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ABSTRACT Objective To characterize the use of private services in infant vaccination and assess vaccination coverage according to the service used. Methods : This was a national vaccination survey conducted in 2020 that estimated the use of private vaccination services and vaccination coverage among infants residing in state capitals and 12 inland municipalities. Results : Of the 37,801 participants, 25.1% (95%CI 23.2;27.2) used private services at least once, with higher proportions in capitals, larger cities and in the South and Southeast regions. Socioeconomic and demographic differences were identified among families, based on the service used. The coverage for the set of vaccines administered up to 24 months was 60.3% (95%CI 58.6;62.0) in the public service and 59.5% (95%CI 55.9;63.0) in private services, and up-to-date vaccines, 10.3% (95%CI 9.1;11.6) and 9.4% (95%CI 7.4;11.8), respectively. Conclusion The use of private services was frequent, with low coverage for the set of vaccines, regardless of the type of service used, especially for up-to-date vaccines.

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate vaccination coverage, identify barriers and hesitancy to vaccinating children up to 24 months, born between 2017-2018, living in the urban area of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. Methods Population survey carried out from 2020 to 2021, which assessed sociodemographic characteristics and vaccination status among children. Results Among 451 included children, vaccination coverage was below 80%. Meningococcal C vaccine had the lowest coverage for administered doses (76.3%; 95%CI 70.5;81.3) and doses on time (27.4%; 95%CI 23.1;32.1). The statements “vaccines cause serious adverse reactions” (26.4%; 95%CI 18.1;36.8) and “you don’t need vaccination for diseases that no longer exist” (22%; 95%CI 15.7;29.8) were the most frequent regarding vaccination hesitancy. Lack of vaccines was the main barrier to care (86.6%; 95%CI 71.8;94.3). Conclusion Vaccination coverage in children born in 2017-2018 was below the target recommended for the full schedule of administered doses, both valid and timely administered.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze full vaccination coverage in live births in 2017 and 2018 in the capitals of the Midwest region of Brazil, according to social strata. Methods Population-based household survey with cluster sampling. Full coverage in children at 12 and 24 months of age and sociodemographic factors were analyzed. Results 5,715 children were analyzed. Full coverage at 12 months of age was 67.9% (95%CI 65.4;70.4), while at 24 months it was 48.2% (95%CI 45.3;51.1). Pneumococcal vaccine had the highest vaccination coverage (91.3%), while the second dose of rotavirus vaccine had the lowest (74.2%). In Campo Grande, no vaccine reached coverage above 90%, with BCG (82.9%) and hepatitis B (82.1%) standing out. Campo Grande and Brasília had the worst vaccination coverage in the high social stratum (24 months of age). Conclusion Vaccination coverage in the Midwest was below 80%, falling short of the recommended target and associated with socioeconomic factors.

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate vaccination coverage and analyze sociodemographic factors associated with non-vaccination in children born in 2017 and 2018 in the state capitals of Northeast Brazil. Methods A household survey using cluster sampling was conducted from 2020-2022 to estimate vaccination coverage and hesitancy. Factors associated with non-vaccination were analyzed using logistic regression to calculate Odds Ratios (OR) and their Confidence Intervals (95%CI). Results Natal was the capital with the lowest vaccination coverage, below 75.0% for most immunizers. Teresina had rates equal to or greater than 90.0% for all vaccines. Among those interviewed, 99.1% (95%CI 98.9;99.3) believe that vaccines are important for health; 95.4% (95%CI 95.0;95.8) trust immunobiologicals and 79.6% (95%CI% 78.8;80.3) are not afraid of reactions. Belonging to the highest socioeconomic stratum (adjusted OR: 1.34 – 95%CI 1.20;1.50) was as a factor associated with non-vaccination. Conclusion Low coverage highlights the need for a better understanding of regional specificities and social inequalities.

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate vaccination coverage in children born between 2017-2018, living in urban areas of state capitals, the Federal District and 12 inland municipalities in Brazil, and to identify associated factors. Methods This was a household survey conducted between 2020-2022, among children up to 24 months old. Vaccination coverage was estimated according to family, maternal and child characteristics. Results Among the 37,801 children in the sample, complete coverage (doses administered) was 60.1% (95%CI 58.6;61.6) and 6.1% (95%CI 5.4;7.0) had not received any vaccines. Coverage was lower among children of mothers with lower level of education (OR = 0.70; 95%CI 0.54;0.90) and in those who experienced delays in receiving any vaccine by 6 months old (OR = 0.28; 95%CI 0.24;0.32). Conclusion Vaccination coverage is below the expected levels. Effective communication strategies are needed to reinforce the importance of routine vaccination, prevent delays and abandonment of the vaccination schedule, in order to recover the high coverage levels achieved in past decades.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze vaccination coverage according to social strata in children up to 24 months old, living in the municipality of Londrina (PR), Brazil. Methods This was a population-based survey conducted between 2021 and 2022, in which vaccination coverage and sociodemographic aspects of mothers and families were evaluated using Pearson’s chi-square test. Results In a sample of 456 children, complete vaccination coverage varied according to social strata, being 36.0% (95%CI 26.8;57.8); in stratum A; 59.5% (95%CI 26.1;86); in stratum B; 66.2% (95%CI 51.7;78.1); in stratum C; and 70.0% (95%CI 56.1;81.0) in stratum D. Conclusion The analysis of vaccination coverage indicated that social stratum A is at highest risk for vaccine-preventable diseases.

