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OBJECTIVE: Juvenile dermatomyositis (DM) is a chronic inflammatory myopathy of childhood primarily affecting the muscles and skin. Treatment for juvenile DM is often difficult, and conventional therapies include corticosteroids and other immune suppressants. We reviewed the records of 4 patients with juvenile DM who received the B cell-depleting anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab to determine whether this therapy resulted in improved control of their juvenile DM. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of 4 pediatric patients ages 10-17 years with juvenile DM who were treated with rituximab. All patients were tested for myositis autoantibodies and received weekly rituximab infusions for a total of 4 doses. Two patients received repeat courses of rituximab 1 year after their first dose. Patients were followed up between 12 and 24 months after their first course of rituximab, and their strength, muscle enzymes, and rash were reviewed. RESULTS: One patient was positive for a myositis-specific antibody, anti-Mi-2, and demonstrated striking reductions in her muscle enzyme levels for 1 year after rituximab therapy. Following a second course of rituximab, this patient remained disease free for 14 months before requiring a third course of rituximab. Two myositis antibody-negative patients showed clinical improvement and tolerated lower doses of corticosteroids following treatment with rituximab. Finally, 1 patient had worsening of her disease following rituximab. CONCLUSION: These cases highlight the potential for anti-B cell therapies in the treatment of juvenile DM in both myositis-specific autoantibody-positive and -negative patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Select liver transplantation (LT) recipients in our program are transferred from operating room to postanesthesia care unit for recovery and extubation with transfer to the ward, completely eliminating an intensive care unit (ICU) stay. Developing a reliable method to determine patients suitable for fast-tracking would be of practical benefit to centers considering this practice. The aim of this study was to create a fast-tracking probability score that could be used to predict successful assignment of care location after LT. Recipient, donor and operative characteristics were assessed for independent association with successful fast-tracking to create a probability score. Of the 1296 LT recipients who met inclusion criteria, 704 (54.3%) were successfully fast-tracked and 592 (45.7%) were directly admitted to the ICU after LT. Based on nine readily available variables at the time of LT, we created a scoring system that classified patients according to the likelihood of being successfully fast-tracked to the surgical ward, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.790 (95% CI: 0.765-0.816). This score was validated in an independent group of 372 LT with similar AUC. We describe a score that can be used to predict successful fast-tracking immediately after LT using readily available clinical variables., (© Copyright 2014 The American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.)

Surgical site infections (SSIs) after liver transplantation (LT) are associated with an increased risk of graft loss and death. The incidence of SSIs after LT and their risk factors have been determined for first LT but not for second LT. The importance of reporting the incidence of SSIs risk-stratified by first LT versus second LT is not known. All patients undergoing second LT at a single institution between 2003 and 2011 (n = 152) were reviewed. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the cumulative SSI incidence. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate associations of potential risk factors with SSIs after second LT. Thirty-one patients developed SSIs (6 superficial SSIs, 1 deep SSI, and 24 organ/space SSIs). The cumulative incidence of SSIs 30 days after LT was 20.8% (95% CI = 14%-27%), which was slightly but not significantly higher than the previously reported incidence of SSIs after first LT at our institution between 2003 and 2008 (16%, RR = 1.32, 95% CI = 0.90-1.93, P = .16). Units of transfused red blood cells [RR (doubling) = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.02-1.86, P = .04] and hepaticojejunostomy (RR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.05-4.72, P = .04) were the only factors associated with SSIs after second LT in single-variable analysis. The associations weakened in a multivariate analysis (P = .07 and P = .07, respectively), potentially because of the correlation of red blood cell transfusions and hepaticojejunostomy (P = .08). In conclusion, the incidence of SSIs after second LT was slightly higher but not significantly different than the published incidence of SSIs (16%) after first LT at the same institution. Significant independent risk factors for SSIs after second LT were not identified. Risk stratification for retransplantation may not be necessary when the incidence of SSIs after LT is being reported., (© 2014 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

