interest on the part of companies in including biochar in their processes, as well as addressing the environmental impacts linked to incorrect waste disposal. In this sense, biochar presents an interesting potential solution from both a waste management and environmental point of view. The current challenge is studies that prove economic viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review explores different methods of sustainably introducing nutrients from agro-industrial waste into the soil. The focus is on sustainable agriculture and how the soil system can be modified by introducing secondary raw materials and beneficial microorganisms. Soil is a nexus between plants and microorganisms that must be balanced. The article emphasizes the importance of maintaining the microbiological balance when supplying nutrients. This review is focused on the possible techniques involved in the production of biofertilizers and their mode of application into the soil system and on plants. We addressed several advantages concerning the use of beneficial microorganisms in waste management by microbial formulation techniques. Not only the advantages but several limitations and challenges were also discussed in regard to the large scale production of microbial products. Therefore, the proper treatment of industrial waste is essential so that we can preserve the environment and human safety and also achieve sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relevance. At present, the problem of soil pollution with heavy metals, which are accumulated in the body of animals and plants, causing various toxic effects, is especially acute. Despite the existence of various methods of reclamation of disturbed lands, as a rule, their application is inefficient or expensive, especially when it comes to abnormally high concentrations of heavy metals. Thus, an extremely urgent task is to find effective and inexpensive ways to recultivate lands contaminated with high concentrations of heavy metals. The article considers one of the promising areas for the reclamation of such lands using a mixture obtained from the accumulated waste of lignin-containing sediments from the pulp and paper industry of Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill as sorbents. Aim. To study and evaluate the effectiveness of using a mixture, which includes frozen lignin-containing sediments of Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill, as heavy metal sorbent. Methods. To assess the sorption efficiency of the obtained sorbent from the frozen sediments of sludge-lignin, the samples of anomalously contaminated soils were taken from the industrial site of the former battery plant "Vostsibelement", located in Svirsk, Irkutsk region. To determine the surface structure of the obtained sorbent for the presence of micro-, meso-, and macropores, its surface was surveyed using a JEOL two-beam system. IR spectroscopy was used to establish the types of bonds between the sorbent and the extracted metals. Results. The studies have shown that the resulting sorbent from the frozen lignin-containing sediments of Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill has a porous structure with a predominance of mesopores, sorbing heavy metal ions, while a large number of micropores contributes to the occurrence of chemical sorption. The obtained IR spectra indicate the possibility of chemical sorption of lead as a result of the reaction of substitution of a hydrogen atom in various hydroxyl groups of the sorbent of the group of aromatic or carboxyl structures. At the same time, the resulting sorbent in terms of its sorption properties is not inferior to commercial natural sorbents – bentonite clay and grassroots peat. The conducted studies allow us to make a positive conclusion about the possibility of using the developed mixture as a sorbent for the immobilization of heavy metals during the reclamation of lands that are contaminated with high levels of heavy metals, including lead.

Abstract The jabuticaba bark is rich in anthocyanins and fibers, and its use may be of industrial interest. In the food sector, its used as an ingredient in the production of fermented products, liqueurs or enriched flours. It also has pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. The objective was to evaluate the effect of pretreatment and fresh use of jabuticaba peels in the extraction of total phenolic compound (TPC) and total anthocyanin (TA) contents with and without ultrasound assistance and in the sequential extraction of pectin from the residue. In the TPC and TA extraction, a 3x2 factorial design was used. For conventional anthocyanin extraction (CAE), occurred in an incubator under agitation. For ultrasound-assisted anthocyanin extraction (UAE) was utilized an ultrasonic homogenizer with probe (20 kHz, 160 W). The extracts were quantified (TPC, TA, antioxidant activity and color). The residues were characterized and used for sequential pectin extraction, which was quantified and characterized. The results were subjected to analysis of variance. Fresh jabuticaba peel is a residue that can be used to sequentially extract phenolic compounds, particularly anthocyanins and pectin. The use of ultrasound (UAE) was less efficient than CAE for extracting TPC and TA or performing sequential extraction on all pretreatment peels.

