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Abstract Objective The CHOP combined chemotherapy regimen (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) is commonly used to treat non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL). While these drugs are effective for cancer treatment, they may have side effects on the reproductive system that are poorly studied. This study used a mouse model to investigate the mechanisms of reproductive function impairment induced by the CHOP regimen and developed a predictive model for assessing reproductive damage with a non-invasive procedure. Methods From 2022 to 2023, we statistically analyzed the changes of reproductive function of NHL patients before and after receiving CHOP regimen in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University. The NHL mouse model was established and divided into CHOP treatment group and control group. The weight of testis and epididymis, sperm quality and motility were compared between the two groups. Histopathological examination of testicular tissue was performed to determine pathological changes. ELISA was used to measure the expression of cytokines and cytokine pathways in serum, protein expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and protein and mRNA levels of cytokines and pathways were evaluated by Western blotting and qPCR. Using stepwise regression method to select important factors, a prediction model of reproductive system damage was constructed. Results Fifty-two NHL patients included in the questionnaire showed significant reproductive system damage after CHOP regimen treatment. The weight of testis and epididymis, as well as the number and vitality of sperm in the mouse model treatment group were significantly lower than those in the control group. Serum LH, FSH, estradiol and progesterone levels decreased significantly, while inhibin B levels increased significantly. There was no significant change in testosterone or prolactin levels. Inflammatory markers such as CSF-1, IL-1, IL-6, TGF-β1 and GDNF increased significantly, while the level of SOD1 decreased significantly. Immunohistochemical staining analysis showed that CAMP, Caspase3, CSF-1, GDNF, IL-1, IL-6, PRKACB, TGF-β1 and TXNDC5 were all expressed in spermatocytes, and the expression of therapeutic histones was significantly higher than that of the control group. Western blot analysis further detected the protein expression, and QPCR detected the mRNA content. The results showed that the expression of histone and mRNA in the treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group. Stepwise regression method determined that estradiol (E2) was the most important variable in the prediction model, and the AUC for predicting reproductive damage was 1. Conclusions The CHOP regimen induces male reproductive toxicity, potentially mediated through alterations in hormone levels and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. Using E2 as the sole predictor in the model accurately predicts the extent of reproductive damage, offering a non-invasive method for detecting reproductive system damage.

BackgroundSeveral obstacles can hinder breast cancer screening. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward ultrasound screening for breast cancer in women.MethodsThis cross-sectional study recruited women who visited the breast specialist clinic of Zhongshan City People’s Hospital (a tertiary hospital) between August 2022 and April 2023 through convenience sampling. KAP scores ≥70% were considered adequate.ResultsThis study enrolled 501 participants. The mean knowledge, attitude, and practice levels were 8.56 ± 1.81/12 (possible range 0–12, 71.33%), 29.80 ± 2.71 (possible range 8–40, 74.50%), and 32.04 ± 3.09 (possible range 8–40, 80.10%). Senior high school education (vs. junior high school and below, coefficient = 1.531, 95%CI: 1.013–2.312, p = 0.044), bachelor’s education and above (vs. junior high school and below, coefficient = 5.315, 95%CI: 3.546–7.966, p 10,000 (vs.

Pagodas and pavilions (ge 閣) are the most popular and representative multi-story buildings since Buddhism was introduced to China. While providing visitors with a new visual experience, they have also largely reshaped the urban space and skyline in medieval China. The former originated from India and Central Asia and was transformed in China, developing a unique style; The latter originated more from the creation of Chinese architects and became a model of typical Chinese-style Buddhist architecture. Briefly, the pagoda matured earlier than the pavilion, and continuously developed while maintaining its basic style; the pavilion-style Buddhist architecture gradually developed later and finally matured after the Tang and Song dynasties (618–1276), partially presenting a different spatial logic from the pagoda, and bringing a new visual experience. In my opinion, although the pavilion may not necessarily be as large as the pagoda in terms of volume and absolute height, it can provide believers with greater visual impact in the internal space for worship, due to the cross-story giant Buddhist statues; the closer integration of Buddha statues and architecture makes it replace or share the core position of the pagoda in some monasteries and even become the visual center of the entire religious space. Due to the existence of the pavilion, viewers can not only worship the Buddhist statues on a two-dimensional plane or by looking up at the statues from the bottom, but have also gained a three-dimensional perspective, to worship directly at the Buddha’s shoulders, neck, and head. In the Buddhist grottoes, the layout of the early single-layer or multi-layer horizontally distribution of caves on cliff was also changed due to the excavation of the cross-layer giant statue grottoes, covered by multi-story pavilion-style buildings, providing viewers with a visual experience similar to that of the pavilions of great statues. Additionally, there is a new visual experience of worshiping the Buddha in a vertical circle, in cases such as Bamiyan and the Leshan Giant Buddha.

