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9. Impacts of an ethanol‐blended fuel release on groundwater and fate of produced methane: Simulation of field observations

Author

Rasa, Ehsan, Bekins, Barbara A, Mackay, Douglas M, de Sieyes, Nicholas R, Wilson, John T, Feris, Kevin P, Wood, Isaac A, and Scow, Kate M

Subjects
Earth Sciences, Engineering, Geology, ethanol, BTEX, anaerobic, methanogenic, reactive transport, Ethanol, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Hydrology, Civil engineering, Environmental engineering
Abstract

In a field experiment at Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB) designed to mimic the impact of a small-volume release of E10 (10% ethanol and 90% conventional gasoline), two plumes were created by injecting extracted groundwater spiked with benzene, toluene, and o-xylene, abbreviated BToX (No-Ethanol Lane) and BToX plus ethanol (With-Ethanol Lane) for 283 days. We developed a reactive transport model to understand processes controlling the fate of ethanol and BToX. The model was calibrated to the extensive field dataset and accounted for concentrations of sulfate, iron, acetate, and methane along with iron-reducing bacteria, sulfate-reducing bacteria, fermentative bacteria, and methanogenic archaea. The benzene plume was about 4.5 times longer in the With-Ethanol Lane than in the No-Ethanol Lane. Matching this different behavior in the two lanes required inhibiting benzene degradation in the presence of ethanol. Inclusion of iron reduction with negligible growth of iron-reducers was required to reproduce the observed constant degradation rate of benzene. Modeling suggested that vertical dispersion and diffusion of sulfate from an adjacent aquitard were important sources of sulfate in the aquifer. Matching of methane data required incorporating initial fermentation of ethanol to acetate, methane loss by outgassing, and methane oxidation coupled to sulfate and iron reduction. Simulation of microbial growth using dual Monod kinetics, and including inhibition by more favorable electron acceptors, generally resulted in reasonable yields for microbial growth of 0.01-0.05.

Published
2013

11. Nanoparticle STING Agonist Reprograms the Bone Marrow to an Antitumor Phenotype and Protects Against Bone Destruction

Author

Florian, David C., primary, Bennett, Natalie E., additional, Odziomek, Mateusz, additional, Baljon, Jessalyn J., additional, Wehbe, Mohamed, additional, Merkel, Alyssa R., additional, Fischer, Melissa A., additional, Savona, Michael R., additional, Rhoades, Julie A., additional, Guelcher, Scott A., additional, and Wilson, John T., additional

Published
2023
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12. MuSyC dosing of adjuvanted cancer vaccines optimizes antitumor responses

Author

Taylor, David, primary, Meyer, Christian T., additional, Graves, Diana, additional, Sen, Rupashree, additional, Fu, Juan, additional, Tran, Emily, additional, Mirza, Bilal, additional, Rodriguez, Gabriel, additional, Lang, Cara, additional, Feng, Hanwen, additional, Quaranta, Vito, additional, Wilson, John T., additional, Kim, Young J., additional, and Korrer, Michael J., additional

Published
2022
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14. Differential Response to Inserted Questions When Learning from Written Materials Containing Two Modes of Instructional Content.

Author

Wilson, John T.

Abstract

This study examined the effects of verbal and perceptual aspects of learner aptitudes in relation to inspection behavior performed while learning from written materials containing two modes of instructional content. Specific predictions were based on the theoretical consideration that requirements of different modes of instructional content were sufficiently different to produce different ability-performance relationships. Seven passages of about 225 words each were selected from science instructional materials containing both test and diagrams. Four questions were written for each passage, two asking for information from the text and two asking for information from the diagrams. One hundred eighty-five high school students were randomly assigned to one of six treatment groups in a three (text, diagram, or no inserted questions) by two (highlighting or no highlighting) factorial design. Subjects who highlighted were instructed to mark important information with felt-tip marker. The results indicated that answering inserted questions facilitated acquisition of information from diagrams while answering diagram questions had a lesser effect on acquisition of information from the text and that highlighting seems to inhibit performance on relevant posttest questions. (WR)

Published
1974

15. Review of Research on Mathemagenic Behavior: Implications for Teaching and Learning Science. Technical Report No. 7.

Author

Iowa Univ., Iowa City. Science Education Center., Wilson, John T., and Koran, John J.

Abstract

This report discusses mathemagenic behaviors, which are activities that promote learning. During instruction these are the activities that learners perform when confronted with instructional stimuli. Three groups of hypothetic mathemagenic behaviors are discussed: translation, segmentation, and processing. A review of the literature on mathemagenic behavior, with 57 references, is given, followed by a discussion of the types of instructional materials and methods which have proved useful in integrating mathemagenic research with instruction in science. One implication of this research is that active behavior on the part of the student is essential. Also discussed are ways to translate physical stimuli into effective stimuli by the incorporation of the proper amount of structure into classroom activities, and ways teachers can capitalize on mathemagenic behaviors, such as using questioning techniques and activity-oriented laboratories. (MLH)

Published
1975

16. Pharmacological Activation of cGAS for Cancer Immunotherapy

Author

Garland, Kyle M., primary, Rosch, Jonah C., additional, Carson, Carcia S., additional, Wang-Bishop, Lihong, additional, Hanna, Ann, additional, Sevimli, Sema, additional, Van Kaer, Casey, additional, Balko, Justin M., additional, Ascano, Manuel, additional, and Wilson, John T., additional

Published
2021
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17. An Investigation into the Effects of Generating Hunches Upon Subsequent Search Activities in Problem Solving Situations.

Author

Wilson, John T.