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate hepatitis A vaccination coverage in 24-month-old children and identify factors associated with non-vaccination. Methods This was a survey involving a sample stratified by socioeconomic strata in capital cities (2020-2022), with coverage estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), the factor analysis was performed using the prevalence ratio (PR) by means of Poisson regression. Results Among 31,001 children, hepatitis A coverage was 88.1% (95%CI 86.8;89.2). Regarding socioeconomic strata (A/B), the variable immigrant parents/guardians was associated with non-vaccination (PR = 1.91; 95%CI 1.09;3.37); in strata C/D, children of Asian race/skin color (PR = 4.69; 95%CI 2.30;9.57), fourth-born child or later (PR = 1.68; 95%CI 1.06;2 .66), not attending daycare/nursery (PR = 1.67; 95%CI 1.24;2.24) and mother with paid work (PR = 1.42; 95%CI 1.16;1.74) were associated with non-vaccination. Conclusion Hepatitis A coverage was below the target (95%), suggesting that specificities of social strata should be taken into consideration.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the reliability of records held on the National Immunization Program Information System (SI-PNI) in a subsample of children included in the national vaccination coverage survey in Brazilian state capitals and Federal District in 2020. Methods This was a study of agreement between data recorded on vaccination cards (doses and dates) and on the SI-PNI for 4050 children with full coverage at 24 months. Results Data on 3587 children were held on the SI-PNI, with losses of 11% (95%CI: 10;12). Total agreement between doses and dates in the two sources was 86% (95%CI: 86;87), however taking each dose and vaccine individually, variation was greater, with 32% of data in only one source. Conclusion Part of the information was not recorded, but the discrepancy can be considered small. Nonetheless, underrecording of doses and children can compromise vaccination coverage estimates, altering the numerator and denominator data.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate vaccination coverage and delay in vaccine dose administration in infants in six municipalities in the Southern region of Brazil. Methodology National Vaccination Coverage Survey 2020, with infants born alive in 2017 and 2018, carried out from September 2020 to March 2022. Coverage of doses administered, doses administered on time and delay in dose administration were evaluated. Results For 4681 infants analyzed, coverage for vaccines recommended up to 24 months was 68.0% (95%CI 63.9;71.8%) for doses administered and 3.9% (95%CI 2.7%;5.7%) for doses administered on time. Delay time for the majority of late vaccinations was ≤ 3 months. For some boosters, 25% of vaccine administration was delayed by ≥ 6 months. Conclusion In addition to tracking vaccine defaulters, strategies are needed to encourage compliance with the vaccination schedule at the recommended ages.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe vaccination coverage and hesitation for the basic children’s schedule in Belo Horizonte and Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Methods Population-based epidemiological surveys performed from 2020 to 2022, which estimated vaccine coverage by type of immunobiological product and full schedule (valid and ministered doses), according to socioeconomic strata; and reasons for vaccination hesitancy. Results Overall coverage with valid doses and vaccination hesitancy for at least one vaccine were, respectively, 50.2% (95%CI 44.1;56.2) and 1.6% (95%CI 0.9;2.7), in Belo Horizonte (n = 1,866), and 64.9% (95%CI 56.9;72.1) and 1.0% (95%CI 0.3;2.8), in Sete Lagoas (n = 451), with differences between socioeconomic strata. Fear of severe reactions was the main reason for vaccination hesitancy. Conclusion Coverage was identified as being below recommended levels for most vaccines. Disinformation should be combated in order to avoid vaccination hesitancy. There is a pressing need to recover coverages, considering public health service access and socioeconomic disparities.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe timely vaccination completion and obstacles in the first 24 months of life in Brazil, examining associations with maternal race/skin color. Methods Study participants were 37,801 children born in 2017 and 2018 included in the National Immunization Coverage Survey. We calculated prevalence and 95% confidence intervals for timely vaccine completeness and obstacles at 5, 12 and 24 months of life, according to maternal race/skin color. Associations were analyzed using logistic regression. Results 7.2% (95%CI 6.3;8.2) of mothers faced difficulties in taking their children to be vaccinated, and 23.4% (95%CI 21.7;25.1) were not vaccinated when taken. These proportions were 75% (95%CI 1.25;2.45) and 97% (95%CI 1.57;2.48) higher, respectively, among Black mothers. At least one vaccination was delayed among 49.9% (95%CI 47.8;51.9) and 61.1% (95%CI 59.2;63.0) of children by 5 and 12 months, respectively. These rates were higher among Black/mixed race mothers. Conclusion There are racial inequalities in both the obstacles faced and in vaccination rates in Brazil.

ABSTRACT Background: The treatment strategy for latent tuberculosis infection is to reduce the number of tuberculosis cases and consequently reduce the transmission of pathogenic bacteria. This study aimed to determine the safety, effectiveness, and adherence of isoniazid use for latent tuberculosis infection treatment. Methods: To identify studies on isoniazid use for latent tuberculosis infection, five electronic databases were searched. The methods and results are presented in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Results: Most studies (53) used isoniazid for 9 months. The prevalence of use and adherence to treatment varied considerably (18% to 100%), and were evaluated by participant completion of isoniazid treatment for latent tuberculosis infection. The adverse events most frequently reported were hepatotoxicity, gastric intolerance, and neuropathy; the rates of occurrence ranged from < 1% to 48%. In the studies that evaluated the effectiveness of isoniazid for latent tuberculosis infection, the rate varied from 0 to 19.7% for patients who did not have active tuberculosis after the follow-up period. Conclusions: The importance of maintaining follow up for patients using isoniazid should be emphasized due to the risk of developing adverse events. Despite the treatment challenges, the rates of patients who used isoniazid and developed active tuberculosis during the follow-up period were low. We believe that isoniazid continues to contribute to tuberculosis control worldwide, and better care strategies are required.

Introdução: Estima-se que entre 5% a 10% das infectada pessoas infectadas com a bactéria Mycobacterium tuberculosis desenvolverão doença ativa da Tuberculose (TB) ao longo de suas vidas, geralmente nos primeiros cinco anos após a infecção inicial e serão capazes de transmitir a bactéria [1-3]. O tratamento da Infecção Latente da Tuberculose (ILTB) é uma estratégia que promove a diminuição do número de casos que evoluem para TB e consequentemente redução da transmissão da bactéria, sendo o tratamento preventivo uma das maneiras para atingir o objetivo da Organização Mundial de Saúde para a Estratégia Mundial pelo fim da TB [4-8]. Objetivos: Conhecer a prevalência e adesão do uso da isoniazida (INH) em duas apresentações farmacêuticas em estudos científicos. Material e Método: Um protocolo de revisão foi registrado no PROSPERO (número CRD42020176694). As bases de dados eletrônicas Cochrane; PubMed; Embase; LILACS, Scopus e Web of Science foram pesquisadas para estudos sobre o uso de INH para ILTB. Os resultados e métodos foram apresentados de acordo com as diretrizes PRISMA, e a qualidade metodológica das revisões incluídas foi avaliada usando a Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and CrossSectional Studies. Resultados: Foram recuperados 6.051 estudos potencialmente relevantes, ao final, 73 estudos foram incluídos nesta revisão sistemática. A amostra dos estudos variou de cinco a mais de 12 mil pessoas. Em 68 estudos que possibilitaram avaliar a prevalência do uso de INH, sendo de 0,3 a 98,6% dos participantes dos estudos utilizando INH para ILTB. Discussão e Conclusões: Compreender a conduta de tratamento da ILTB é importante na perspectiva de identificar caminhos que possam auxiliar gestores, serviços de saúde e a população a melhorar o tratamento profilático com INH e consequentemente promover a redução das taxas de transmissão da tuberculose. Os estudos demonstraram que a prevalência de uso e adesão ao tratamento variou consideravelmente. É importante que estudos futuros utilizem instrumentos validados para identificar desfechos e definições amplamente utilizadas. Nossos achados indicam que a INH está sendo amplamente utilizada no mundo como tratamento profilático para tuberculose, as taxas de adesão à INH foram em sua maioria superiores a 50%.

