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1. The potential for chemical mixtures from the environment to enable the cancer hallmark of sustained proliferative signalling

Author

Engström, W. Darbre, P. Eriksson, S. Gulliver, L. Hultman, T. Karamouzis, M.V. Klaunig, J.E. Mehta, R. Moorwood, K. Sanderson, T. Sone, H. Vadgama, P. Wagemaker, G. Ward, A. Singh, N. Al-Mulla, F. Al-Temaimi, R. Amedei, A. Colacci, A.M. Vaccari, M. Mondello, C. Ivana Scovassi, A. Raju, J. Hamid, R.A. Memeo, L. Forte, S. Roy, R. Woodrick, J. Salem, H.K. Ryan, E. Brown, D.G. Bisson, W.H.

Abstract

The aim of this work is to review current knowledge relating the established cancer hallmark, sustained cell proliferation to the existence of chemicals present as low dose mixtures in the environment. Normal cell proliferation is under tight control, i.e. cells respond to a signal to proliferate, and although most cells continue to proliferate into adult life, the multiplication ceases once the stimulatory signal disappears or if the cells are exposed to growth inhibitory signals. Under such circumstances, normal cells remain quiescent until they are stimulated to resume further proliferation. In contrast, tumour cells are unable to halt proliferation, either when subjected to growth inhibitory signals or in the absence of growth stimulatory signals. Environmental chemicals with carcinogenic potential may cause sustained cell proliferation by interfering with some cell proliferation control mechanisms committing cells to an indefinite proliferative span. © The Author 2015.

Published
2015

2. Assessing the carcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment: The challenge ahead

Author

Goodson, W.H., III Lowe, L. Carpenter, D.O. Gilbertson, M. Ali, A.M. de Cerain Salsamendi, A.L. Lasfar, A. Carnero, A. Azqueta, A. Amedei, A. Charles, A.K. Collins, A.R. Ward, A. Salzberg, A.C. Colacci, A. Olsen, A.-K. Berg, A. Barclay, B.J. Zhou, B.P. Blanco-Aparicio, C. Baglole, C.J. Dong, C. Mondello, C. Hsu, C.-W. Naus, C.C. Yedjou, C. Curran, C.S. Laird, D.W. Koch, D.C. Carlin, D.J. Felsher, D.W. Roy, D. Brown, D.G. Ratovitski, E. Ryan, E.P. Corsini, E. Rojas, E. Moon, E.-Y. Laconi, E. Marongiu, F. Al-Mulla, F. Chiaradonna, F. Darroudi, F. Martin, F.L. Van Schooten, F.J. Goldberg, G.S. Wagemaker, G. Nangami, G. Calaf, G.M. Williams, G. Wolf, G.T. Koppen, G. Brunborg, G. Kim Lyerly, H. Krishnan, H. Hamid, H.A. Yasaei, H. Sone, H. Kondoh, H. Salem, H.K. Hsu, H.-Y. Park, H.H. Koturbash, I. Miousse, I.R. Ivana Scovassi, A. Klaunig, J.E. Vondráček, J. Raju, J. Roman, J. Wise, J.P., Sr. Whitfield, J.R. Woodrick, J. Christopher, J.A. Ochieng, J. Martinez-Leal, J.F. Weisz, J. Kravchenko, J. Sun, J. Prudhomme, K.R. Narayanan, K.B. Cohen-Solal, K.A. Moorwood, K. Gonzalez, L. Soucek, L. Jian, L. D'Abronzo, L.S. Lin, L.-T. Li, L. Gulliver, L. McCawley, L.J. Memeo, L. Vermeulen, L. Leyns, L. Zhang, L. Valverde, M. Khatami, M. Romano, M.F. Chapellier, M. Williams, M.A. Wade, M. Manjili, M.H. Lleonart, M. Xia, M. Gonzalez, M.J. Karamouzis, M.V. Kirsch-Volders, M. Vaccari, M. Kuemmerle, N.B. Singh, N. Cruickshanks, N. Kleinstreuer, N. Van Larebeke, N. Ahmed, N. Ogunkua, O. Krishnakumar, P.K. Vadgama, P. Marignani, P.A. Ghosh, P.M. Ostrosky-Wegman, P. Thompson, P. Dent, P. Heneberg, P. Darbre, P. Leung, P.S. Nangia-Makker, P. Cheng, Q.S. Brooks Robey, R. Al-Temaimi, R. Roy, R. Andrade-Vieira, R. Sinha, R.K. Mehta, R. Vento, R. Di Fiore, R. Ponce-Cusi, R. Dornetshuber-Fleiss, R. Nahta, R. Castellino, R.C. Palorini, R. Hamid, R.A. Langie, S.A.S. Eltom, S. Brooks, S.A. Ryeom, S. Wise, S.S. Bay, S.N. Harris, S.A. Papagerakis, S. Romano, S. Pavanello, S. Eriksson, S. Forte, S. Casey, S.C. Luanpitpong, S. Lee, T.-J. Otsuki, T. Chen, T. Massfelder, T. Sanderson, T. Guarnieri, T. Hultman, T. Dormoy, V. Odero-Marah, V. Sabbisetti, V. Maguer-Satta, V. Kimryn Rathmell, W. Engström, W. Decker, W.K. Bisson, W.H. Rojanasakul, Y. Luqmani, Y. Chen, Z. Hu, Z.

Abstract

Lifestyle factors are responsible for a considerable portion of cancer incidence worldwide, but credible estimates from the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) suggest that the fraction of cancers attributable to toxic environmental exposures is between 7% and 19%. To explore the hypothesis that low-dose exposures to mixtures of chemicals in the environment may be combining to contribute to environmental carcinogenesis, we reviewed 11 hallmark phenotypes of cancer, multiple priority target sites for disruption in each area and prototypical chemical disruptors for all targets, this included dose-response characterizations, evidence of low-dose effects and cross-hallmark effects for all targets and chemicals. In total, 85 examples of chemicals were reviewed for actions on key pathways/ mechanisms related to carcinogenesis. Only 15% (13/85) were found to have evidence of a dose-response threshold, whereas 59% (50/85) exerted low-dose effects. No dose-response information was found for the remaining 26% (22/85). Our analysis suggests that the cumulative effects of individual (non-carcinogenic) chemicals acting on different pathways, and a variety of related systems, organs, tissues and cells could plausibly conspire to produce carcinogenic synergies. Additional basic research on carcinogenesis and research focused on low-dose effects of chemical mixtures needs to be rigorously pursued before the merits of this hypothesis can be further advanced. However, the structure of the World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety 'Mode of Action' framework should be revisited as it has inherent weaknesses that are not fully aligned with our current understanding of cancer biology. © The Author 2015.

Published
2015

3. Assessing the carcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment: the challenge ahead

Author

Goodson, WH, Lowe, L, Carpenter, DO, Gilbertson, M, Ali, AM, de Cerain Salsamendi, AL, Lasfar, A, Carnero, A, Azqueta, A, Amedei, A, Charles, AK, Collins, AR, Ward, A, Salzberg, AC, Colacci, A, Olsen, A-K, Berg, A, Barclay, BJ, Zhou, BP, Blanco-Aparicio, C, Baglole, CJ, Dong, C, Mondello, C, Hsu, C-W, Naus, CC, Yedjou, C, Curran, CS, Laird, DW, Koch, DC, Carlin, DJ, Felsher, DW, Roy, D, Brown, DG, Ratovitski, E, Ryan, EP, Corsini, E, Rojas, E, Moon, E-Y, Laconi, E, Marongiu, F, Al-Mulla, F, Chiaradonna, F, Darroudi, F, Martin, FL, Van Schooten, FJ, Goldberg, GS, Wagemaker, G, Nangami, G, Calaf, GM, Williams, G, Wolf, GT, Koppen, G, Brunborg, G, Lyerly, HK, Krishnan, H, Ab Hamid, H, Yasaei, H, Sone, H, Kondoh, H, Salem, HK, Hsu, H-Y, Park, HH, Koturbash, I, Miousse, IR, Scovassi, AI, Klaunig, JE, Vondracek, J, Raju, J, Roman, J, Wise, JP, Whitfield, JR, Woodrick, J, Christopher, JA, Ochieng, J, Fernando Martinez-Leal, J, Weisz, J, Kravchenko, J, Sun, J, Prudhomme, KR, Narayanan, KB, Cohen-Solal, KA, Moorwood, K, Gonzalez, L, Soucek, L, Jian, L, D'Abronzo, LS, Lin, L-T, Li, L, Gulliver, L, McCawley, LJ, Memeo, L, Vermeulen, L, Leyns, L, Zhang, L, Valverde, M, Khatami, M, Romano, MF, Chapellier, M, Williams, MA, Wade, M, Manjili, MH, Lleonart, M, Xia, M, Gonzalez, MJ, Karamouzis, MV, Kirsch-Volders, M, Vaccari, M, Kuemmerle, NB, Singh, N, Cruickshanks, N, Kleinstreuer, N, van Larebeke, N, Ahmed, N, Ogunkua, O, Krishnakumar, PK, Vadgama, P, Marignani, PA, Ghosh, PM, Ostrosky-Wegman, P, Thompson, P, Dent, P, Heneberg, P, Darbre, P, Leung, PS, Nangia-Makker, P, Cheng, QS, Robey, RB, Al-Temaimi, R, Roy, R, Andrade-Vieira, R, Sinha, RK, Mehta, R, Vento, R, Di Fiore, R, Ponce-Cusi, R, Dornetshuber-Fleiss, R, Nahta, R, Castellino, RC, Palorini, R, Abd Hamid, R, Langie, SAS, Eltom, S, Brooks, SA, Ryeom, S, Wise, SS, Bay, SN, Harris, SA, Papagerakis, S, Romano, S, Pavanello, S, Eriksson, S, Forte, S, Casey, SC, Luanpitpong, S, Lee, T-J, Otsuki, T, Chen, T, Massfelder, T, Sanderson, T, Guarnieri, T, Hultman, T, Dormoy, V, Odero-Marah, V, Sabbisetti, V, Maguer-Satta, V, Rathmell, WK, Engstrom, W, Decker, WK, Bisson, WH, Rojanasakul, Y, Luqmani, Y, Chen, Z, Hu, Z, Goodson, WH, Lowe, L, Carpenter, DO, Gilbertson, M, Ali, AM, de Cerain Salsamendi, AL, Lasfar, A, Carnero, A, Azqueta, A, Amedei, A, Charles, AK, Collins, AR, Ward, A, Salzberg, AC, Colacci, A, Olsen, A-K, Berg, A, Barclay, BJ, Zhou, BP, Blanco-Aparicio, C, Baglole, CJ, Dong, C, Mondello, C, Hsu, C-W, Naus, CC, Yedjou, C, Curran, CS, Laird, DW, Koch, DC, Carlin, DJ, Felsher, DW, Roy, D, Brown, DG, Ratovitski, E, Ryan, EP, Corsini, E, Rojas, E, Moon, E-Y, Laconi, E, Marongiu, F, Al-Mulla, F, Chiaradonna, F, Darroudi, F, Martin, FL, Van Schooten, FJ, Goldberg, GS, Wagemaker, G, Nangami, G, Calaf, GM, Williams, G, Wolf, GT, Koppen, G, Brunborg, G, Lyerly, HK, Krishnan, H, Ab Hamid, H, Yasaei, H, Sone, H, Kondoh, H, Salem, HK, Hsu, H-Y, Park, HH, Koturbash, I, Miousse, IR, Scovassi, AI, Klaunig, JE, Vondracek, J, Raju, J, Roman, J, Wise, JP, Whitfield, JR, Woodrick, J, Christopher, JA, Ochieng, J, Fernando Martinez-Leal, J, Weisz, J, Kravchenko, J, Sun, J, Prudhomme, KR, Narayanan, KB, Cohen-Solal, KA, Moorwood, K, Gonzalez, L, Soucek, L, Jian, L, D'Abronzo, LS, Lin, L-T, Li, L, Gulliver, L, McCawley, LJ, Memeo, L, Vermeulen, L, Leyns, L, Zhang, L, Valverde, M, Khatami, M, Romano, MF, Chapellier, M, Williams, MA, Wade, M, Manjili, MH, Lleonart, M, Xia, M, Gonzalez, MJ, Karamouzis, MV, Kirsch-Volders, M, Vaccari, M, Kuemmerle, NB, Singh, N, Cruickshanks, N, Kleinstreuer, N, van Larebeke, N, Ahmed, N, Ogunkua, O, Krishnakumar, PK, Vadgama, P, Marignani, PA, Ghosh, PM, Ostrosky-Wegman, P, Thompson, P, Dent, P, Heneberg, P, Darbre, P, Leung, PS, Nangia-Makker, P, Cheng, QS, Robey, RB, Al-Temaimi, R, Roy, R, Andrade-Vieira, R, Sinha, RK, Mehta, R, Vento, R, Di Fiore, R, Ponce-Cusi, R, Dornetshuber-Fleiss, R, Nahta, R, Castellino, RC, Palorini, R, Abd Hamid, R, Langie, SAS, Eltom, S, Brooks, SA, Ryeom, S, Wise, SS, Bay, SN, Harris, SA, Papagerakis, S, Romano, S, Pavanello, S, Eriksson, S, Forte, S, Casey, SC, Luanpitpong, S, Lee, T-J, Otsuki, T, Chen, T, Massfelder, T, Sanderson, T, Guarnieri, T, Hultman, T, Dormoy, V, Odero-Marah, V, Sabbisetti, V, Maguer-Satta, V, Rathmell, WK, Engstrom, W, Decker, WK, Bisson, WH, Rojanasakul, Y, Luqmani, Y, Chen, Z, and Hu, Z

Abstract

Lifestyle factors are responsible for a considerable portion of cancer incidence worldwide, but credible estimates from the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) suggest that the fraction of cancers attributable to toxic environmental exposures is between 7% and 19%. To explore the hypothesis that low-dose exposures to mixtures of chemicals in the environment may be combining to contribute to environmental carcinogenesis, we reviewed 11 hallmark phenotypes of cancer, multiple priority target sites for disruption in each area and prototypical chemical disruptors for all targets, this included dose-response characterizations, evidence of low-dose effects and cross-hallmark effects for all targets and chemicals. In total, 85 examples of chemicals were reviewed for actions on key pathways/mechanisms related to carcinogenesis. Only 15% (13/85) were found to have evidence of a dose-response threshold, whereas 59% (50/85) exerted low-dose effects. No dose-response information was found for the remaining 26% (22/85). Our analysis suggests that the cumulative effects of individual (non-carcinogenic) chemicals acting on different pathways, and a variety of related systems, organs, tissues and cells could plausibly conspire to produce carcinogenic synergies. Additional basic research on carcinogenesis and research focused on low-dose effects of chemical mixtures needs to be rigorously pursued before the merits of this hypothesis can be further advanced. However, the structure of the World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety 'Mode of Action' framework should be revisited as it has inherent weaknesses that are not fully aligned with our current understanding of cancer biology.

