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Post-use corrugated packaging cardboard is commonly known as old corrugated containers (OCC). They are complex and heterogeneous materials composed of various sources of unbleached cellulose pulp derived from several raw material processes which must be revalued due to its functionality, recyclability, and biodegradability. Besides, as recovered pulp have a greater composition of long fiber than short fiber because are mainly manufactured from softwood pulp by the kraft process. OCC are the main category of recovered paper; however, due to their high lignin content and hemicelluloses, additives, pollutants, hornification and degradation of fibers and other problems resulting from the pulp to cardboard conversion processes, their physical properties decrease with each recycling or reprocessing, which justifies evaluating a set of technologies to improve it. The objective of this work was to obtain improved unbleached and bleached OCC pulp more ecologically and economically justifiable than derived from wood chips for higher grade papers using sustainable processes evaluated in pilot scale tests. Mixed OCC were collected as waste from a landfill, cleaned, repulped, and treated with extended delignification with the alkaline soda process, obtaining a pulp with significant physical–mechanical improvements in relation to the original material, such as tensile strength, tearing resistance, bursting strength and folding endurance. The OCC soda pulp was bleached by a sequence totally free of chlorinated compounds (TCF), obtaining bleached pulp with optical and mechanical properties comparable to virgin pulps of annual plants such as bagasse but with improved drainage properties and lower processing costs. According to their properties, it is a competitive pulp obtained with emerging and existing technologies, available for use in various grades of printing and writing paper replacing totally or partially bleached wood pulp.

Purpose: This community service activity aimed to improve the skills or knowledge of lecturers in writing scientific papers as an urgent need in the academic world. Method: The coaching and training were conducted to lecturers/partners of the Kadesi Yogyakarta Theological College. The method used was coaching and training in scientific article writing. Results: The results of this activity showed that there was an increase of about 70% after coaching and training were carried out using the lecture, question, and answer, discussion, and simulation methods. It can be seen from the enthusiasm of the partners when making the article outline. Conclusion: Coaching and training activities for writing scientific articles have a very positive impact on partners in fostering interest in writing scientific papers in online journals. Keywords: Coaching, Training, Lecturers, Trick of writing paper

This study aims to evaluate the writing paper skills of students majoring in Elementary School teacher education study program. The research method used descriptive quantitative. The population of this study was 90 groups of students who programmed the Learning Outcomes Evaluation course. The sample consisted of 10 groups of students selected by purposive sampling based on the theme of their papers. The data were collected from the papers they compiled. Aspects that were evaluated are the systematics, introduction, discussion, conclusions, and references used. Additional data collected were the students’ assessment data on other group papers. The results of the analysis show that the degree of mastery of students in compiling papers was in a sufficient category. The ability to assess papers was still low. The difficulty lied in conformity to the template, writing the background, using sources, and presenting data in the form of tables or figures. All of these aspects were categorized as very low. This information can be used as a reference in developing a lecture system that can facilitate students to develop their skills in compiling papers.

This study is to identify errors made by rural primary school pupils in writing and to get information about the causes or sources of errors that lead to pupils’ writing problems. The conceptual framework concerns four types of errors committed by rural primary school pupils in writing, namely tense, spelling, and vocabulary. The study is based on Corder’s (1971) Error Analysis (EA) and Richards’ (1974) Causes or Sources of Errors as its theoretical framework. It was conducted at two rural schools with 44 pupils of Primary 5, aged 11, as the research sample. A written task was taken as the study instrument in order to answer two research questions. This study has revealed that tense is the most frequent error committed by the pupils, followed by punctuation, vocabulary, and spelling. Moreover, the pupils’ errors are caused by both interlingual and intralingual transfer. It is concerned with rural primary school settings in Kerian where the majority of the pupils use the Malay language as their medium of instruction. In addition, this study has its implication for English Language Education in Malaysia, in which it affects rural pupils’ performance especially in Primary School Achievement Test also known as Ujian Pencapaian Sekolah Rendah (UPSR) in English Writing paper. Some adjustments in the education system and the total involvement from education departments are meant to better reduce the number of low performers, especially in English writing to enhance the level of English proficiency in rural schools.

This study amis at establishing instructional material for the Subject of Seminar on English Language Teaching based on Flipped Learninng. In English Educational Study Program fifth semester students students of English Educational Study Program, FBS, UNIMED. The study was conducted by utilizing Research and Developmental Study There were three phases realized in this study: : First Survey and Evaluation Phase, second designing the material and finally validating theinstructional material. Based on the phases of the study followed, the following topics of instructional material were developed ; Foundation of Seminars, Some Key Terms s of Seminars and Paper Presentations, Analyzin Topics for Seminar , Working out Pertinant Topics, Establising Paper Outline, Writing Paper Draft, Editing and Finalizing Paper, Designing Paper Presentations, Developing Power Point Presentation, Rehearsing Presentation, Paper Presentation, Running Productive Seminar. The feasibility test of teaching materials by the specialist. The findings indicated that theoutcome of the study established were suitable pertinent and fit in with the students of English Education Study Program with the mean 4.32.The material was upload to E-Learning FBS UNIMED to be utilized by the students.