In recent years, carbon fibres have been extensively used to strengthen concrete structures. In most cases, the lamination process is carried out using epoxy resin as matrix. In some cases, especially when strengthen structural elements made of weak concrete, it is possible to replace the epoxy resin with an inorganic, cement matrix, while at the same time maintaining a sufficient efficiency of strengthen understood as the percentage increase in the compressive strength of concrete samples due to the applied reinforcement in relation to the reference concrete. In these studies, elements of carbon fibres mats that are reinforced with a cement matrix were used as the starting product for fibre recovery. The laminate, which was used to reinforce concrete elements, was detached from the concrete surface and subjected to processing in order to obtain clean carbon fibre scraps without cement matrix. Then, the obtained carbon material, in shaped form, was used to strengthen self-compacting, high performance, fibre reinforced concrete (SCHPFRC). For comparative purposes, this concrete was also strengthened by carbon fibre mats (with one and three layers of CFRP). Each samples were tested in uniaxial compression test. The compressive strength of concrete reinforced with 1 and 3 layers of CFRP was higher by 37.9 and 96.3%, respectively, compared to the reference concrete. On the other hand, the compressive strength of concrete reinforced with 1 and 3 layers of carbon fibre scrapswas higher by 11.8 and 40.1%, respectively. Regardless of the reinforcement technique used, the composite elements showed a higher deformability limit in comparison plain concrete. The obtained results showed that it is possible to reuse carbon fibre to strengthen structural elements made of SCHPFRC effectively, using simple processing methods.

This service activity aims to foster knowledge, attitudes and skills of high school students regarding waste management and its application to organic vegetable cultivation. The community service is carried out through training which consists of the preparation, implementation and evaluation stages. The target partners for this service are SMAN 2 Kota Batu students with a total of 359 students. The evaluation instrument used a questionnaire and was then analyzed descriptively. The results of the service show that this activity has succeeded in growing students' knowledge and skills in processing organic waste into compost and planting organic vegetables from the compost produced. The results of the activity evaluation show that students have been able to carry out waste processing and planting organic vegetables properly and correctly according to the takakura method. The indicator of the success of this service is the increasing of students' skills in processing organic waste and planting organic vegetables. This has been proven by the success of students in processing organic waste at home and the many plants that have been successfully developed from the results of processing organic waste.

As part of the work, the chemical interaction of finely ground glass (~1 μm), calcium oxide, and water was studied. It is shown that an increase in the fineness of grinding makes it possible to abandon autoclave hardening in the production of products on a hydrosilicate binder. The study of chemical interaction was carried out by calculating the thermodynamic equilibrium and was also confirmed by XRD analysis. DTA analysis showed that an increase in the treatment temperature leads to an increase in the proportion of the reacted phase at the first stage. Subsequently, phase formation is associated with the presence of CaO. The carrier of strength characteristics is the CaO×2SiO2×2H2O phase. The selection and optimization of the composition make it possible to obtain a high-strength glass concrete material with a strength of about 110 MPa. The micrographs of the obtained samples correspond to classical hydrosilicate systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the impact of microplastics on the environment. Special attention is paid to the research related to the use of plastic packaging in the food industry and hospitality. To fully assess the health impact of our global plastic addiction, one must consider not only each stage of its life cycle, but all possible pathways of exposure to the various substances used and released throughout that life cycle. The study of the attitude of young people to the problem of environmental pollution was conducted, namely, the survey of 174 respondents aged 18 to 23 (43,2 % – men, 56,8 % – women). Most of the respondents are not aware of the real magnitude of the problem, because microplastic waste is still ignored by social advertising, which popularizes the solution to the global problem of pollution, without focusing on the negative effects on human health. Despite the fact that people consume a large amount of microplastics, it is currently difficult to say how it affects our bodies. Many studies are conducted at an insufficiently qualitative level, therefore they do not provide reliable information. Other data are not systematized and do not allow to see the full picture of the problem. It is substantiated that one of the right ways to reduce the negative impact on the environment, in contrast to disposal in specially designated landfills, is recycling and reuse of plastic. Such recycling is facilitated by the separate collection of waste, which currently takes place in Ukraine without appropriate legislative support and incentive measures.

