29 results on '"Williams, Jane M."'
Search Results
2. The use of surface electromyography within equine performance analysis
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Williams, Jane M.
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616.7 ,electromyography ,horses - Abstract
Equine athletes participate in a wide range of equestrian disciplines. Performance analysis in sport is the collection and subsequent analysis of data, or key information sets, related to facets of training and / or competition, to accelerate and improve athletic performance. Equine performance analysis research aims to optimise the potential competition success of the horse whilst concurrently promoting health and welfare and increasing career longevity. Despite the benefits associated with performance analysis, its application is limited in equine sport. Surface electromyography (sEMG) is a non-invasive technique which illustrates recruitment patterns of superficial skeletal muscle and can provide quantitative data on the activity within muscle during dynamic motion. sEMG has the potential to contribute to equine performance analysis particularly via assessment of muscle recruitment, activity and adaptation within training regimens and during competition. The critical commentary demonstrates the potential of surface electromyography (sEMG) as an effective performance analysis tool that could be used to assess the physiological response of muscle during field-based exercise in the horse and provides examples of how sEMG data obtained could guide improvements in the efficacy of training regimens for the equine athlete. Critical reflection on four peer-reviewed evidence sources was conducted to establish their contribution to equine performance research and to facilitate debate of future research directions for equine sEMG. The research demonstrates the validity of telemetric sEMG as an emerging technology that could be used to analyse muscle performance in the equine athlete for defined events, for example jumping a fence, and to assess performance over time, for example monitoring muscle activity during interval training. Opportunities also exist to determine the efficacy of muscle-related clinical and therapeutic interventions such as prophylactic dentistry or physiotherapy. The preliminary research presented suggests the use of equine sEMG as a performance analysis tool has most value to assess and compare muscle performance during exercise within individual horses. However further research is required to substantiate this. Future studies integrating larger sample sizes, horses selected from specific equestrian disciplines and breeds, and further exploration of the impact of coat length and sEMG sensor placement on data obtained would be worthwhile to standardise and validate the protocols employed here. Equine performance is a complex area; future work needs to focus on the individual characteristics that contribute to desired performance goals, but should also evaluate performance as a holistic entity. It is essential for progression in the performance field that research undertaken is shared with the equine industry to enable practical implementation. The use of sEMG in the equine athlete has the potential to increase understanding of how muscle responds to exercise and could help create an evidence-base to inform individual and discipline-specific training regimens. Increased efficacy in training should promote success, enhancing performance and extending career longevity for the equine athlete, whilst indirectly benefiting the horse’s health and welfare through improved management practices and injury reduction.
- Published
- 2015
3. Personnel Preparation and Service Delivery Issues in Rural Areas: The State of the Art.
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Martin, Suzanne M., Williams, Jane M., and Hess, Robert K.
- Abstract
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1997 (IDEA) reiterates the mandate that students with disabilities receive their education with nondisabled peers to the maximum extent possible. This paper examines issues in the implementation of IDEA in rural settings. A survey of members of the American Council on Rural Special Education yielded 83 usable responses, mostly from college faculty and special education administrators. Virtually all respondents worked in rural or remote settings. Respondents identified distance to campus, retention of qualified personnel, recruitment of program personnel, distance to shopping and recreation, and salary schedule as major difficulties in their teacher preparation programs related to rural location. Half used practicum sites to ensure that students had specific special education knowledge and skills. Several distance learning strategies were used. Seventy-five percent of respondents reported shortages of special education teachers; half reported shortages of related services personnel. Top recruitment strategies were professional development opportunities, paid educational tuition, and salary incentives. Difficulties related specifically to IDEA implementation included lack of qualified personnel to conduct IDEA-mandated evaluations, problems of distance, and difficulties linking goals to the general education curriculum and designing and assessing behavioral intervention plans. Support for IDEA implementation came from the efforts of local personnel, strong family involvement, and interagency support. Recommendations are listed. (Contains 35 references.) (SV)
- Published
- 2001
4. Practical Strategies for Implementing the Provisions of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1997 (IDEA) in Rural Settings.
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Martin, Suzanne M. and Williams, Jane M.
- Abstract
This paper discusses provisions of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1997 (IDEA) and suggests strategies for maximizing existing resources in rural settings to meet the requirements of the law. The purposes of this paper are to: (1) discuss personnel preparation data relevant to ensuring that all individuals possess the necessary competencies to meet the needs of students with disabilities in general and special education settings; (2) present the key provisions of IDEA that relate to ensuring quality personnel preparation and educational services in rural settings; and (3) identify ways in which personnel preparation activities and utilization of existing resources in rural settings can be maximized to ensure full implementation of IDEA. Key areas of the legislation include evaluation and reevaluation of students, the Individualized Education Program (IEP), and IEP transition services. Instructional implications for teacher educators are discussed for each of these areas, focusing on the skills and knowledge that teachers will need relevant to the following IDEA requirements: parent participation in student evaluations, collection and interpretation of information for evaluations and IEPs, design of appropriate curriculum modification, regular communication with parents, design of functional behavioral assessments and intervention plans, consideration of the child's linguistic needs or need for assistive technology, and design of transition services. (CDS)
- Published
- 1999
5. The Legislative Future of Wales
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Jones, Timothy H. and Williams, Jane M.
- Published
- 2005
6. Writing Quality Teacher-Made Tests: A Handbook for Teachers.
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Williams, Jane M.