Malaysian Ministry of Education (MOE) puts a significant emphasis on improving the proficiency level of English language among students by developing numerous English programs. However, the outcomes are undesirable with the amount of investment put in. It is evident in the Primary School Evaluation Report 2018 where 25.45% of National School students failed the English language writing paper. The high percentage of failure indicates their ineptitude in writing skills. The exam-oriented learning culture has caused teachers to resort to traditional rote-learning and memorization methods which lead to meaningless teaching and no output. Hence, this study introduced a writing module, ‘The Write Stuff’ based on Project-based Learning techniques to enhance students’ writing skill. This mixed method study collected data from sixty students of two different schools. Survey questionnaires, content analysis and pre-test and post-test were used in the data collection. The results of the evaluation show an increment in students’ mean scores in the post-test which indicates that student writing skills were improving. The results also show potential use of ‘The Write Stuff’ to promote fun and active learning, as well as enhancing learners’ collaborative participation and dedication in completing the tasks in hand.

This paper proposes that Picasso’s landmark 1907 painting, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, is full of images of books and pages, especially at the borders of the canvas. The curving shapes which are traditionally seen as “curtains” can alternatively be interpreted as the white pages and brown paper wrappers of open books, rotated 90 degrees. This “visual marginalia” supports the interpretation of Picasso’s famous brothel scene as a semiotic construction, befitting the painting’s early title (devised by Picasso’s writer friends), “The Philosophical Brothel”. The painting also contains iconographic representations of textuality. A slightly open book can be perceived in the middle of the painting, and along the bottom border, an open envelope and writing paper can be seen laid atop the tipped-up table, under the fruit. I claim that Picasso’s images of texts derive from his acquaintance with the text-driven, monumental novel, Don Quixote. I give special attention to the narrative Author’s Preface to the Spanish literary classic, in which the author describes assembling quotations from diverse sources to compose the first and last pages of his book. Picasso visually represents this allusion by depicting pages at the left and right “ends” of his canvas. Other texts and images are considered as sources for the bibliographic imagery, which generally reframes this canvas as a fictive tissue of quotations, akin to the overabundance of texts that Don Quixote is reading in Cervantes’s novel. Picasso’s painted image of a blank leaf of writing paper and its envelope, finally, encourages viewers to see the painting as a letter of communication, for which we ourselves must provide the writing that would represent our interpretations.

The category of household and sanitary products is the most important category in the paper industry, because it is related to people’s daily lives all around the world. This category is seeing a rapid increase in consumption, while consumption in other categories, such as printing or writing paper, is presently declining. China is the largest manufacturer, as well as the largest consumer of household and sanitary paper. Nowadays, environmental consciousness and concerns are rising in China and have started to influence customers’ behavior in selecting and using paper products. In the present study, surveys were conducted of the paper industry, the retail market for paper, and end consumers of paper. The relationship between new challenges of the paper industry and consumers’ environmental concerns has been investigated and reported.

Both trade and production of graphic paper have decreased over the last three decades. While this general decrease can partially be attributed to increased prominence of information technology, the overall figure is devoid of context and thus of most of its meaning to global economy. In this study we aim to break this trend down across the geographical and temporal scope, across its supply-chain commodities and to find out what drives the global trade patterns. Econometric trade models focus on the trading countries and direct exports or imports but fail to consider the structural and the indirect trade relations. We take the approach of network analysis, where the emphasis is on the structure of trade and not on country-level descriptors. We focus on 1995–2017 period as within it this decrease can be observed and assess the entire graphic paper and pulp supply chain, consisting out of printing and writing paper, mechanical wood pulp, chemical wood pulp, semichemical wood pulp, pulp made from fiber other than wood, recovered paper and paperboard. We employ descriptive statistical and network analysis, grouping and role analysis, and end with an inferential logistic regression quadratic assignment procedure model. Results show that newsprint trade decline is mirrored in printing and writing paper and mechanical wood pulp. The trade network densities have remained generally stable throughout the observed period, but the topological proprieties of the individual product groups vary greatly. Although no stabile grouping of countries throughout the assessed period could be observed, role analysis shows that countries tend to trade within their continent, that European countries are at the core of the trade network, and that the structural shift of decline of the trade value is followed by increasing prominence of several Asian countries, such as China and Indonesia. The most important finding of the study is that internal trade effects such as reciprocity and transitivity are much more explanatory than classical effects used in trade models such as GDP per capita, geographical distance or forest endowment.