Published
2015

4. Assessing the carcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment: The challenge ahead

Author

Goodson, W, Lowe, L, Carpenter, D, Gilbertson, M, Ali, A, de Cerain Salsamendi, A, Lasfar, A, Carnero, A, Azqueta, A, Amedei, A, Charles, A, Collins, A, Ward, A, Salzberg, A, Colacci, A, Olsen, A, Berg, A, Barclay, B, Zhou, B, Blanco Aparicio, C, Baglole, C, Dong, C, Mondello, C, Hsu, C, Naus, C, Yedjou, C, Curran, C, Laird, D, Koch, D, Carlin, D, Felsher, D, Roy, D, Brown, D, Ratovitski, E, Ryan, E, Corsini, E, Rojas, E, Moon, E, Laconi, E, Marongiu, F, Al Mulla, F, Chiaradonna, F, Darroudi, F, Martin, F, Van Schooten, F, Goldberg, G, Wagemaker, G, Nangami, G, Calaf, G, Williams, G, Wolf, G, Koppen, G, Brunborg, G, Kim Lyerly, H, Krishnan, H, Hamid, H, Yasaei, H, Sone, H, Kondoh, H, Salem, H, Hsu, H, Park, H, Koturbash, I, Miousse, I, Ivana Scovassi, A, Klaunig, J, Vondráček, J, Raju, J, Roman, J, Wise, J, Whitfield, J, Woodrick, J, Christopher, J, Ochieng, J, Martinez Leal, J, Weisz, J, Kravchenko, J, Sun, J, Prudhomme, K, Narayanan, K, Cohen Solal, K, Moorwood, K, Gonzalez, L, Soucek, L, Jian, L, D'Abronzo, L, Lin, L, Li, L, Gulliver, L, Mccawley, L, Memeo, L, Vermeulen, L, Leyns, L, Zhang, L, Valverde, M, Khatami, M, Romano, M, Chapellier, M, Williams, M, Wade, M, Manjili, M, Lleonart, M, Xia, M, Gonzalez, M, Karamouzis, M, Kirsch Volders, M, Vaccari, M, Kuemmerle, N, Singh, N, Cruickshanks, N, Kleinstreuer, N, Van Larebeke, N, Ahmed, N, Ogunkua, O, Krishnakumar, P, Vadgama, P, Marignani, P, Ghosh, P, Ostrosky Wegman, P, Thompson, P, Dent, P, Heneberg, P, Darbre, P, Leung, P, Nangia Makker, P, Cheng, Q, Brooks Robey, R, Al Temaimi, R, Roy, R, Andrade Vieira, R, Sinha, R, Mehta, R, Vento, R, Di Fiore, R, Ponce Cusi, R, Dornetshuber Fleiss, R, Nahta, R, Castellino, R, Palorini, R, Hamid, R, Langie, S, Eltom, S, Brooks, S, Ryeom, S, Wise, S, Bay, S, Harris, S, Papagerakis, S, Romano, S, Pavanello, S, Eriksson, S, Forte, S, Casey, S, Luanpitpong, S, Lee, T, Otsuki, T, Chen, T, Massfelder, T, Sanderson, T, Guarnieri, T, Hultman, T, Dormoy, V, Odero Marah, V, Sabbisetti, V, Maguer Satta, V, Kimryn Rathmell, W, Engström, W, Decker, W, Bisson, W, Rojanasakul, Y, Luqmani, Y, Chen, Z, Hu, Z, CHIARADONNA, FERDINANDO, PALORINI, ROBERTA, Hu, Z., Goodson, W, Lowe, L, Carpenter, D, Gilbertson, M, Ali, A, de Cerain Salsamendi, A, Lasfar, A, Carnero, A, Azqueta, A, Amedei, A, Charles, A, Collins, A, Ward, A, Salzberg, A, Colacci, A, Olsen, A, Berg, A, Barclay, B, Zhou, B, Blanco Aparicio, C, Baglole, C, Dong, C, Mondello, C, Hsu, C, Naus, C, Yedjou, C, Curran, C, Laird, D, Koch, D, Carlin, D, Felsher, D, Roy, D, Brown, D, Ratovitski, E, Ryan, E, Corsini, E, Rojas, E, Moon, E, Laconi, E, Marongiu, F, Al Mulla, F, Chiaradonna, F, Darroudi, F, Martin, F, Van Schooten, F, Goldberg, G, Wagemaker, G, Nangami, G, Calaf, G, Williams, G, Wolf, G, Koppen, G, Brunborg, G, Kim Lyerly, H, Krishnan, H, Hamid, H, Yasaei, H, Sone, H, Kondoh, H, Salem, H, Hsu, H, Park, H, Koturbash, I, Miousse, I, Ivana Scovassi, A, Klaunig, J, Vondráček, J, Raju, J, Roman, J, Wise, J, Whitfield, J, Woodrick, J, Christopher, J, Ochieng, J, Martinez Leal, J, Weisz, J, Kravchenko, J, Sun, J, Prudhomme, K, Narayanan, K, Cohen Solal, K, Moorwood, K, Gonzalez, L, Soucek, L, Jian, L, D'Abronzo, L, Lin, L, Li, L, Gulliver, L, Mccawley, L, Memeo, L, Vermeulen, L, Leyns, L, Zhang, L, Valverde, M, Khatami, M, Romano, M, Chapellier, M, Williams, M, Wade, M, Manjili, M, Lleonart, M, Xia, M, Gonzalez, M, Karamouzis, M, Kirsch Volders, M, Vaccari, M, Kuemmerle, N, Singh, N, Cruickshanks, N, Kleinstreuer, N, Van Larebeke, N, Ahmed, N, Ogunkua, O, Krishnakumar, P, Vadgama, P, Marignani, P, Ghosh, P, Ostrosky Wegman, P, Thompson, P, Dent, P, Heneberg, P, Darbre, P, Leung, P, Nangia Makker, P, Cheng, Q, Brooks Robey, R, Al Temaimi, R, Roy, R, Andrade Vieira, R, Sinha, R, Mehta, R, Vento, R, Di Fiore, R, Ponce Cusi, R, Dornetshuber Fleiss, R, Nahta, R, Castellino, R, Palorini, R, Hamid, R, Langie, S, Eltom, S, Brooks, S, Ryeom, S, Wise, S, Bay, S, Harris, S, Papagerakis, S, Romano, S, Pavanello, S, Eriksson, S, Forte, S, Casey, S, Luanpitpong, S, Lee, T, Otsuki, T, Chen, T, Massfelder, T, Sanderson, T, Guarnieri, T, Hultman, T, Dormoy, V, Odero Marah, V, Sabbisetti, V, Maguer Satta, V, Kimryn Rathmell, W, Engström, W, Decker, W, Bisson, W, Rojanasakul, Y, Luqmani, Y, Chen, Z, Hu, Z, CHIARADONNA, FERDINANDO, PALORINI, ROBERTA, and Hu, Z.

Abstract

Lifestyle factors are responsible for a considerable portion of cancer incidence worldwide, but credible estimates from the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) suggest that the fraction of cancers attributable to toxic environmental exposures is between 7% and 19%. To explore the hypothesis that low-dose exposures to mixtures of chemicals in the environment may be combining to contribute to environmental carcinogenesis, we reviewed 11 hallmark phenotypes of cancer, multiple priority target sites for disruption in each area and prototypical chemical disruptors for all targets, this included dose-response characterizations, evidence of low-dose effects and cross-hallmark effects for all targets and chemicals. In total, 85 examples of chemicals were reviewed for actions on key pathways/ mechanisms related to carcinogenesis. Only 15% (13/85) were found to have evidence of a dose-response threshold, whereas 59% (50/85) exerted low-dose effects. No dose-response information was found for the remaining 26% (22/85). Our analysis suggests that the cumulative effects of individual (non-carcinogenic) chemicals acting on different pathways, and a variety of related systems, organs, tissues and cells could plausibly conspire to produce carcinogenic synergies. Additional basic research on carcinogenesis and research focused on low-dose effects of chemical mixtures needs to be rigorously pursued before the merits of this hypothesis can be further advanced. However, the structure of the World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety 'Mode of Action' framework should be revisited as it has inherent weaknesses that are not fully aligned with our current understanding of cancer biology.

Published
2015

5. Metabolic reprogramming and dysregulated metabolism: Cause, consequence and/or enabler of environmental carcinogenesis?

Author

Brooks Robey, R, Weisz, J, Kuemmerle, N, Salzberg, A, Berg, A, Brown, D, Kubik, L, Palorini, R, Al Mulla, F, Al Temaimi, R, Colacci, A, Mondello, C, Raju, J, Woodrick, J, Ivana Scovassi, A, Singh, N, Vaccari, M, Roy, R, Forte, S, Memeo, L, Salem, H, Amedei, A, Hamid, R, Williams, G, Lowe, L, Meyer, J, Martin, F, Bisson, W, Chiaradonna, F, Ryan, E, PALORINI, ROBERTA, CHIARADONNA, FERDINANDO, Ryan, E., Brooks Robey, R, Weisz, J, Kuemmerle, N, Salzberg, A, Berg, A, Brown, D, Kubik, L, Palorini, R, Al Mulla, F, Al Temaimi, R, Colacci, A, Mondello, C, Raju, J, Woodrick, J, Ivana Scovassi, A, Singh, N, Vaccari, M, Roy, R, Forte, S, Memeo, L, Salem, H, Amedei, A, Hamid, R, Williams, G, Lowe, L, Meyer, J, Martin, F, Bisson, W, Chiaradonna, F, Ryan, E, PALORINI, ROBERTA, CHIARADONNA, FERDINANDO, and Ryan, E.

Abstract

Environmental contributions to cancer development are widely accepted, but only a fraction of all pertinent exposures have probably been identified. Traditional toxicological approaches to the problem have largely focused on the effects of individual agents at singular endpoints. As such, they have incompletely addressed both the pro-carcinogenic contributions of environmentally relevant low-dose chemical mixtures and the fact that exposures can influence multiple cancer associated endpoints over varying timescales. Of these endpoints, dysregulated metabolism is one of the most common and recognizable features of cancer, but its specific roles in exposure-associated cancer development remain poorly understood. Most studies have focused on discrete aspects of cancer metabolism and have incompletely considered both its dynamic integrated nature and the complex controlling influences of substrate availability, external trophic signals and environmental conditions. Emerging high throughput approaches to environmental risk assessment also do not directly address the metabolic causes or consequences of changes in gene expression. As such, there is a compelling need to establish common or complementary frameworks for further exploration that experimentally and conceptually consider the gestalt of cancer metabolism and its causal relationships to both carcinogenesis and the development of other cancer hallmarks. A literature review to identify environmentally relevant exposures unambiguously linked to both cancer development and dysregulated metabolism suggests major gaps in our understanding of exposure-associated carcinogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. Although limited evidence exists to support primary causal roles for metabolism in carcinogenesis, the universality of altered cancer metabolism underscores its fundamental biological importance, and multiple pleiomorphic, even dichotomous, roles for metabolism in promoting, antagonizing or otherwise enabling the develo

Published
2015

6. Assessing the carcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment: The challenge ahead

Author

Goodson, W., Lowe, L., Carpenter, D., Gilbertson, M., Ali, A., de Cerain Salsamendi, A., Lasfar, A., Carnero, A., Azqueta, A., Amedei, A., Charles, A., Collins, A., Ward, A., Salzberg, A., Colacci, A., Olsen, A., Berg, A., Barclay, B., Zhou, B., Blanco-Aparicio, C., Baglole, C., Dong, C., Mondello, C., Hsu, C., Naus, C., Yedjou, C., Curran, C., Laird, D., Koch, D., Carlin, D., Felsher, D., Roy, D., Brown, D., Ratovitski, E., Ryan, E., Corsini, E., Rojas, E., Moon, E., Laconi, E., Marongiu, F., Al-Mulla, F., Chiaradonna, F., Darroudi, F., Martin, F., Van Schooten, F., Goldberg, G., Wagemaker, G., Nangami, G., Calaf, G., Williams, G., Wolf, G., Koppen, G., Brunborg, G., Kim Lyerly, H., Krishnan, H., Hamid, H., Yasaei, H., Sone, H., Kondoh, H., Salem, H., Hsu, H., Park, H., Koturbash, I., Miousse, I., Ivana Scovassi, A., Klaunig, J., Vondrácek, J., Raju, J., Roman, J., Wise, J., Whitfield, J., Woodrick, J., Christopher, J., Ochieng, J., Martinez-Leal, J., Weisz, J., Kravchenko, J., Sun, J., Prudhomme, K., Narayanan, K., Cohen-Solal, K., Moorwood, K., Gonzalez, L., Soucek, L., Jian, Le, D'Abronzo, L., Lin, L., Li, L., Gulliver, L., McCawley, L., Memeo, L., Vermeulen, L., Leyns, L., Zhang, L., Goodson, W., Lowe, L., Carpenter, D., Gilbertson, M., Ali, A., de Cerain Salsamendi, A., Lasfar, A., Carnero, A., Azqueta, A., Amedei, A., Charles, A., Collins, A., Ward, A., Salzberg, A., Colacci, A., Olsen, A., Berg, A., Barclay, B., Zhou, B., Blanco-Aparicio, C., Baglole, C., Dong, C., Mondello, C., Hsu, C., Naus, C., Yedjou, C., Curran, C., Laird, D., Koch, D., Carlin, D., Felsher, D., Roy, D., Brown, D., Ratovitski, E., Ryan, E., Corsini, E., Rojas, E., Moon, E., Laconi, E., Marongiu, F., Al-Mulla, F., Chiaradonna, F., Darroudi, F., Martin, F., Van Schooten, F., Goldberg, G., Wagemaker, G., Nangami, G., Calaf, G., Williams, G., Wolf, G., Koppen, G., Brunborg, G., Kim Lyerly, H., Krishnan, H., Hamid, H., Yasaei, H., Sone, H., Kondoh, H., Salem, H., Hsu, H., Park, H., Koturbash, I., Miousse, I., Ivana Scovassi, A., Klaunig, J., Vondrácek, J., Raju, J., Roman, J., Wise, J., Whitfield, J., Woodrick, J., Christopher, J., Ochieng, J., Martinez-Leal, J., Weisz, J., Kravchenko, J., Sun, J., Prudhomme, K., Narayanan, K., Cohen-Solal, K., Moorwood, K., Gonzalez, L., Soucek, L., Jian, Le, D'Abronzo, L., Lin, L., Li, L., Gulliver, L., McCawley, L., Memeo, L., Vermeulen, L., Leyns, L., and Zhang, L.