- Abstract
This manual is designed to assist both special and regular educators with mastering the skills for developing quality teacher-made tests consistent with content-oriented instruction. The manual presents tips for constructing both objective and subjective, supply and select test questions--namely, short answer, essay, fill in the blanks or completion, true-false, matching, and multiple choice. The manual presents suggestions for using a table of specifications and item analysis to assure content validity of the tests and for developing multiple choice test questions which tap the higher order thinking skills of students. The manual also proposes solutions for eliminating formatting and construction errors and highlights pitfalls of each type of test question. A checklist for writing quality teacher-made tests is provided. Appendices include: (1) a list of verbs used in teacher-made tests for Bloom's Taxonomy of Education Objectives--Cognitive Domain; (2) a student guide to understanding words used in essay questions; and (3) a list of sample item stems for higher order cognitive questions. (Contains approximately 50 references.) (JDD)
- Published
- 1991
7. The Physiological Requirements of and Nutritional Recommendations for Equestrian Riders.
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Best, Russ, Williams, Jane M., and Pearce, Jeni
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Equestrian sport is under-researched within the sport science literature, creating a possible knowledge vacuum for athletes and support personnel wishing to train and perform in an evidence-based manner. This review aims to synthesise available evidence from equitation, sport, and veterinary sciences to describe the pertinent rider physiology of equestrian disciplines. Estimates of energy expenditure and the contribution of underpinning energy systems to equestrian performance are used to provide nutrition and hydration recommendations for competition and training in equestrian disciplines. Relative energy deficiency and disordered eating are also considered. The practical challenges of the equestrian environment, including competitive, personal, and professional factors, injury and concussion, and female participation, are discussed to better highlight novelty within equestrian disciplines compared to more commonly studied sports. The evidence and recommendations are supported by example scenarios, and future research directions are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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8. Anxiety and Depression in British Horseracing Stud and Stable Staff Following Occupational Injury.
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Davies, Emma, Liddiard, Sophie, McConn-Palfreyman, Will J., Parker, John K., Cameron, Lorna J., and Williams, Jane M.
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HORSE racing ,WORK-related injuries ,HEALTH literacy ,EMPLOYEE recruitment ,ANXIETY ,MENTAL depression ,SOCIAL anxiety - Abstract
Simple Summary: Employee mental health is a strategic initiative for global organizations and maintaining staff wellbeing is a key focus for British horseracing. Workforce wellbeing is increasingly linked to employee recruitment, retention, and productivity, challenges currently facing the horseracing sector. Improving staff wellbeing is paramount to maintaining high standards of equine welfare, ensuring the industry's social license to operate is upheld. Research in horseracing has identified a range of factors influencing staff wellbeing; however, the role of injury in anxiety and depression scores is unknown for this population. Over two thirds of injured staff were experiencing anxiety and over half were experiencing depression. Anxiety and depression scores were related to employment status, working hours, and type of injury. Higher anxiety and depression scores were negatively associated with help-seeking and pain management behaviors during injury, as well as increased risk of using alcohol as a coping method, both for pain-relief at work and socially. The findings from this study may provide opportunities to influence mental health post-injury within horseracing, through the development of educational resources aimed at reducing stigma, improving mental health literacy, and developing industry-wide early screening protocols for mental health in injured staff. Horseracing has identified several factors influencing staff wellbeing; however, the relationship between injury, anxiety, and depression is yet to be established. This study investigated anxiety and depression scores and their association to pain management, coping, and help-seeking behaviour in injured British horseracing staff. An online retrospective survey was completed by 175 participants, identifying injury prevalence, coping strategies, occupational risk factors, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores. Analysis identified 65.14% (n = 114) of staff reported anxiety scores above the threshold (≥8) and 59.52% (n = 104) of staff reported depression scores ≥8. Median anxiety and depression scores were higher for staff who viewed their employer as unhelpful (anxiety p = 0.001; depression p = 0.020). Heightened anxiety and depression were associated with an increased likelihood to use pain medication to manage at work, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID's), alcohol, nicotine, and prescription drugs (p < 0.05). Implications for staff wellbeing is evident; anxiety and depression risks are high following injury, which may influence help-seeking behaviour, perceived job security, and coping mechanisms. This paper suggests it is vital to continue to investigate poor mental health and injury in racing staff and the implications for equine welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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9. Commentary on Mercury Exposure Risks. A Real Plan of Action on Mercury
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Williams, Jane M.
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- 1999
10. Is Injury an Occupational Hazard for Horseracing Staff?
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Davies, Emma, primary, McConn-Palfreyman, Will, additional, Parker, John K., additional, Cameron, Lorna J., additional, and Williams, Jane M., additional
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- 2022
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11. CHAPTER SEVEN: Forging Leadership Approaches: Career Transitions for Two Women in Federal Service
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Martin, Suzanne M. and Williams, Jane M.
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- 2005
12. The Impact of COVID-19 on Staff Working Practices in UK Horseracing
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Davies, Emma, primary, McConn-Palfreyman, Will, additional, Williams, Jane M., additional, and Lovell, Geoff P., additional
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- 2020
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13. COVID-19: Impact on United Kingdom Horse Owners
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Williams, Jane M., primary, Randle, Hayley, additional, and Marlin, David, additional
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- 2020
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14. Kinematic analysis of the thoracic limb of healthy dogs during descending stair and ramp exercises
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Kopec, Nadia L., primary, Williams, Jane M., additional, and Tabor, Gillian F., additional
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- 2018
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15. A Real Plan of Action on Mercury
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BENDER, MICHAEL T. and WILLIAMS, JANE M.
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Mercury -- Health aspects - Abstract
THE OFTEN UNSPOKEN, BUT ALARMING, REALITY OF A CENTURY OF human activities having tripled mercury levels in our environment is that millions of us are now threatened with exposure to […]
- Published
- 1999
16. Determinants of SARS-CoV-2 Impacts on Small-Scale Commercial Broiler Production Systems in Egypt: Implications for Mitigation Strategies.