Abstract Background Worldwide, several efforts have been made to develop, distribute and administer safe and effective vaccines to reduce morbidity and mortality and control the Covid-19 pandemic. This study aimed to analyze the effect of vaccination against Covid-19, one year after its introduction in Brazil. Methods An ecological study that analyzed the general effect of vaccination against Covid-19 on disease morbidity and mortality indicators among the Brazilian population aged 18 years or older per epidemiological week (EW), comparing the pre and postvaccination period. Morbidity and mortality indicators were calculated from secondary databases (hospitalization rate, severity, case fatality rate and mortality) and vaccination coverage by age groups (18 to 59 years and 60 years or older). Morbimortality trends were estimated using the JoinPoint model and their association with vaccine coverage using the Poisson model. Results The average weekly percentage change (AWPC) of morbidity and mortality indicators reduced after the introduction of Covid-19 vaccination: hospitalization rate (from 15.3% to -6.0%), severity (from 0.4% to -0.2%), case fatality rate (from 0.3% to -0.2%) and mortality (from 20.5% to -4.3%). The following indicators were inversely associated with the increase in vaccine coverage against Covid-19: hospitalization (IRR: 0.974), mortality (IRR: 0.975) and lethality for people aged 60 years or older (IRR: 0.997). Conclusions In spite of the three epidemic waves and the circulation of variants of concern, the general effect of vaccination against Covid-19 in reducing the trend of morbidity and mortality from the disease in Brazil was demonstrated. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the mass vaccination program against Covid-19 and may inform future public health policies.

Abstract Background Aquatic matrices impacted by sewage may shelter carbapenem-resistant (CR) Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) harboring resistance genes of public health concern. In this study, sewage treatment plants (STPs) servicing well-defined catchment areas were surveyed for the presence of CR-GNB bearing carbapenemase genes (bla KPC or bla NDM). Results A total of 325 CR-GNB were recovered from raw (RS) and treated (TS) sewage samples as well as from water body spots upstream (UW) and downstream (DW) from STPs. Klebsiella-Enterobacter (KE) group amounted to 116 isolates (35.7%). CR-KE isolates were recovered from TS, DW (35.7%) and RS samples (44.2%) (p = 0.001); but not from UW samples. KE isolates represented 65.8% of all bla KPC or bla NDM positive strains. The frequency of bla KPC-or-NDM strains was positively associated with the occurrence of district hospitals located near STPs, as well as with the number of hospitalizations and of sewer connections serviced by the STPs. bla KPC-or-NDM strains were recovered from ST samples in 7 out of 14 STPs, including four tertiary-level STPs; and from 6 out of 13 DW spots whose RS samples also had bla KPC-or-NDM strains. Conclusions Clinically relevant GNB bearing bla KPC-or-NDM resist sewage treatments and spread into environmental aquatic matrices mainly from STPs impacted by hospital activities.

IntroductionIt is essential to strengthen the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) to break the chain of transmission. The drug used worldwide for the treatment of LTBI is Isoniazid. A clinical trial conducted in Brazil has demonstrated the bioequivalence of Isoniazid in the 300 mg formulation with 3 tablets in the 100 mg formulation. Further studies are needed to evaluate the completion of treatment with Isoniazid 300 mg single tablet.ObjectiveDescribing a protocol for a clinical trial to evaluate the completion of treatment of LTBI with the drug Isoniazid in 300 mg tablet formulation compared to the use of Isoniazid in 100 mg tablet formulation.MethodsThis is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized, open-label clinical trial registered on the Rebec RBR-2wsdt6 platform. Individuals 18 years of age or older with an indication for treatment of LTBI will be included, with only 1 individual per family nucleus. Individuals whose index case of active TB is categorized as retreatment, multidrug-resistant and extremely resistant, individuals transferred from the original center two or more weeks after the onset of treatment, and persons deprived of liberty will be excluded. The study intervention will be the treatment of LTBI with 1 tablet of Isoniazid 300 mg. The control group will receive the treatment of LTBI with 3 tablets of Isoniazid 100 mg. Follow-up will be performed at month 1, month 2 and at the end of treatment. The primary outcome will be completion of treatment.ConclusionIt is expected that with the treatment with the 300 mg formulation, more patients will complete the treatment based on the complexity index of pharmacotherapy. Our study intends to substantiate theoretical and operational strategies that respond to the demand for incorporation of a new formulation of the drug for the treatment of LTBI in the Unified Health System network.

Abstract Background Vector-borne diseases, especially arboviruses transmitted by Aedes sp. mosquitos, should be a health policy priority in Brazil. Despite this urgency, there are significant limitations in the traditional surveillance system, mainly in vulnerable areas. This study aimed to investigate the circulation of dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), and chikungunya viruses (CHIKV) by laboratory syndromic surveillance (LSS) in a slum area of the Federal District of Brazil, comparing the results with traditional surveillance data. Methods LSS for acute febrile and/or exanthematous symptoms was developed at a health unit of Cidade Estrutural, in order to identify the circulation of arboviruses transmitted by Aedes sp. mosquitos. Between June 2019 and March 2020, 131 valid participants were identified and sera tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for DENV (by serotype), ZIKV, and CHIKV acute infection and by immunoglobulin M enzyme-inked immunosorbent assay (ELISA-IgM) for DENV and CHIKV 15–21 days after symptom onset, when the participant reported no respiratory signs (cough and/or coryza). The results obtained were compared with traditional surveillance data for the study area and period. Results At least three DENV-1 (2.3%), four DENV-2 (3%), and one CHIKV (0.7%) cases were confirmed in the laboratory, showing evidence of hyperendemicity even though LSS had not reached the historic peak dengue fever months in the Federal District (April–May). When the results obtained here were compared with traditional surveillance, a significant discrepancy was observed, including underreporting of CHIKV infection. Conclusions In addition to the risks posed to the study population, the area investigated with its respective socio-environmental profile may be a potential site for spread of the virus, given the cosmopolitan presence of Aedes sp. and human mobility in the Federal District. It is also suggested that traditional epidemiological surveillance may be reporting acute viral infections other than DENV as dengue fever, while underreporting other arboviruses transmitted by Aedes sp. mosquitos in the Federal District. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Background Treatment outcomes were evaluated of a cohort of new pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) cases that were rifampicin resistant, multidrug-resistant, or extensively resistant during 2013 and 2014 in Brazil. The objective of this study is to identify factors associated with unfavorable treatment outcomes for drug-resistant TB cases. Methods The Brazilian Special Tuberculosis Treatment Information System (SITE-TB) was the main data source. The independent variables were classified into four blocks (block I: individual characteristics; block II: clinical characteristics and proposed treatment; block III: treatment follow-up characteristics; and block IV: TB history). The category of successful therapeutic outcome was compared with lost to follow-up, failure, and death. Considering the multiple outcomes as the dependent variable, the odds ratios (OR) and its respective 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated by multinomial logistic regression. Results After applying the exclusion criteria, 980 (98.8%) individuals were included in the study. Of these, 621 (63.4%) had successful treatment, 163 (16.6%) lost to follow-up, 76 (7.8%) failed, and 120 (12.2%) died. Important factors associated with lost to follow-up in the final model included use of illicit drugs (OR = 2.5 95% CI: 1.57–3.82). Outcome failure was associated with having disease in both lungs (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.09–3.62) and using more than one or not using injectable medication (OR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.05–7.69). Major factors for the death outcome were at least 60 years old (OR = 3.4; 95% CI: 1.90–6.03) and HIV positive (OR = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.45–4.83). Conclusions The factors associated with unfavorable treatment outcomes were different. Some of these factors are specific to each outcome, which reflects the complexity of providing care to these individuals.