To solve the problem that the existing electronic word learning device only had a single character writing exercise function, the interaction structure and the stroke force analysis algorithm of Chinese characters were studied from aspects such easy use, smart technology and writing paper simulation. In re-sponse to the problems in the writing process and the limitations of smart guidance, the writing problems occurred the resistive touch screen were ana-lyzed, and a fuzzy evaluation method for Chinese strokes was proposed. The main contents included membership template construction, fuzzy subset se-lection, template parameter generation and evaluation. The experimental re-sult showed that the interaction structure can inherit the advantages of paper writing and exert the advantages of electronic devices. It is concluded that human-computer interaction based on interactive structures can better apply the intelligent machine to character practitioner.

International audience; Despite predictions of the paperless office, global demand for printing and writing paper remains strong, and paper appears to be here to stay for some time. Not only firms, but also governments, libraries, and archives are in possession of large collections of legacy documents that still must be sorted and scanned. In this study, terahertz-based techniques are demonstrated to address several routine tasks related to the automated paper handling of unsorted legacy documents. Specifically, we demonstrate terahertz-based counting of the number of sheets in unconsolidated paper stacks, as well as locating stapled documents buried in paper stacks.

Cellulose has a long history dating back to ancient times in the evolution of humanity. It was a key material for basic needs, especially for the construction of shelters, paper making, which allowed our ancestors to perpetuate the valuable literary, philosophical or artistic works. In modern era, cellulose has acquired new dimensions of knowledge and scientific interest. This increased interest in cellulose is due to the need to exploit the still unknown resources that cellulose provides us, possibly due to the remarkable progress made lately in the field of fine characterization of the structure using sophisticated electron microscopes and other characterization techniques that have recently emerged. The growing demands of modern society in the direction of computerization and technology, have led the general interest to move from the classical writing paper to other types of "papers" that incorporates a high degree of ingenuity and intelligence, the so-called special papers, ranging from sensors, chips, motherboards, papers with a high degree of security, and many others. Among these, paper-based biosensors are of special interest, due to their high selectivity, simplicity, low price, and fast response. In this article we will review the new trends in the immobilization of biomolecules on various cellulose-based supports. In the first part, we will discuss the stages prior to the manufacture of a such support by specific chemical modification of the cellulosic substrate, followed by an overview of the most studied proteins, but also the most commonly used methods in monitoring protein adsorption on cellulosic substrates.

To clarify the socioeconomic factors influencing global paper and paperboard demand, a panel data analysis was conducted covering the period 1961–2014. This study used paper and paperboard demand as the dependent variable, and a country’s economic level, Internet usage rate, plastic packaging demand, and time trend as the explanatory variables. An inverse U-shaped quadratic relationship, such as an environmental Kuznets curve, was found between economic level and paper and paperboard demand, which saturates and begins to decline as economic level increases. The economic level representing the turning point differs significantly with the use, ranging from around 37,000 US$/person for newsprint paper to around 66,000 US$/person for printing and writing paper. For both newsprint paper and printing and writing paper, demand declines owing to the spread of the Internet as the economic level rises, although this reductive effect is greater for printing and writing paper than for newsprint paper. A substitution relationship is not found between wrapping paper and corrugated cardboard on the one hand and plastic packaging on the other hand as the economic level becomes higher.