Abstract

© The Author 2015. Lifestyle factors are responsible for a considerable portion of cancer incidence worldwide, but credible estimates from the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) suggest that the fraction of cancers attributable to toxic environmental exposures is between 7% and 19%. To explore the hypothesis that low-dose exposures to mixtures of chemicals in the environment may be combining to contribute to environmental carcinogenesis, we reviewed 11 hallmark phenotypes of cancer, multiple priority target sites for disruption in each area and prototypical chemical disruptors for all targets, this included dose-response characterizations, evidence of low-dose effects and cross-hallmark effects for all targets and chemicals. In total, 85 examples of chemicals were reviewed for actions on key pathways/ mechanisms related to carcinogenesis. Only 15% (13/85) were found to have evidence of a dose-response threshold, whereas 59% (50/85) exerted low-dose effects. No dose-response information was found for the remaining 26% (22/85). Our analysis suggests that the cumulative effects of individual (non-carcinogenic) chemicals acting on different pathways, and a variety of related systems, organs, tissues and cells could plausibly conspire to produce carcinogenic synergies. Additional basic research on carcinogenesis and research focused on low-dose effects of chemical mixtures needs to be rigorously pursued before the merits of this hypothesis can be further advanced. However, the structure of the World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety 'Mode of Action' framework should be revisited as it has inherent weaknesses that are not fully aligned with our current understanding of cancer biology.