Here, the authors investigate the effectiveness of the Oxford-AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1) vaccine during extensive Gamma variant SARS-CoV-2 circulation in São Paulo state, Brazil, and find that a two-dose regime is more effective than one dose against mild to severe Covid-19 outcomes in older adults.

Abstract Background Recently developed immunosuppressive drugs, especially TNF antagonists, may enhance the risk of granulomatous infections, including leprosy. We aimed to evaluate the leprosy detection rate in patients under immunosuppression due to rheumatological, dermatological and gastroenterological diseases. Methods We performed a systematic review of the literature by searching the PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS, Web of Science and Scielo databases through 2018. No date or language restrictions were applied. We included all articles that reported the occurrence of leprosy in patients under medication-induced immunosuppression. Results The search strategy resulted in 15,103 articles; finally, 20 articles were included, with 4 reporting longitudinal designs. The detection rate of leprosy ranged from 0.13 to 116.18 per 100,000 patients/year in the USA and Brazil, respectively. In the meta-analysis, the detection rate of cases of leprosy per 100,000 immunosuppressed patients with rheumatic diseases was 84 (detection rate = 0.00084; 95% CI = 0.0000–0.00266; I 2 = 0%, p = 0.55). Conclusion Our analysis showed that leprosy was relatively frequently detected in medication-induced immunosuppressed patients suffering from rheumatological diseases, and further studies are needed. The lack of an active search for leprosy in the included articles precluded more precise conclusions. Trial registration This review is registered in PROSPERO with the registry number CRD42018116275 .

Estimating seroprevalence and vaccination coverage against COVID-19 is crucial to the development of well-targeted public health policies at the local level. Here, we estimated seroprevalence and vaccination coverage in a lower-middle-class population in Brazil. We conducted an observational, cross-sectional, population-based survey from 24 September to 19 December 2021. CMIA tests were used to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG against the N-protein. The overall seroprevalence was 24.15% (177/733), and vaccination coverage was 91.40% (670/733); 72.09% (483/670) were fully vaccinated. Among vaccinated participants, seroprevalence was 24.77% (95% CI 21.50–28.04; 166/670), with a prevalence ratio (PR) of 1.03 (95% CI 0.98–1.08; p-value 0.131). Among participants who received an mRNA vaccine with S-based epitope (485), seroprevalence was 16.29% (95% CI 13.04–19.85; 79/485). Among unvaccinated participants, seroprevalence was 17.46% (95% CI 10.04–28.62; 11/63). Finally, in spite of the political climate and other possible causes for vaccine hesitancy, the positive Brazilian culture towards vaccination might have curbed hesitancy.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the direct costs due to hospital care for extremely, moderate, and late preterm newborns, from the perspective of a public hospital in 2018. The second objective was to investigate whether factors associated with birth and maternal conditions explain the costs and length of hospital stay. METHODS This is a cost-of-illness study, with data extracted from hospital admission authorization forms and medical records of a large public hospital in the Federal District, Brazil. The association of characteristics of preterm newborns and mothers with costs was estimated by linear regression with gamma distribution. In the analysis, the calculation of the parameters of the estimates (B), with a confidence interval of 95% (95%CI), was adopted. The uncertainty parameters were estimated by the 95% confidence interval and standard error using the Bootstrapping method, with 1,000 samples. Deterministic sensitivity analysis was performed, considering lower and upper limits of 95%CI in the variation of each cost component. RESULTS A total of 147 preterm newborns were included. We verified an average cost of BRL 1,120 for late preterm infants, BRL 6,688 for moderate preterm infants, and BRL 17,395 for extremely preterm infants. We also observed that factors associated with the cost were gestational age (B = -123.00; 95%CI: -241.60 to -4.50); hospitalization in neonatal ICU (B = 6,932.70; 95%CI: 5,309.40–8,556.00), and number of prenatal consultations (B = -227.70; 95%CI: -403.30 to -52.00). CONCLUSIONS We found a considerable direct cost resulting from the care of preterm newborns. Extreme prematurity showed a cost 15.5 times higher than late prematurity. We also verified that a greater number of prenatal consultations and gestational age were associated with a reduction in the costs of prematurity.

Abstract Background Although it is known that Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy may lead to microcephaly in the fetus, the prognostic factors associated with this tragic disorder remain unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the prognostic factors associated with the incidence of microcephaly in congenital ZIKV infection. Methods We conducted a comprehensive search in Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid MEDLINE (R) Epub ahead of print, Embase, Embase Classic, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, LILACS, and various thesis databases to identify human studies reporting microcephaly associated with congenital ZIKV infection. We requested primary data from the authors of the included studies to calculate summary estimates and conduct the meta-analysis of the most prevalent factors. Results We screened 4106 titles and abstracts, and identified 12 studies for inclusion in the systematic review. The assessment of ZIKV infection and the definition of microcephaly varied among studies. A total of 6154 newborns/fetuses were enrolled; of those, 1120 (18.20%) had a diagnostic of ZIKV infection, of which 509 (45.45%) were diagnosed with microcephaly. Nine studies addressed the link between congenital ZIKV infection and neurological findings in newborns/fetuses. Half of the studies provided primary data. Three out of 11 factors of interest seem to be prognostic factors of microcephaly: infant’s sex – males compared to females: Relative Risk (RR) 1.30, 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) 1.14 to 1.49; the stage of pregnancy when infection occurred – infection in the first trimester of pregnancy compared to infection at other stages of pregnancy: RR 1.41, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.82; and asymptomatic infection compared to symptomatic infection during pregnancy: RR 0.68; 95% CI 0.60 to 0.77. Conclusion Our findings support the female-biased resistance hypothesis and reinforce the risk associated with the stage of pregnancy when ZIKV infection occurs. Continued surveillance of ZIKV infection during pregnancy is needed to identify additional factors that could contribute to developing microcephaly in affected fetuses. Protocol registration This systematic review was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), registration no. CRD 42018088075 .