The main goal of this study was to characterize chemically and morphologically elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), and evaluate the potential of its fibers for production of printing and writing paper grade pulp. The elephant grass was chemically and morphologically characterized and cooked by the soda process to two different degrees of delignification (kappa 17.5 and 10.6). The resulting pulps were fully bleached by the O-D*-(EP)-D sequence and characterized for their beatability, drainability and physical-mechanical properties. The lignin content (20.2%) was low, indicating that this grass should be easier to pulp. The morphological analyses of the elephant grass indicated a short fiber material, similar to hardwoods. The soda pulp from elephant grass cooked to kappa number 17.5 presented higher screened yield than 10.6 kappa pulp, with alkali demands of 15.0% and 20.0%, respectively. The total active chlorine required by the 17.5 and 10.6 kappa pulps, were 42.1 and 35.1 kg/odt pulp, respectively, to achieve an ISO brightness of approximately 90.0%. The bleached soda pulps cooked to 17.5 and 10.6 kappa number showed similar refinability and resistance to drainage, but the tensile and burst index were highest for the 17.5 kappa pulp at beating energy consumptions in the range of 0-6 Wh. It was concluded that both 10.6 and 17.5 kappa pulps from elephant grass are suitable for the production of printing and writing paper grade pulps, but the highest kappa 17.5 pulp is more economically attractive given its highest pulping yield, despite the significantly increased of chemical demand for bleaching A produção de papel para impressão e escrita Grau de celulose a partir de capim-elefante. RESUMO O principal objetivo desse estudo foi caracterizar química e morfologicamente o capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum), e avaliar o potencial das suas fibras para a produção de polpa para papéis de impressão e escrita. O capim elefante foi caracterizado química e morfologicamente e cozinhado pelo processo soda com dois diferentes graus de deslignificação (número kappa 17,5 e 10,6). As polpas resultantes foram completamente branqueadas pela sequência O-D*-(EP)-D e caracterizadas quanto as suas refinabilidades, drenabilidades e propriedades físico-mecânicas. O conteúdo de ligina (20,2%) foi baixo, indicando ser uma gramínea fácil polpação. A análise morfológica do capim elefante indicou ser um material de fibra curta, semelhante a madeiras de folhosas. A polpa de capim elefante cozida pelo processo soda até número kappa 17,5 apresentou maior rendimento depurado que a polpa de kappa 10,6 com uma demanda de álcali de 15,0% e 20,0%, respectivamente. O cloro ativo total requerido para as polpas de kappa 17,5 e 10,6 foi de 42,1 e 35,1 kg/tas, respectivamente, para atingirem uma alvura de aproximadamente 90,0% ISO. As polpas cozidas pelo processo soda até números kappa 17,5 e 10,6 e branqueadas apresentaram valores similares de refinabilidade e resistência à drenagem, mas o índice de tração e arrebentamento foram maiores para a polpa com número kappa 17,5 até atingirem uma energia de consumo de na faixa de 0-6 Wh. Foi concluído que ambas as polpas de capim elefante com kappas 10,6 e 17,5 são apropriadas para a produção de papéis de imprimir e escrever, sendo a polpa de maior número kappa economicamente mais atraente dado o seu rendimento de polpação superior, sem significativo aumento da demanda de reagentes químicos de branqueamento.

English is getting more crucial to be mastered since its important part in the world nowadays. It is not only as a means of communication but also a means transferring knowledge, news, and technology around the world. There are four basic skills in English such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing, every students must have problem in learning and mastering those skill. But writing is the main issue to be discussed in this article. In writing, some of the writer’s students feel difficult to determine the topic when they want to write, they are hardly to complete a writing paper because they run out of idea. In this case the students need to absorb some information to understand a word, including how to combine a word with the other words. Therefore the teacher should have a strategy to get the students understanding and overcome their problems.Teaching is about just how to encourage the learners to achieve their goals and other times it requires that we actually facilitate resources and foster experiences so students can learn, continue learning and love the process. It is an art of the teacher to know how to make the students able to create knowledge of their own. Brainstorming is one of the teaching techniques in writing that can encourage the students to think about the topic as many as possible. This technique is help the students to enrich their vocabularies then create an idea become a writing composition. By using this strategy the students will be able to improve their writing skill. Brainwriting is an alternative method to brainstorming that tries to encourage a more uniform participation within a group. Like brainstorming, it is designed to generate lots and lots of ideas in a short amount of time.

This study aimed to identify (1) writing ability differences between students which given recitation in writing research proposal and analyzing thesis, compared with recitation only in writing research sproposal, (2) writing paper ability differences between male students and female students, (3) writing paper ability differences based on the recitation and gender. while sample taken from 2 classes and treated as experiment class I and II. In experiment class I students were given assignment to write research proposal and then analyzed thesis which had been tested. In experiment class II students were only writing the proposal. The instrument were pretest and posttest in essay. And to analyze the data used t test, ANOVA one way and two way by using SPSS program. Based on the result can be concluded that : (1) students writing ability who given recitation in writing proposal and analyzed the thesis are better than students who given recitation and writing proposal only with F count = 11,987 which significant at level 1% (2) female students have better writing ability than male students, with Fcount = 6,623 significant level 5% (3) female group which given recitation to write proposal and analyze thesis is the highest group in writing paper ability, then the male group which given the recitation to write and analyze thesis, the female group which given recitation only in writing proposal and the last is female group which given recitation only in writing proposal. Score F count between factors F = 6,467 significant at level 1%.

In this work, we studied the infl uence on the mechanical and physical properties of paper made of pulp from recycled cardboard and paper (printing/writing and newsprint) by adding different percentages of nanofi brillated cellulose. For each type of recycled pulp, we formed paper with incorporation of 0, 5 and 10 wt% nanofi brillated cellulose. The results showed that addition of nanofi brillated cellulose reduced the paper thickness and increased the density values. Papers with nanofi brillated cellulose presented resistance properties with values statistically superior to the treatments without addition. Addition of 10 % provided the best results, with improvement of tensile, burst and tear resistance of 97, 133 and 104 %, respectively, in comparison to normal papers. The paper produced with the recycled newspaper pulp had lower increase in mechanical properties from the nanofi brillated cellulose in relation to the papers with recycled pulp from cardboard and printing and writing paper. The considerable improvement in the mechanical properties is related to the increase of hydrogen bonds between the fi bers and nanofi bers, forming a dense network, resulting in greater surface area of nanofi brillated cellulose.