Abstract

Effects of generating hunches upon subsequent search activities in problem solving situations were studied among 45 students, 9-11 years of age. The population, divided into three groups, was assigned to observe a contradictory stimulus. The first group was asked to write hunches, while the second was allowed to read a set of hunches. Hunch activities were not carried out among the control group. All subjects were required to classify a set of procedures as "useful" or "not-useful," relative to the contradictory event. Each student was given the materials and procedures described as useful in his own classification. A posttest was given to measure the quality of the solution formulated. The overall time for completing search activities was recorded. Analyses of findings showed the presence of direct influences of generating hunches on search behavior and quality of solutions. The first group classified significantly fewer procedures as useful, spent significantly more time in search, and demonstrated a significantly higher quality. No significant differences were found between the control and the second experimental groups. Implications of the present research for curriculum design and teacher training were recommended. (CC)

Published
1973

18. A molecular signature of lung-resident CD8+ T cells elicited by subunit vaccination.

Author

Suryadevara, Naveenchandra, Kumar, Amrendra, Ye, Xiang, Rogers, Meredith, Williams, John V., Wilson, John T., Karijolich, John, and Joyce, Sebastian

Subjects
CHEMOKINE receptors, PURINERGIC receptors, T cells, VACCINATION, VACCINIA, IMMUNOLOGIC memory, VIRUS diseases
Abstract

Natural infection as well as vaccination with live or attenuated viruses elicit tissue resident, CD8+ memory T cell (Trm) response. Trm cells so elicited act quickly upon reencounter with the priming agent to protect the host. These Trm cells express a unique molecular signature driven by the master regulators—Runx3 and Hobit. We previously reported that intranasal instillation of a subunit vaccine in a prime boost vaccination regimen installed quick-acting, CD8+ Trm cells in the lungs that protected against lethal vaccinia virus challenge. It remains unexplored whether CD8+ Trm responses so elicited are driven by a similar molecular signature as those elicited by microbes in a real infection or by live, attenuated pathogens in conventional vaccination. We found that distinct molecular signatures distinguished subunit vaccine-elicited lung interstitial CD8+ Trm cells from subunit vaccine-elicited CD8+ effector memory and splenic memory T cells. Nonetheless, the transcriptome signature of subunit vaccine elicited CD8+ Trm resembled those elicited by virus infection or vaccination. Clues to the basis of tissue residence and function of vaccine specific CD8+ Trm cells were found in transcripts that code for chemokines and chemokine receptors, purinergic receptors, and adhesins when compared to CD8+ effector and splenic memory T cells. Our findings inform the utility of protein-based subunit vaccination for installing CD8+ Trm cells in the lungs to protect against respiratory infectious diseases that plague humankind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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20. Using Three Types of Outcomes to Design Laboratory Activities.

Author

Wilson, John T. and Stensvold, Mark

Abstract

Explores a way of analyzing laboratory activities that can help middle and high school science teachers to match their instructional goals with one of three appropriate types of activities: confirmation, generalization, or resolution. Examples and guiding principles for each kind of activity are given. (Contains 23 references.) (MDH)

Published
1993

37. A Method of Designing Practical Examinations to Match What Is Taught in Laboratory Activities.

Author

Stensvold, Mark S. and Wilson, John T.

Abstract

Proposes methods by which laboratory practical exams may be structured to assess outcomes from laboratory instruction. Presents eight general considerations for writing and using practical exams. Describes four example laboratory exams involving a box camera, circuit boxes, floating objects, and light. (MDH)

Published
1993

40. Protozoa in subsurface sediments from sites contaminated with aviation gasoline or jet fuel

Author

Sinclair, James L., Kampbell, Don H., Cook, Mike L., and Wilson, John T.

Subjects
Protozoa -- Biotechnology, Soil disinfection -- Methods, Soil microbiology -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

Samples were collectedfrom the surface to below the water table in an aviation gasoline and jet fuel spill polluted site. This was done in order to determine if existing protozoan populations can significantly affect its microbial community. Fuel carbon in sediments and soil microbial activity were measured by gas chromatography and assaying dehydrogenase activity, respectively. It was found that the bacterial community that was degrading the fuel could be significantly reduced by the abundance of protozoa in the biotreatment area.

Published
1993

45. STING-Activating Polymer–Drug Conjugates for Cancer Immunotherapy

Author

Sheehy, Taylor L., Kwiatkowski, Alexander J., Arora, Karan, Kimmel, Blaise R., Schulman, Jacob A., Gibson-Corley, Katherine N., and Wilson, John T.

Abstract

The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway links innate and adaptive antitumor immunity and therefore plays an important role in cancer immune surveillance. This has prompted widespread development of STING agonists for cancer immunotherapy, but pharmacological barriers continue to limit the clinical impact of STING agonists and motivate the development of drug delivery systems to improve their efficacy and/or safety. We developed SAPCon, a STING-activating polymer–drug conjugate platform based on strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition of a novel dimeric amidobenzimidazole (diABZI) STING prodrug to hydrophilic poly(dimethylacrylamide-co-azido-ethylmethacrylate) polymer chains through a cathepsin B-responsive linker to increase circulation time and enable passive tumor accumulation. We found that intravenously administered SAPCon accumulated at tumor sites, where it was endocytosed by tumor-associated myeloid cells, resulting in increased STING activation in the tumor tissue. Consequently, SAPCon promoted an immunogenic tumor microenvironment characterized by increased frequency of activated macrophages and dendritic cells and improved infiltration of CD8+T cells, resulting in inhibition of tumor growth, prolonged survival, and enhanced response to anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade in orthotopic breast cancer models. Collectively, these studies position SAPCon as a modular and programmable platform for improving the efficacy of systemically administered STING agonists for cancer immunotherapy.

Published
2024
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