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant, Gamma, emerged in the city of Manaus in late 2020 during a large resurgence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and has spread throughout Brazil. The effectiveness of vaccines in settings with widespread Gamma variant transmission has not been reported. Methods: We performed a matched test-negative case-control study to estimate the effectiveness of an inactivated vaccine, CoronaVac, in healthcare workers (HCWs) in Manaus, where the Gamma variant accounted for 86% of genotyped SARS-CoV-2 samples at the peak of its epidemic. We performed an early analysis of effectiveness following administration of at least one vaccine dose and an analysis of effectiveness of the two-dose schedule. The primary outcome was symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Findings: For the early at-least-one-dose and two-dose analyses the study population was, respectively, 53,176 and 53,153 HCWs residing in Manaus and aged 18 years or older, with complete information on age, residence, and vaccination status. Among 53,153 HCWs eligible for the two-dose analysis, 47,170 (89%) received at least one dose of CoronaVac and 2,656 individuals (5%) underwent RT-PCR testing from 19 January, 2021 to 13 April, 2021. Of 3,195 RT-PCR tests, 885 (28%) were positive. 393 and 418 case-control pairs were selected for the early and two-dose analyses, respectively, matched on calendar time, age, and neighbourhood. Among those who had received both vaccine doses before the RT-PCR sample collection date, the average time from second dose to sample collection date was 14 days (IQR 7-24). In the early analysis, vaccination with at least one dose was associated with a 0.50-fold reduction (adjusted vaccine effectiveness (VE), 49.6%, 95% CI 11.3 to 71.4) in the odds of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection during the period 14 days or more after receiving the first dose. However, we estimated low effectiveness (adjusted VE 36.8%, 95% CI -54.9 to 74.2) of the two-dose schedule against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection during the period 14 days or more after receiving the second dose. A finding that vaccinated individuals were much more likely to be infected than unvaccinated individuals in the period 0-13 days after first dose (aOR 2.11, 95% CI 1.36-3.27) suggests that unmeasured confounding led to downward bias in the vaccine effectiveness estimate. Interpretation: Evidence from this test-negative study of the effectiveness of CoronaVac was mixed, and likely affected by bias in this setting. Administration of at least one vaccine dose showed effectiveness against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in the setting of epidemic Gamma variant transmission. However, the low estimated effectiveness of the two-dose schedule underscores the need to maintain non-pharmaceutical interventions while vaccination campaigns with CoronaVac are being implemented. Funding: Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz); Municipal Health Secretary of Manaus; Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas

Abstract Background The identification of Trypanosoma cruzi and blood-meal sources in synanthropic triatomines is important to assess the potential risk of Chagas disease transmission. We identified T. cruzi infection and blood-meal sources of triatomines caught in and around houses in the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil, and mapped the occurrence of infected triatomines that fed on humans and domestic animals. Methods Triatominae bugs were manually captured by trained agents from the Epidemiologic Surveillance team of Bahia State Health Service between 2013 and 2014. We applied conventional PCR to detect T. cruzi and blood-meal sources (dog, cat, human and bird) in a randomized sample of triatomines. We mapped triatomine distribution and analyzed vector hotspots with kernel density spatial analysis. Results In total, 5906 triatomines comprising 15 species were collected from 127 out of 417 municipalities in Bahia. The molecular analyses of 695 triatomines revealed a ~10% T. cruzi infection rate, which was highest in the T. brasiliensis species complex. Most bugs were found to have fed on birds (74.2%), and other blood-meal sources included dogs (6%), cats (0.6%) and humans (1%). Trypanosoma cruzi-infected triatomines that fed on humans were detected inside houses. Spatial analysis showed a wide distribution of T. cruzi-infected triatomines throughout Bahia; triatomines that fed on dogs, humans, and cats were observed mainly in the northeast region. Conclusions Synanthropic triatomines have a wide distribution and maintain the potential risk of T. cruzi transmission to humans and domestic animals in Bahia. Ten species were recorded inside houses, mainly Triatoma sordida, T. pseudomaculata, and the T. brasiliensis species complex. Molecular and spatial analysis are useful to reveal T. cruzi infection and blood-meal sources in synanthropic triatomines, identifying areas with ongoing threat for parasite transmission and improving entomological surveillance strategies.

RESUMO O objetivo foi caracterizar o ambiente de trabalho por meio da Norma Regulamentadora 17 do Ministério do Trabalho (NR-17); avaliar a fadiga residual e estimar o risco da sua exposição e a presença de desconforto musculoesquelético de profissionais da saúde que atuam em um hospital público. Trata-se de estudo transversal composto por duas etapas: (1) observação do ambiente de trabalho por meio da NR-17, adaptada em checklist; e (2) avaliação do desconforto e fadiga por meio de questionários. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente. A associação entre fadiga e desconforto foi verificada pelo qui-quadrado e o teste de Mann-Whitney comparou a idade, tempo de instituição e carga horária (horas/semana) entre os grupos estratificados (com fadiga/sem fadiga e com desconforto/sem desconforto). Foram avaliados 20 setores, dos quais a Farmácia teve a maior frequência de inadequação (83%) e a UTI Adulto mostrou-se o mais adequado (24% de itens inadequados). Verificou-se uma alta prevalência de desconforto, principalmente na coluna. A fadiga estava presente em mais de 70% dos profissionais. Indivíduos com maior idade apresentaram mais queixas de desconforto. O presente estudo demonstrou uma alta frequência de inadequações ergonômicas em ambiente de trabalho hospitalar, principalmente no setor da Farmácia e Ambulatório. A alta prevalência de desconforto na coluna e a fadiga demonstram a relevância de ações preventivas no ambiente hospitalar.