In Iran, due to abundant restrictions on harvesting wood from northern forests by implementing the preservation project and also lack of possibility for sufficient wood production, development of the area of planting poplar is quite inevitable. Poplar wood properties have special importance to produce many wood production, particularly pulp and paper. Paper factories are the major consumers of poplar wood at the global level and this is because of unique morphological, physical, mechanical and technological properties of poplar wood. Therefore, regarding the importance of using this species in making various printing and writing paper, packaging or carton, cardboard and newsprint, in this study, costs of poplar production in one hectare including planting and harvesting were examined and determined. Then, based on conversion coefficients of FAO, required round wood, productivity and the cost of poplar wood were calculated for the producing various kinds of paper. The results indicate that carton and cardboard paper or packaging allocate the lowest cost and highest return, while printing and writing paper had highest cost and lowest return in terms of poplar wood supply needed for paper production.

Questioned documents are documents whose authenticity is disputed. Documents are destroyed by fires and other means to conceal criminal activities. Charred or burnt documents are a type of questioned document that are likely to contain vital information. These documents are mainly linked to ransoms, forgery, fraud, suicide and other white collar offences. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of a Video Spectral Comparator (VSC-6000) for the enhancement of writings on charred documents and to determine the effectiveness of flood light and white spot beam in VSC on charred documents. A passage was written by different types of writing instruments on different types of writing paper available in Malaysia. Then the handwritten documents were burned until the writings became invisible. The charred documents were viewed under flood light and the white beam by adjusting the wavelengths. Results showed that the writings on the charred document exhibited appreciable enhancement suitable for forensic investigation. The writings were comparatively more visible under the white spot beam than the flood light beam. These findings were recorded through photography. The present study provides a promising method and an effective alternative way to enhance writings on charred documents.

With the rapid development of the information age, information technology has been widely applied to various industries and fields, educators have begun to explore the use and practice in the field of education. Given the traditional college English writing teaching efficiency is not high, and the bad effect caused by the heavy student curriculum teaching of English writing class scarcity issues. Use Microsoft Office Word assisted English writing technologies to replace the original form of writing paper and ink intersect, advocating students to use the Internet technology to support writing in English, using the E -mail technically good online English writing teaching follow-up courses, the technical advantages for PowerPoint English writing, English writing only changed the means of teaching and training, the environment and the teaching process, teachers and students to deepen the relative relationship between teaching and learning, and can effectively improve the level of students' interest in writing and English writing.

Keywords : Writing Activities, Creative Writing Creative writing often used to introduce writing activity for the beginner.Creative writing is the simple and excited to guide students find their ideas. Its commonly used because this strategy will give unforgettable memories when they are writing something. This purpose of this thesis is describing the effect of the implementation of creative writing on ELT (English Language Teaching) to inspiring the students’ writing activities in Eleventh Grade of MAN 2 Ponorogo in Academic Year 2017/2018. The subject of this research is the student of Eleventh Grade of MAN 2 Ponorogo. This research provide classroom action research method which doing the observations about the students’ writing learning activities before and after the research and monitoring the development of the students’ tasks by guiding them in creative writing. The researcher also makes the interview with the students’ experienced when they’re conducting writing activities. The data comes from students’ interviews and observation conducts to students’ writing paper, which one that they are finding problems in finding ideas than the other students within their understanding to find the ideas. This study will show you how creative writing will improve the students’ ideas and also provide their abilities to stay in their way of writing; they can also find their style in writing. Creative writing also produce their energy in order to find new discovery in the topic they had been chosen. It also guide them to be discipline, confident, imaginative, be a planner, because they will make their deadline a project of writing, they also try to be a pioneer, not a plagiarism. The researcher suggestion about this research were the student should read intensively to increase their vocabularies, doing the example of the task for more understanding about the lesson, and the last the teacher should apply the various the teaching method to motivate the student in learning English.

This work reviews the different analytical methods that have been proposed in the field of forensic dating of inks from different modern writing instruments. The reported works have been classified according to the writing instrument studied and the ink component analyzed in relation to aging. The study, done chronologically, shows the advances experienced in the ink dating field in the last decades.