Published
2015

7. Assessing the carcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment: the challenge ahead

Author

Dustin G. Brown, Tove Hultman, Judith Weisz, H. Kim Lyerly, Paola A. Marignani, Ann-Karin Olsen, Rabindra Roy, Kim Moorwood, Masoud H. Manjili, Monica Vaccari, Jesse Roman, Hasiah Ab Hamid, Kalan R. Prudhomme, Periyadan K. Krishnakumar, Chenfang Dong, Tiziana Guarnieri, Leandro S. D'Abronzo, Gloria M. Calaf, Amelia K Charles, Emanuela Corsini, Yunus A. Luqmani, Graeme Williams, Louis Vermeulen, Pankaj Vadgama, Sarah N Bay, Véronique Maguer-Satta, Sabine A. S. Langie, Christian C. Naus, Le Jian, Gladys N. Nangami, Lorenzo Memeo, Stephanie C. Casey, Thomas Sanderson, Takemi Otsuki, Nichola Cruickshanks, William H. Bisson, Sudjit Luanpitpong, Jonathan Whitfield, Ahmed Lasfar, Yon Rojanasakul, A. Ivana Scovassi, Shelley A. Harris, Ferdinando Chiaradonna, Richard Ponce-Cusi, Gregory T. Wolf, Valérian Dormoy, Roslida Abd Hamid, Hyun Ho Park, Matilde E. Lleonart, William K. Decker, Maria Romano, Leroy Lowe, Fabio Marongiu, Jan Vondráček, Chiara Mondello, Luc Leyns, Josiah Ochieng, Pratima Nangia-Makker, Edward A. Ratovitski, Zhiwei Hu, Jayadev Raju, Hemad Yasaei, Rafaela Andrade-Vieira, Jordan Woodrick, Hideko Sone, Harini Krishnan, W. Kimryn Rathmell, Andrew Collins, Luoping Zhang, Barry J. Barclay, Amaya Azqueta, Laura Soucek, Marc A. Williams, David O. Carpenter, Roberta Palorini, Rita Nahta, Juan Fernando Martinez-Leal, Firouz Darroudi, Rita Dornetshuber-Fleiss, James E. Klaunig, Elizabeth P. Ryan, Qiang Shawn Cheng, Arthur Berg, Andrew Ward, Gudrun Koppen, Tao Chen, Petr Heneberg, Michael Gilbertson, Amedeo Amedei, Sakina E. Eltom, Ezio Laconi, Joseph Christopher, Hiroshi Kondoh, Neetu Singh, Danielle J Carlin, Marion Chapellier, Michalis V. Karamouzis, Rekha Mehta, Tae-Jin Lee, Annamaria Colacci, Venkata S. Sabbisetti, Mark Wade, Micheline Kirsch-Volders, Patricia Ostrosky-Wegman, Isabelle R. Miousse, Patricia A. Thompson, Philippa D. Darbre, Frederik J. van Schooten, Sofia Pavanello, Igor Koturbash, Binhua P. Zhou, Ranjeet Kumar Sinha, Anna C. Salzberg, Mahara Valverde, Fahd Al-Mulla, Julia Kravchenko, Nicole Kleinstreuer, Carolyn J. Baglole, Menghang Xia, Samira A. Brooks, Amancio Carnero, Gunnar Brunborg, Sandra S. Wise, Daniel C. Koch, John Pierce Wise, Rabeah Al-Temaimi, Laetitia Gonzalez, Lisa J. McCawley, R. Brooks Robey, Gary S. Goldberg, Thierry Massfelder, Linda S M Gulliver, Olugbemiga Ogunkua, Emilio Rojas, Eun-Yi Moon, Lin Li, Silvana Papagerakis, Nik van Larebeke, Adela Lopez de Cerain Salsamendi, Staffan Eriksson, Simona Romano, Dean W. Felsher, Paramita M. Ghosh, Karine A. Cohen-Solal, Paul Dent, Jun Sun, Carmen Blanco-Aparicio, Riccardo Di Fiore, Chia-Wen Hsu, Mahin Khatami, Kannan Badri Narayanan, Francis Martin, Colleen S. Curran, Dale W. Laird, William H. Goodson, Abdul Manaf Ali, Valerie Odero-Marah, Michael J. Gonzalez, Renza Vento, Liang Tzung Lin, Clement G. Yedjou, Hosni Salem, Hsue-Yin Hsu, Zhenbang Chen, Nuzhat Ahmed, Gerard Wagemaker, Sandra Ryeom, Stefano Forte, Debasish Roy, Nancy B. Kuemmerle, Robert C. Castellino, Po Sing Leung, Wilhelm Engström, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (US), Research Council of Norway, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cáncer (España), European Commission, Junta de Andalucía, Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (España), Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, University of Oslo, Regione Emilia Romagna, National Institutes of Health (US), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México), Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, National Research Foundation of Korea, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (South Korea), Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (Chile), Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Czech Science Foundation, Fundación Fero, Swim Across America, American Cancer Society, Research Foundation - Flanders, Austrian Science Fund, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (France), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Farmacologie en Toxicologie, RS: NUTRIM - R4 - Gene-environment interaction, Goodson, William H, Lowe, Leroy, Carpenter, David O, Gilbertson, Michael, Manaf Ali, Abdul, Lopez de Cerain Salsamendi, Adela, Lasfar, Ahmed, Carnero, Amancio, Azqueta, Amaya, Amedei, Amedeo, Charles, Amelia K, Collins, Andrew R, Ward, Andrew, Salzberg, Anna C, Colacci, Annamaria, Olsen, Ann Karin, Berg, Arthur, Barclay, Barry J, Zhou, Binhua P, Blanco Aparicio, Carmen, Baglole, Carolyn J, Dong, Chenfang, Mondello, Chiara, Hsu, Chia Wen, Naus, Christian C, Yedjou, Clement, Curran, Colleen S, Laird, Dale W, Koch, Daniel C, Carlin, Danielle J, Felsher, Dean W, Roy, Debasish, Brown, Dustin G, Ratovitski, Edward, Ryan, Elizabeth P, Corsini, Emanuela, Rojas, Emilio, Moon, Eun Yi, Laconi, Ezio, Marongiu, Fabio, Al Mulla, Fahd, Chiaradonna, Ferdinando, Darroudi, Firouz, Martin, Francis L, Van Schooten, Frederik J, Goldberg, Gary S, Wagemaker, Gerard, Nangami, Gladys N, Calaf, Gloria M, Williams, Graeme, Wolf, Gregory T, Koppen, Gudrun, Brunborg, Gunnar, Lyerly, H. Kim, Krishnan, Harini, Ab Hamid, Hasiah, Yasaei, Hemad, Sone, Hideko, Kondoh, Hiroshi, Salem, Hosni K, Hsu, Hsue Yin, Park, Hyun Ho, Koturbash, Igor, Miousse, Isabelle R, Scovassi, A. Ivana, Klaunig, James E, Vondráček, Jan, Raju, Jayadev, Roman, Jesse, Wise, John Pierce, Whitfield, Jonathan R, Woodrick, Jordan, Christopher, Joseph A, Ochieng, Josiah, Martinez Leal, Juan Fernando, Weisz, Judith, Kravchenko, Julia, Sun, Jun, Prudhomme, Kalan R, Narayanan, Kannan Badri, Cohen Solal, Karine A, Moorwood, Kim, Gonzalez, Laetitia, Soucek, Laura, Jian, Le, D'Abronzo, Leandro S, Lin, Liang Tzung, Li, Lin, Gulliver, Linda, Mccawley, Lisa J, Memeo, Lorenzo, Vermeulen, Loui, Leyns, Luc, Zhang, Luoping, Valverde, Mahara, Khatami, Mahin, Romano, MARIA FIAMMETTA, Chapellier, Marion, Williams, Marc A, Wade, Mark, Manjili, Masoud H, Lleonart, Matilde E, Xia, Menghang, Gonzalez, Michael J, Karamouzis, Michalis V, Kirsch Volders, Micheline, Vaccari, Monica, Kuemmerle, Nancy B, Singh, Neetu, Cruickshanks, Nichola, Kleinstreuer, Nicole, van Larebeke, Nik, Ahmed, Nuzhat, Ogunkua, Olugbemiga, Krishnakumar, P. K, Vadgama, Pankaj, Marignani, Paola A, Ghosh, Paramita M, Ostrosky Wegman, Patricia, Thompson, Patricia A, Dent, Paul, Heneberg, Petr, Darbre, Philippa, Sing Leung, Po, Nangia Makker, Pratima, Cheng, Qiang Shawn, Robey, R. Brook, Al Temaimi, Rabeah, Roy, Rabindra, Andrade Vieira, Rafaela, Sinha, Ranjeet K, Mehta, Rekha, Vento, Renza, Di Fiore, Riccardo, Ponce Cusi, Richard, Dornetshuber Fleiss, Rita, Nahta, Rita, Castellino, Robert C, Palorini, Roberta, Abd Hamid, Roslida, Langie, Sabine A. S, Eltom, Sakina E, Brooks, Samira A, Ryeom, Sandra, Wise, Sandra S, Bay, Sarah N, Harris, Shelley A, Papagerakis, Silvana, Romano, Simona, Pavanello, Sofia, Eriksson, Staffan, Forte, Stefano, Casey, Stephanie C, Luanpitpong, Sudjit, Lee, Tae Jin, Otsuki, Takemi, Chen, Tao, Massfelder, Thierry, Sanderson, Thoma, Guarnieri, Tiziana, Hultman, Tove, Dormoy, Valérian, Odero Marah, Valerie, Sabbisetti, Venkata, Maguer Satta, Veronique, Rathmell, W. Kimryn, Engström, Wilhelm, Decker, William K, Bisson, William H, Rojanasakul, Yon, Luqmani, Yunu, Chen, Zhenbang, Hu, Zhiwei, Goodson, W., Lowe, L., Carpenter, D., Gilbertson, M., Ali, A., de Cerain Salsamendi, A., Lasfar, A., Carnero, A., Azqueta, A., Amedei, A., Charles, A., Collins, A., Ward, A., Salzberg, A., Colacci, A., Olsen, A., Berg, A., Barclay, B., Zhou, B., Blanco-Aparicio, C., Baglole, C., Dong, C., Mondello, C., Hsu, C., Naus, C., Yedjou, C., Curran, C., Laird, D., Koch, D., Carlin, D., Felsher, D., Roy, D., Brown, D., Ratovitski, E., Ryan, E., Corsini, E., Rojas, E., Moon, E., Laconi, E., Marongiu, F., Al-Mulla, F., Chiaradonna, F., Darroudi, F., Martin, F., Van Schooten, F., Goldberg, G., Wagemaker, G., Nangami, G., Calaf, G., Williams, G., Wolf, G., Koppen, G., Brunborg, G., Kim Lyerly, H., Krishnan, H., Hamid, H., Yasaei, H., Sone, H., Kondoh, H., Salem, H., Hsu, H., Park, H., Koturbash, I., Miousse, I., Ivana Scovassi, A., Klaunig, J., Vondráček, J., Raju, J., Roman, J., Wise, J., Whitfield, J., Woodrick, J., Christopher, J., Ochieng, J., Martinez-Leal, J., Weisz, J., Kravchenko, J., Sun, J., Prudhomme, K., Narayanan, K., Cohen-Solal, K., Moorwood, K., Gonzalez, L., Soucek, L., Jian, L., D'Abronzo, L., Lin, L., Li, L., Gulliver, L., Mccawley, L., Memeo, L., Vermeulen, L., Leyns, L., Zhang, L., Valverde, M., Khatami, M., Romano, M., Chapellier, M., Williams, M., Wade, M., Manjili, M., Lleonart, M., Xia, M., Gonzalez, M., Karamouzis, M., Kirsch-Volders, M., Vaccari, M., Kuemmerle, N., Singh, N., Cruickshanks, N., Kleinstreuer, N., Van Larebeke, N., Ahmed, N., Ogunkua, O., Krishnakumar, P., Vadgama, P., Marignani, P., Ghosh, P., Ostrosky-Wegman, P., Thompson, P., Dent, P., Heneberg, P., Darbre, P., Leung, P., Nangia-Makker, P., Cheng, Q., Brooks Robey, R., Al-Temaimi, R., Roy, R., Andrade-Vieira, R., Sinha, R., Mehta, R., Vento, R., Di Fiore, R., Ponce-Cusi, R., Dornetshuber-Fleiss, R., Nahta, R., Castellino, R., Palorini, R., Hamid, R., Langie, S., Eltom, S., Brooks, S., Ryeom, S., Wise, S., Bay, S., Harris, S., Papagerakis, S., Romano, S., Pavanello, S., Eriksson, S., Forte, S., Casey, S., Luanpitpong, S., Lee, T., Otsuki, T., Chen, T., Massfelder, T., Sanderson, T., Guarnieri, T., Hultman, T., Dormoy, V., Odero-Marah, V., Sabbisetti, V., Maguer-Satta, V., Kimryn Rathmell, W., Engström, W., Decker, W., Bisson, W., Rojanasakul, Y., Luqmani, Y., Chen, Z., Hu, Z., Goodson, W.H., Carpenter, D.O., Ali, A.M., de Cerain Salsamendi, A.L., Charles, A.K., Collins, A.R., Salzberg, A.C., Olsen, A.-K., Barclay, B.J., Zhou, B.P., Baglole, C.J., Hsu, C.-W., Naus, C.C., Curran, C.S., Laird, D.W., Koch, D.C., Carlin, D.J., Felsher, D.W., Brown, D.G., Ryan, E.P., Moon, E.-Y., Martin, F.L., Van Schooten, F.J., Goldberg, G.S., Calaf, G.M., Wolf, G.T., Hamid, H.A., Salem, H.K., Hsu, H.-Y., Park, H.H., Miousse, I.R., Klaunig, J.E., Vondracek, J., Wise, J.P., Whitfield, J.R., Christopher, J.A., Martinez-Leal, J.F., Prudhomme, K.R., Narayanan, K.B., Cohen-Solal, K.A., D'Abronzo, L.S., Lin, L.-T., Mccawley, L.J., Romano, M.F., Williams, M.A., Manjili, M.H., Gonzalez, M.J., Karamouzis, M.V., Kuemmerle, N.B., Krishnakumar, P.K., Marignani, P.A., Ghosh, P.M., Leung, P.S., Cheng, Q.S., Sinha, R.K., Castellino, R.C., Hamid, R.A., Langie, S.A.S., Brooks, S.A., Wise, S.S., Bay, S.N., Harris, S.A., Casey, S.C., Lee, T.-J., Engstrom, W., Decker, W.K., Bisson, W.H., sans affiliation, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (UNICANCER/CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Institut Armand Frappier (INRS-IAF), Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique [Québec] (INRS)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), We gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Institute of Health-National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) conference grant travel support (R13ES023276), Glenn Rice, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA also deserves thanks for his thoughtful feedback and inputs on the manuscript, William H.Goodson III was supported by the California Breast Cancer Research Program, Clarence Heller Foundation and California Pacific Medical Center Foundation, Abdul M.Ali would like to acknowledge the financial support of the University of Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia, Ahmed Lasfar was supported by an award from the Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Ann-Karin Olsen and Gunnar Brunborg were supported by the Research Council of Norway (RCN) through its Centres of Excellence funding scheme (223268/F50), Amancio Carnero’s lab was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity, ISCIII (Fis: PI12/00137, RTICC: RD12/0036/0028) co-funded by FEDER from Regional Development European Funds (European Union), Consejeria de Ciencia e Innovacion (CTS-1848) and Consejeria de Salud of the Junta de Andalucia (PI-0306-2012), Matilde E. Lleonart was supported by a trienal project grant PI12/01104 and by project CP03/00101 for personal support. Amaya Azqueta would like to thank the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia (‘Juande la Cierva’ programme, 2009) of the Spanish Government for personal support, Amedeo Amedei was supported by the Italian Ministry of University and Research (2009FZZ4XM_002), and the University of Florence (ex60%2012), Andrew R.Collins was supported by the University of Oslo, Annamaria Colacci was supported by the Emilia-Romagna Region - Project ‘Supersite’ in Italy, Carolyn Baglole was supported by a salary award from the Fonds de recherche du Quebec-Sante (FRQ-S), Chiara Mondello’s laboratory is supported by Fondazione Cariplo in Milan, Italy (grant n. 2011-0370), Christian C.Naus holds a Canada Research Chair, Clement Yedjou was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH-NIMHD grant no. G12MD007581), Daniel C.Koch is supported by the Burroughs Wellcome Fund Postdoctoral Enrichment Award and the Tumor Biology Training grant: NIH T32CA09151, Dean W. Felsher would like to acknowledge the support of United States Department of Health and Human Services, NIH grants (R01 CA170378 PQ22, R01 CA184384, U54 CA149145, U54 CA151459, P50 CA114747 and R21 CA169964), Emilio Rojas would like to thank CONACyT support 152473, Ezio Laconi was supported by AIRC (Italian Association for Cancer Research, grant no. IG 14640) and by the Sardinian Regional Government (RAS), Eun-Yi Moon was supported by grants from the Public Problem-Solving Program (NRF-015M3C8A6A06014500) and Nuclear R&D Program (#2013M2B2A9A03051296 and 2010-0018545) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) and funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) in Korea, Fahd Al-Mulla was supported by the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (2011-1302-06), Ferdinando Chiaradonna is supported by SysBioNet, a grant for the Italian Roadmap of European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) and by AIRC (Associazione Italiana Ricerca sul Cancro, IG 15364), Francis L.Martin acknowledges funding from Rosemere Cancer Foundation, he also thanks Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS trust and the patients who have facilitated the studies he has undertaken over the course of the last 10 years, Gary S.Goldberg would like to acknowledge the support of the New Jersey Health Foundation, Gloria M.Calaf was supported by Fondo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (FONDECYT), Ministerio de Educación de Chile (MINEDUC), Universidad de Tarapacá (UTA), Gudrun Koppen was supported by the Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Belgium, Hemad Yasaei was supported from a triennial project grant (Strategic Award) from the National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction (NC3Rs) of animals in research (NC.K500045.1 and G0800697), Hiroshi Kondoh was supported in part by grants from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan, Japan Science and Technology Agency and by JST, CREST, Hsue-Yin Hsu was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (NSC93-2314-B-320-006 and NSC94-2314-B-320-002), Hyun Ho Park was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012R1A2A2A01010870) and a grant from the Korea Healthcare Technology R&D project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (HI13C1449), Igor Koturbash is supported by the UAMS/NIH Clinical and Translational Science Award (UL1TR000039 and KL2TR000063) and the Arkansas Biosciences Institute, the major research component of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Proceeds Act of 2000, Jan Vondráček acknowledges funding from the Czech Science Foundation (13-07711S), Jesse Roman thanks the NIH for their support (CA116812), John Pierce Wise Sr. and Sandra S.Wise were supported by National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES016893 to J.P.W.) and the Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, Jonathan Whitfield acknowledges support from the FERO Foundation in Barcelona, Spain, Joseph Christopher is funded by Cancer Research UK and the International Journal of Experimental Pathology, Julia Kravchenko is supported by a philanthropic donation by Fred and Alice Stanback, Jun Sun is supported by a Swim Across America Cancer Research Award, Karine A.Cohen-Solal is supported by a research scholar grant from the American Cancer Society (116683-RSG-09-087-01-TBE), Laetitia Gonzalez received a postdoctoral fellowship from the Fund for Scientific Research–Flanders (FWO-Vlaanderen) and support by an InterUniversity Attraction Pole grant (IAP-P7-07), Laura Soucek is supported by grant #CP10/00656 from the Miguel Servet Research Contract Program and acknowledges support from the FERO Foundation in Barcelona, Spain, Liang-Tzung Lin was supported by funding from the Taipei Medical University (TMU101-AE3-Y19), Linda Gulliver is supported by a Genesis Oncology Trust (NZ) Professional Development Grant, and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, Louis Vermeulen is supported by a Fellowship of the Dutch Cancer Society (KWF, UVA2011-4969) and a grant from the AICR (14–1164), Mahara Valverde would like to thank CONACyT support 153781, Masoud H. Manjili was supported by the office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs (USA) through the Breast Cancer Research Program under Award No. W81XWH-14-1-0087 Neetu Singh was supported by grant #SR/FT/LS-063/2008 from the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, Nicole Kleinstreuer is supported by NIEHS contracts (N01-ES 35504 and HHSN27320140003C), P.K. Krishnakumar is supported by the Funding (No. T.K. 11-0629) of King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Paola A.Marignani is supported by the Dalhousie Medical Research Foundation, The Beatrice Hunter Cancer Institute and CIHR and the Nova Scotia Lung Association, Paul Dent is the holder of the Universal Inc.Chair in Signal Transduction Research and is supported with funds from PHS grants from the NIH (R01-CA141704, R01-CA150214, R01-DK52825 and R01-CA61774), Petr Heneberg was supported by the Charles University in Prague projects UNCE 204015 and PRVOUK P31/2012, and by the Czech Science Foundation projects P301/12/1686 and 15-03834Y, Po Sing Leung was supported by the Health and Medical Research Fund of Food and Health Bureau, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Ref. No: 10110021, Qiang Cheng was supported in part by grant NSF IIS-1218712, R. Brooks Robey is supported by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Rabindra Roy was supported by United States Public Health Service Grants (RO1 CA92306, RO1 CA92306-S1 and RO1 CA113447), Rafaela Andrade-Vieira is supported by the Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute and the Nova Scotia Health Research Foundation, Renza Vento was partially funded by European Regional Development Fund, European Territorial Cooperation 2007–13 (CCI 2007 CB 163 PO 037, OP Italia-Malta 2007–13) and grants from the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) ex-60%, 2007, Riccardo Di Fiore was a recipient of fellowship granted by European Regional Development Fund, European Territorial Cooperation 2007–2013 (CCI 2007 CB 163 PO 037, OP Italia-Malta 2007–2013), Rita Dornetshuber-Fleiss was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF, project number T 451-B18) and the Johanna Mahlke, geb.-Obermann-Stiftung, Roberta Palorini is supported by a SysBioNet fellowship, Roslida Abd Hamid is supported by the Ministry of Education, Malaysia-Exploratory Research Grant Scheme-Project no: ERGS/1-2013/5527165, Sabine A.S.Langie is the beneficiary of a postdoctoral grant from the AXA Research Fund and the Cefic-LRI Innovative Science Award 2013, Sakina Eltom is supported by NIH grant SC1CA153326, Samira A.Brooks was supported by National Research Service Award (T32 ES007126) from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the HHMI Translational Medicine Fellowship, Sandra Ryeom was supported by The Garrett B. Smith Foundation and the TedDriven Foundation, Thierry Massfelder was supported by the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM and Université de Strasbourg, Thomas Sanderson is supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR, MOP-115019), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC, 313313) and the California Breast Cancer Research Program (CBCRP, 17UB-8703), Tiziana Guarnieri is supported by a grant from Fundamental Oriented Research (RFO) to the Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy and thanks the Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Bologna and the Fondazione Banca del Monte di Bologna e Ravenna for supporting the Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy, W.Kimryn Rathmell is supported by the V Foundation for Cancer Research and the American Cancer Society, William K.Decker was supported in part by grant RP110545 from the Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas, William H.Bisson was supported with funding from the NIH P30 ES000210, Yon Rojanasakul was supported with NIH grant R01-ES022968, Zhenbang Chen is supported by NIH grants (MD004038, CA163069 and MD007593), Zhiwei Hu is grateful for the grant support from an institutional start-up fund from The Ohio State University College of Medicine and The OSU James Comprehensive Cancer Center (OSUCCC) and a Seed Award from the OSUCCC Translational Therapeutics Program., Sans affiliation, Courcelles, Michel, Goodson, W, Lowe, L, Carpenter, D, Gilbertson, M, Ali, A, de Cerain Salsamendi, A, Lasfar, A, Carnero, A, Azqueta, A, Amedei, A, Charles, A, Collins, A, Ward, A, Salzberg, A, Colacci, A, Olsen, A, Berg, A, Barclay, B, Zhou, B, Blanco Aparicio, C, Baglole, C, Dong, C, Mondello, C, Hsu, C, Naus, C, Yedjou, C, Curran, C, Laird, D, Koch, D, Carlin, D, Felsher, D, Roy, D, Brown, D, Ratovitski, E, Ryan, E, Corsini, E, Rojas, E, Moon, E, Laconi, E, Marongiu, F, Al Mulla, F, Chiaradonna, F, Darroudi, F, Martin, F, Van Schooten, F, Goldberg, G, Wagemaker, G, Nangami, G, Calaf, G, Williams, G, Wolf, G, Koppen, G, Brunborg, G, Kim Lyerly, H, Krishnan, H, Hamid, H, Yasaei, H, Sone, H, Kondoh, H, Salem, H, Hsu, H, Park, H, Koturbash, I, Miousse, I, Ivana Scovassi, A, Klaunig, J, Vondráček, J, Raju, J, Roman, J, Wise, J, Whitfield, J, Woodrick, J, Christopher, J, Ochieng, J, Martinez Leal, J, Weisz, J, Kravchenko, J, Sun, J, Prudhomme, K, Narayanan, K, Cohen Solal, K, Moorwood, K, Gonzalez, L, Soucek, L, Jian, L, D'Abronzo, L, Lin, L, Li, L, Gulliver, L, Mccawley, L, Memeo, L, Vermeulen, L, Leyns, L, Zhang, L, Valverde, M, Khatami, M, Romano, M, Chapellier, M, Williams, M, Wade, M, Manjili, M, Lleonart, M, Xia, M, Gonzalez, M, Karamouzis, M, Kirsch Volders, M, Vaccari, M, Kuemmerle, N, Singh, N, Cruickshanks, N, Kleinstreuer, N, Van Larebeke, N, Ahmed, N, Ogunkua, O, Krishnakumar, P, Vadgama, P, Marignani, P, Ghosh, P, Ostrosky Wegman, P, Thompson, P, Dent, P, Heneberg, P, Darbre, P, Leung, P, Nangia Makker, P, Cheng, Q, Brooks Robey, R, Al Temaimi, R, Roy, R, Andrade Vieira, R, Sinha, R, Mehta, R, Vento, R, Di Fiore, R, Ponce Cusi, R, Dornetshuber Fleiss, R, Nahta, R, Castellino, R, Palorini, R, Hamid, R, Langie, S, Eltom, S, Brooks, S, Ryeom, S, Wise, S, Bay, S, Harris, S, Papagerakis, S, Romano, S, Pavanello, S, Eriksson, S, Forte, S, Casey, S, Luanpitpong, S, Lee, T, Otsuki, T, Chen, T, Massfelder, T, Sanderson, T, Guarnieri, T, Hultman, T, Dormoy, V, Odero Marah, V, Sabbisetti, V, Maguer Satta, V, Kimryn Rathmell, W, Engström, W, Decker, W, Bisson, W, Rojanasakul, Y, Luqmani, Y, Chen, Z, and Hu, Z