A retrospective cohort of 11,308 chronic hepatitis C infected patients treated with regimens that included Sofosbuvir (SOF), Daclatasvir (DCV), Simeprevir (SMV), or an association of Ombitasvir, Veruprevir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir (3D) with or without Ribavirin (RBV) were assessed for sustained virologic response (SVR) or viral cure after a 12-week treatment. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors independently associated with positive response to direct-acting antivirals (DAA)-based therapies.Overall 57.1% were male; 48.3% self-identified as white; 78.3% were over 50 years old; 44.1% were from the Southeast region; 47.7% had genotype 1b; and 84.5% were treated for 12 weeks. The SVR rates with DAAs ranged from 87% to 100%. Genotypes 1 and 4 had higher SVR rates (96.3–100%), and genotypes 2 and 3 had SVR of 90.6–92.2%, respectively. Treatment durations of 12 and 24 weeks were associated with an average SVR of 95.0% and 95.9%, respectively. Females were half as likely (OR 0.5; 95% CI 0.4−0.6) to have a negative response to therapy compared to males, and those with genotypes 2 and 3 were one and half fold more likely (OR 1.5–2.2; 95 CI% 0.7–2.9; 1.2–3.6 and OR 2.7–2.8; 95% CI 2.0–3.8, respectively) to not have SVR compared to genotype 1. Patients in the age-range of 50–69 years old were 1.2-fold (OR 1.2; 95% CI 0.7–1.9) more likely to not have SVR compared to other age groups, although not statistically significant.This study is the first of this magnitude to be held in a Latin-American country with high SVR results, supported by a free-of-charge universal and public health system. The high performance found in this study gives support to the Brazilian public health policy decision of adopting DAA-based therapies as a strategy to eliminate HCV by 2030.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The coronavirus disease (COVD-19) outbreak has overburdened the surveillance of severe acute respiratory infections (SARIs), including the laboratory network. This study was aimed at correcting the absence of laboratory results of reported SARI deaths. METHODS: The imputation method was applied for SARI deaths without laboratory information using clinico-epidemiological characteristics. RESULTS: Of 84,449 SARI deaths, 51% were confirmed with COVID-19 while 3% with other viral respiratory diseases. After the imputation method, 95% of deaths were reclassified as COVID-19 while 5% as other viral respiratory diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The imputation method was a useful and robust solution (sensitivity and positive predictive value of 98%) for missing values through clinical & epidemiological characteristics.

Resumo Objetivo: descrever a distribuição dos transplantes de órgãos sólidos no Brasil, bem como informações da lista de espera (demanda) e origem dos pacientes transplantados, por tipo de órgão e Unidade da Federação, de 2001 a 2017. Métodos: estudo descritivo, com dados das Centrais Estaduais de Transplantes, da Associação Brasileira de Transplantes de Órgãos e do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH/SUS). Resultados: 153 centros de transplante foram identificados em 2017, apenas 11,8% deles localizados nas regiões Norte e Centro-Oeste; no período em estudo, foram realizados 99.805 transplantes, variando de 3.520 (2001) a 8.669 (2017); as regiões Sul e Sudeste concentraram o maior número de transplantes. Conclusão: existem desigualdades regionais na realização dos transplantes, possivelmente por não haver uniformidade na distribuição dos serviços.

Abstract Background Zika infection during pregnancy (ZIKVP) is known to be associated with adverse outcomes. Studies on this matter involve both rare outcomes and rare exposures and methodological choices are not straightforward. Cohort studies will surely offer more robust evidences, but their efficiency must be enhanced. We aim to contribute to the debate on sample selection strategies in cohort studies to assess outcomes associated with ZKVP. Main body of the abstract A study can be statistically more efficient than another if its estimates are more accurate (precise and valid), even if the studies involve the same number of subjects. Sample size and specific design strategies can enhance or impair the statistical efficiency of a study, depending on how the subjects are distributed in subgroups pertinent to the analysis. In most ZIKVP cohort studies to date there is an a priori identification of the source population (pregnant women, regardless of their exposure status) which is then sampled or included in its entirety (census). Subsequently, the group of pregnant women is classified according to exposure (presence or absence of ZIKVP), respecting the exposed:unexposed ratio in the source population. We propose that the sample selection be done from the a priori identification of groups of pregnant women exposed and unexposed to ZIKVP. This method will allow for an oversampling (even 100%) of the pregnant women with ZKVP and a optimized sampling from the general population of pregnant women unexposed to ZIKVP, saving resources in the unexposed group and improving the expected number of incident cases (outcomes) overall. Conclusion We hope that this proposal will broaden the methodological debate on the improvement of statistical power and protocol harmonization of cohort studies that aim to evaluate the association between Zika infection during pregnancy and outcomes for the offspring, as well as those with similar objectives.

Resumo O Sistema de Informação de Tratamentos Especiais de Tuberculose (SITE-TB) surgiu da necessidade principal de monitorar, rotineiramente, todas as pessoas com tuberculose drogarresistente (TBDR) no Brasil, e qualificar o controle dos fármacos antituberculose. Desenvolvido pelo Centro de Referência Professor Hélio Fraga e pelo projeto Management Sciences for Health/Brasil, esse sistema online foi implantado em 2013, em todas as Unidades da Federação. Além da TBDR, no SITE-TB são registradas pessoas com tuberculose sensível com indicação de esquema especial, e aquelas com micobacterioses não tuberculosas identificadas por diagnóstico diferencial de tuberculose. Toda pessoa com tuberculose confirmada deve ser notificada no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan). Em situações nas quais se faz necessário tratamento com esquema especial, o caso é encerrado no Sinan e notificado no SITE-TB. Profissionais das unidades de referência para tuberculose fazem a notificação e acompanhamento desses casos no sistema, assim como a gestão dos medicamentos.

Resumo O Sistema de Informação de Vigilância da Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano (Sisagua) é um instrumento utilizado no Brasil para registro das formas de abastecimento de água e dos dados de monitoramento da qualidade da água preconizados na norma de potabilidade. Essas informações são utilizadas no gerenciamento de riscos à saúde associados ao abastecimento de água no país e subsidiam a atuação da vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano, a estruturação de políticas públicas na área de saúde ambiental e saneamento, a prevenção de doenças de veiculação hídrica, e a caracterização da qualidade da água consumida pela população brasileira. Este artigo descreve o histórico do Sisagua e apresenta as principais características da atual versão (Sisagua 4) em relação à coleta e processamento dos dados, às variáveis, aos usos e acessos, à cobertura e qualidade dos dados, bem como focaliza as aplicabilidades, as limitações e os desafios do sistema.

Dengue virus (DENV) transmission by blood transfusion is an important route of viral acquisition during outbreaks. The prevalence of DENV markers (viral RNA, NS1, anti-DENV IgM, and IgG) among blood donors in Central-West Brazil has never been evaluated. Our aim was to evaluate the full set of serological and molecular markers for DENV among blood donors of the Federal District of Brazil during an extensive outbreak in 2016. We found an anti-DENV IgM prevalence of 6.74% (n = 32/475). Of 475, 20 samples (4.21%) were also anti-DENV IgG positive. All samples were non-reactive for NS1 and DENV RNA. Our results imply that a significant proportion of the tested donors had experienced asymptomatic infection. More studies are necessary to evaluate the real prevalence of DENV viremia in blood donors from the Federal District of Brazil and if specific measures are needed to routinely test the blood donors for DENV RNA during outbreaks.