This review explores different methods of sustainably introducing nutrients from agro-industrial waste into the soil. The focus is on sustainable agriculture and how the soil system can be modified by introducing secondary raw materials and beneficial microorganisms. Soil is a nexus between plants and microorganisms that must be balanced. The article emphasizes the importance of maintaining the microbiological balance when supplying nutrients. This review is focused on the possible techniques involved in the production of biofertilizers and their mode of application into the soil system and on plants. We addressed several advantages concerning the use of beneficial microorganisms in waste management by microbial formulation techniques. Not only the advantages but several limitations and challenges were also discussed in regard to the large scale production of microbial products. Therefore, the proper treatment of industrial waste is essential so that we can preserve the environment and human safety and also achieve sustainable agriculture.

Bioregenerative life support systems (BLSS) are vital for long-duration and remote space missions to increase mission sustainability. These systems break down human waste materials into nutrients and CO2 for plants and other edible organisms, which in turn provide food, fresh water, and oxygen for astronauts. The central idea is to create a materially closed loop, which can significantly reduce mission mass and volume by cutting down or even eliminating disposable waste. In most BLSS studies only a fraction of the resources, such as food, are provided by the system itself, with the rest taken on board at departure or provided through resupply missions. However, for autonomous long-duration space missions without any possibility of resupply, a BLSS that generates all resources with minimal or no material loss, is essential. The goal of this study is to develop a stoichiometric model of a conceptually fully closed BLSS that provides all the metabolic needs of the crew and organisms. The MELiSSA concept of the European Space Agency is used as reference system, consisting of five interconnected compartments, each inhabited by different types of organisms. A detailed review of publicly available MELiSSA literature from 1989 to 2022 revealed that no existing stoichiometric model met the study’s requirements. Therefore, a new stoichiometric model was developed to describe the cycling of the elements C, H, O, and N through all five MELiSSA compartments and one auxiliary compartment. A compact set of chemical equations with fixed coefficients was established for this purpose. A spreadsheet model simulates the flow of all relevant compounds for a crew of six. By balancing the dimensions of the different compartments, a high degree of closure is attained at steady state, with 12 out of 14 compounds exhibiting zero loss, and oxygen and CO2 displaying only minor losses between iterations. This is the first stoichiometric model of a MELiSSA-inspired BLSS that describes a continuous provision of 100% of the food and oxygen needs of the crew. The stoichiometry serves as the foundation of an agent-based model of the MELiSSA loop, as part of the Evolving Asteroid Starships (E|A|S) research project.

The main purpose of the research was to examine the processing possibilities of a low-grade high Ca fly ash (FA) to increase its future utilisation potential. Size separation via sieving and mechanical activation with the use of a planetary ball mill was examined to compare the results and complement the application of the various mechanical processes. Based on the preliminary chemical analysis, the composition of the FA below and above 32 µm showed significant variations, thus, the