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Abu Hatab, Assem, Liu, Zhen, Nasser, Asmaa, Esmat, Abourehab, Williams, Jane M., Randle, Hayley, and Marlin, David
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COVID-19 pandemic ,SARS-CoV-2 ,POULTRY farms ,COVID-19 ,FARM finance - Abstract
Simple Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has exerted a substantial impact on small-scale broiler production systems in developing countries and put their supply chains at risk of disruption. Drawing on a survey of 205 small-scale commercial broiler farms (SCBFs) in Egypt, this study identifies the primary pathways through which the pandemic has affected these farms and investigates the determinants of their perception of COVID-19 effects. The empirical results revealed that the pandemic affected SCBFs heterogeneously based on their management and production systems and resource endowment. In particular, individually owned farms and those with membership of poultry producer organizations and larger total asset values perceived significantly fewer effects. In addition, SCBFs operating in both local and provincial markets were less likely to perceive negative effects from the pandemic. Despite that the adoption of strict containment measures was essential for protecting public health, our results indicate that policy responses to COVID-19 must consider the likely effects on small businesses such as SCBFs since disruptions to such socioeconomically important supply chains will intensify human suffering from the pandemic. These findings of our study provide important implications for enhancing the preparedness and resilience of small-scale broiler production systems in developing countries to future pandemics and natural hazards. As in many other countries, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, together with subsequent government containment measures, posed significant challenges to small-scale broiler production systems in Egypt. Based on a survey of 205 specialist small-scale commercial broiler farms (SCBFs) consisting of both farm-based and household-based production systems, this study identifies the primary pathways through which COVID-19 has affected SCBFs and investigates the determinants of farm perception of these effects. A polychoric principal component analysis sorted the effects of the pandemic on the SCBFs surveyed into five categories, namely, input availability, production and operational costs, labor and human resources, consumer demand and sales, and farm finances. Next, five ordered logit models were constructed to examine the determinants of the SCBFs' perception of each category of these effects. Generally, the empirical results revealed that COVID-19 affected SCBFs heterogeneously based on their management and production systems and resource endowment. Female-led and household-based SCBFs perceived significantly greater COVID-19 effects. In contrast, individually owned farms and those with membership of poultry producer organizations and larger total asset values perceived fewer effects. In addition, SCBFs operating in both local and provincial markets were less likely to perceive negative effects from the pandemic on their broiler farming activities. Although the adoption of strict and immediate containment measures was essential for controlling the virus and protecting public health, our results indicate that policy responses to COVID-19 must consider the likely effects on small businesses such as SCBFs since disruptions to such socioeconomically important supply chains will intensify human suffering from the pandemic. Overall, our findings provide important implications for the formulation of effective strategies for mitigating the impact of COVID-19 on small-scale broiler production systems in Egypt and enhancing their preparedness and resilience to future pandemics, natural hazard risks, and market shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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17. Symbiosis or Sporting Tool? Competition and the Horse-Rider Relationship in Elite Equestrian Sports.
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Hogg, Rachel C., Hodgins, Gene A., Williams, Jane M., and Tabor, Gillian
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HORSE sports ,ELITE (Social sciences) ,SPORTS ethics ,SPORTS psychology ,AMATEUR sports ,PLANT competition - Abstract
Simple Summary: Forming relationships with horses is commonly understood as an important part of amateur and elite equestrian sports. Horse-human relationships have historically been romanticized and the success of sporting horse-human combinations has been attributed to a close relationship between horse and rider. Elite equestrian sports differ from amateur equestrian sports, especially where an elite rider earns their primary income from riding and competing horses, and third-party sponsors and owners are financially invested in a horse-rider combination. In this study, 36 elite equestrian athletes were interviewed about their interspecies relationships. Results indicated that a strong horse-rider relationship could, in some instances, inhibit a rider's ability to compete successfully and engage in a commercialized sporting context, due to tensions between an instrumental approach to animals and meaningful horse-rider interaction. Results also suggested that horse-rider relationships may be peripheral to performance outcomes, or conversely, essential to performance success. The relationship between sporting outcomes and the horse-rider relationship in an elite setting is clearly complex and multifaceted. An increase in transient, instrumental horse-rider relationships may be resulting in a shift towards a commercial, detached model of relating to horses, raising ethical questions around the professionalization of equestrianism and the management of competition horses. The horse-rider relationship is fundamental to ethical equestrianism wherein equine health and welfare are prioritized as core dimensions of sporting success. Equestrianism represents a unique and important form of interspecies activity in which relationships are commonly idealized as central to sporting performance but have been largely unexplored in the sport psychology literature. Horse-rider relationships warrant particular consideration in the elite sporting context, given the tension between constructions of "partnership" between horse and rider, and the pragmatic pressures of elite sport on horse and rider and their relationship. The current study examined the link between sporting performance and the horse-rider relationship in an elite equestrian sporting context. Thirty-six international elite riders from eight countries and six equestrian disciplines participated in a single in-depth interview. A social constructionist, grounded theory methodology was used to analyze this data. The horse-rider relationship was positioned in three different ways in relation to elite sporting outcomes: as pivotal to success; non-essential to success; or as antithetical to success. Participants shifted between these positions, expressing nuanced, ambivalent attitudes that reflected their sporting discipline and their personal orientation to equestrianism. Competitive success was also defined in fluid terms, with participants differentiating between intrinsic and extrinsic markers of success. These findings suggest a complex and multifaceted connection between interspecies performance and relationships in elite sport. Where strong horse-rider relationships are antithetical to performance, a threat to the welfare and ethics of equestrian sport exists. Relevant sporting governing bodies must attend to this problem to ensure the centrality of animal welfare, wellbeing, and performance longevity to equestrian sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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18. Use of the Milan Pet Quality of Life Instrument (MPQL) to Measure Pets' Quality of Life during COVID-19.