This study investigates the potential of agricultural industrial agglomeration to bolster agricultural economic resilience and identifies the underlying pathways. We developed an analytical framework for agricultural economics that integrates the concept of “resilience”. This framework facilitates an examination of the influence of agricultural industrial agglomeration on agricultural economic resilience, focusing on two key aspects: enhancement of income and reduction of costs. Utilizing panel data from 30 provincial-level regions in China covering the period from 2006 to 2021, this research empirically assesses the impact, underlying mechanisms, and regional variations of agricultural industrial agglomeration on agricultural economic resilience. The findings reveal that agricultural industrial agglomeration significantly boosts agricultural economic resilience. This positive influence manifests through two primary channels: firstly, “agricultural industrial agglomeration → enhancement of socialized services → agricultural economic resilience” and secondly, “agricultural industrial agglomeration → improvement of agricultural production efficiency → agricultural economic resilience”. The contribution of agricultural industrial agglomeration to agricultural economic resilience is particularly pronounced in major grain-producing regions, notably enhancing capabilities for reconstruction and reinvention, as well as adjustment and adaptation. The study concludes with recommendations aimed at strengthening agricultural economic resilience. These recommendations emphasize the critical role of agricultural industrial agglomeration in fostering agricultural economic resilience, its contribution to the growth of rural economies and the enhancement of socialized services, and the need to consider regional disparities in the process of developing agricultural economic resilience.

An approach for wideband phase noise measurement of microwave signal sources is proposed based on all-optical microwave signal processing. In the proposed scheme, an optical carrier is sequentially modulated by the signal under test (SUT) in a phase modulator and a dual-polarization modulator to generate two +1st-order sidebands with orthogonal polarizations. A time delay is introduced between two sidebands by a span of low-loss optical fiber. Combined with a polarization controller and a polarizer, photonic microwave downconversion with a desired phase shift and time delay can be realized after photodetection, and the phase noise of the SUT can be calculated thereafter. Since all the microwave signal processing functions in the conventional photonic-delay-line-based phase noise measurement system are implemented in the optical domain, the proposed scheme has a large operational bandwidth and a high measurement sensitivity. In the experimental demonstration, accurate phase noise measurement of SUTs is achieved in a frequency range of 10-35 GHz, and a phase noise floor as low as −132.16 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz is obtained.

Based on the annual average climate data and economic and social data from 262 prefecture-level cities in China from 2001 to 2019, this paper explores the impact of climate change on urban–rural income inequality and its mechanisms using fixed-effects (FEs) and mediated-effects (MEs) models. This study finds that (1) climate change has an inverted U-shaped relationship with the urban–rural income disparity; (2) climate change can affect the urban–rural income disparity by influencing urban and rural income levels, the regional degree of urbanization, and the labor force employment structure; (3) the impact of climate change on the urban–rural income gap is heterogeneous in East, Center, and West China; and (4) extreme heat can widen the urban–rural income gap, and extreme drought can narrow the urban–rural income gap. Climate change has a significant impact on the urban–rural income gap, and there is a need to continue to promote urbanization and the optimization of the employment structure of the workforce, reduce the vulnerability of rural residents to climate change, and narrow the urban–rural income gap.