O Centro de Informações Estratégicas em Vigilância em Saúde da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde do Ministério da Saúde (CIEVS/MS) foi institucionalizado no contexto do Regulamento Sanitário Internacional (RSI) como a estratégia de vigilância das emergências em saúde pública, a fim de desenvolver os processos de detecção, avaliação e notificação das potenciais emergências em saúde pública de importância nacional e internacional, na representação do Ponto Focal Nacional do Brasil para o RSI. O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar as capacidades de vigilância das emergências em saúde pública pelo CIEVS/MS. O método utilizado foi a pesquisa avaliativa com a aplicação do modelo lógico, segundo o qual foram estruturados os indicadores para avaliar os processos de trabalho do CIEVS/MS, considerando os aspectos político, técnico e organizacional, nos componentes de detecção, avaliação e notificação. A classificação das capacidades de vigilância do CIEVS/MS foi parcialmente adequada, identificando potencialidades e fragilidades da estratégia. O modelo lógico revelou-se como método importante para avaliação do serviço de vigilância em saúde. Dessa forma, recomenda-se que os processos de trabalho do CIEVS/MS sejam sistematizados e fortalecidos para a adequada vigilância das emergências em saúde pública no Brasil.

Resumo Objetivo: descrever os eventos adversos relacionados com a assistência à saúde resultantes em óbito. Métodos: estudo descritivo das notificações registradas no Sistema de Notificações para a Vigilância Sanitária (Notivisa) no Brasil, de junho/2014 a junho/2016; notificações registradas como ‘outros’ em ‘tipo de incidente’ foram reclassificadas. Resultados: foram registrados 417 óbitos, a maioria em adultos e idosos (85%), sem diferenças entre sexos; os estados de São Paulo (N=92), Paraná (N=75) e Minas Gerais (N=66) foram os maiores notificadores; os hospitais contribuíram com 97% dos registros, com concentração nos setores ‘terapia intensiva’ e ‘internação’; houve investigação pela unidade notificadora em 5% das notificações; na reclassificação do tipo de incidente, recuperaram-se 52 registros; o tipo de incidente mais comum foi ‘falhas durante a assistência à saúde’ (50%). Conclusão: notificações resultantes em óbito ocorreram principalmente em hospitais; foram identificadas falhas no registro e necessidade de investigação de grande proporção dos óbitos.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o desconforto musculoesquelético, a capacidade para o trabalho e a fadiga residual em profissionais de enfermagem que atuam em Hospital. Método Estudo transversal com profissionais de um hospital público de médio porte. Foram utilizados o questionário nórdico de sintomas, o índice de capacidade para o trabalho e a escala de necessidade de descanso (fadiga). Os dados foram analisados descritivamente e aplicaram-se testes inferenciais com o intuito de verificar a associação da fadiga e a capacidade para o trabalho e comparar a fadiga entre os setores analisados. Resultados Participaram da pesquisa 110 profissionais. Um total de 86,24% dos trabalhadores relatou desconforto osteomuscular, com maior prevalência na coluna cervical, torácica e lombar. Aproximadamente 43% dos profissionais apresentaram fadiga residual. Verificou-se associação significante entre fadiga e redução da capacidade para o trabalho (p

Este estudo buscou caracterizar a atuação, levantar hipóteses sobre agravos identifi cados e propor recomendações aos trabalhadores da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa) da Coordenação de Portos, Aeroportos, Fronteiras e Recintos Alfandegados do Estado do Pará. Utilizou-se um estudo de corte transversal abordando dados demográfi cos, informações referidas sobre agravos presentes e atuação em Saúde do Trabalhador (ST). Os dados foram analisados no EpiInfo 6.04d. Foram entrevistados 91% servidores lotados no Pará. Os agravos crônicos não transmissíveis foram os mais evidentes, com prevalência dos agravos musculoesqueléticos. Recomenda-se maior atenção para a vigilância em saúde ocupacional para a Anvisa no estado do Pará. ----------------------------------------This study sought to characterize the performance, suggest hypotheses about problems identifi ed and propose recommendations to employees of the National Agency for Sanitary Surveillance (ANVISA) Coordination of Ports, Airports, Borders and Bonded precincts of the state of Pará. We used a cross-sectional study demographic data, information about those grievances and present performance in Occupational Health. Data were analyzed in EpiInfo 6.04d. We interviewed 91% crowded servers in Pará state. The chronic non-communicable diseases were the most evident, with a prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries. It is recommended more attention to occupational health surveillance for Anvisa in the Pará State.

Backgound and Objectives: The Hospital Information System of the Brazilian National Health System (SIH/SUS) is a system geared to the management of hospital environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the SIH/SUS how a tool for the malaria surveillance in Amazonia Legal. Methods: Were reviewed the records of hospital admissions caused by malaria of the SIH/SUS in the Amazonia Legal through January 1st, 1999 to December 31th, 2005. The evaluation was based on Updated Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Results: Hospital admissions caused by malaria represent 0.98% (118,775) of total admissions followed the International Classification of Disease, by place of residence during the period in the Amazonia Legal, 41% (48,674) was recorded as unspecified malaria. Were recorded 150 deaths, and 100% for unspecified malaria. The curve of the rate of hospitalization is downward, 0.96% in 1998, 0.60% in 2000 and 0.46% in 2005.The costs to the Brazilian National Health System of the hospital admissions caused by unspecified malaria was R$ 7,595,701.36. Conclusion: The overall results of the evaluations of attributes and the response that the system provides for effective surveillance of the disease, make the system useful. It should establish a routine operation of this system as a source of information in the surveillance health services. KEYWORDS: Malaria, Surveillance. Hospitalization. Evaluation. Information System.

O Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH/SUS) é um sistema voltado para o gerenciamento de ambientes hospitalares. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o SIH/SUS como instrumento para vigilância da malária na Amazônia Legal. Método: Realizou-se a análise dos registros de internações por malária no SIH/SUS, na Amazônia Legal, no período de 01 de janeiro de 1999 a 31 de dezembro de 2005. A avaliação foi baseada no Updated Guidelinesfor Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems do Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Resultados: As internações pormalária representavam 0,98% (118.775) do total das internações da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID 10), por local deresidência, na Amazônia Legal, sendo 41% (48.674) por malária não especificada (NE). Foram registrados 150 óbitos, sendo 100%por malária NE. A curva da taxa de internação é descendente, sendo de 0,96% em 1998, 0,60% em 2000 e 0,46% em 2005. As internações por malária NE custaram R$ 7.595.701,36 ao SUS. Conclusão: O conjunto dos resultados das avaliações dos atributos e a resposta que o sistema fornece para a efetiva vigilância do agravo tornam o sistema útil. Deve-se estabelecer uma rotina de exploração deste sistema como fonte de informação nos serviços de vigilância.