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Piotti, Patrizia, Karagiannis, Christos, Satchell, Liam, Michelazzi, Manuela, Albertini, Mariangela, Alleva, Enrico, Pirrone, Federica, and Williams, Jane M.
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COVID-19 ,HUMAN-animal relationships ,COVID-19 pandemic ,PETS ,PERSONALITY questionnaires ,QUALITY of life - Abstract
Simple Summary: COVID-19 caused unprecedented lifestyle changes, with unknown effects on pets' quality of life. We studied the role of personality, the human–animal relationship, COVID-19-related factors, and demographics on feline and canine quality of life (QoL). We used the novel Milan Pet Quality of Life instrument (MPQL), derived from previous scales, which summarises four QoL domains: physical, psychological, social, and environmental. Our findings indicate that pets' demographics, life experience, and personality could explain a large part of the physical QoL. Conversely, the owners' demographics, COVID-19-related changes, and the owners' personality mostly explained the pets' psychological QoL. Predictably, outdoor access in the home environment and the country of residence mostly explained the pets' environmental QoL. Finally, the pets' social QoL was explained by all previous aspects: pets' characteristics and personality, environment and COVID-19-related changes, and the pet–human relationship. We suggest that these results may be explained by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the owners' psychological state and lifestyle, which in turn alter the way the owners interact with their pets and look after them. However, the owners' personality and mood may also influence the way they interpret and report their pets' behavior and emotional state. These findings highlight the importance of the One Health–One Welfare perspective. The COVID-19 pandemic caused lifestyle changes, with unknown effect on pets' quality of life (QoL). Between May and July 2020, we distributed an online survey to investigate the role of several factors on feline and canine QoL, including lockdown-related factors. We used existing scales to measure human and pets' personalities (Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Personality Questionnaire, RST-PQ; RST-Dog; RST-Cat) and the human–animal relationship (Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale, LAPS) and the Milan Pet Quality of Life instrument (MPQL). Overall, 235 participants reported about 242 adult pets (N
cats = 78, Ndogs = 164). Factor analysis confirmed the structure and internal reliability of the existing scales (RST-PQ, RST-Dog, RST-Cat, LAPS) and suggested a four-factor structure for the MPQL (physical, psychological, social, environmental). The results indicate that the pets' psysical QoL was largely explained by pet-related elements (pets' demographics and life experience, and pets' personality). Conversely, the pets' psychological QoL was explained mostly by owner-related elements, such as the owners' demographics, COVID-19-related changes, and the owners' personality. Predictably, the pets' environmental QoL is mostly explained by environmental factors, such as the outdoor access in the home environment and the country. Finally, the pets' social QoL was explained by the larger combination of models: pets' characteristics and personality, environment and COVID-19-related changes, and the pet–human relationship. These findings can be explained by two non-mutually exclusive mechanisms. The reported changes may be a by-product of the COVID-19 pandemic's psychological and lifestyle effects on the owners, which in turn alter the way the owners interact with their pets and look after them. However, the owners' characteristics and mood may bias their answers regarding their pets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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19. Capturing Beneficial Changes to Racehorse Veterinary Care Implemented during the COVID-19 Pandemic.
- Author
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Butler, Deborah, Upton, Lois, Mullan, Siobhan, Williams, Jane M., Randle, Hayley, and Marlin, David
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VETERINARY medicine ,COVID-19 pandemic ,THEMATIC analysis ,RACE horses ,STAY-at-home orders ,COVID-19 ,TELECOMMUNICATION - Abstract
Simple Summary: On 23 March 2020, the UK Government introduced its first nationwide lockdown as part of efforts to reduce the impact of COVID-19. There have since been two more. "Lockdown" control measures meant both racehorse trainers and veterinary surgeons (vets) had to make changes to the way they worked. Beneficial practices which aided veterinary care have been reported anecdotally, as has an increase in the use of electronic communication and information technologies. The aim of this study was to investigate if these claims could be supported by exploring any changes to racehorse veterinary care that occurred due to the implementation of the first COVID-19 lockdown restrictions. Data collection involved carrying out ten semistructured interviews with racehorse trainers and ten equine vets from November 2020 to January 2021. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to try and make sense of how vets and trainers interacted with each other before and during a period of rapid change and how both groups found alternative ways to ensure beneficial veterinary care was not compromised. Data Analysis revealed four themes threading through the data. These were, firstly, the trainer–vet relationship is built upon a good working relationship, secondly, there had been little or no change in the vet–trainer relationship during the first "lockdown" period. Thirdly, when COVID-19 restrictions were in force, more remote consultations took place using images or videos as well as telephone consults, and the fourth and final theme identified the way connectivity and poor-quality images and videos limited their effectiveness. In March 2020, the World Health Organisation called for countries to take urgent and aggressive action against a global pandemic caused by COVID-19. Restrictions were introduced in many countries to reduce transmission of COVID-19 and ultimately deaths. Such restrictions have been colloquially referred to as "lockdown". Anecdotal evidence of the beneficial practices that facilitated safe veterinary treatment and equine care had been reported together with an increase in the use of electronic communication and information technologies during the first "lockdown". Thus, the aim of this qualitative study was to capture any beneficial changes to racehorse veterinary care that were implemented during the first "lockdown" period in the UK that lasted from 23 March to 12 May 2020. Ten equine veterinary surgeons who primarily treat racehorses and 10 racehorse trainers were interviewed either by telephone or by videoconferencing. After using thematic analysis from a critical realist social constructionist perspective, four themes were identified. These were, firstly, according to our participants, the trainer–vet relationship is predicated upon a good working relationship, secondly, there had been little or no change in the vet–trainer relationship during the first "lockdown" period. Thirdly, when COVID-19 restrictions were in force, more remote consultations took place using images or videos as well as telephone consults, viewed favourably by both trainers and vets, and finally, intermittent connectivity and poor-quality images and videos limited their effectiveness. In order to fully benefit from the positive changes employed by some vets and trainers in their working relationships, we recommend that rural connectivity is prioritised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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20. Response of UK Horse, Pony and Donkey Owners to the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic.
