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Background The use of computed tomography (CT) for image guidance during biopsies is a powerful approach. The method is, however, often associated with a significant level of radiation exposure to the patient and operator. Purpose To investigate if a low-dose protocol for CT-guided musculoskeletal (MSK) biopsies, including a combination of different radiation dose (RD) techniques, is feasible in a clinical setting. Material and Methods Fifty-seven patients underwent CT-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) utilizing the low-dose protocol (group A). A similar number of patients underwent CT-guided FNAC using the reference protocol (group B). Between-group comparisons comprised radiation dose, success rate, image quality parameters, and workflow. Results In group A, the mean total dose-length product (DLP) was 41.2 +/- 2.9 mGy*cm, which was statistically significantly lower than of group B (257.4 +/- 22.0 mGy*cm), corresponding to a mean dose reduction of 84% (P<0.001). The mean CTDIvol for the control scans were 1.88 +/- 0.09 mGy and 13.16 +/- 0.40 mGy for groups A and B, respectively (P < 0.001). The success rate in group A was 91.2% and 87.9% in group B (P = 0.56). No negative effect on image-quality parameters, time of FNAC, and number of control scans were found. Conclusion We successfully developed a low-dose protocol for CT-guided MSK biopsies that maintains diagnostic accuracy and image quality at a fraction of the RD compared to the reference biopsy protocol at our clinic., QC 20200203

Background and purpose - Large metal-on-metal (MoM) articulations are associated with metal wear and corrosion, leading to increased metal ion concentrations and unacceptable revision rates. There are few comparative studies of 28-mm MoM articulations with conventional metal-on-polyethylene (MoP) couplings. We present a long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial comparing MoM versus MoP 28-mm articulations, focused on metal ions and implant survival. Patients and methods - 85 patients with a mean age of 65 years at surgery were randomized to a MoM (Metasul) or a MoP (Protasul) bearing. After 16 years, 38 patients had died and 4 had undergone revision surgery. 13 patients were unavailable for clinical follow-up, leaving 30 patients (n = 14 MoM and n = 16 MoP) for analysis of metal ion concentrations and clinical outcome. Results - 15-year implant survival was similar in both groups (MoM 96% [95% CI 88-100] versus MoP 97% [95% CI 91-100]). The mean serum cobalt concentration was 4-fold higher in the MoM (1.5 mu g/L) compared with the MoP cohort (0.4 mu g/L, p < 0.001) and the mean chromium concentration was double in the MoM (2.2 mu g/L) compared with the MoP cohort (1.0 mu g/L, p = 0.05). Mean creatinine levels were similar in both groups (MoM 93 mu mol/L versus MoP 92 mu mol/L). Harris hip scores differed only marginally between the MoM and MoP cohorts. Interpretation - This is the longest follow-up of a randomized trial on 28-mm MoM articulations, and although implant survival in the 2 groups was similar, metal ion concentrations remained elevated in the MoM cohort even in the long term.

This article presents the recommendations of the European Society of Musculoskeletal Radiology Arthritis Subcommittee. on the use of ultrasonography (US) in rheumatic disease, focused on the examination of joints in the adult population. The recommended examination technique and protocols used in a radiologic work-up are discussed. The main US features that can lead to a final diagnosis in the most common rheumatic diseases are addressed. The differential diagnosis that should be considered at image interpretation is presented. The role of US in interventional procedures and clinically important recent developments is also discussed.

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with autoantibodies against collagen type II (CII) are characterized by acute RA onset with elevated inflammatory measures and early joint erosions as well as increased production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated by anti-CII immune complexes (IC) in vitro. Polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN) are abundant in RA synovial fluids, where they might interact directly with anti-CII IC in the articular cartilage, but no studies have investigated PMN responses towards anti-CII IC. The aim was to investigate whether PMN react towards anti-CII IC, and to what extent such reactivity might relate to the clinical acute onset RA phenotype associated with elevated levels of anti-CII. Methods: PMN and PBMC isolated from healthy donors were stimulated with IC made with a set of 72 baseline patient sera (24 anti-CII positive, 48 anti-CII negative) chosen from a clinically well-characterized RA cohort with two-year radiological follow-up with Larsen scoring. PMN expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) 11b, CD66b, CD16 and CD32 was measured by flow cytometry, whereas PMN production of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and interleukin (IL)-17, and PBMC production of TNF-alpha was measured with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results: PMN expression of CD11b, CD66b and MPO, and PBMC production of TNF-alpha were upregulated whereas PMN expression of CD16 and CD32 were downregulated by anti-CII IC. CD16, CD66b, and MPO production correlated to serum anti-CII levels (Spearman's rho = 0.315, 0.675 and 0.253, respectively). CD16 was associated with early joint erosions (P = 0.024, 0.034, 0.046 at baseline, one and two years) and CD66b was associated with changes in joint erosions (P = 0.017 and 0.016, at one and two years compared to baseline, respectively). CD66b was associated with baseline C-reactive protein and PBMC production of TNF-alpha was associated with baseline erythrocyt