In recent years, the importance of demonstrating one's own achievements has increased signi.cant-ly. Most noticeably, the number of research articles that survives rigorous peer reviews is frequently being used as an index to measure eligibility for an academic position or research grant. Therefore, almost all of researchers often find themselves being pressured to write academic papers. On the other hand, writing academic papers can be quite di.cult for those who have never written them. This article provides a brief tutorial for writing academic papers in Japanese language. However, there already are some good manuals which explain writing paper such as Tsuzuki (2006) or Rosnow & Rosnow (2006). Therefore I wish to demonstrate how to write academic papers in Japanese language based on my own experiences. This article consists of two parts. The first one describes how to write academic papers for each section of an article, namely “purpose” “method” “result” and “discussion”. The second part presents comprehensive strategies in writing academic papers.

Capillary electrophoresis was used for determining Belofors, which are used as optical bleaching agents for improving the whiteness of writing paper. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as a modifier of capillary walls in the separation of water-soluble Belofors. An optimum buffer electrolyte for separating and determining Belofors was as follows: 0.5 mM sodium hydrogen phosphate, 12.2 mM sodium tetraborate, and 30 mM SDS; pH 9.1. Bleaching agents in 39 samples of paper manufactured in Russia, Finland, Sweden, France, the Czech Republic, and Austria were determined and characterized. Common features for classifying paper types in accordance with brands and manufacturers were found.

2003年の古紙利用率は60.2%に達しており, 今後, 更なる利用率の向上を図るには, 洋紙への利用率拡大が必要である。これには, コストをかけずにDIP品質をバージンパルプ品質レベルにいかに近づけるかがポイントとなる。高品質化には, フローテーターの効率化が必要となるが, ここではロータリーミキシング方式のOKフローテーターについて説明する。このフローテーターは, 古紙やフロー全体の運転条件によって左右される様々なインキ粒径に対して, 安定した脱墨性能が得られる様, G/Lや散気管周速の運転レンジが広い点が特徴である。

For new graduate students, we discuss issues and aspects of doing statistical research and provide advice. We answer questions that we had when we were beginners, like When do I start?, How do I start?, How do I find out what has already been done?, How do I make progress?, How do I finish?, and What else can I do?.

In this paper, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology is applied to Portuguese printing and writing paper in order to compare the environmental impact of the use of two kinds of fuels (heavy fuel oil and natural gas) in the pulp and paper production processes. The results of inventory analysis and impact assessment show that the pulp and paper production processes play an important role in almost all of the analysed parameters, which do not always result in an important contribution to the corresponding impact categories. The substitution of heavy fuel oil by natural gas in the pulp and paper production processes seems to be environmentally positive.

Uncoated printing and writing paper, one of the principal waste papers in Taiwan, was pyrolyzed with a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) reaction system. The pyrolysis experiments were carried out in nitrogen environment at a constant heating rate of 5 K min −1 . The gaseous products and the residues were collected at room temperature (300 K) and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and elemental analyzer, respectively. The major gaseous products investigated included non-hydrocarbons (H 2 , CO, CO 2 , and H 2 O) and hydrocarbons (C 1–3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , 1-ring, C 10–12 , levoglucosan, C 13–15 , and C 16–18 ). The cumulated masses and the instantaneous concentrations of gaseous products were obtained under the experimental conditions. The yields of non-hydrocarbon gases and of hydrocarbon gases were about 10.46 and 0.49% at 623 K, 33.68 and 0.89% at 700 K, 64.52 and 1.05% at 788 K, and 79.10 and 1.63% at 938 K, respectively. The estimation of the mass of tar, yielded at various pyrolysis temperatures was also made. The results of this study might be useful for the design of pyrolysis process as well as for determining the pyrolysis mechanisms of the uncoated printing and writing paper.

The OptiLoad multinip calender has been in the forefront of the new surface treatment technology. Launched in 1996, the OptiLoad has become a synonym for the new generation multinip calender. The total number of all OptiLoad ordered is nearing forty, and the market, especially for on-line applications, has only just opened up. There are clear reasons behind this success. OptiLoad contains many innovative features, which have been specially developed to improve the efficiency and reliability of the new calender generation. Non-compromising design criteria and thorough pilot testing have contributed to predictable start up curves and the avoidance of surprises, for example polymer roll failure.On-line technology has been the focal point of the OptiLoad development from the very beginning. On-line technology has proceeded from newsprint and SC paper to coated woodcontaining grades and finally also to coated woodfree grades. In fact, on-line technology has now been applied to all major printing and writing paper grades.