- Author
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Hockenhull, Jo, Bell, Catherine, White, Jo, Rogers, Suzanne, Williams, Jane M., Randle, Hayley, and Marlin, David
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COVID-19 pandemic ,DONKEYS ,HORSE breeds ,HORSES ,PONIES ,HORSE sports ,RISK perception - Abstract
Simple Summary: COVID-19 spread across the UK in early 2020. On 16 March 2020, the government announced measures that could be taken by the public to reduce the spread of the virus. On the 18 March 2020 schools across the UK were closed and by 23rd March 2020, the UK entered its first mandatory lockdown. During this time, UK equestrians had to balance meeting their horse's welfare needs with government advice and guidance. A survey was distributed to equine owners at the end of March 2020 via social media to try to understand their equine-related decision-making at this time. Data from 452 respondents indicated differences between the types of changes made following the government announcements on 16 March and 18 March. Early changes were focused on implementing biosecurity measures at equine establishments and opting to stop riding the horse, while those after 18 March were largely aimed at reducing the risk associated with various equine-related activities. The findings suggest that few equestrians had emergency plans in place should they be unable to care for their horses, donkeys or mules, and also raise questions about risk perception. In the UK, March 2020 was a time of great uncertainty as COVID-19 became increasingly widespread. The government responded by making suggestions about how people could reduce the risk of spread on 16 March, moved swiftly into closing schools on the 18 March before announcing a mandatory lockdown on the 23rd March. This was a challenging time for UK equestrians who had to balance maintaining their equine's routine and daily care alongside the increasing biosecurity measures. A cross-sectional survey was distributed to UK equestrians via social media over two days (28 and 29 March 2020) to better understand the decisions made by UK horse, pony and donkey owners during this time. Data from 452 respondents were generated across all four countries comprising the UK, although there were no significant differences in owner response to the pandemic between locations. The changes respondents made differed between the 16th and the 18th of March 2020, with an early emphasis on improving yard biosecurity and opting to stop riding, as well as reducing the time spent at the yard. After the 18 March, respondents placed more emphasis on risk reduction by changing the activities they did with their horse, including riding, with common examples including avoiding "high risk" activities such as riding on busy roads, jumping, riding young or nervous horses. Few respondents reported having an emergency plan in place should they become ill or otherwise unable to care for their equine. The findings highlight areas that would significantly benefit from in-depth investigation in future research. Equestrian behaviour and mindset around risk-taking and risk perception have already been researched in relation to equestrian activities and sport but have received little attention in the context of wider health challenges. Understanding the uptake of emergency planning and preparation in the UK equestrian community also warrants consideration. Using this information effectively to promote forward planning is likely to be of great benefit in equestrian responses to future health or climate-related crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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21. Methods to Prevent Future Severe Animal Welfare Problems Caused by COVID-19 in the Pork Industry.
- Author
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Grandin, Temple, Williams, Jane M., Randle, Hayley, and Marlin, David
- Subjects
- *
PORK industry , *ANIMAL welfare , *COVID-19 , *CELL phone videos , *CAMCORDERS , *PORK , *HALAL food - Abstract
Simple Summary: In the U.S., thousands of pigs had to be destroyed on the farms when illness caused by COVID-19 greatly reduced pork slaughter plant capacity. Some of the methods used to destroy pigs on the farms severely compromised animal welfare. Reliance on a few large slaughter plants created a fragile supply chain. Animal welfare auditing conducted by large meat buyers was also hindered by COVID-19. Many live in-person audits were stopped and replaced by a combination of stationary video cameras and live streamed videos from mobile phones. To insure high standards of animal welfare, video methods should never completely replace in-person visits. In the U.S., the most severe animal welfare problems caused by COViD-19 were in the pork industry. Thousands of pigs had to be destroyed on the farm due to reduced slaughter capacity caused by ill workers. In the future, both short-term and long-term remedies will be needed. In the short-term, a portable electrocution unit that uses scientifically validated electrical parameters for inducing instantaneous unconsciousness, would be preferable to some of the poor killing methods. A second alternative would be converting the slaughter houses to carcass production. This would require fewer people to process the same number of pigs. The pandemic revealed the fragility of large centralized supply chains. A more distributed supply chain with smaller abattoirs would be more robust and less prone to disruption, but the cost of pork would be greater. Small abattoirs can coexist with large slaughter facilities if they process pigs for specialized premium markets such as high welfare pork. The pandemic also had a detrimental effect on animal welfare inspection and third party auditing programs run by large meat buyers. Most in-person audits in the slaughter plants were cancelled and audits were done by video. Video audits should never completely replace in-person audits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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22. Interacting Proteins, Polymorphisms and the Susceptibility of Animals to SARS-CoV-2.