In recent years, carbon fibres have been extensively used to strengthen concrete structures. In most cases, the lamination process is carried out using epoxy resin as matrix. In some cases, especially when strengthen structural elements made of weak concrete, it is possible to replace the epoxy resin with an inorganic, cement matrix, while at the same time maintaining a sufficient efficiency of strengthen understood as the percentage increase in the compressive strength of concrete samples due to the applied reinforcement in relation to the reference concrete. In these studies, elements of carbon fibres mats that are reinforced with a cement matrix were used as the starting product for fibre recovery. The laminate, which was used to reinforce concrete elements, was detached from the concrete surface and subjected to processing in order to obtain clean carbon fibre scraps without cement matrix. Then, the obtained carbon material, in shaped form, was used to strengthen self-compacting, high performance, fibre reinforced concrete (SCHPFRC). For comparative purposes, this concrete was also strengthened by carbon fibre mats (with one and three layers of CFRP). Each samples were tested in uniaxial compression test. The compressive strength of concrete reinforced with 1 and 3 layers of CFRP was higher by 37.9 and 96.3%, respectively, compared to the reference concrete. On the other hand, the compressive strength of concrete reinforced with 1 and 3 layers of carbon fibre scrapswas higher by 11.8 and 40.1%, respectively. Regardless of the reinforcement technique used, the composite elements showed a higher deformability limit in comparison plain concrete. The obtained results showed that it is possible to reuse carbon fibre to strengthen structural elements made of SCHPFRC effectively, using simple processing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance. The waste of Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill causes a real danger of a social and environmental disaster for Lake Baikal and the entire Southern Baikal region, therefore, the problem of developing integrated solutions for dumping the accumulation of lignin-containing waste is especially acute. One of the promising areas for processing this type of waste is the use of natural processes, for example, freezing in winter, temperature detection or self-overgrowth of the occurrence of natural succession. The main aim of the research is to develop an environmentally friendly technology for processing colloidal lignin-containing waste from the pulp and paper industry. Methods: pilot tests at the Solzan industrial site of Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill for freezing lignin-containing wastes and obtaining soils from them by mixing with additives; performing quantitative chemical analysis using the methods of atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography, toxicological analysis. Results. Pilot tests have shown that after freezing, the colloidal structure of lignin-containing sediments is destroyed with a decrease in volume up to 40 %, humidity up to 60 %, and also with a decrease in toxicity – from the third (moderately hazardous) to the fourth (low hazardous) and fifth class (practically non-hazardous) of hazard of the waste depending on its composition. After freezing, the resulting sludge with the introduction of various additives (CHP ash, sewage treatment plant sludge) can be used as soil ground and fertilizers for reclamation of disturbed lands and crops. Thus, an environmentally friendly technology was developed for processing waste from the pulp and paper industry to obtain soil ground, which is low-energy and does not contain expensive imported equipment.

In Russia, the total amount of agricultural waste reaches 630-650 million tons annually. This waste, on the one hand, creates serious environmental and sanitary problems, almost half of this waste is manure (approximately 300 million tons), on the other hand, it is valuable raw material for the production of organic fertilizers. The state of the problem of processing agricultural waste as a newly emerging industry for the disposal of such waste in conjunction with the development of the industry for the production of organic products and the market for organic fertilizers is considered and solutions are proposed. Information on the legislative support of the organic farming industry and the production of organic fertilizers is presented. Specific measures are proposed to stimulate the development of the industry of processing waste into organic fertilizers and the industry of producing organic products. The growth of the Russian market for organic products since 2010 has been approximately 10% per year, in 2015-2016 the growth was approximately 4%, in 2017-2019 the situation with the development of organic products has recovered, and now there is a steady growth of 8-10% per year. Special attention is paid to priority technologies for processing waste into organic fertilizers, designs based on turbo-vortex shredding and drying machines for the production of highly concentrated dry finely dispersed organic fertilizers and designs based on aeration reactors (biotrenches) for use in large-scale production are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resource recovery and better use of food processing wastes are topics of significant attention. Fruit wastes in particular are perishable yet contain a wealth of unrealized advantages. This study presents the 3D printability of banana peel (BP) powder with the addition of guar gum (GG). The particle characteristics of BP powder were analyzed. The microscopic morphology of the BP powder was found to be erratic and clumped. The printability of extruded material supply was optimized after the characterization of BP and BP + GG material supplies. When 6 bar pressure was used and the motor speed was 150 rpm, it was found that the BP + GG material supply could be printed utilizing a 1.2 mm nozzle diameter. Printing speed and printing rate was optimal at 500 mm/min and 0.186 ± 0.002 g/min, respectively. A nozzle height of 0.8 mm was found to be optimal for printing. Thus, non-printable BP was made printable and the concept can be applied to the development of unique and customized food packaging casings. The results of this study shed light on how various agri-food wastes can be used to create biodegradable 3D-printed structures.