NB: Artiklen er på dansk, kun resuméet er på engelsk. Harald Ilsøe: On better paper … Elucidation of a book culture of some kind. During the years 1916-20, the Danish book market was characterized by a boom in the production of both paperbacks and by books, which were – or were passed off as being made of sumptuous “bibliophile” material by e.g. being printed on better paper or printed in a limited number of copies, which were numbered and some­times signed by the author. The paperback production has previously been treated in volume 45 (2006), whereas the bibliophile aspects, in particular the production of books on better paper such as Dutch or Japanese paper, were previously neglected in the literature on book history. This also applies to the previous course. The inves­tigation period stretches from approx. 1888 to 1921, but reviews the development since the 1600s when an overall decrease in paper quality caused selected books to be printed only in minor sub-editions on so-called writing paper or similarly to an extent which seemingly peaked around 1760-1810. A booklist stated in the appendix is in part compiled on the basis of book auctions and antiquarian catalogues. Besides documenting the prevalence of books in special material in general, it also shows that since the mid-1880s quite a few books were printed in minor sub-editions on special paper, which never entered the ordinary market.

The pyrolysis kinetics of cellulosic coated printing and writing paper, a principal component of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Taiwan, were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis in nitrogen over the temperature range 450–900 K at heating rates of 1, 2 and 5 K min−1. The t.g.a. curves indicated two principal reactions, distinguished by significant and distinct mass changes over the experimental range. The pyrolysis of coated paper could be adequately described by a two-reaction model. The corresponding activation energies, pre-exponential factors and reaction orders were determined. The experimental results were satisfactorily fitted by the proposed model.

Conventionally paper demand is modelled by using only gross domestic product and the price of paper as explanatory variables. However, one factor affecting the demand of printing and writing papers is presumably the diffusion of information and communication technologies (ICT). In this paper, the regression analysis model and large global scale panel data sets from 1990–2007 are used to analyse the effect of ICT on paper demand for three paper grades: newsprint, office paper, and magazine paper. Results show that the internet is a substitute for newsprint, and possibly for magazine paper, and mobile telephones are complementary, and a growing number of personal computers increases office paper consumption. Post-print / Final draft

PENGEMBANGAN MODUL PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA BERBANTUAN PETA PIKIRAN PADA MATERI MENULIS MAKALAH SISWA KELAS XI SMA/MAAbstractThe aim of this research is to produce a module of Indonesian language learning material with mind mapping in writing paper ability which are valid, practice, and effective to be used by the XI grade students of SMA/MA. This research tends to research and development research by using 4-D model of development. Development activities are started by identification, design, and development. Data of this research belongs to quantitative that is got by assessment of valuator, Indonesian teacher, students, and the result of students in learning Indonesian. Based on the analysis and discussion of data, the writer gives many conclusions. First, validation of module of Indonesian language learning material with mind mapping in writing paper ability at the XI grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Batangtoru tends to very valid with 94,89. Second, practicability of the modul can be said as very practice with 81.71. Third, effectiveness of the module tends to very effective with 86,74 from students and completeness show the result of learning is good category or 76.85 (34 students from 39 students). Therefore, it can be concluded that the module which is developed can be used as learning material in the school, especially for the XI grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Batangtoru in writing paper ability.Key Words: learning module, mind map, writing paperAbstrakTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan modul materi pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia berbantuan peta pikiran mengajar menulis makalah yang valid, praktis, dan efektif untuk digunakan oleh siswa kelas XI SMA/MA. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian dan pengembangan penelitian dengan menggunakan model pengembangan 4 dimensi. Kegiatan pengembangan dimulai dengan identifikasi, desain, dan pengembangan. Data penelitian ini termasuk kuantitatif yang didapat dengan penilaian penilai, guru bahasa Indonesia, siswa, dan hasil belajar siswa bahasa Indonesia. Berdasarkan analisis dan pembahasan data, penulis memberikan beberapa simpulan. Pertama, validasi modul materi pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia dengan pemetaan pikiran dalam kemampuan menulis kertas pada siswa kelas XI SMA Negeri 1 Batangtoru cenderung sangat valid dengan 94,89. Kedua, kepraktisan modul bisa dikatakan sangat praktis dengan 81,71. Ketiga, keefektifan modul cenderung sangat efektif dengan 86,74 siswa dan kelengkapan menunjukkan hasil belajar adalah kategori baik atau 76,85 (34 siswa dari 39 siswa). Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa modul yang dikembangkan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan pembelajaran di sekolah, khususnya bagi siswa kelas XI SMA Negeri 1 Batangtoru dalam menulis kemampuan menulis.Kata kunci: modul pembelajaran, mind map, writing paper

The quantity of paper recycled in the U.S. has more than doubled since 1985. International trade theory predicts that this will lead to reduced imports of paper, and a shift in domestic production toward waste paper intensive outputs (e.g., newsprint) and away from higher grade products such as printing/writing paper. Import demand elasticities with respect to input prices were estimated for newsprint, printing/writing, and all paper utilizing 20 years of monthly data. The empirical results confirm the predictions of theory, and illustrate a channel through which recycling may be more beneficial for U.S. industry than the domestic environment.