- Author
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Hancock, John T., Rouse, Ros C., Stone, Emma, Greenhough, Alexander, Williams, Jane M., Randle, Hayley, Marlin, David, and Paterson, Mandy
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SARS-CoV-2 ,WILDLIFE conservation ,COVID-19 ,PROTEINS ,ANIMAL welfare ,BATS ,PETS - Abstract
Simple Summary: COVID-19 is the disease caused by a coronavirus: SARS-CoV-2. The disease was declared by WHO in March 2020 as a pandemic and is still affecting countries around the world. Although considered a human disease, it is thought to have its origins in bats, and transmitted to humans potentially through an intermediate animal. What is not fully understood is the likelihood of the virus transmitting back to animal populations, either to companion or wild animals. For the virus to enter host cells, it needs to interact with particular proteins on the cell surface. Here we review the susceptibility of animals to the SARS-CoV-2 virus through the comparison of proteins between animals and humans. The most studied is the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2), which has been used to rank the viral susceptibility of a range of vertebrates. Here, we also assess three other proteins. Of these, TMPRSS2 may be helpful in determining susceptibility, whereas the other two would appear to be of limited use. We propose that future work should examine changes seen in these proteins which alter the ease by which the virus can enter cells. This type of analysis may contribute limited evidence in predicting if animals are safe from such viruses and may help to guide future welfare concerns. COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a world-wide problem for the human population. It is known that some animal species, such as mink, can become infected and transmit the virus. However, the susceptibility of most animals is not known. Here, we review the use of sequence analysis of the proteins which are known to interact with SARS-CoV-2 as a way to estimate an animal's susceptibility. Although most such work concentrates on the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2), here TMPRSS2 (Transmembrane Serine Protease 2), neuropilin-1 and furin are also considered. Polymorphisms, especially ones which are known to alter viral/host interactions are also discussed. Analysis of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 protein sequences across species suggests this approach may be of some utility in predicting susceptibility; however, this analysis fails to highlight some susceptible animals such as mink. However, combined with observational data which emerges over time about which animals actually become infected, this may, in the future, be a useful tool to assist the management of risks associated with human/animal contact and support conservation and animal welfare measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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23. Locking down the Impact of New Zealand's COVID-19 Alert Level Changes on Pets.
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Esam, Fiona, Forrest, Rachel, Waran, Natalie, Williams, Jane M., Randle, Hayley, and Marlin, David
- Subjects
STAY-at-home orders ,COVID-19 ,COVID-19 pandemic ,PETS ,SEPARATION anxiety ,PET owners ,PANDEMICS - Abstract
Simple Summary: This investigation explored the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown and following alert levels on pets in New Zealand. Pet owners were surveyed during the last week of the first Alert Level 4 lockdown (highest level of restrictions) and then three months later during Alert Level 1 (lowest level of restrictions). During lockdown, just over half of those surveyed thought that their pet's wellbeing was better than usual, and most owners could list at least one benefit of lockdown for their pets. These included more company, play and exercise. Owners expressed that they were concerned about their pet's wellbeing after lockdown, with pets missing company/attention and separation anxiety being major themes. The Alert Level 1 survey indicated that owners continued to play with their pets more but that higher levels of exercise were not maintained. Just over one-third of owners took steps to prepare their pets to transition out of lockdown. The results indicate that pets may have enjoyed improved welfare during lockdown due to the possibility of increased human-pet interaction. The steps taken by owners to prepare animals for a return to normal life may enhance pet wellbeing long-term if maintained. The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on human-pet interactions within New Zealand, particularly during lockdown, was investigated via two national surveys. In Survey 1, pet owners (n = 686) responded during the final week of the five-week Alert Level 4 lockdown (highest level of restrictions—April 2020), and survey 2 involved 498 respondents during July 2020 whilst at Alert Level 1 (lowest level of restrictions). During the lockdown, 54.7% of owners felt that their pets' wellbeing was better than usual, while only 7.4% felt that it was worse. Most respondents (84.0%) could list at least one benefit of lockdown for their pets, and they noted pets were engaged with more play (61.7%) and exercise (49.7%) than pre-lockdown. Many respondents (40.3%) expressed that they were concerned about their pet's wellbeing after lockdown, with pets missing company/attention and separation anxiety being major themes. In Survey 2, 27.9% of respondents reported that they continued to engage in increased rates of play with their pets after lockdown, however, the higher levels of pet exercise were not maintained. Just over one-third (35.9%) of owners took steps to prepare their pets to transition out of lockdown. The results indicate that pets may have enjoyed improved welfare during lockdown due to the possibility of increased human-pet interaction. The steps taken by owners to prepare animals for a return to normal life may enhance pet wellbeing long-term if maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability of Amateur Show Jumping Horses Competing on Different Levels.
- Author
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Szabó, Csaba, Vizesi, Zsolt, Vincze, Anikó, Paterson, Mandy, Williams, Jane M., and Tabor, Gillian
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HEART beat ,SHOW horses ,HEART rate monitors ,HEART rate monitoring ,SHOW jumping ,RELATIVE medical risk ,HORSE breeding - Abstract
Simple Summary: The increase in the heart rate and various heart parameters play an important role in assessing the fitness of sport horses. The fitness of a horse, that particular horse's competition routine, and the resulting lower stress affect various cardiac parameters. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the phases of competition (warm-up, resting period, show jumping course riding, cool-down) and the difficulty of a course (100, 120, 130 cm) on the heart rate and selected heart rate variability parameters of show jumping horses. The heart rate was monitored with a "Polar Equine heart rate monitor" before, during, and after a show jumping course was completed. Neither analysis of the average heart rate nor that of the maximum heart rate were able to detect a statistically proven difference among competition levels. In contrast, according to heart rate variability measures, such as maximum RR intervals, SD1, RMSSD, pNN50, and %VLF picked up differences in workload level. It has been confirmed that lower-class show jumping (up to 120 cm height) is not a strenuous exercise for horses. Heart rate is one of the gold standards used to assess the workload level and fitness of horses. However, when slight differences need to be detected, it is not sensitive enough. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the effect of competition level and phase of exercise on the heart rate and heart rate variability parameters in show jumpers. Fourteen horses were examined competing on three different levels: 100 cm (n = 4), 120 cm (n = 6), and 130 cm (n = 4). The length of work (min); average and maximum heart rate; average, maximum and minimum RR intervals (ms); SD1 and SD2 (ms); RMSSD (ms) and pNN50 (%); VLF, LF, HF (%) were analyzed. The measurement was divided into four phases: warm-up, resting period, show jumping course riding, and cool-down. The level of the course had no significant effect on average and maximum heart rates throughout the entire exercise. The maximum RR interval, RMSSD, pNN50, SD1, and %VLF values were significantly different (p < 0.05) in horses competing at 100 cm height from those competing in the 120 cm group. The SD1 value was sensitive for the level of competition, while the SD2 parameter was sensitive for detecting exercise phases. In conclusion, heart rate variability parameters are more sensitive for detecting smaller differences in workload than heart rate alone in lower-level show jumpers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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25. SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in Household Domestic Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo).