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a associação entre o consumo de álcool e outras drogas e o bullying com o envolvimento em situações de violência física entre adolescentes de 13 a 15 anos, em escolas públicas e privadas das capitais brasileiras e do Distrito Federal. Foram analisados os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) de 2009. Para análise dos dados foi utilizada a regressão logística. A prevalência de envolvimento em situações de violência física foi 12,9% maior no sexo masculino. Em ambos os sexos, foram observadas associações entre violência física e ser vítima de bullying com o uso de drogas ilícitas e efeito potencializado do consumo de álcool e drogas. Para o sexo masculino, o uso de álcool mostrou associação significante com violência física. Morar o pai ou ambos os genitores na residência apresentou associação inversa para violência física no sexo feminino. O conhecimento de fatores associados à violência física entre adolescentes é importante para auxiliar estratégias de promoção da saúde e da cultura de paz, rompendo com a ideia de que a violência entre adolescentes é algo banal e esperado.This study aimed to identify the association between alcohol and drug consumption and bullying on the one hand and involvement in situations of physical violence among adolescents 13 to 15 years in public and private schools in State capitals and the Federal District of Brazil. The study analyzed data from the National School Health Survey (PeNSE) for the year 2009. Data analysis used logistic regression. Prevalence of involvement in physical violence was 12.9% more common in boys than girls. Both genders showed associations between physical violence or being a victim of bullying and use of illegal drugs, plus the heightened effect of the combined consumption of alcohol and other drugs. In boys, alcohol consumption showed a significant association with physical violence. Having the father or both parents living at home was inversely associated with physical violence in girls. Knowledge of factors associated with physical violence among adolescents is important for supporting health promotion strategies and a culture of peace, thereby counteracting the idea of taking teenage violence for granted.

Este trabalho trata-se de estudo descritivo, cujo objetivo foi descrever o perfil de mortalidade pelo vírus da hepatite B (VHB) no Brasil e regiões, com base nos dados disponíveis no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Constituíram a população de estudo os óbitos pelo VHB registrados no SIM durante o período de 1º de janeiro de 2000 a 31 de dezembro de 2009. A taxa bruta de mortalidade no país permaneceu constante; a proporção de óbitos por hepatocarcinoma com VHB como causa associada não ultrapassou 7%. A taxa de mortalidade padronizada foi maior na Região Norte, e a mortalidade proporcional foi maior no sexo masculino. Em 2009, os anos potenciais de vida perdidos (APVP) no sexo masculino foram maiores no grupo etário de 50 a 59 anos; no sexo feminino, no grupo de 40 a 49 anos. O maior aumento da taxa de APVP ocorreu no sexo masculino (60 a 69 anos). Esta pesquisa reforça a importância de se aumentarem as medidas de prevenção contra a hepatite B, além de se ampliar o acesso ao diagnóstico precoce para que haja a redução da mortalidade nas próximas décadas.This descriptive study focused on the mortality profile associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Brazil as a whole and by region, based on data from the Mortality Information System (MIS). The study sample consisted of deaths from HBV recorded in the MIS from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2009. The crude mortality rate remained constant in the country; the proportion of hepatocellular carcinoma with HBV as the associated cause was no greater than 7%. The standardized mortality rate was highest in the North of Brazil, and the proportional mortality rate was higher in males. In 2009, the potential years of life lost (PYLL) were highest in males in the 50-59-year age bracket and in females in the 40-49-year bracket. The largest increase in PYLL occurred in males 60 to 69 years of age. The study emphasizes the importance of scaling up preventive measures against HBV, in addition to expanding access to early diagnosis in order to reduce HBV mortality in the coming decades.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the pattern of spatial distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) cases and the mortality attributed to this disease throughout the Brazilian territory, in 2005, 2016 and 2017. Methods: This is an ecological study of spatial analysis, using data from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases and the Brazilian Mortality Information System. HBV detection and mortality rates were analyzed. The spatial analysis from 2005 to 2017 was held through the Global Moran’s Index (I) for global data and the Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) for the 5,564 municipalities of the country. Results: The North region stands out with the highest HBV detection and mortality rates in the country. The Global Moran’s I showed a spatial correlation of HBV cases in Brazil, and the LISA Map evidenced the presence of hotspots or spatial clusters (high-high type), mainly in the North region and also in some municipalities of Santa Catarina, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Espírito Santo, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Conclusion: The spatial analysis of the HBV distribution pattern in Brazil shows areas with a large concentration of cases, particularly in the North of the country and in other points distributed throughout the national territory. These data reinforce the urgency of intervention actions related to prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B.

Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a cobertura e a confiabilidade do encerramento dos casos de tuberculose drogarresistente (TB DR), do Sistema de Informação de Tratamentos Especiais de Tuberculose (SITE-TB), que ocorreram no Brasil no período de 2013 a 2016, a partir de relacionamentos probabilísticos com o Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), Gerenciador de Ambiente Laboratorial (GAL) e Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Os casos de TB DR com início de tratamento entre 2013 e 2016 no Brasil constituíram a população do estudo. O relacionamento com o SINAN avaliou a cobertura e estimou a subnotificação dos casos de TB DR. Aplicou-se o método de captura-recaptura, com uso do estimador de Chapman. O relacionamento com o GAL identificou casos diagnosticados pelo laboratório que não estavam notificados no SITE-TB. O relacionamento com o SIM avaliou a confiabilidade do encerramento óbito no SITE-TB, utilizando o coeficiente kappa. Estimou-se uma população de 2.945 (IC95%: 2.365-3.602) casos novos de TB DR com o estimador de Chapman. No GAL, foram encontrados 1.626 indivíduos não notificados no SITE-TB, mesmo com exame laboratorial confirmatório de resistência aos medicamentos antiTB. Classificou-se como excelente, PABAK (prevalance and bias adjusted kappa) de 0,86 (IC95%: 0,85-0,87), a concordância entre o desfecho óbito do SITE-TB e o SIM. Os resultados mostraram que ainda temos lacunas relacionadas ao diagnóstico e ao tratamento da TB DR no Brasil. A subnotificação no SITE-TB de casos de TB DR representa um desafio para o controle da doença. A localização desses indivíduos e o início precoce do tratamento devem constituir uma ação priorizada nos serviços de saúde.