Sustainable management of coal waste is one of the major environmental concerns for coal mining, whether active or legacy, worldwide. Coal dump deposits demand a large physical area or footprint for disposal of solid waste, change the topography, and generate both pyritic dust and acid rock drainage (ARD) where pyritic coal waste is deposited. The beneficiation of dump deposits or, preferably, of coal waste prior to its dumping can reduce or even eliminate the liabilities related to coal waste management. In this work, dense medium separation studies of coal discards, using heavy liquids, resulted in three pooled fractions from typical South African coal waste discards from the Mpumalanga region for future use: (a) a fraction of low density with increased calorific value; (b) a fraction of intermediate density, rich in ash and acid neutralizing minerals and lower in sulfur; and (c) a fraction of high density, rich in sulfidic minerals including pyrite. The fractions were characterized using particle size analysis, sink-float studies, static tests to predict ARD potential, proximateand ultimate analysis, and gross calorific value. The results showed that approximately 70% of this discard coal is composed of a material of sufficient quality for energy generation in conventional power stations. A pyrite-rich concentrate made up 2% of the total discard mass; comprising more than 45% of the sulfidic mineral present in the feed and displaying no acid neutralizing capacity (ANC). The remaining discard fraction, with intermediate density, presented potential to be used for several ends including soil fabrication, co-disposal or as aggregate material in civil engineering; additional testing to ensure applicability for the selected re-purposing option should be chosen based on proposed use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with a system view of logistic processes within the system of waste collection and treatment in the conditions of the upcoming legislation. The ambition of the authors is to achieve a system that is universally applicable within circular logistics. Such a system is based on existing mostly autonomous systems with the aim of defining a multipurposed and optimized system where individual companies or associations of companies can act as individual subjects in the logistics chain. The authors' approach is based on a system of common defined interfaces in both the handling and transport processes as well as in their information support processes, so that they can be used in the planning of sustainable logistics systems easily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review article is concerned with the modern state, analysis of characteristics, properties, significance, and prospects of the slags’ application, which are wastes of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The material considers the structure of steelmaking slags, characteristics of steel slags, separation of slags by composition, as well as the world and Kazakhstan experiences of processing them, using environmental safety assessment. The article reviews and studies the methods of slag application in road construction, agriculture, casting technologies, manufacture of Portland cement, clay bricks, green concrete, etc. The article summarizes the practical experience of many scientists’ research in the fields of metallurgical slag applications. The scientific novelty consists in the study of both the world and Kazakhstan experiences in the using metallurgical production slags based on practical data of researchers around the world with the identification of positive and negative properties of various slags under certain conditions. This topic will be of interest of scientists and researchers in the field of metallurgy and materials science. As found based on the obtained data, the extraction of metal from slag significantly reduces the cost; slag is recyclable after recovery of useful metals from it; reduction of slag dumps makes it possible to improve the ecological situation, as well as to free valuable land areas. The issues of identifying the peculiarities of mining and metallurgical industries’ development and fundamentally new directions’ elaboration, as well as unconventional ways of existing production technologies’ improvement require further study.

As part of the work, the chemical interaction of finely ground glass (~1 μm), calcium oxide, and water was studied. It is shown that an increase in the fineness of grinding makes it possible to abandon autoclave hardening in the production of products on a hydrosilicate binder. The study of chemical interaction was carried out by calculating the thermodynamic equilibrium and was also confirmed by XRD analysis. DTA analysis showed that an increase in the treatment temperature leads to an increase in the proportion of the reacted phase at the first stage. Subsequently, phase formation is associated with the presence of CaO. The carrier of strength characteristics is the CaO×2SiO2×2H2O phase. The selection and optimization of the composition make it possible to obtain a high-strength glass concrete material with a strength of about 110 MPa. The micrographs of the obtained samples correspond to classical hydrosilicate systems.