- Author
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Giner, Jacobo, Villanueva-Saz, Sergio, Tobajas, Ana Pilar, Pérez, María Dolores, González, Ana, Verde, Maite, Yzuel, Andrés, García-García, Ana, Taleb, Víctor, Lira-Navarrete, Erandi, Hurtado-Guerrero, Ramón, Pardo, Julián, Santiago, Llipsy, Paño, José Ramón, Ruíz, Héctor, Lacasta, Delia, Fernández, Antonio, and Williams, Jane M.
- Subjects
FERRET ,SARS-CoV-2 ,BINDING site assay ,COVID-19 ,ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay - Abstract
Simple Summary: Animal infections with SARS-CoV-2 have been reported in different countries and several animal species have been proven to be susceptible to infection with SARS-CoV-2 both naturally or by experimental infection. Moreover, infections under natural conditions in more than 20 mink farms have been reported where humans could have been the source of infection for minks. However, little information is available about the susceptibility of pet animals under natural conditions and currently there is no SARS-CoV-2 epidemiological assessment occurrence in household ferrets. In this study, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was evaluated in serum samples obtained from 127 household ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) in the Province of Valencia (Spain). Two ferrets tested positive to SARS-CoV-2 (1.57%) by in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on receptor binding domain (RBD) of Spike antigen. Furthermore, anti-RBD SARS-CoV-2 antibodies persisted at detectable levels in a seropositive SARS-CoV-2 domestic ferret beyond 129 days since the first-time antibodies were detected. This study reports for the first time the evidence of household pet ferrets exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in Spain to date. Animal infections with SARS-CoV-2 have been reported in different countries and several animal species have been proven to be susceptible to infection with SARS-CoV-2 both naturally and by experimental infection. Moreover, infections under natural conditions in more than 20 mink farms have been reported where humans could have been the source of infection for minks. However, little information is available about the susceptibility of pet animals under natural conditions and currently there is no SARS-CoV-2 epidemiological assessment occurrence in household ferrets. In this study, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was evaluated in serum samples obtained from 127 household ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) in the Province of Valencia (Spain). Two ferrets tested positive to SARS-CoV-2 (1.57%) by in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on receptor binding domain (RBD) of Spike antigen. Furthermore, anti-RBD SARS-CoV-2 antibodies persisted at detectable levels in a seropositive SARS-CoV-2 domestic ferret beyond 129 days since the first time antibodies were detected. This study reports for the first time the evidence of household pet ferrets exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in Spain to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Consensus for the General Use of Equine Water Treadmills for Healthy Horses.
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Nankervis, Kathryn, Tranquille, Carolyne, McCrae, Persephone, York, Jessica, Lashley, Morgan, Baumann, Matthias, King, Melissa, Sykes, Erin, Lambourn, Jessica, Miskimmin, Kerry-Anne, Allen, Donna, van Mol, Evelyne, Brooks, Shelley, Willingham, Tonya, Lacey, Sam, Hardy, Vanessa, Ellis, Julie, Murray, Rachel, Williams, Jane M., and Tabor, Gillian
- Subjects
TREADMILL exercise ,AQUATIC exercises ,WATER use ,MEDICAL personnel ,HORSE training ,TREADMILLS - Abstract
Simple Summary: Water treadmill exercise has become popular in recent years for the training and rehabilitation of equine athletes. Water treadmill exercise sessions can be tailored to the individual horse and the training/rehabilitation goals by altering the frequency, duration of exercise, water depth and belt speed. Recent work suggests that there are large variations in current modes of use between users, despite shared training or rehabilitation goals. In 2019, a group of researchers and experienced water treadmill users met in the UK to establish what was commonly considered to be best practice in the use of the modality. The result of these discussions was the production of 'Water treadmill guidelines—a guide for users', released in 2020 via various equestrian websites. The purpose of this article is to describe the development of these guidelines and propose them as a starting point for further collaboration between researchers and practitioners in the pursuit of 'best practice' in water treadmill exercise for horses. Water treadmill exercise has become popular in recent years for the training and rehabilitation of equine athletes. In 2019, an equine hydrotherapy working group was formed to establish what was commonly considered to be best practice in the use of the modality. This article describes the process by which general guidelines for the application of water treadmill exercise in training and rehabilitation programmes were produced by the working group. The guidelines describe the consensus reached to date on (1) the potential benefits of water treadmill exercise, (2) general good practice in water treadmill exercise, (3) introduction of horses to the exercise, (4) factors influencing selection of belt speed, water depth and duration of exercise, and (5) monitoring movement on the water treadmill. The long-term goal is to reach a consensus on the optimal use of the modality within a training or rehabilitation programme. Collaboration between clinicians, researchers and experienced users is needed to develop research programmes and further guidelines regarding the most appropriate application of the modality for specific veterinary conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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27. The use of surface electromyography within equine performance analysis
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Williams, Jane M
- Subjects
Formerly Health & Social Sciences ,electromyography, horses - Abstract