Aim: To determine feasibility of liver transplantation in patients from the intensive care unit (ICU) by estimating graft and patient survival., Methods: This single center retrospective study included 39 patients who had their first liver transplant directly from the intensive care unit and 927 non-ICU patients who were transplanted from hospital ward or home between January 2005 and December 2010., Results: In comparison to non-ICU patients, ICU patients had a higher model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) at transplant (median: 37 vs 20, P < 0.001). Fourteen out of 39 patients (36%) required vasopressor support immediately prior to liver transplantation (LT) with 6 patients (15%) requiring both vasopressin and norepinephrine. Sixteen ICU patients (41%) were ventilator dependent immediately prior to LT with 9 patients undergoing percutaneous tracheostomy prior to transplantation. Twenty-five ICU patients (64%) required dialysis preoperatively. At 1, 3 and 5 years after LT, graft survival was 76%, 68% and 62% in ICU patients vs 90%, 81% and 75% in non-ICU patients. Patient survival at 1, 3 and 5 years after LT was 78%, 70% and 65% in ICU patients vs 94%, 85% and 79% in non-ICU patients. When formally comparing graft survival and patient survival between ICU and non-ICU patients using Cox proportional hazards regression models, both graft survival [relative risk (RR): 1.94, 95%CI: 1.09-3.48, P = 0.026] and patient survival (RR: 2.32, 95%CI: 1.26-4.27, P = 0.007) were lower in ICU patients vs non-ICU patients in single variable analysis. These findings were consistent in multivariable analysis. Although not statistically significant, graft survival was worse in both patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis (RR: 3.29, P = 0.056) and patients who received donor after cardiac death (DCD) grafts (RR: 3.38, P = 0.060). These findings reached statistical significance when considering patient survival, which was worse for patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis (RR: 3.97, P = 0.031) and patients who were transplanted with DCD livers (RR: 4.19, P = 0.033). Graft survival and patient survival were not significantly worse for patients on mechanical ventilation (RR: 0.91, P = 0.88 in graft loss; RR: 0.69, P = 0.56 in death) or patients on vasopressors (RR: 1.06, P = 0.93 in graft loss; RR: 1.24, P = 0.74 in death) immediately prior to LT. Trends toward lower graft survival and patient survival were observed for patients on dialysis immediately before LT, however these findings did not approach statistical significance (RR: 1.70, P = 0.43 in graft loss; RR: 1.46, P = 0.58 in death)., Conclusion: Although ICU patients when compared to non-ICU patients have lower survivals, outcomes are still acceptable. Pre-transplant ventilation, hemodialysis, and vasopressors were not associated with adverse outcomes.

Patients with end stage liver disease may become critically ill prior to LT requiring admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). The high acuity patients may be thought too ill to transplant; however, often LT is the only therapeutic option. Choosing the correct liver allograft for these patients is often difficult and it is imperative that the allograft work immediately. Donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors provide an important source of livers, however, DCD graft allocation remains a controversial topic, in critically ill patients. Between January 2003-December 2008, 1215 LTs were performed: 85 patients at the time of LT were in the ICU. Twelve patients received DCD grafts and 73 received donation after brain dead (DBD) grafts. After retransplant cases and multiorgan transplants were excluded, 8 recipients of DCD grafts and 42 recipients of DBD grafts were included in this study. Post-transplant outcomes of DCD and DBD liver grafts were compared. While there were differences in graft and survival between DCD and DBD groups at 4 month and 1 year time points, the differences did not reach statistical significance. The graft and patient survival rates were similar among the groups at 3-year time point. There is need for other large liver transplant programs to report their outcomes using liver grafts from DCD and DBD donors. We believe that the experience of the surgical, medical and critical care team is important for successfully using DCD grafts for critically ill patients.

This study sought to determine the procurement factors that lead to development of intrahepatic bile duct strictures (ITBS) and overall biliary complications in recipients of donation after cardiac death (DCD) liver grafts. Detailed information for different time points during procurement (withdrawal of support; SBP < 50 mmHg; oxygen saturation <30%; mandatory wait period; asystole; incision; aortic cross clamp) and their association with the development of ITBS and overall biliary complications were examined using logistic regression. Two hundred and fifteen liver transplants using DCD donors were performed between 1998 and 2010 at Mayo Clinic Florida. Of all the time periods during procurement, only asystole-cross clamp period was significantly different between patients with ITBS versus no ITBS (P = 0.048) and between the patients who had overall biliary complications versus no biliary complications (P = 0.047). On multivariate analysis, only asystole-cross clamp period was significant predictor for development of ITBS (P = 0.015) and development of overall biliary complications (P = 0.029). Hemodynamic changes in the agonal period did not emerge as risk factors. The results of the study raise the possibility of utilizing asystole-cross-clamp period in place of or in conjunction with donor warm ischemia time in determining viability or quality of liver grafts., (© 2012 The Authors. Transplant International © 2012 European Society for Organ Transplantation.)