The treatment of wastewater is a necessary and legally required reality, which has a direct impact on the benefit of water quality, by avoiding its environmental and landscape deterioration. The country has been installing different urban and industrial liquid waste treatment systems to deal with the degradation of marine, coastal, river and urban environmental systems, caused by the direct discharge of wastewater into the environment. Currently there are several technologies that are applied, depending mainly on the volumes of wastewater to be treated. Among the installed technologies, there are the biodiscs, which are installations of discs with a surface covered with biomass under aerobic conditions that, continuously, consume the organic matter present in the influent wastewater and the lamellar settlers, which have the function of separating the semi-heavy and heavy elements in suspension, which contain wastewater. In the present work, the dynamic behavior patterns of these two technologies installed in a wastewater treatment plant with the use of radiotracers are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing number of recycling programs worldwide now use single-use high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic bags in conjunction with recycling bins for the storage and collection of recyclable waste. Recycling bags may increase recycling yield and lower street litter; however, they also come with potentially large environmental and economic costs, including the increased use of plastics. To assess the scale of recycling bag use, we conducted a review of municipal management policies and by-laws across Ontario, the birthplace of modern blue box programs. Over 40% of the municipalities we investigated, collectively representing more than 7 million residents, allow the collection of recycling in bags. Subsequently, we conducted a follow-up study to estimate the number of recycling bags actually used by residents, an important metric for environmental managers, in a medium-sized Ontario city that collects recyclables in both bags and bins. Across three collection dates, 9.0 ± 1.3% of households used recycling bags, with a mean of 1.65 bags per house (mean households sampled = 1540). We estimate that approximately 160 households could use over 10,000 recycling bags per year (∼380 kg of plastic). Spatial analysis on the distribution of recycling bags showed some evidence of clustering among nearby neighbours (i.e. social influence); however, these results were inconsistent and highly variable across sampling dates. Our study provides a valuable policy overview and critical baseline data for waste managers weighing the benefits (e.g., litter reduction) and drawbacks (e.g., debagging costs and plastic waste) of recycling bags for the collection of recyclable material.

As an alternative to conventional materials like steel and ceramic, the current research focuses on utilizing naturally available waste crabs shells in the mechanical and tribology application due to their self-lubrication properties, adequate strength, abundant availability, environment-friendly and renewable. In the present study, the prepared crab shell particles (CSP) were compacted at various compaction pressures (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 MPa) using a uniaxial compaction machine at room temperature. The influence of compaction pressure on the surface morphology, phase-structure, functional group, hardness, compression strength, and wear properties of compacted crab shell particles (CCSP) is determined. The degradation of chitin polymer for CCSP at 50 MPa and 60 MPa was confirmed using XRD and FT-Raman analysis. In addition to the chitin polymer, the presence of functional groups like C–H, O–H and N–H in CSP improved the interlocking mechanism between the particles during the compaction. This played a crucial role in reducing the porosity and cracks in the microstructure of CCSP, which eventually increased the hardness to 73.1 HV0.1 and compressive strength to 109.70 MPa for CCSP at 40 MPa. The decrease in the wear rate and CoF were evidenced for CCSP due to the self-lubrication properties. In addition, the occurrence of surface fatigue wear for CCSP against hardened EN-31 steel is elaborated in detail using the SEM analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste management in the fruit and vegetable industry is becoming an increasingly important issue, as a significant part of the raw material ends up in the waste. Improper waste management can lead to environmental pollution and therefore must be disposed of in an acceptable way, but also to exploit the commercial potential of processing residues. In Požega-Slavonia County and Pannonian Croatia, very little attention has been paid to this issue, both by the scientific and professional public, and by those who have remnants of processing. This is a potential that has not been recognized, and consequently not used, and there is a lot to do in this area. The paper presents a research that defines products that can be produced from the remnants of fruit and vegetable processing and analyzes which raw materials can be processed and in which products given the level and capacity of production in Požega Slavonia County and surrounding counties. A market analysis was performed for the identified products and the need to establish a plant was defined. The work is also a good basis for further research and development and production of products with higher added value, as a part of shift from the existing linear economy to a circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste that is not managed properly can cause the environment to become dirty and cause silting of the river which results in flooding. The amount of waste production is in line with the large number of residents, the higher the population growth rate, the higher and the rate of waste production. Waste management cannot only be done downstream, but also starts from upstream. Many programs have been carried out in waste management, one of which is a waste bank. The waste bank program encourages people to do sorting before depositing inorganic waste in the waste bank. Inorganic waste that can be recycled, such as plastic bottles used for mineral water, can be economically valuable by being put in a tube in a waste bank, while organic waste such as vegetable and fruit residues can be further processed into eco-enzymes. This activity aims to transfer knowledge and technology for processing organic waste into eco-enzymes, so that the community can participate in preserving the earth. The method of activities carried out was counseling and demonstration. This activity achieved the target in accordance with the objectives; this can be seen from the participation and enthusiasm of the community during the activity.