Subjects
Cancer Research, Carcinogenesis, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], METHOXYCHLOR-INDUCED ALTERATIONS, Review, Pharmacology, MESH: Carcinogens, Environmental, Carcinogenic synergies, Chemical mixtures, Neoplasms, MESH: Animals, MESH: Neoplasms, Carcinogenesi, Risk assessment, Cancer, ACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASES, Medicine (all), Low dose, 1. No poverty, Cumulative effects, BREAST-CANCER CELLS, General Medicine, Environmental exposure, MESH: Carcinogenesis, BIO/10 - BIOCHIMICA, EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION, 3. Good health, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Environmental Carcinogenesis, ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR-ALPHA, Human, MESH: Environmental Exposure, ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS, TARGETING TISSUE FACTOR, [SDV.CAN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cancer, Biology, Prototypical chemical disruptors, Exposure, [SDV.CAN] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cancer, Environmental health, medicine, [SDV.EE.SANT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Carcinogen, Environmental carcinogenesis, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, MESH: Humans, Animal, POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS, Environmental Exposure, medicine.disease, MESH: Hazardous Substances, Carcinogens, Environmental, MIGRATION INHIBITORY FACTOR, VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS, Hazardous Substance, Neoplasm
Abstract

Goodson, William H. et al., © The Author 2015. Lifestyle factors are responsible for a considerable portion of cancer incidence worldwide, but credible estimates from the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) suggest that the fraction of cancers attributable to toxic environmental exposures is between 7% and 19%. To explore the hypothesis that low-dose exposures to mixtures of chemicals in the environment may be combining to contribute to environmental carcinogenesis, we reviewed 11 hallmark phenotypes of cancer, multiple priority target sites for disruption in each area and prototypical chemical disruptors for all targets, this included dose-response characterizations, evidence of low-dose effects and cross-hallmark effects for all targets and chemicals. In total, 85 examples of chemicals were reviewed for actions on key pathways/ mechanisms related to carcinogenesis. Only 15% (13/85) were found to have evidence of a dose-response threshold, whereas 59% (50/85) exerted low-dose effects. No dose-response information was found for the remaining 26% (22/85). Our analysis suggests that the cumulative effects of individual (non-carcinogenic) chemicals acting on different pathways, and a variety of related systems, organs, tissues and cells could plausibly conspire to produce carcinogenic synergies. Additional basic research on carcinogenesis and research focused on low-dose effects of chemical mixtures needs to be rigorously pursued before the merits of this hypothesis can be further advanced. However, the structure of the World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety 'Mode of Action' framework should be revisited as it has inherent weaknesses that are not fully aligned with our current understanding of cancer biology., We gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Institute of Health-National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) conference grant travel support (R13ES023276); Glenn Rice, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA also deserves thanks for his thoughtful feedback and inputs on the manuscript; William H.Goodson III was supported by the California Breast Cancer Research Program, Clarence Heller Foundation and California Pacific Medical Center Foundation; Abdul M.Ali would like to acknowledge the financial support of the University of Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia; Ahmed Lasfar was supported by an award from the Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey; Ann-Karin Olsen and Gunnar Brunborg were supported by the Research Council of Norway (RCN) through its Centres of Excellence funding scheme (223268/F50), Amancio Carnero’s lab was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity, ISCIII (Fis: PI12/00137, RTICC: RD12/0036/0028) co-funded by FEDER from Regional Development European Funds (European Union), Consejeria de Ciencia e Innovacion (CTS-1848) and Consejeria de Salud of the Junta de Andalucia (PI-0306-2012); Matilde E. Lleonart was supported by a trienal project grant PI12/01104 and by project CP03/00101 for personal support. Amaya Azqueta would like to thank the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia (‘Juande la Cierva’ programme, 2009) of the Spanish Government for personal support; Amedeo Amedei was supported by the Italian Ministry of University and Research (2009FZZ4XM_002), and the University of Florence (ex60%2012); Andrew R.Collins was supported by the University of Oslo; Annamaria Colacci was supported by the Emilia-Romagna Region - Project ‘Supersite’ in Italy; Carolyn Baglole was supported by a salary award from the Fonds de recherche du Quebec-Sante (FRQ-S); Chiara Mondello’s laboratory is supported by Fondazione Cariplo in Milan, Italy (grant n. 2011-0370); Christian C.Naus holds a Canada Research Chair; Clement Yedjou was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH-NIMHD grant no. G12MD007581); Daniel C.Koch is supported by the Burroughs Wellcome Fund Postdoctoral Enrichment Award and the Tumor Biology Training grant: NIH T32CA09151; Dean W. Felsher would like to acknowledge the support of United States Department of Health and Human Services, NIH grants (R01 CA170378 PQ22, R01 CA184384, U54 CA149145, U54 CA151459, P50 CA114747 and R21 CA169964); Emilio Rojas would like to thank CONACyT support 152473, Ezio Laconi was supported by AIRC (Italian Association for Cancer Research, grant no. IG 14640) and by the Sardinian Regional Government (RAS); Eun-Yi Moon was supported by grants from the Public Problem-Solving Program (NRF-015M3C8A6A06014500) and Nuclear R&D Program (#2013M2B2A9A03051296 and 2010-0018545) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) and funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) in Korea; Fahd Al-Mulla was supported by the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (2011-1302-06); Ferdinando Chiaradonna is supported by SysBioNet, a grant for the Italian Roadmap of European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) and by AIRC (Associazione Italiana Ricerca sul Cancro; IG 15364); Francis L.Martin acknowledges funding from Rosemere Cancer Foundation; he also thanks Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS trust and the patients who have facilitated the studies he has undertaken over the course of the last 10 years; Gary S.Goldberg would like to acknowledge the support of the New Jersey Health Foundation; Gloria M.Calaf was supported by Fondo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (FONDECYT), Ministerio de Educación de Chile (MINEDUC), Universidad de Tarapacá (UTA); Gudrun Koppen was supported by the Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Belgium; Hemad Yasaei was supported from a triennial project grant (Strategic Award) from the National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction (NC3Rs) of animals in research (NC.K500045.1 and G0800697); Hiroshi Kondoh was supported in part by grants from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan, Japan Science and Technology Agency and by JST, CREST; Hsue-Yin Hsu was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (NSC93-2314-B-320-006 and NSC94-2314-B-320-002); Hyun Ho Park was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012R1A2A2A01010870) and a grant from the Korea Healthcare Technology R&D project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (HI13C1449); Igor Koturbash is supported by the UAMS/NIH Clinical and Translational Science Award (UL1TR000039 and KL2TR000063) and the Arkansas Biosciences Institute, the major research component of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Proceeds Act of 2000; Jan Vondráček acknowledges funding from the Czech Science Foundation (13-07711S); Jesse Roman thanks the NIH for their support (CA116812), John Pierce Wise Sr. and Sandra S.Wise were supported by National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES016893 to J.P.W.) and the Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health; Jonathan Whitfield acknowledges support from the FERO Foundation in Barcelona, Spain; Joseph Christopher is funded by Cancer Research UK and the International Journal of Experimental Pathology; Julia Kravchenko is supported by a philanthropic donation by Fred and Alice Stanback; Jun Sun is supported by a Swim Across America Cancer Research Award; Karine A.Cohen-Solal is supported by a research scholar grant from the American Cancer Society (116683-RSG-09-087-01-TBE); Laetitia Gonzalez received a postdoctoral fellowship from the Fund for Scientific Research–Flanders (FWO-Vlaanderen) and support by an InterUniversity Attraction Pole grant (IAP-P7-07); Laura Soucek is supported by grant #CP10/00656 from the Miguel Servet Research Contract Program and acknowledges support from the FERO Foundation in Barcelona, Spain; Liang-Tzung Lin was supported by funding from the Taipei Medical University (TMU101-AE3-Y19); Linda Gulliver is supported by a Genesis Oncology Trust (NZ) Professional Development Grant, and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Louis Vermeulen is supported by a Fellowship of the Dutch Cancer Society (KWF, UVA2011-4969) and a grant from the AICR (14–1164); Mahara Valverde would like to thank CONACyT support 153781; Masoud H. Manjili was supported by the office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs (USA) through the Breast Cancer Research Program under Award No. W81XWH-14-1-0087 Neetu Singh was supported by grant #SR/FT/LS-063/2008 from the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India; Nicole Kleinstreuer is supported by NIEHS contracts (N01-ES 35504 and HHSN27320140003C); P.K. Krishnakumar is supported by the Funding (No. T.K. 11-0629) of King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Paola A.Marignani is supported by the Dalhousie Medical Research Foundation, The Beatrice Hunter Cancer Institute and CIHR and the Nova Scotia Lung Association; Paul Dent is the holder of the Universal Inc.Chair in Signal Transduction Research and is supported with funds from PHS grants from the NIH (R01-CA141704, R01-CA150214, R01-DK52825 and R01-CA61774); Petr Heneberg was supported by the Charles University in Prague projects UNCE 204015 and PRVOUK P31/2012, and by the Czech Science Foundation projects P301/12/1686 and 15-03834Y; Po Sing Leung was supported by the Health and Medical Research Fund of Food and Health Bureau, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Ref. No: 10110021; Qiang Cheng was supported in part by grant NSF IIS-1218712; R. Brooks Robey is supported by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Rabindra Roy was supported by United States Public Health Service Grants (RO1 CA92306, RO1 CA92306-S1 and RO1 CA113447); Rafaela Andrade-Vieira is supported by the Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute and the Nova Scotia Health Research Foundation, Renza Vento was partially funded by European Regional Development Fund, European Territorial Cooperation 2007–13 (CCI 2007 CB 163 PO 037, OP Italia-Malta 2007–13) and grants from the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) ex-60%, 2007; Riccardo Di Fiore was a recipient of fellowship granted by European Regional Development Fund, European Territorial Cooperation 2007–2013 (CCI 2007 CB 163 PO 037, OP Italia-Malta 2007–2013); Rita Dornetshuber-Fleiss was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF, project number T 451-B18) and the Johanna Mahlke, geb.-Obermann-Stiftung; Roberta Palorini is supported by a SysBioNet fellowship; Roslida Abd Hamid is supported by the Ministry of Education, Malaysia-Exploratory Research Grant Scheme-Project no: ERGS/1-2013/5527165; Sabine A.S.Langie is the beneficiary of a postdoctoral grant from the AXA Research Fund and the Cefic-LRI Innovative Science Award 2013; Sakina Eltom is supported by NIH grant SC1CA153326; Samira A.Brooks was supported by National Research Service Award (T32 ES007126) from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the HHMI Translational Medicine Fellowship; Sandra Ryeom was supported by The Garrett B. Smith Foundation and the TedDriven Foundation; Thierry Massfelder was supported by the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM and Université de Strasbourg; Thomas Sanderson is supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR; MOP-115019), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC; 313313) and the California Breast Cancer Research Program (CBCRP; 17UB-8703); Tiziana Guarnieri is supported by a grant from Fundamental Oriented Research (RFO) to the Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy and thanks the Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Bologna and the Fondazione Banca del Monte di Bologna e Ravenna for supporting the Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy; W.Kimryn Rathmell is supported by the V Foundation for Cancer Research and the American Cancer Society; William K.Decker was supported in part by grant RP110545 from the Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas; William H.Bisson was supported with funding from the NIH P30 ES000210; Yon Rojanasakul was supported with NIH grant R01-ES022968; Zhenbang Chen is supported by NIH grants (MD004038, CA163069 and MD007593); Zhiwei Hu is grateful for the grant support from an institutional start-up fund from The Ohio State University College of Medicine and The OSU James Comprehensive Cancer Center (OSUCCC) and a Seed Award from the OSUCCC Translational Therapeutics Program.

Published
2015

8. Mechanisms of environmental chemicals that enable the cancer hallmark of evasion of growth suppression

Author

Lorenzo Memeo, Jayadev Raju, Amedeo Amedei, Dustin G. Brown, Rafaela Andrade-Vieira, Jordan Woodrick, Dale W. Laird, Fahd Al-Mulla, Neetu Singh, Gary S. Goldberg, Debasish Roy, Rabeah Al-Temaimi, Paul Dent, William H. Bisson, Paola A. Marignani, Jan Vondráček, Gloria M. Calaf, Richard Ponce-Cusi, Karine A. Cohen-Solal, Riccardo Di Fiore, Rita Nahta, Annamaria Colacci, Hosni Salem, Robert C. Castellino, Elizabeth P. Ryan, Nichola Cruickshanks, Harini Krishnan, Chiara Mondello, Christian C. Naus, Mark Wade, Rabindra Roy, Monica Vaccari, Stefano Forte, Sarah N Bay, Roslida Abd Hamid, Ahmed Lasfar, A. Ivana Scovassi, Renza Vento, Nahta, R., Al-Mulla, F., Al-Temaimi, R., Amedei, A., Andrade-Vieira, R., Bay, S., Brown, D., Calaf, G., Castellino, R., Cohen-Solal, K., Colacci, A., Cruickshanks, N., Dent, P., Di Fiore, R., Forte, S., Goldberg, G., Hamid, R., Krishnan, H., Laird, D., Lasfar, A., Marignani, P., Memeo, L., Mondello, C., Naus, C., Ponce-Cusi, R., Raju, J., Roy, D., Roy, R., Ryan, E., Salem, H., Ivana Scovassi, A., Singh, N., Vaccari, M., Vento, R., Vondráček, J., Wade, M., Woodrick, J., and Bisson, W.