The continuation of hemodynamic, respiratory, and metabolic support for a variable period after liver transplantation (LT) in the intensive care unit (ICU) is considered routine by many transplant programs. However, some LT recipients may be liberated from mechanical ventilation shortly after the discontinuation of anesthesia. These patients might be appropriately discharged from the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) to the surgical ward and bypass the ICU entirely. In 2002, our program started a fast-tracking program: select LT recipients are transferred from the operating room to the PACU for recovery and tracheal extubation with a subsequent transfer to the ward, and the ICU stay is completely eliminated. Between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2007, 1045 patients underwent LT at our transplant program; 175 patients were excluded from the study. Five hundred twenty-three of the remaining 870 patients (60.10%) were fast-tracked to the surgical ward, and 347 (39.90%) were admitted to the ICU after LT. The failure rate after fast-tracking to the surgical ward was 1.90%. The groups were significantly different with respect to the recipient age, the raw Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score at the time of LT, the recipient body mass index (BMI), the retransplantation status, the operative time, the warm ischemia time, and the intraoperative transfusion requirements. A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the raw MELD score at the time of LT, the operative time, the intraoperative transfusion requirements, the recipient age, the recipient BMI, and the absence of hepatocellular cancer/cholangiocarcinoma were significant predictors of ICU admission. In conclusion, we are reporting the largest single-center experience demonstrating the feasibility of bypassing an ICU stay after LT., (Copyright © 2012 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

The use of donation after cardiac death (DCD) liver grafts is controversial because of the overall increased rates of graft loss and morbidity, which are mostly related to the consequences of ischemic cholangiopathy (IC). In this study, we sought to determine the factors leading to graft loss and the development of IC and to compare patient and graft survival rates for recipients of DCD liver grafts and recipients of donation after brain death (DBD) liver grafts in a large series at a single transplant center. Two hundred liver transplants with DCD donors were performed between 1998 and 2010 at Mayo Clinic Florida. Logistic regression models were used in the univariate and multivariate analyses of predictors for the development of IC. Additional analyses using Cox regression models were performed to identify predictors of graft survival and to compare outcomes for DCD and DBD graft recipients. In our series, the patient survival rates for the DCD and DBD groups at 1, 3, and 5 years was 92.6%, 85%, and 80.9% and 89.8%, 83.0%, and 76.6%, respectively (P = not significant). The graft survival rates for the DCD and DBD groups at 1, 3, and 5 years were 80.9%, 72.7%, and 68.9% and 83.3%, 75.1%, and 68.6%, respectively (P = not significant). In the DCD group, 5 patients (2.5%) had primary nonfunction, 7 patients (3.5%) had hepatic artery thrombosis, and 3 patients (1.5%) experienced hepatic necrosis. IC was diagnosed in 24 patients (12%), and 11 of these patients (5.5%) required retransplantation. In the multivariate analysis, the asystole-to-cross clamp duration [odds ratio = 1.161, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.021-1.321] and African American recipient race (odds ratio = 5.374, 95% CI = 1.368-21.103) were identified as significant factors for predicting the development of IC (P < 0.05). This study has established a link between the development of IC and the asystole-to-cross clamp duration. Procurement techniques that prolong the nonperfusion period increase the risk for the development of IC in DCD liver grafts., (Copyright © 2011 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

Introduction: Donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors provide an important source of livers that has been used to expand the donor pool. As a consequence of increased numbers of OLT, allograft failure due to early and late complications and disease recurrence are more commonly encountered. The only life saving treatment for patients with liver allograft failure is liver re-transplantation (LR). The use of DCD liver grafts for LR is controversial., Material and Methods: Between February 1998 and June 2008, 10 patients underwent LR with DCD allografts. Five (50%) patients had no post operative complications. The 30 day, 1 year, and 3 year patient survival are 80, 60, and 60%, respectively. When DCD grafts are used for sick patients with high MELD scores for LR, the patient and graft survivals are prohibitively low., Conclusion: We do not recommend utilization of DCD liver grafts for LR if a candidate recipient has moderate to high MELD score.