Sand scarcity is occurring in different countries all over the world as highlighted by the United Nations Environmental Program, therefore, the development of sustainable alternative materials is vital. This paper presents the potential of mineral processing to produce high quality recycled sand by comminuting mixed CDW (Construction and Demolition Waste) into fine fraction at an industrial plant. This methodology represents a change in recycling strategies that proved to be effective for attaining high-quality products that will contribute to enlarge recycled sand market, thus moving toward a circular economy. Samples of mixed CDW were collected from different sources, with different compositions and locations. Primary and secondary crushing were conducted by a jaw crusher, tertiary crushing in a cone crusher and then the material was milled in a rotor impact mill in closed circuit, with 2.0 mm size screening followed by an air classifier to remove the fines (below 0.074 mm). The crushed sand obtained, composed mainly by quartz and feldspar and particles shaped like natural sand, high density (2.71 g/cm3), low water absorption (4.6%) and represents 80% in mass of the recovered fraction. The filler fraction produced, 20% in mass, has a notably higher content of calcium oxide due to the content of cement paste. The sand obtained is particularly distinct from the usually recycled sand generated as a by-product (or mostly tailing), characterized by irregular shape, rough surface and high-water absorption. Appropriate processing is crucial for increasing the waste recycling rates and mitigate the sand scarcity in many world regions.

