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The Joule–Thomson expansion of Einstein–Skyrmion black holes in four dimensions was studied in the extended phase space. We obtained the inversion curves and isenthalpic curves for different values of parameters K and λ, which represent the coupling strength between the gravity field and matter field. We found that parameters K and λ have the same effects during the entire Joule–Thomson expansion and larger parameter K or λ corresponds to smaller inversion pressure. Analogously, the phase space { T, P} consists of cooling–heating regions. In addition, the dispersion point of the Joule–Thomson coefficient μ is in correspondence with the zero point of the Hawking temperature T, and the ratio of the minimum inversion temperature [Formula: see text] and the critical temperature Tc is a constant.

A new method for pattern reconfigurable antenna (PRA) design is introduced on the basis of a two-element dipole array model in this communication. Firstly, a two-element dipole array loaded with varactor diodes is analyzed in detail. The two dipoles of the array are folded to form a square and the reconfigurable pattern characteristics of the array can be still explained by the phased array theory. And then, based on the two-element dipole array model, a patch top-loaded monopole antenna is proposed to design the PRA (denoted as PTMPRA). Applying the field equivalence principle, the antenna radiation can be analyzed with two couples of magnetic dipoles. The phase of the magnetic dipoles may be adjusted by the loaded varactor diodes, and the antenna can reconfigure the patterns in two orthogonal planes. The antenna is fabricated and measured. The studies validate that the new method for designing pattern reconfigurable patch antenna is simple and efficient.

This communication introduces a hybrid invasive weed optimization and particle swarm optimization (IWO/PSO) algorithm dedicated to pattern synthesis of conformal arrays. A 3 $\, \times \,$ 9 cylindrical conformal microstrip array is studied to demonstrate the proposed algorithm. The active element pattern of each element in the conformal array is extracted and the phase and amplitude of each excited voltage are optimized to achieve the required goals using the hybrid IWO/PSO algorithm. The results indicate that, compared with standard IWO and PSO algorithms, the introduced hybrid algorithm maintains the respective advantages of the IWO and PSO algorithms while excluding their respective deficiencies. Moreover, the hybrid algorithm is very reliable in achieving global optimality.

A wideband circular polarized (CP) switched-beam patch antenna array is presented in this communication. The switched-beam system consists of four two-section branch-line couplers, two wideband 45 phase shifters and 1 × 4 proximity-coupled L-probe feeding CP microstrip patch antenna array. With such an arrangement, the proposed array can obtain a wide axial ratio (AR) bandwidth than that of conventional switched-beam CP antenna array. Measured results showed this array has an impedance bandwidth over a frequency range of 4.04-5.78 GHz (~36%) for |S11

A novel phased array is presented to extend array scanning range by using pattern reconfigurable antenna elements and weighted thinned synthesis technology in this paper. The pattern reconfigurable microstrip Yagi antenna element is used as a basic element in array and it is capable of reconfiguring its patterns from broadside to quasi-endfire radiation by shifting states of the PIN diode switches integrated on parasitic strips. A weighted thinned linear array synthesis technique is analyzed and some interesting conclusions have been made. A linear array composed of eight pattern reconfigurable antenna elements is manufactured to demonstrate the excellent performance of the array. The active element pattern of each element is measured and pre-stored. Based on active element patterns and weighted thinned linear array synthesis technique, the pattern scanning performance of the novel array is synthesized. The results indicate that the array can scan its main beam from φ = -60° to φ = 60° in H-plane with gain fluctuation less than 3 dB while maintaining low side lobes, and the -3 dB beam width coverage is about from φ = -68° to φ = 68°. The performance is superior to the traditional phased array made of wide-beam elements.

A hemisphere dielectric resonator pattern reconfigurable antenna (DRA) is proposed in this paper. The proposed antenna element can operate in four states (SI∼SIV) and correspondingly reconfigure its patterns in four directions. A thinning linear array by non-uniform spacing with the element is constructed to scan its main beam from θ = −77◦ to 77◦ in E-plane with 3-dB beam coverage from θ = −90◦ to 90◦ by changing two states and progressive phases.

An ultralow-profile antenna based on a typical magnetic metamaterial unit cell, i.e., complementary electric resonator (CELC) structure, is introduced in this paper. The antenna behaves with an attractive performance of operating in induced “TM120 mode” as the fundamental resonance mode, which is much lower than TM100 mode. Compared to the reported miniature microstrip antennas based on slotting patch/ground technologies, the proposed antenna shows advantages in terms of low profile, high radiation efficiency, and low cross polarization. According to our investigation, even though the relatively strong backward radiation is accessorily caused due to the inherent complementary meander line (CML) slotting as a drawback for this type antenna, the peak gain in the broadside is much higher than a slot antenna with approximately the same dimensions.

A single-fed compact circularly-polarised (CP) microstrip antenna is designed and experimentally demonstrated. By embedding the symmetric-slit in the radiation patch and protruding a pair of perturbation elements at the boundary of the centre square slot, the proposed antenna can obtain good CP performance with effective size reduction at a fixed frequency operation. Meanwhile, an impedance transformer is utilised for impedance matching.

The authors investigate in this study using PIN attenuator diodes to reduce the radar cross-section (RCS) of a microstrip patch antenna. A simple design guideline and a useful loading scheme are developed. In the investigation, PIN diodes are equivalent to capacitances and resistances when diodes are reverse-biased and forward-biased, respectively. According to the magnitude distribution of the induced electric field under the patch for a specific incidence angle, the loading positions of PIN diodes are selected near to where the maximum electric field appears. First, three typical incident angles are separately considered. As a result, RCS reduction for the microstrip patch antenna is realised by utilising the variable resistance characteristic (energy dissipation) of PIN attenuator diodes. Secondly, the loading positions for that three incident angles are combined to realise RCS reduction over a large angular spatial region and within a wideband frequency range, and thus an electronically controllable low RCS status can be successfully realised. The proposed design guideline is demonstrated. It is worth mentioning that, by real-time adjusting the bias status of each PIN diode, the antenna realised gain as well as the relative bandwidth is well maintained when the antenna is at work.

A defected ground structure (DGS) is used to suppress mutual coupling between elements in a microstrip array and eliminate the scan blindness in an infinite phased array. Two kinds of DGSs, namely back-to-back U-shaped and dumbbell-shaped DGSs, are analysed and compared. The analysis indicates that the back-to-back U-shaped DGS is better at suppressing propagation of surface waves in microstrip substrate. A two-element microstrip array with back-to-back U-shaped DGS is designed and the array characteristics against different element distances are studied. The results show that the degree of the mutual coupling suppression is increased when the element distance is reduced. However, compared with the traditional array, a higher gain and lower side lobes are obtained when a larger element spacing is selected. The scan blindness of an infinite microstrip phased array in E-plane is studied by simulation, and the calculation demonstrates that the scan blindness can be eliminated by applying a back-to-back U-shaped DGS to the infinite phased array.

A novel pattern reconfigurable patch antenna with a microstrip configuration is proposed. The antenna consists of a disc patch, a ring and eight radially symmetrically distributed microstrip monopoles. The patterns are reconfigured by shifting the states of the eight switches and eight reconfigurable states are available. Each conical pattern around the broadside of the antenna has a wide beam width in the azimuth plane and the eight reconfigurable patterns can cover continuously the space in the horizontal plane. The performance is very advantageous for smart antenna applications on future mobile terminals.