Immunoglobulin G4 associated cholangitis (IAC) is an autoimmune disease associated with autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). It presents with clinical and radiographic findings similar to primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). IAC commonly has a faster, more progressive onset of symptoms and it is more common to see obstructive jaundice in IAC patients compared to those with PSC. One of the hallmarks of IAC is its responsiveness to steroid therapy. Current recommendations for treatment of AIP demonstrate excellent remission of the disease and associated symptoms with initiation of steroid therapy followed by steroid tapering. If untreated, it can progress to irreversible liver failure. This report describes a 59 year-old female with undiagnosed IAC who previously had undergone a pancreaticoduodenectomy for a suspected pancreatic cancer and later developed liver failure from presumed PSC. The patient underwent an uncomplicated liver transplantation at our institution, but experienced allograft failure within five years due to progressive and irreversible bile duct injury. Radiology and histology suggested recurrence of PSC, but the diagnosis of IAC was suspected based on her past history and confirmed when IgG4 positive cells were found within the intrahepatic bile duct walls on a liver biopsy. A successful liver retransplantation was performed and the patient is currently on triple immunosuppressive therapy. Our experience in this case and review of the current literature regarding IAC management suggest that patients with suspected or recurrent PSC with atypical features including history of pancreatitis should undergo testing for IAC as this entity is highly responsive to steroid therapy.

Surgical site infection (SSI) after liver transplantation has been associated with increased risk of allograft loss and death. Identification of modifiable risk factors for these infections is imperative. To our knowledge, intraoperative practices associated with transplant surgeons have not been assessed as a risk factor. A retrospective cohort study of risk factors for SSI after 1036 first liver transplantations completed by seven surgeons at a single center between 2003 and 2008 was undertaken. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the association between surgeons and SSIs. SSIs were identified in 166 of 1036 patients (16%). Single variable analysis showed strong evidence of an association between surgeon and SSI (p = 0.0007); the estimated cumulative incidence of SSI ranged from 7% to 24%. This result was consistent in multivariable analysis adjusting for potentially confounding variables (p = 0.002). The occurrence of organ-space or deep SSI varied significantly among surgeons in both single variable analysis (p = 0.005) and multivariable analysis (p = 0.006). These findings provide evidence that differences in the surgical practices of individual surgeons are associated with risk for SSI after liver transplantation. Identification of specific surgical practices associated with risk of SSI is warranted., (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Journal compilation © 2011 The American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.)

Retransplantation is the only therapy for patients who have a failing liver graft, and it can be technically challenging. Although duct-to-duct (DD) biliary reconstruction is considered standard in deceased donor orthotopic whole organ liver transplantation, Roux-en-Y (RY) choledochojejunostomy is preferred by most for biliary reconstruction in retransplantation. We performed a retrospective review of 128 patients who underwent retransplantation after a first transplant with DD biliary construction. Of these 128 patients, 83 had DD biliary reconstructions, and 45 had RY biliary reconstructions. Log-rank tests were used to compare the complication rates between the DD and RY groups, whereas multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare patient and graft survival between the groups. The median Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score at retransplantation was significantly higher in the DD group (27 versus 21, P = 0.005). The median length of follow-up was 3.3 years. The biliary complication rates were 7% and 11% in the DD group and 10% and 10% in the RY group 30 days and 1 year after retransplantation, respectively (P = 0.73). The rates of primary graft nonfunction complications, hepatic artery thrombosis complications, and reoperation did not differ significantly between groups (all P ≥ 0.37). In comparison with RY reconstruction, there was no evidence of a difference in patient survival (relative risk = 0.79, P = 0.47) or graft survival (relative risk = 0.94, P = 0.85) for patients with DD reconstruction in multivariate analysis. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that DD biliary reconstruction is feasible in liver retransplantation without increased rates of biliary complications or compromised patient and graft survival. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed., (Copyright © 2011 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most common indication for orthotopic liver transplantation in the United States. Although studies have addressed the use of expanded criteria donor organs in HCV(+) patients, to date the use of liver grafts from donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors in HCV(+) patients has been addressed by only a limited number of studies. This retrospective analysis was undertaken to study the outcomes of DCD liver grafts used in HCV(+) recipients. Seventy-seven HCV(+) patients who received DCD liver grafts were compared to 77 matched HCV(+) patients who received donation after brain death (DBD) liver grafts and 77 unmatched non-HCV patients who received DCD liver grafts. There were no differences in 1-, 3-, and 5-year patient or graft survival among the groups. Multivariate analysis showed that the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.037, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.006-1.069, P = 0.018] and posttransplant cytomegalovirus infection (HR = 3.367, 95% CI = 1.493-7.593, P = 0.003) were significant factors for graft loss. A comparison of the HCV(+) groups for fibrosis progression based on protocol biopsy samples up to 5 years post-transplant did not show any difference; in multivariate analysis, HCV genotype 1 was the only factor that affected progression to stage 2 fibrosis (genotype 1 versus non-1 genotypes: HR = 2.739, 95% CI = 1.047-7.143, P = 0.040). In conclusion, this match-controlled, retrospective analysis demonstrates that DCD liver graft utilization does not cause untoward effects on disease progression or patient and graft survival in comparison with DBD liver grafts in HCV(+) patients., (Copyright © 2011 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