This article presents the recommendations of the European Society of Muscloskeletal Radiology Arthritis Subcommittee regarding the standards of the use of MRI in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal rheumatic diseases. The recommendations discuss (1) the role of MRI in current classification criteria of musculoskeletal rheumatic diseases (including early diagnosis of inflammation, disease follow-up, and identification of disease complications); (2) the impact of MRI on the diagnosis of axial and peripheral spondyloarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and juvenile spondyloarthritis; (3) MRI protocols for the axial and peripheral joints; (4) MRI interpretation and reporting for axial and peripheral joints; and finally, (5) methods for assessing MR images including quantitative, semiquantitative, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI studies.

Meeting Abstract: A1.11

Introduction: We have previously reported that high levels of antibodies specific for native human type II collagen (anti-CII) at the time of RA diagnosis were associated with concurrent but not later signs of inflammation. This was associated with CII/anti-CII immune complex (IC)-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro. In contrast, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP) were associated both with late inflammation and late radiological destruction in the same RA cohort. We therefore hypothesized that anti-CII are also associated with early erosions. Methods: Two-hundred-and-fifty-six patients from an early RA cohort were included. Baseline levels of anti-CII, anti-CCP and anti-mutated citrullinated vimentin were analyzed with ELISA, and rheumatoid factor levels were determined by nephelometry. Radiographs of hands and feet at baseline, after one and after two years were quantified using the 32-joints Larsen erosion score. Results: Levels of anti-CII were bimodally distributed in the RA cohort, with a small (3.1%, 8/256) group of very high outliers with a median level 87 times higher than the median for the healthy control group. Using a cut-off discriminating the outlier group that was associated with anti-CII IC-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro, baseline anti-CII antibodies were significantly (p = 0.0486) associated with increased radiographic damage at the time of diagnosis. Anti-CII-positive patient had also significantly increased HAQ score (p = 0.0303), CRP (p = 0.0026) and ESR (p = 0.0396) at the time of diagnosis but not during follow-up. The median age among anti-CII-positive subjects was 12 years higher than among the anti-CII-negative patients. Conclusion: In contrary to anti-CCP, anti-CII-positive patients with RA have increased joint destruction and HAQ score at baseline. Anti-CII thus characterizes an early inflammatory/destructive phenotype, in contrast to the late appearance of an inflammato

Introduction: We have previously reported that high levels of antibodies specific for type II collagen (anti-CII) were associated with early inflamma-tion and immune complex (IC)-associated pro-inflammatory cytokine pro-duction in vitro. In contrast, antibodies specific for cyclic citrullinated pep-tides (anti-CCP) were associated with late inflammation and late erosions in the same group of RA patients. We therefore hypothesized that anti-CII are also associated with early erosions in this patient group. Patients and Methods: Two-hundred-and-fifty-six patients from an early RA cohort were included. The Larsen score was used to score 32 joints. The results were obtained at baseline and after one and two years, respectively.Results: Anti-CII antibodies were significantly associated with increased Larsen score at disease onset using a high cut-off based on biological effects of anti-CII IC-associated cytokine production in vitro. Sizeable differences between the groups were sustained at all investigated time points. A sizeable but non-significant difference at baseline between anti-CII positive and anti-CII negative patients with RA was recorded using a conventional 95th per-centile cut-off. These differences were not evident after 1 or 2 years.Conclusion: In contrary to anti-CCP, anti-CII positive patients with RA have increased joint destruction at baseline. Anti-CII thus characterizes an early inflammatory/destructive phenotype, in contrast to the late appearance of an inflammatory/destructive phenotype in anti-CCP positive RA patients.