Subjects
Cancer Research, Review, Hazardous Substances, chemistry.chemical_compound, Neoplasms, Animals, Humans, Medicine, biology, Animal, business.industry, Medicine (all), Retinoblastoma protein, Contact inhibition, Cancer, Environmental Exposure, General Medicine, Environmental exposure, Evasion (ethics), medicine.disease, Cell biology, chemistry, Hazardous Substance, Immunology, Cancer cell, biology.protein, Neoplasm, Signal transduction, Growth inhibition, business, Human, Signal Transduction
Abstract

As part of the Halifax Project, this review brings attention to the potential effects of environmental chemicals on important molecular and cellular regulators of the cancer hallmark of evading growth suppression. Specifically, we review the mechanisms by which cancer cells escape the growth-inhibitory signals of p53, retinoblastoma protein, transforming growth factor-beta, gap junctions and contact inhibition. We discuss the effects of selected environmental chemicals on these mechanisms of growth inhibition and cross-reference the effects of these chemicals in other classical cancer hallmarks.

Published
2015

9. Metabolic reprogramming and dysregulated metabolism: Cause, consequence and/or enabler of environmental carcinogenesis?

Author

Stefano Forte, Arthur Berg, Graeme Williams, Ferdinando Chiaradonna, Francis Martin, Monica Vaccari, Annamaria Colacci, Dustin G. Brown, Amedeo Amedei, Judith Weisz, Roslida Abd Hamid, R. Brooks Robey, Jordan Woodrick, Nancy B. Kuemmerle, Rabeah Al-Temaimi, William H. Bisson, Lorenzo Memeo, Roberta Palorini, Hosni Salem, Neetu Singh, Joel N. Meyer, Jayadev Raju, A. Ivana Scovassi, Chiara Mondello, Laura L. Kubik, Rabindra Roy, Fahd Al-Mulla, Elizabeth P. Ryan, Leroy Lowe, Anna C. Salzberg, Brooks Robey, R, Weisz, J, Kuemmerle, N, Salzberg, A, Berg, A, Brown, D, Kubik, L, Palorini, R, Al Mulla, F, Al Temaimi, R, Colacci, A, Mondello, C, Raju, J, Woodrick, J, Ivana Scovassi, A, Singh, N, Vaccari, M, Roy, R, Forte, S, Memeo, L, Salem, H, Amedei, A, Hamid, R, Williams, G, Lowe, L, Meyer, J, Martin, F, Bisson, W, Chiaradonna, F, and Ryan, E

Subjects
Cancer Research, Carcinogenesis, Metabolic reprogramming, Computational biology, Review, Pharmacology, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Neoplasms, medicine, Animals, Humans, Carcinogenesi, Environmental risk assessment, Animal, General Medicine, Environmental exposure, Environmental Exposure, BIO/10 - BIOCHIMICA, Carcinogens, Environmental, Enabling, Cancer metabolism, Environmental Carcinogenesis, Neoplasm, Cancer development, Human
Abstract

Environmental contributions to cancer development are widely accepted, but only a fraction of all pertinent exposures have probably been identified. Traditional toxicological approaches to the problem have largely focused on the effects of individual agents at singular endpoints. As such, they have incompletely addressed both the pro-carcinogenic contributions of environmentally relevant low-dose chemical mixtures and the fact that exposures can influence multiple cancer-associated endpoints over varying timescales. Of these endpoints, dysregulated metabolism is one of the most common and recognizable features of cancer, but its specific roles in exposure-associated cancer development remain poorly understood. Most studies have focused on discrete aspects of cancer metabolism and have incompletely considered both its dynamic integrated nature and the complex controlling influences of substrate availability, external trophic signals and environmental conditions. Emerging high throughput approaches to environmental risk assessment also do not directly address the metabolic causes or consequences of changes in gene expression. As such, there is a compelling need to establish common or complementary frameworks for further exploration that experimentally and conceptually consider the gestalt of cancer metabolism and its causal relationships to both carcinogenesis and the development of other cancer hallmarks. A literature review to identify environmentally relevant exposures unambiguously linked to both cancer development and dysregulated metabolism suggests major gaps in our understanding of exposure-associated carcinogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. Although limited evidence exists to support primary causal roles for metabolism in carcinogenesis, the universality of altered cancer metabolism underscores its fundamental biological importance, and multiple pleiomorphic, even dichotomous, roles for metabolism in promoting, antagonizing or otherwise enabling the development and selection of cancer are suggested.

Published
2015

10. Environmental immune disruptors, inflammation and cancer risk

Author

Jordan Woodrick, Monica Vaccari, Jayadev Raju, Roslida Abd Hamid, William H. Bisson, Annamaria Colacci, Dustin G. Brown, Patricia A. Thompson, Lorenzo Memeo, Carolyn J. Baglole, Shelley A. Harris, Fahd Al-Mulla, Elizabeth P. Ryan, Rabeah Al-Temaimi, Eun-Yi Moon, Amedeo Amedei, Tiziana Guarnieri, Leroy Lowe, Hosni Salem, Jun Sun, Chiara Mondello, Neetu Singh, Rabindra Roy, A. Ivana Scovassi, Mahin Khatami, Stefano Forte, Thompson, Pa, Khatami, M, Baglole, Cj, Sun, J, Harris, Sa, Moon, Ey, Al-Mulla, F, Al-Temaimi, R, Brown, Dg, Colacci, A, Mondello, C, Raju, J, Ryan, Ep, Woodrick, J, Scovassi, Ai, Singh, N, Vaccari, M, Roy, R, Forte, S, Memeo, L, Salem, Hk, Amedei, A, Hamid, Ra, Lowe, L, Guarnieri, T, and Bisson, Wh.

Subjects
Risk, Cancer Research, Carcinogenesis, medicine.medical_treatment, Context (language use), Inflammation, Review, Biology, cancer inflammation environment immune sistem, Immune system, Neoplasms, medicine, Animals, Humans, Innate immune system, Innate lymphoid cell, General Medicine, Environmental exposure, Environmental Exposure, Acquired immune system, Carcinogens, Environmental, Immunity, Innate, Cytokine, Immunology, medicine.symptom
Abstract

An emerging area in environmental toxicology is the role that chemicals and chemical mixtures have on the cells of the human immune system. This is an important area of research that has been most widely pursued in relation to autoimmune diseases and allergy/asthma as opposed to cancer causation. This is despite the well-recognized role that innate and adaptive immunity play as essential factors in tumorigenesis. Here, we review the role that the innate immune cells of inflammatory responses play in tumorigenesis. Focus is placed on the molecules and pathways that have been mechanistically linked with tumor-associated inflammation. Within the context of chemically induced disturbances in immune function as co-factors in carcinogenesis, the evidence linking environmental toxicant exposures with perturbation in the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses is reviewed. Reported effects of bisphenol A, atrazine, phthalates and other common toxicants on molecular and cellular targets involved in tumor-associated inflammation (e.g. cyclooxygenase/prostaglandin E2, nuclear factor kappa B, nitric oxide synthesis, cytokines and chemokines) are presented as example chemically mediated target molecule perturbations relevant to cancer. Commentary on areas of additional research including the need for innovation and integration of systems biology approaches to the study of environmental exposures and cancer causation are presented.

11. A new sub-pathway of long-patch base excision repair involving 5' gap formation.

Author

Woodrick J, Gupta S, Camacho S, Parvathaneni S, Choudhury S, Cheema A, Bai Y, Khatkar P, Erkizan HV, Sami F, Su Y, Schärer OD, Sharma S, and Roy R

Subjects
Cell Line, DNA metabolism, DNA Damage, Humans, Models, Biological, DNA Repair, DNA-Binding Proteins metabolism, Endonucleases metabolism, Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 metabolism, RecQ Helicases metabolism, Replication Protein A metabolism
Abstract

Base excision repair (BER) is one of the most frequently used cellular DNA repair mechanisms and modulates many human pathophysiological conditions related to DNA damage. Through live cell and in vitro reconstitution experiments, we have discovered a major sub-pathway of conventional long-patch BER that involves formation of a 9-nucleotide gap 5' to the lesion. This new sub-pathway is mediated by RECQ1 DNA helicase and ERCC1-XPF endonuclease in cooperation with PARP1 poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and RPA The novel gap formation step is employed during repair of a variety of DNA lesions, including oxidative and alkylation damage. Moreover, RECQ1 regulates PARP1 auto-(ADP-ribosyl)ation and the choice between long-patch and single-nucleotide BER, thereby modulating cellular sensitivity to DNA damage. Based on these results, we propose a revised model of long-patch BER and a new key regulation point for pathway choice in BER., (© 2017 The Authors.)

Published
2017
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12. Antimitotic activity of DY131 and the estrogen-related receptor beta 2 (ERRβ2) splice variant in breast cancer.

Author

Heckler MM, Zeleke TZ, Divekar SD, Fernandez AI, Tiek DM, Woodrick J, Farzanegan A, Roy R, Üren A, Mueller SC, and Riggins RB

Subjects
Breast Neoplasms genetics, Breast Neoplasms pathology, Cell Cycle Checkpoints drug effects, Cell Line, Tumor, DNA Damage, Female, Histones genetics, Histones metabolism, Humans, MAP Kinase Signaling System drug effects, MCF-7 Cells, Protein Isoforms, RNA Splicing, Receptors, Estrogen genetics, Transfection, Antimitotic Agents pharmacology, Breast Neoplasms drug therapy, Breast Neoplasms metabolism, Receptors, Estrogen metabolism
Abstract

Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related death in women, and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks clinically actionable therapeutic targets. Death in mitosis is a tumor suppressive mechanism that occurs in cancer cells experiencing a defective M phase. The orphan estrogen-related receptor beta (ERRβ) is a key reprogramming factor in murine embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. In primates, ERRβ is alternatively spliced to produce several receptor isoforms. In cellular models of glioblastoma, short form (ERRβsf) and beta2 (ERRβ2) splice variants differentially regulate cell cycle progression in response to the synthetic agonist DY131, with ERRβ2 driving arrest in G2/M.The goals of the present study are to determine the cellular function(s) of ligand-activated ERRβ splice variants in breast cancer and evaluate the potential of DY131 to serve as an antimitotic agent, particularly in TNBC. DY131 inhibits growth in a diverse panel of breast cancer cell lines, causing cell death that involves the p38 stress kinase pathway and a bimodal cell cycle arrest. ERRβ2 facilitates the block in G2/M, and DY131 delays progression from prophase to anaphase. Finally, ERRβ2 localizes to centrosomes and DY131 causes mitotic spindle defects. Targeting ERRβ2 may therefore be a promising therapeutic strategy in breast cancer., Competing Interests: The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.

Published
2016
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13. The impact of low-dose carcinogens and environmental disruptors on tissue invasion and metastasis.

Author

Ochieng J, Nangami GN, Ogunkua O, Miousse IR, Koturbash I, Odero-Marah V, McCawley LJ, Nangia-Makker P, Ahmed N, Luqmani Y, Chen Z, Papagerakis S, Wolf GT, Dong C, Zhou BP, Brown DG, Colacci AM, Hamid RA, Mondello C, Raju J, Ryan EP, Woodrick J, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Roy R, Forte S, Memeo L, Salem HK, Amedei A, Al-Temaimi R, Al-Mulla F, Bisson WH, and Eltom SE

Subjects
Animals, Disease Progression, Environmental Exposure adverse effects, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition drug effects, Humans, Carcinogens, Environmental adverse effects, Neoplasm Invasiveness pathology, Neoplasm Metastasis pathology
Abstract

The purpose of this review is to stimulate new ideas regarding low-dose environmental mixtures and carcinogens and their potential to promote invasion and metastasis. Whereas a number of chapters in this review are devoted to the role of low-dose environmental mixtures and carcinogens in the promotion of invasion and metastasis in specific tumors such as breast and prostate, the overarching theme is the role of low-dose carcinogens in the progression of cancer stem cells. It is becoming clearer that cancer stem cells in a tumor are the ones that assume invasive properties and colonize distant organs. Therefore, low-dose contaminants that trigger epithelial-mesenchymal transition, for example, in these cells are of particular interest in this review. This we hope will lead to the collaboration between scientists who have dedicated their professional life to the study of carcinogens and those whose interests are exclusively in the arena of tissue invasion and metastasis., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Published
2015
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14. Metabolic reprogramming and dysregulated metabolism: cause, consequence and/or enabler of environmental carcinogenesis?

Author

Robey RB, Weisz J, Kuemmerle NB, Salzberg AC, Berg A, Brown DG, Kubik L, Palorini R, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Colacci A, Mondello C, Raju J, Woodrick J, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Roy R, Forte S, Memeo L, Salem HK, Amedei A, Hamid RA, Williams GP, Lowe L, Meyer J, Martin FL, Bisson WH, Chiaradonna F, and Ryan EP

Subjects
Animals, Humans, Neoplasms etiology, Carcinogenesis chemically induced, Carcinogenesis metabolism, Carcinogens, Environmental adverse effects, Environmental Exposure adverse effects, Neoplasms chemically induced, Neoplasms metabolism
Abstract

Environmental contributions to cancer development are widely accepted, but only a fraction of all pertinent exposures have probably been identified. Traditional toxicological approaches to the problem have largely focused on the effects of individual agents at singular endpoints. As such, they have incompletely addressed both the pro-carcinogenic contributions of environmentally relevant low-dose chemical mixtures and the fact that exposures can influence multiple cancer-associated endpoints over varying timescales. Of these endpoints, dysregulated metabolism is one of the most common and recognizable features of cancer, but its specific roles in exposure-associated cancer development remain poorly understood. Most studies have focused on discrete aspects of cancer metabolism and have incompletely considered both its dynamic integrated nature and the complex controlling influences of substrate availability, external trophic signals and environmental conditions. Emerging high throughput approaches to environmental risk assessment also do not directly address the metabolic causes or consequences of changes in gene expression. As such, there is a compelling need to establish common or complementary frameworks for further exploration that experimentally and conceptually consider the gestalt of cancer metabolism and its causal relationships to both carcinogenesis and the development of other cancer hallmarks. A literature review to identify environmentally relevant exposures unambiguously linked to both cancer development and dysregulated metabolism suggests major gaps in our understanding of exposure-associated carcinogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. Although limited evidence exists to support primary causal roles for metabolism in carcinogenesis, the universality of altered cancer metabolism underscores its fundamental biological importance, and multiple pleiomorphic, even dichotomous, roles for metabolism in promoting, antagonizing or otherwise enabling the development and selection of cancer are suggested., (Published by Oxford University Press 2015.)