Objectives: Orthotopic liver transplant is the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage liver disease. Patients with first graft failure requiring liver retransplant are commonly seen at most liver transplant centers. However, patients with a second graft failure requiring a third graft are uncommon. Liver retransplant in this setting has only been pursued at a few large transplant centers., Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of the long-term outcomes of recipients who underwent 3 or more orthotopic liver transplants. Between February 1998 and August 2009, 24 patients had 3 or more orthotopic liver transplants at the Mayo Clinic in Florida., Results: Mean patient survival was 103.8 months for the study cohort. Actuarial patient survival after the last orthotopic liver transplant in -1, -5, and -10 years was 60%, 40%, 33%. Patients were transplanted with lower donor risk index score grafts in each subsequent orthotopic liver transplant. Patients who had a graft with a donor risk index score > 1.6 at the time of the third orthotopic liver transplant had significantly lower survival rate compared with those with grafts with a donor risk index score ≤ 1.6., Conclusions: Multiple liver retransplants offer acceptable patient survival. Each transplant program must decide whether to do multiple orthotopic liver transplants based on the program's transplant volume and outcomes to help this subgroup of patients. The concerns of potentially decreasing access to first time orthotopic liver transplant candidates should also be weighed in the decision to move forward.

Patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV undergoing liver transplantation (LT) are at risk of early, aggressive HCV recurrence. This study investigates the use of frequent protocol-driven biopsies to identify HCV recurrence post LT in coinfected patients. Five consecutive HIV/HCV-coinfected patients underwent LT. Liver biopsies were obtained post LT at 1 hour; days 7, 120, and 365; then annually; and as clinically indicated. Stage 2 (Ishak) or higher fibrosis occurred in 4 of the 5 patients by 60, 120, 270, and 365 days. Two patients died of HCV recurrence and liver failure at 6 and 35 months post LT. Three patients survived more than 4 years after LT, 2 having sustained virologic responses to anti-HCV treatment. Another has histologic recurrence not responding to treatment. Hepatitis C virus recurrence can be rapid and aggressive after LT in HIV-coinfected patients. Serial biopsies identify recurrence early, allowing for prompt initiation of treatment.

The use of donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors may provide a valuable source of organs for liver transplantation. Concerns regarding primary nonfunction (PNF) and intrahepatic biliary stricture (IHBSs) have limited the enthusiasm for their use. A retrospective analysis of 1436 consecutive deceased donor liver transplants performed between December 1998 and October 2006 was conducted. These included 108 DCD liver transplants, which were compared to 1328 transplants performed with organs from donors meeting the criteria for donation after brain death (DBD). The median follow-up was 48 months. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year patient survival and graft survival for DCD donors were 91.5%, 88.1%, and 88.1% and 79.3%, 74.5%, and 71.0%, respectively. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year patient survival and graft survival for DBD donors were 87.3%, 81.1%, and 77.2% and 81.6%, 74.7%, and 69.1%, respectively. Patient survival and graft survival were not significantly different between DCD donors less than 60 years old, DCD donors greater than 60 years old, and DBD donors. Causes of graft loss included IHBSs (n = 9), PNF (n = 4), recurrent hepatitis C virus (n = 4), hepatic artery thrombosis (n = 1), rejection (n = 2), and patient death (n = 13). Contrary to previously published data, excellent long-term patient survival and graft survival can be obtained with DCD allografts, and in our experience, they are equivalent to those obtained from DBD allografts., ((c) 2009 AASLD.)