Chuetsu Pulp Industry Co., Ltd., established in 1947, is now composed of four offices (Tokyo head office, Osaka, Nagoya and Fukuoka), and two mills (Nomachi mill; presented already on Japan Tappi Vol. 33, No. 6, 1979. and Sendai mill).Sendai mill, which we are going to introduce here, is situated in Sendai City located in the northwest of Kagoshima Pref. in Kyushu island. This mill was constructed in 1953 and started its operation with two machines next year. This mill has now seven Fourdrinier machines, and the main products are as follows : Sulfate wrapping paper, Semibleaching sulfate paper, Woodfree printing and writing paper, Envelope paper and Specialities.The monthly producing capacity of paper is about 14, 500 metric tons. There are about 650 employees in Sendai mill which has 210, 000 square meters areas.

The study investigated the manuscript letter strokes made by second and third grade boys and girls using wide- and normal-spaced writing paper. Scoring overlay sizes of 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm were used. The results of the study indicated no differences in the performance of boys and girls. Different scoring overlay sizes resulted in significantly different scores for both normal- and wide-spaced writing paper. Second graders made significantly more correct letter strokes using wide-spaced paper, whereas third graders showed no differences in their performance on normal- and wide-spaced paper. The results suggest that transition from wide- to normal-spaced writing paper may be appropriate during the second grade.

By use of wavelengths of 4 cm, complete demonstrations in microwave optics were mounted on boards the size of a sheet of writing paper. For lecture demonstrations they were constructed on Plexiglass plates above the 10-in.-sq. glass platform of an overhead projector. Detailed descriptions of the constructions were made for Lloyd's mirror, Michelson's interferometer and a grid-detection interferometer.

A comparison was made of the accuracy of handwriting on large-spaced paper and normal-spaced paper of suburban and inner-city first grade students. Results indicate that first grade students produced more accurate letter strokes with large-spaced paper (space size 3.4 cm) than with normal-spaced paper (space size 1.6 cm). Suburban students produced significantly more accurate manuscript letter strokes than urban students. Finally, these data produced no significant differences in letter formation of boys and girls. This study provides justification for continued use of large-spaced writing paper with first grade students.

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I HAVE always found it awkward to handle small mounts of of mosses or sections of organs in jelly between mica. To obviate this difficulty I have hit upon a plan which has received much favorable comment from several of my correspondents. I take two thicknesses of paper, one of ordinary writing paper, the other cardboard slightly heavier than postal card paper. From each I cut out strips of equal size, as long as ordinary microscope slides and a very little wider. These I fasten at one end with paste to keep them from slipping. Then I lay the glycerine jelly mount, which of course must not be as wide or as long as my paper slide, on this paper slide and center it, marking off a space a little less than the mount. This space I cut through both thicknesses with a sharp-pointed pen-knife. Then I cover the inside of the cardbord with paste, lay down over it, properly centered, the jelly mount, and press down the thin paper, carefully avoiding any misplacement. The two thicknesses of paper thus become a frame for the mount, with a sufficient margin of white paper to receive all necessary data. These slides I keep each with its proper packet of moss material, protecting it from injury by a small paper pocket. This idea is not original, but was suggested by some mounts of Bruch's which I remember having seen in the National Herbarium at Washington. P. S.-That was a timely suggestion made recently in these columns by Mrs. Britton to the younger moss students who habit. ually appeal to their older moss friends for aid in determinations, namely, that they should send with each moss to be named a prepared slide. If this were done more uniformly the elder "brethren" would be saved much mechanical work of preparing moss parts for inspection. But I am sure it would also have a more far-reaching effect upon all who take up the study of mosses, making them much more thorough, and acquainting them much more rapidly with the microscopic characters of our mosses. One is much more likely to examine critically a moss accompanied by a slide than one without such preparation. And this not only because it is easier to examine it, but largely because the preparation of the slide is an earnest of the purpose of the beginner who seeks aid. Wine na, Minn. [Four parts should always be mounted on each slide-stem leaves, branch leaves from the middle of the branch, the short branch from which the middle leaves have been stripped, and the peristome.--EDs.]

AMONG the Chatham Papers in the Public Record Office is the document printed below.' It is written on folded, quarto-size, gilt-edged writing paper, unsigned and undated, but without question in the hand of William Pitt, created first earl of Chatham in July, I766. The paper is the bare outline of a ministry. It contains only twelve names and is probably only one of several rough plans which Pitt committed to writing. One entry, however, is of great significance, and if it had become reality might have profoundly influenced the course of American history. The three-page document reads as follows