Published
2015
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15. Mechanisms of environmental chemicals that enable the cancer hallmark of evasion of growth suppression.

Author

Nahta R, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Andrade-Vieira R, Bay SN, Brown DG, Calaf GM, Castellino RC, Cohen-Solal KA, Colacci A, Cruickshanks N, Dent P, Di Fiore R, Forte S, Goldberg GS, Hamid RA, Krishnan H, Laird DW, Lasfar A, Marignani PA, Memeo L, Mondello C, Naus CC, Ponce-Cusi R, Raju J, Roy D, Roy R, Ryan EP, Salem HK, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Vento R, Vondráček J, Wade M, Woodrick J, and Bisson WH

Subjects
Animals, Humans, Signal Transduction drug effects, Environmental Exposure adverse effects, Hazardous Substances adverse effects, Neoplasms chemically induced, Neoplasms etiology
Abstract

As part of the Halifax Project, this review brings attention to the potential effects of environmental chemicals on important molecular and cellular regulators of the cancer hallmark of evading growth suppression. Specifically, we review the mechanisms by which cancer cells escape the growth-inhibitory signals of p53, retinoblastoma protein, transforming growth factor-beta, gap junctions and contact inhibition. We discuss the effects of selected environmental chemicals on these mechanisms of growth inhibition and cross-reference the effects of these chemicals in other classical cancer hallmarks., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Published
2015
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16. Chemical compounds from anthropogenic environment and immune evasion mechanisms: potential interactions.

Author

Kravchenko J, Corsini E, Williams MA, Decker W, Manjili MH, Otsuki T, Singh N, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Colacci AM, Vaccari M, Mondello C, Scovassi AI, Raju J, Hamid RA, Memeo L, Forte S, Roy R, Woodrick J, Salem HK, Ryan EP, Brown DG, Bisson WH, Lowe L, and Lyerly HK

Subjects
Animals, Environment, Humans, Immune Evasion immunology, Immunologic Surveillance immunology, Neoplasms etiology, Hazardous Substances adverse effects, Hazardous Substances immunology, Immune Evasion drug effects, Immunologic Surveillance drug effects, Neoplasms chemically induced, Neoplasms immunology
Abstract

An increasing number of studies suggest an important role of host immunity as a barrier to tumor formation and progression. Complex mechanisms and multiple pathways are involved in evading innate and adaptive immune responses, with a broad spectrum of chemicals displaying the potential to adversely influence immunosurveillance. The evaluation of the cumulative effects of low-dose exposures from the occupational and natural environment, especially if multiple chemicals target the same gene(s) or pathway(s), is a challenge. We reviewed common environmental chemicals and discussed their potential effects on immunosurveillance. Our overarching objective was to review related signaling pathways influencing immune surveillance such as the pathways involving PI3K/Akt, chemokines, TGF-β, FAK, IGF-1, HIF-1α, IL-6, IL-1α, CTLA-4 and PD-1/PDL-1 could individually or collectively impact immunosurveillance. A number of chemicals that are common in the anthropogenic environment such as fungicides (maneb, fluoxastrobin and pyroclostrobin), herbicides (atrazine), insecticides (pyridaben and azamethiphos), the components of personal care products (triclosan and bisphenol A) and diethylhexylphthalate with pathways critical to tumor immunosurveillance. At this time, these chemicals are not recognized as human carcinogens; however, it is known that they these chemicalscan simultaneously persist in the environment and appear to have some potential interfere with the host immune response, therefore potentially contributing to promotion interacting with of immune evasion mechanisms, and promoting subsequent tumor growth and progression., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Published
2015
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17. Disruptive chemicals, senescence and immortality.

Author

Carnero A, Blanco-Aparicio C, Kondoh H, Lleonart ME, Martinez-Leal JF, Mondello C, Scovassi AI, Bisson WH, Amedei A, Roy R, Woodrick J, Colacci A, Vaccari M, Raju J, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Salem HK, Memeo L, Forte S, Singh N, Hamid RA, Ryan EP, Brown DG, Wise JP Sr, Wise SS, and Yasaei H

Subjects
Animals, Environmental Exposure adverse effects, Humans, Carcinogenesis chemically induced, Carcinogens administration & dosage, Cellular Senescence drug effects, Hazardous Substances adverse effects
Abstract

Carcinogenesis is thought to be a multistep process, with clonal evolution playing a central role in the process. Clonal evolution involves the repeated 'selection and succession' of rare variant cells that acquire a growth advantage over the remaining cell population through the acquisition of 'driver mutations' enabling a selective advantage in a particular micro-environment. Clonal selection is the driving force behind tumorigenesis and possesses three basic requirements: (i) effective competitive proliferation of the variant clone when compared with its neighboring cells, (ii) acquisition of an indefinite capacity for self-renewal, and (iii) establishment of sufficiently high levels of genetic and epigenetic variability to permit the emergence of rare variants. However, several questions regarding the process of clonal evolution remain. Which cellular processes initiate carcinogenesis in the first place? To what extent are environmental carcinogens responsible for the initiation of clonal evolution? What are the roles of genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens in carcinogenesis? What are the underlying mechanisms responsible for chemical carcinogen-induced cellular immortality? Here, we explore the possible mechanisms of cellular immortalization, the contribution of immortalization to tumorigenesis and the mechanisms by which chemical carcinogens may contribute to these processes., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Published
2015
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18. Assessing the carcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment: the challenge ahead.

Author

Goodson WH 3rd, Lowe L, Carpenter DO, Gilbertson M, Manaf Ali A, Lopez de Cerain Salsamendi A, Lasfar A, Carnero A, Azqueta A, Amedei A, Charles AK, Collins AR, Ward A, Salzberg AC, Colacci A, Olsen AK, Berg A, Barclay BJ, Zhou BP, Blanco-Aparicio C, Baglole CJ, Dong C, Mondello C, Hsu CW, Naus CC, Yedjou C, Curran CS, Laird DW, Koch DC, Carlin DJ, Felsher DW, Roy D, Brown DG, Ratovitski E, Ryan EP, Corsini E, Rojas E, Moon EY, Laconi E, Marongiu F, Al-Mulla F, Chiaradonna F, Darroudi F, Martin FL, Van Schooten FJ, Goldberg GS, Wagemaker G, Nangami GN, Calaf GM, Williams G, Wolf GT, Koppen G, Brunborg G, Lyerly HK, Krishnan H, Ab Hamid H, Yasaei H, Sone H, Kondoh H, Salem HK, Hsu HY, Park HH, Koturbash I, Miousse IR, Scovassi AI, Klaunig JE, Vondráček J, Raju J, Roman J, Wise JP Sr, Whitfield JR, Woodrick J, Christopher JA, Ochieng J, Martinez-Leal JF, Weisz J, Kravchenko J, Sun J, Prudhomme KR, Narayanan KB, Cohen-Solal KA, Moorwood K, Gonzalez L, Soucek L, Jian L, D'Abronzo LS, Lin LT, Li L, Gulliver L, McCawley LJ, Memeo L, Vermeulen L, Leyns L, Zhang L, Valverde M, Khatami M, Romano MF, Chapellier M, Williams MA, Wade M, Manjili MH, Lleonart ME, Xia M, Gonzalez MJ, Karamouzis MV, Kirsch-Volders M, Vaccari M, Kuemmerle NB, Singh N, Cruickshanks N, Kleinstreuer N, van Larebeke N, Ahmed N, Ogunkua O, Krishnakumar PK, Vadgama P, Marignani PA, Ghosh PM, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Thompson PA, Dent P, Heneberg P, Darbre P, Sing Leung P, Nangia-Makker P, Cheng QS, Robey RB, Al-Temaimi R, Roy R, Andrade-Vieira R, Sinha RK, Mehta R, Vento R, Di Fiore R, Ponce-Cusi R, Dornetshuber-Fleiss R, Nahta R, Castellino RC, Palorini R, Abd Hamid R, Langie SA, Eltom SE, Brooks SA, Ryeom S, Wise SS, Bay SN, Harris SA, Papagerakis S, Romano S, Pavanello S, Eriksson S, Forte S, Casey SC, Luanpitpong S, Lee TJ, Otsuki T, Chen T, Massfelder T, Sanderson T, Guarnieri T, Hultman T, Dormoy V, Odero-Marah V, Sabbisetti V, Maguer-Satta V, Rathmell WK, Engström W, Decker WK, Bisson WH, Rojanasakul Y, Luqmani Y, Chen Z, and Hu Z

Subjects
Animals, Humans, Carcinogenesis chemically induced, Carcinogens, Environmental adverse effects, Environmental Exposure adverse effects, Hazardous Substances adverse effects, Neoplasms chemically induced, Neoplasms etiology
Abstract

Lifestyle factors are responsible for a considerable portion of cancer incidence worldwide, but credible estimates from the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) suggest that the fraction of cancers attributable to toxic environmental exposures is between 7% and 19%. To explore the hypothesis that low-dose exposures to mixtures of chemicals in the environment may be combining to contribute to environmental carcinogenesis, we reviewed 11 hallmark phenotypes of cancer, multiple priority target sites for disruption in each area and prototypical chemical disruptors for all targets, this included dose-response characterizations, evidence of low-dose effects and cross-hallmark effects for all targets and chemicals. In total, 85 examples of chemicals were reviewed for actions on key pathways/mechanisms related to carcinogenesis. Only 15% (13/85) were found to have evidence of a dose-response threshold, whereas 59% (50/85) exerted low-dose effects. No dose-response information was found for the remaining 26% (22/85). Our analysis suggests that the cumulative effects of individual (non-carcinogenic) chemicals acting on different pathways, and a variety of related systems, organs, tissues and cells could plausibly conspire to produce carcinogenic synergies. Additional basic research on carcinogenesis and research focused on low-dose effects of chemical mixtures needs to be rigorously pursued before the merits of this hypothesis can be further advanced. However, the structure of the World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety 'Mode of Action' framework should be revisited as it has inherent weaknesses that are not fully aligned with our current understanding of cancer biology., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press.)

Published
2015
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19. Assessing the carcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment: focus on the cancer hallmark of tumor angiogenesis.

Author

Hu Z, Brooks SA, Dormoy V, Hsu CW, Hsu HY, Lin LT, Massfelder T, Rathmell WK, Xia M, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Brown DG, Prudhomme KR, Colacci A, Hamid RA, Mondello C, Raju J, Ryan EP, Woodrick J, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Roy R, Forte S, Memeo L, Salem HK, Lowe L, Jensen L, Bisson WH, and Kleinstreuer N

Subjects
Animals, Humans, Carcinogenesis chemically induced, Carcinogens, Environmental adverse effects, Environmental Exposure adverse effects, Hazardous Substances adverse effects, Neoplasms chemically induced, Neoplasms etiology, Neovascularization, Pathologic chemically induced
Abstract

One of the important 'hallmarks' of cancer is angiogenesis, which is the process of formation of new blood vessels that are necessary for tumor expansion, invasion and metastasis. Under normal physiological conditions, angiogenesis is well balanced and controlled by endogenous proangiogenic factors and antiangiogenic factors. However, factors produced by cancer cells, cancer stem cells and other cell types in the tumor stroma can disrupt the balance so that the tumor microenvironment favors tumor angiogenesis. These factors include vascular endothelial growth factor, endothelial tissue factor and other membrane bound receptors that mediate multiple intracellular signaling pathways that contribute to tumor angiogenesis. Though environmental exposures to certain chemicals have been found to initiate and promote tumor development, the role of these exposures (particularly to low doses of multiple substances), is largely unknown in relation to tumor angiogenesis. This review summarizes the evidence of the role of environmental chemical bioactivity and exposure in tumor angiogenesis and carcinogenesis. We identify a number of ubiquitous (prototypical) chemicals with disruptive potential that may warrant further investigation given their selectivity for high-throughput screening assay targets associated with proangiogenic pathways. We also consider the cross-hallmark relationships of a number of important angiogenic pathway targets with other cancer hallmarks and we make recommendations for future research. Understanding of the role of low-dose exposure of chemicals with disruptive potential could help us refine our approach to cancer risk assessment, and may ultimately aid in preventing cancer by reducing or eliminating exposures to synergistic mixtures of chemicals with carcinogenic potential., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Published
2015
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20. The effect of environmental chemicals on the tumor microenvironment.

Author

Casey SC, Vaccari M, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Barcellos-Hoff MH, Brown DG, Chapellier M, Christopher J, Curran CS, Forte S, Hamid RA, Heneberg P, Koch DC, Krishnakumar PK, Laconi E, Maguer-Satta V, Marongiu F, Memeo L, Mondello C, Raju J, Roman J, Roy R, Ryan EP, Ryeom S, Salem HK, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Soucek L, Vermeulen L, Whitfield JR, Woodrick J, Colacci A, Bisson WH, and Felsher DW

Subjects
Animals, Carcinogenesis chemically induced, Humans, Neoplasms chemically induced, Environmental Exposure adverse effects, Hazardous Substances adverse effects, Tumor Microenvironment drug effects
Abstract

Potentially carcinogenic compounds may cause cancer through direct DNA damage or through indirect cellular or physiological effects. To study possible carcinogens, the fields of endocrinology, genetics, epigenetics, medicine, environmental health, toxicology, pharmacology and oncology must be considered. Disruptive chemicals may also contribute to multiple stages of tumor development through effects on the tumor microenvironment. In turn, the tumor microenvironment consists of a complex interaction among blood vessels that feed the tumor, the extracellular matrix that provides structural and biochemical support, signaling molecules that send messages and soluble factors such as cytokines. The tumor microenvironment also consists of many host cellular effectors including multipotent stromal cells/mesenchymal stem cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cell precursors, antigen-presenting cells, lymphocytes and innate immune cells. Carcinogens can influence the tumor microenvironment through effects on epithelial cells, the most common origin of cancer, as well as on stromal cells, extracellular matrix components and immune cells. Here, we review how environmental exposures can perturb the tumor microenvironment. We suggest a role for disrupting chemicals such as nickel chloride, Bisphenol A, butyltins, methylmercury and paraquat as well as more traditional carcinogens, such as radiation, and pharmaceuticals, such as diabetes medications, in the disruption of the tumor microenvironment. Further studies interrogating the role of chemicals and their mixtures in dose-dependent effects on the tumor microenvironment could have important general mechanistic implications for the etiology and prevention of tumorigenesis., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Published
2015
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21. Disruptive environmental chemicals and cellular mechanisms that confer resistance to cell death.