Equine athletes participate in a wide range of equestrian disciplines. Performance analysis in sport is the collection and subsequent analysis of data, or key information sets, related to facets of training and / or competition, to accelerate and improve athletic performance. Equine performance analysis research aims to optimise the potential competition success of the horse whilst concurrently promoting health and welfare and increasing career longevity. Despite the benefits associated with performance analysis, its application is limited in equine sport.Surface electromyography (sEMG) is a non-invasive technique which illustrates recruitment patterns of superficial skeletal muscle and can provide quantitative data on the activity within muscle during dynamic motion. sEMG has the potential to contribute to equine performance analysis particularly via assessment of muscle recruitment, activity and adaptation within training regimens and during competition. The critical commentary demonstrates the potential of surface electromyography (sEMG) as an effective performance analysis tool that could be used to assess the physiological response of muscle during field-based exercise in the horse and provides examples of how sEMG data obtained could guide improvements in the efficacy of training regimens for the equine athlete. Critical reflection on four peer-reviewed evidence sources was conducted to establish their contribution to equine performance research and to facilitate debate of future research directions for equine sEMG. The research demonstrates the validity of telemetric sEMG as an emerging technology that could be used to analyse muscle performance in the equine athlete for defined events, for example jumping a fence, and to assess performance over time, for example monitoring muscle activity during interval training. Opportunities also exist to determine the efficacy of muscle-related clinical and therapeutic interventions such as prophylactic dentistry or physiotherapy. The preliminary research presented suggests the use of equine sEMG as a performance analysis tool has most value to assess and compare muscle performance during exercise within individual horses. However further research is required to substantiate this. Future studies integrating larger sample sizes, horses selected from specific equestrian disciplines and breeds, and further exploration of the impact of coat length and sEMG sensor placement on data obtained would be worthwhile to standardise and validate the protocols employed here. Equine performance is a complex area; future work needs to focus on the individual characteristics that contribute to desired performance goals, but should also evaluate performance as a holistic entity. It is essential for progression in the performance field that research undertaken is shared with the equine industry to enable practical implementation. The use of sEMG in the equine athlete has the potential to increase understanding of how muscle responds to exercise and could help create an evidence-base to inform individual and discipline-specific training regimens. Increased efficacy in training should promote success, enhancing performance and extending career longevity for the equine athlete, whilst indirectly benefiting the horse’s health and welfare through improved management practices and injury reduction.
28. The case for special protection for older people in international law
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Quinn-Butler, Rosalind M., Hoffman, Simon P., and Williams, Jane M.
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341.4 - Abstract
The thesis makes the case for special protection of older people in international human rights law. This begins with an approach to human rights combining concepts of Human Dignity and Vulnerability. An interdependent relationship is identified, promoting grounds for both to underpin human rights. From this, a vulnerability framework is devised directing findings of research into the “vulnerability position” of older people, and examination of existing international rights. The overarching theme is the fulfilment of interests of older people in human rights. Such interests are examined using principles of Interest Theory. Research method into threats to dignity and related vulnerabilities comprises Theories of Ageing and lived experiences. The findings assist in identification of older people as a vulnerable group, predominantly by reference to academic literature, standards defined by the European Court of Human Rights, and the vulnerabilities framework. The central hypothesis is the potential inadequacy of the existing international framework of human rights to protect the inherent dignity and vulnerable position of older people. Existing international human rights are examined from normative and implementation perspectives. Normative results are discussed and recorded in relation to the vulnerability framework. These results are also employed, using a modified version of the Capabilities Approach, to create a unique listing of Fundamental Capabilities to underpin normative content and capabilities outcomes. Aimed at fulfilling interests of older people in human rights, the listing grounds the examination of implementation of the existing rights construct, and directs indicators of special protection rights. The outcome of all research proves a need for special protection of older people in international human rights. Therefore, progress by the UN OEWG1 is surveyed; the result demonstrating a preference for improved implementation of the existing international framework. To date, the position of older people in international human rights has stagnated in OEWG discussions.
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- 2018
- Full Text
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29. Anxiety and Depression in British Horseracing Stud and Stable Staff Following Occupational Injury.
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Davies E, Liddiard S, McConn-Palfreyman WJ, Parker JK, Cameron LJ, and Williams JM
- Abstract
Horseracing has identified several factors influencing staff wellbeing; however, the relationship between injury, anxiety, and depression is yet to be established. This study investigated anxiety and depression scores and their association to pain management, coping, and help-seeking behaviour in injured British horseracing staff. An online retrospective survey was completed by 175 participants, identifying injury prevalence, coping strategies, occupational risk factors, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores. Analysis identified 65.14% ( n = 114) of staff reported anxiety scores above the threshold (≥8) and 59.52% ( n = 104) of staff reported depression scores ≥8. Median anxiety and depression scores were higher for staff who viewed their employer as unhelpful (anxiety p = 0.001; depression p = 0.020). Heightened anxiety and depression were associated with an increased likelihood to use pain medication to manage at work, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID's), alcohol, nicotine, and prescription drugs ( p < 0.05). Implications for staff wellbeing is evident; anxiety and depression risks are high following injury, which may influence help-seeking behaviour, perceived job security, and coping mechanisms. This paper suggests it is vital to continue to investigate poor mental health and injury in racing staff and the implications for equine welfare.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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