Arterial vasodilation is common in end-stage liver disease, and systemic hypotension often may develop, despite an increase in cardiac output. During the preparation for and the performance of orthotopic liver transplantation, expected and transient hypotension may be caused by induction agents, anesthetic agents, liver mobilization, or venous clamping. A mild decrease of the already low systemic vascular resistance is often observed, and intermittent use of short-acting agents for vasopressor support is not uncommon. In this report, we describe a patient with unexpected and prolonged hypotension due to vasodilation during and after orthotopic liver transplantation. The preoperative end-stage liver disease evaluation, intraoperative events, and intensive care unit course were reviewed, and no cause for the vasodilation and prolonged hypotension was evident. The explant pathology report was later available and showed systemic mastocytosis. We hypothesize that the unexpected hypotension and vasodilation were caused by mast cell degranulation and its systemic effects on arterial tone.

The feasibility, value and risk of percutaneous renal biopsy (PRB) in liver transplant candidates with renal failure are unknown. PRB was performed on 44 liver transplant candidates with renal failure of undetermined etiology and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <40 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (n = 37) or on renal replacement therapy (RRT) (n = 7). Patients with >or=30% interstitial fibrosis (IF), >or=40% global glomerulosclerosis (gGS) and/or diffuse glomerulonephritis were approved for simultaneous-liver-kidney (SLK) transplantation. Prebiopsy GFR, urinary sodium indices, dependency on RRT and kidney size were comparable between 27 liver-transplant-alone (LTA) and 17 SLK candidates and did not relate to the biopsy diagnosis. The interobserver agreement for the degree of IF or gGS was moderate-to-excellent. After a mean of 78 +/- 67 days, 16 and 8 patients received LTA and SLK transplants. All five LTA recipients on RRT recovered kidney function after transplantation and serum creatinine was comparable between LTA and SLK recipients at last follow-up. Biopsy complications developed in 13, of these, five required intervention. PRB is feasible in liver transplant candidates with renal failure and provides reproducible histological information that does not relate to the pretransplant clinical data. Randomized studies are needed to determine if PRB can direct kidney allocation in this challenging group of liver transplant candidates.

Peritonitis occurring after liver transplantation (PLT) has been poorly characterized to date. The aims of this study were to define the incidence, risk factors, microbiology profiles, and outcome of nonlocalized PLT. This was a retrospective study of 950 cadaveric liver transplantation (LT) procedures in 837 patients, followed for a mean of 1,086 days (range, 104-2,483 days) after LT. PLT was defined as the presence of at least one positive ascitic fluid culture after LT. There were 108 PLT episodes in 91 patients occurring at a median of 14 days (range, 1-102 days) after LT. Significant risk factors associated with the development of PLT by multivariate analysis included pre-LT model for end-stage liver disease score, duration of LT surgery, Roux-en-Y biliary anastomosis, and renal replacement therapy after LT. Biliary complications, intra-abdominal bleeding, and bowel leak/perforation were associated with 34.3%, 26.9%, and 18.5% of episodes, respectively. Multiple organisms, gram-positive cocci, fungus, and multidrug-resistant bacteria were isolated in 61.1%, 92.6%, 25.9%, and 76.9% of ascitic fluid cultures, respectively. The 28 fungal PLT episodes were associated with bowel leak/perforation and polymicrobial peritonitis. Patients who developed PLT after their first LT had a significantly greater risk of graft loss or mortality compared to unaffected patients. Parameters significantly associated with these adverse outcomes by multivariate analysis were recipient age at LT and bowel leak or perforation after LT. In conclusion, PLT is a serious infectious complication of LT, associated with significant intra-abdominal pathology and reduced recipient and graft survival., ((c) 2006 AASLD.)