Author

Narayanan KB, Ali M, Barclay BJ, Cheng QS, D'Abronzo L, Dornetshuber-Fleiss R, Ghosh PM, Gonzalez Guzman MJ, Lee TJ, Leung PS, Li L, Luanpitpong S, Ratovitski E, Rojanasakul Y, Romano MF, Romano S, Sinha RK, Yedjou C, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Brown DG, Ryan EP, Colacci A, Hamid RA, Mondello C, Raju J, Salem HK, Woodrick J, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Roy R, Forte S, Memeo L, Kim SY, Bisson WH, Lowe L, and Park HH

Subjects
Animals, Homeostasis drug effects, Humans, Carcinogenesis chemically induced, Carcinogens, Environmental adverse effects, Cell Death drug effects, Environmental Exposure adverse effects, Hazardous Substances adverse effects, Neoplasms chemically induced, Neoplasms etiology
Abstract

Cell death is a process of dying within biological cells that are ceasing to function. This process is essential in regulating organism development, tissue homeostasis, and to eliminate cells in the body that are irreparably damaged. In general, dysfunction in normal cellular death is tightly linked to cancer progression. Specifically, the up-regulation of pro-survival factors, including oncogenic factors and antiapoptotic signaling pathways, and the down-regulation of pro-apoptotic factors, including tumor suppressive factors, confers resistance to cell death in tumor cells, which supports the emergence of a fully immortalized cellular phenotype. This review considers the potential relevance of ubiquitous environmental chemical exposures that have been shown to disrupt key pathways and mechanisms associated with this sort of dysfunction. Specifically, bisphenol A, chlorothalonil, dibutyl phthalate, dichlorvos, lindane, linuron, methoxychlor and oxyfluorfen are discussed as prototypical chemical disruptors; as their effects relate to resistance to cell death, as constituents within environmental mixtures and as potential contributors to environmental carcinogenesis., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Published
2015
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22. Environmental immune disruptors, inflammation and cancer risk.

Author

Thompson PA, Khatami M, Baglole CJ, Sun J, Harris SA, Moon EY, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Brown DG, Colacci A, Mondello C, Raju J, Ryan EP, Woodrick J, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Roy R, Forte S, Memeo L, Salem HK, Amedei A, Hamid RA, Lowe L, Guarnieri T, and Bisson WH

Subjects
Animals, Carcinogenesis chemically induced, Carcinogenesis immunology, Humans, Immunity, Innate drug effects, Immunity, Innate immunology, Neoplasms etiology, Risk, Carcinogens, Environmental adverse effects, Environmental Exposure adverse effects, Inflammation chemically induced, Inflammation immunology, Neoplasms chemically induced, Neoplasms immunology
Abstract

An emerging area in environmental toxicology is the role that chemicals and chemical mixtures have on the cells of the human immune system. This is an important area of research that has been most widely pursued in relation to autoimmune diseases and allergy/asthma as opposed to cancer causation. This is despite the well-recognized role that innate and adaptive immunity play as essential factors in tumorigenesis. Here, we review the role that the innate immune cells of inflammatory responses play in tumorigenesis. Focus is placed on the molecules and pathways that have been mechanistically linked with tumor-associated inflammation. Within the context of chemically induced disturbances in immune function as co-factors in carcinogenesis, the evidence linking environmental toxicant exposures with perturbation in the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses is reviewed. Reported effects of bisphenol A, atrazine, phthalates and other common toxicants on molecular and cellular targets involved in tumor-associated inflammation (e.g. cyclooxygenase/prostaglandin E2, nuclear factor kappa B, nitric oxide synthesis, cytokines and chemokines) are presented as example chemically mediated target molecule perturbations relevant to cancer. Commentary on areas of additional research including the need for innovation and integration of systems biology approaches to the study of environmental exposures and cancer causation are presented., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Published
2015
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23. The potential for chemical mixtures from the environment to enable the cancer hallmark of sustained proliferative signalling.

Author

Engström W, Darbre P, Eriksson S, Gulliver L, Hultman T, Karamouzis MV, Klaunig JE, Mehta R, Moorwood K, Sanderson T, Sone H, Vadgama P, Wagemaker G, Ward A, Singh N, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Colacci AM, Vaccari M, Mondello C, Scovassi AI, Raju J, Hamid RA, Memeo L, Forte S, Roy R, Woodrick J, Salem HK, Ryan EP, Brown DG, and Bisson WH

Subjects
Animals, Humans, Carcinogens, Environmental adverse effects, Cell Proliferation drug effects, Environmental Exposure adverse effects, Hazardous Substances adverse effects, Neoplasms chemically induced, Neoplasms etiology, Signal Transduction drug effects
Abstract

The aim of this work is to review current knowledge relating the established cancer hallmark, sustained cell proliferation to the existence of chemicals present as low dose mixtures in the environment. Normal cell proliferation is under tight control, i.e. cells respond to a signal to proliferate, and although most cells continue to proliferate into adult life, the multiplication ceases once the stimulatory signal disappears or if the cells are exposed to growth inhibitory signals. Under such circumstances, normal cells remain quiescent until they are stimulated to resume further proliferation. In contrast, tumour cells are unable to halt proliferation, either when subjected to growth inhibitory signals or in the absence of growth stimulatory signals. Environmental chemicals with carcinogenic potential may cause sustained cell proliferation by interfering with some cell proliferation control mechanisms committing cells to an indefinite proliferative span., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Published
2015
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24. Causes of genome instability: the effect of low dose chemical exposures in modern society.

Author

Langie SA, Koppen G, Desaulniers D, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Azqueta A, Bisson WH, Brown DG, Brunborg G, Charles AK, Chen T, Colacci A, Darroudi F, Forte S, Gonzalez L, Hamid RA, Knudsen LE, Leyns L, Lopez de Cerain Salsamendi A, Memeo L, Mondello C, Mothersill C, Olsen AK, Pavanello S, Raju J, Rojas E, Roy R, Ryan EP, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Salem HK, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Van Schooten FJ, Valverde M, Woodrick J, Zhang L, van Larebeke N, Kirsch-Volders M, and Collins AR

Subjects
Animals, Humans, Carcinogenesis chemically induced, Carcinogens, Environmental adverse effects, Environmental Exposure adverse effects, Genomic Instability drug effects, Hazardous Substances adverse effects, Neoplasms chemically induced, Neoplasms etiology
Abstract

Genome instability is a prerequisite for the development of cancer. It occurs when genome maintenance systems fail to safeguard the genome's integrity, whether as a consequence of inherited defects or induced via exposure to environmental agents (chemicals, biological agents and radiation). Thus, genome instability can be defined as an enhanced tendency for the genome to acquire mutations; ranging from changes to the nucleotide sequence to chromosomal gain, rearrangements or loss. This review raises the hypothesis that in addition to known human carcinogens, exposure to low dose of other chemicals present in our modern society could contribute to carcinogenesis by indirectly affecting genome stability. The selected chemicals with their mechanisms of action proposed to indirectly contribute to genome instability are: heavy metals (DNA repair, epigenetic modification, DNA damage signaling, telomere length), acrylamide (DNA repair, chromosome segregation), bisphenol A (epigenetic modification, DNA damage signaling, mitochondrial function, chromosome segregation), benomyl (chromosome segregation), quinones (epigenetic modification) and nano-sized particles (epigenetic pathways, mitochondrial function, chromosome segregation, telomere length). The purpose of this review is to describe the crucial aspects of genome instability, to outline the ways in which environmental chemicals can affect this cancer hallmark and to identify candidate chemicals for further study. The overall aim is to make scientists aware of the increasing need to unravel the underlying mechanisms via which chemicals at low doses can induce genome instability and thus promote carcinogenesis., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Published
2015
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25. Germ line variants of human N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase show impaired DNA repair activity and facilitate 1,N6-ethenoadenine-induced mutations.

Author

Adhikari S, Chetram MA, Woodrick J, Mitra PS, Manthena PV, Khatkar P, Dakshanamurthy S, Dixon M, Karmahapatra SK, Nuthalapati NK, Gupta S, Narasimhan G, Mazumder R, Loffredo CA, Üren A, and Roy R

Subjects
Adenine pharmacology, Amino Acid Substitution, Animals, Catalytic Domain, Gene Expression, Genomic Instability, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Kinetics, Mice, Mice, Knockout, Surface Plasmon Resonance, Adenine analogs & derivatives, DNA Glycosylases chemistry, DNA Glycosylases genetics, DNA Glycosylases metabolism, DNA Repair drug effects, DNA Repair genetics, Mutagens pharmacology, Mutation, Missense, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Abstract

Human N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (hMPG) initiates base excision repair of a number of structurally diverse purine bases including 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine, hypoxanthine, and alkylation adducts in DNA. Genetic studies discovered at least eight validated non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) of the hMPG gene in human populations that result in specific single amino acid substitutions. In this study, we tested the functional consequences of these nsSNPs of hMPG. Our results showed that two specific arginine residues, Arg-141 and Arg-120, are important for the activity of hMPG as the germ line variants R120C and R141Q had reduced enzymatic activity in vitro as well as in mammalian cells. Expression of these two variants in mammalian cells lacking endogenous MPG also showed an increase in mutations and sensitivity to an alkylating agent compared with the WT hMPG. Real time binding experiments by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy suggested that these variants have substantial reduction in the equilibrium dissociation constant of binding (KD) of hMPG toward 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine-containing oligonucleotide (ϵA-DNA). Pre-steady-state kinetic studies showed that the substitutions at arginine residues affected the turnover of the enzyme significantly under multiple turnover condition. Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy further showed that both variants had significantly decreased nonspecific (undamaged) DNA binding. Molecular modeling suggested that R141Q substitution may have resulted in a direct loss of the salt bridge between ϵA-DNA and hMPG, whereas R120C substitution redistributed, at a distance, the interactions among residues in the catalytic pocket. Together our results suggest that individuals carrying R120C and R141Q MPG variants may be at risk for genomic instability and associated diseases as a consequence., (© 2015 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.)

Published
2015
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26. Slow repair of lipid peroxidation-induced DNA damage at p53 mutation hotspots in human cells caused by low turnover of a DNA glycosylase.

Author

Woodrick J, Gupta S, Khatkar P, Sarangi S, Narasimhan G, Trehan A, Adhikari S, and Roy R

Subjects
Adenine analogs & derivatives, Adenine metabolism, Animals, Cells, Cultured, DNA Damage, Endothelial Cells metabolism, Hepatocytes metabolism, Humans, Lipid Peroxidation, Mice, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction methods, DNA Glycosylases metabolism, DNA Repair, Genes, p53, Mutation
Abstract

Repair of oxidative stress- and inflammation-induced DNA lesions by the base excision repair (BER) pathway prevents mutation, a form of genomic instability which is often observed in cancer as 'mutation hotspots'. This suggests that some sequences have inherent mutability, possibly due to sequence-related differences in repair. This study has explored intrinsic mutability as a consequence of sequence-specific repair of lipid peroxidation-induced DNA adduct, 1, N(6)-ethenoadenine (εA). For the first time, we observed significant delay in repair of ϵA at mutation hotspots in the tumor suppressor gene p53 compared to non-hotspots in live human hepatocytes and endothelial cells using an in-cell real time PCR-based method. In-cell and in vitro mechanism studies revealed that this delay in repair was due to inefficient turnover of N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase (MPG), which initiates BER of εA. We determined that the product dissociation rate of MPG at the hotspot codons was ≈5-12-fold lower than the non-hotspots, suggesting a previously unknown mechanism for slower repair at mutation hotspots and implicating sequence-related variability of DNA repair efficiency to be responsible for mutation hotspot signatures., (© The Author(s) 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.)

Published
2014
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27. Characterization of magnesium requirement of human 5'-tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase mediated reaction.

Author

Adhikari S, Karmahapatra SK, Karve TM, Bandyopadhyay S, Woodrick J, Manthena PV, Glasgow E, Byers S, Saha T, and Uren A

Subjects
Animals, Calcium metabolism, Cell Extracts chemistry, DNA metabolism, DNA-Binding Proteins, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Embryo, Nonmammalian embryology, Enzyme Activation, Escherichia coli genetics, Fish Proteins isolation & purification, Humans, MCF-7 Cells, Nuclear Proteins genetics, Nuclear Proteins isolation & purification, Oligonucleotides metabolism, Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases, Recombinant Proteins genetics, Recombinant Proteins isolation & purification, Recombinant Proteins metabolism, Tissue Extracts chemistry, Transcription Factors genetics, Transcription Factors isolation & purification, Zebrafish embryology, Zinc metabolism, Embryo, Nonmammalian enzymology, Fish Proteins metabolism, Magnesium metabolism, Manganese metabolism, Nuclear Proteins metabolism, Transcription Factors metabolism, Zebrafish metabolism
Abstract

Background: Topo-poisons can produce an enzyme-DNA complex linked by a 3'- or 5'-phosphotyrosyl covalent bond. 3'-phosphotyrosyl bonds can be repaired by tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase-1 (TDP1), an enzyme known for years, but a complementary human enzyme 5'-tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase (hTDP2) that cleaves 5'-phosphotyrosyl bonds has been reported only recently. Although hTDP2 possesses both 3'- and 5'- tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase activity, the role of Mg2+ in its activity was not studied in sufficient details., Results: In this study we showed that purified hTDP2 does not exhibit any 5'-phosphotyrosyl phosphodiesterase activity in the absence of Mg2+/Mn2+, and that neither Zn2+ or nor Ca2+ can activate hTDP2. Mg2+ also controls 3'-phosphotyrosyl activity of TDP2. In MCF-7 cell extracts and de-yolked zebrafish embryo extracts, Mg2+ controlled 5'-phosphotyrosyl activity. This study also showed that there is an optimal Mg2+ concentration above which it is inhibitory for hTDP2 activity., Conclusion: These results altogether reveal the optimal Mg2+ requirement in hTDP2 mediated reaction.

Published
2012
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