The paper studies isocline circles in plane-parallel motion. It has been found that a pair of such circles result, inflection and turning circles representing two borderline situations in which the pair of isocline circles merge into one single circle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The review article is concerned with the modern state, analysis of characteristics, properties, significance, and prospects of the slags' application, which are wastes of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The material considers the structure of steelmaking slags, characteristics of steel slags, separation of slags by composition, as well as the world and Kazakhstan experiences of processing them, using environmental safety assessment. The article reviews and studies the methods of slag application in road construction, agriculture, casting technologies, manufacture of Portland cement, clay bricks, green concrete, etc. The article summarizes the practical experience of many scientists' research in the fields of metallurgical slag applications. The scientific novelty consists in the study of both the world and Kazakhstan experiences in the using metallurgical production slags based on practical data of researchers around the world with the identification of positive and negative properties of various slags under certain conditions. This topic will be of interest of scientists and researchers in the field of metallurgy and materials science. As found based on the obtained data, the extraction of metal from slag significantly reduces the cost; slag is recyclable after recovery of useful metals from it; reduction of slag dumps makes it possible to improve the ecological situation, as well as to free valuable land areas. The issues of identifying the peculiarities of mining and metallurgical industries' development and fundamentally new directions' elaboration, as well as unconventional ways of existing production technologies' improvement require further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Feather waste is a promising source of feed protein. Its chemical composition is a valuable source of nutrients and can become an important component of feed additives. The research objective was to screen bacteria with a high keratinolytic activity and develop a bio-product based on a bacterial consortium in order to recycle complex organic poultry waste, thus reducing the anthropogenic load on the ecosystem. Study objects and methods. The research featured lyophilized strains of microorganisms provided by State Research Institute «Gosniigenetika» and feather waste provided by Kuzbass Broiler LLC (Russia, Novokuznetsk district). The study involved such advanced bioinformatic methods of data processing as phylogenetic identification of enzymes and InParanoid 8 algorithm for searching orthologous genes. The standard biotechnological methods included an electrophoretic analysis in polyacrylamide gel, an analysis of amino acid composition, a microscopy, and a high-performance liquid chromatography. Results and discussion. Keratinolytic strains were screened using protein sequence databases. The homologous keratinase strains with homology of more than 98% appeared to belong to the genera Streptomyces and Bacillus. The research helped to identify groups of enzymes that are potentially involved in keratin degradation. The selected enzymes were subjected to a phylogenetic identification based on InParanoid 8, a specialized algorithm of orthologous genes search. Conclusion. The experiment made it possible to select four strains of microorganisms with maximum enzymatic activity in relation to keratin. These strains included bacteria of the genus Bacillus, namely Bacillus licheniformis B-740, Bacillus pumilus B-508 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051, and the bacterium Streptomyces albidoflavus ATCC 25422. These strains were used to create a biocompatible consortium for processing feather waste into a feed additive. The research confirmed the presence of biologically valuable substances in the obtained hydrolysates, as well as the possibility of their use as a high-protein component of feed additives for farm animals.

Unprocessing household waste is one of environmental problem which has to be overcome by Kalisegoro society. People only depend on garbage transport service to process household waste henceforward to final disposal site. Those habit leads to unprocessing household waste in Kalisegoro and more contaminate the environment. Household waste processing training is required to enhance the ability of Kalisegoro society, especially for housewife so that the household waste can be handled well. This program intend to enhance creativity of housewife in Kalisegoro to process plastic from household waste. Plastic waste can be processed become handycrafts and reduce rubbish buildup which leads to environmental pollution. The participant of this program is household who incorporated in Dorang Dawis Anggrek 17 business unit in Kalisegoro Gunungpati Semarang.

Sustainable management of coal waste is one of the major environmental concerns for coal mining, whether active or legacy, worldwide. Coal dump deposits demand a large physical area or footprint for disposal of solid waste, change the topography, and generate both pyritic dust and acid rock drainage (ARD) where pyritic coal waste is deposited. The beneficiation of dump deposits or, preferably, of coal waste prior to its dumping can reduce or even eliminate the liabilities related to coal waste management. In this work, dense medium separation studies of coal discards, using heavy liquids, resulted in three pooled fractions from typical South African coal waste discards from the Mpumalanga region for future use: (a) a fraction of low density with increased calorific value; (b) a fraction of intermediate density, rich in ash and acid neutralizing minerals and lower in sulfur; and (c) a fraction of high density, rich in sulfidic minerals including pyrite. The fractions were characterized using particle size analysis, sink-float studies, static tests to predict ARD potential, proximateand ultimate analysis, and gross calorific value. The results showed that approximately 70% of this discard coal is composed of a material of sufficient quality for energy generation in conventional power stations. A pyrite-rich concentrate made up 2% of the total discard mass; comprising more than 45% of the sulfidic mineral present in the feed and displaying no acid neutralizing capacity (ANC). The remaining discard fraction, with intermediate density, presented potential to be used for several ends including soil fabrication, co-disposal or as aggregate material in civil engineering; additional testing to ensure applicability for the selected re-purposing option should be chosen based on proposed use.