Based on the Chinese Family Panel Studies (CFPS) 2010–2018, this article investigates how relative deprivation influences household consumption in rural China. High-dimensional fixed-effects (HDFE), the instrumental variable (IV), and causal mediation analysis (CMA) are leveraged to estimate the causal effect and mechanisms. Results show that relative deprivation reduces survival-oriented consumption of food, development-oriented consumption of transportation, telecommunication, and education, as well as enjoyment-oriented of durable goods, and increases survival-oriented consumption of residence and development-oriented consumption of healthcare and medical services. Mechanism analysis indicates that relative deprivation decreases household consumption through the anticipated effect and increases it through a cognitive trap effect. On the whole, the anticipated effect prevails over the cognitive trap effect.

In this study, the pore structure and fractal characteristics of shale samples with different bedding directions and sizes from the Longmaxi Formation of the Changning block in the Sichuan Basin were investigated by using CT imaging and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption experiments. The pore morphology, pore structure characteristics, relationships between the fractal dimensions and pore parameters, and effect of the size and bedding direction on pore morphology and various pore parameters were explored. In terms of pore structure characteristics, we found that the pores of shale samples were well developed and connected, forming a large number of pore clusters. The pores were mainly open pores and mesopores, which contributed the most to the specific surface area of the pores. Two fractal dimensions D1 and D2 were calculated from nitrogen adsorption data at relative pressures of 0–0.45 and 0.45–1, using the FHH method. These fractal dimensions characterized the pore surface and pore structure complexity, respectively. D1 ranged from 2.773 to 2.923, with a mean value of 2.821, and D2 varied from 2.853 to 2.899, with a mean value of 2.874. These variations indicated that there were irregular pore surfaces and sophisticated pore structures in the shale. The sample size and bedding direction had a significant impact on pore morphology and various pore parameters. Several pore characteristics of the vertical samples were superior to those of the horizontal samples. With an increase in size, the pore distribution became more uniform, the number of pore clusters increased, and the connectivity between pore clusters was enhanced. There was a good positive correlation between the fractal dimension D2 and specific surface area and moderate positive correlation between D2 and porosity and between D2 and pore volume. However, the fractal dimension D1 had a weak negative correlation with porosity and specific surface area and moderate negative correlation with pore volume. Moreover, both D1 and D2 tended to decrease with increasing average pore diameter.

A heavy snowstorm event, with high precipitation intensity and maximum cumulative precipitation of more than 71 mm, occurred in Anhui Province from January 3 to 5 in 2018. After snowfall, icing, freezing rain and snow disaster were generated under low temperature at the surface and in the low-level. Maximum snow depth reached greater than 40 cm. Using routine observational data, we have firstly analyzed the observations of this heavy snowstorm event, and then judged the melting layer height and the phase of precipitation particle using dual polarization radar data. The results show that (1) this event is well observed and recorded by Fuyang dual polarization radar, whose low value area of the zero order lag correlation coefficient (CC) coincides mostly with the melting layer. The product such as basic reflectivity factor (dBZ), CC and differential reflectivity (ZDR) can be used to distinguish the melting layer height, and to infer the phase of precipitation particle. (2) The melting layer (ML) and hydro classification (HCL) products from dual polarization radar are based on fuzzy logic method, whose melting layer height and precipitation particle phase coincide with the ones from subjective judgment made by using basic products from dual polarization radar, conforming to the observations. (3) The ML and HCL products from dual polarization radar can be certainly served as a reference for detecting and judging of precipitation particles in winter.

Buddhist influences on the sacred axis of the capital during Medieval China (220–907) underwent a process of starting with little impact during the era of Eastern Han, Caowei, and Western Jin (220–317) to a more prominent influence from the late Southern and Northern Dynasties (386–589) to early Tang (618–907), peaked during the reign of Wu Zetian (690–705), and roughly returned to the layout patterns from the late Southern and Northern Dynasties to early Tang after the death of Wu Zetian. As maintained below, the process appears complex in terms of the interaction between Buddhism and political space throughout early Medieval China. There are roughly two modes of integration and interaction between Buddhist buildings and ritual buildings with Buddhist influences and the political axis of the capital: the first mode can be regarded as a typical mode after its establishment in the late Northern Wei Dynasty. This mode exhibits major Buddhist influences, particularly regarding the huge scale of monasteries and pagodas, and the location of high-rise pagodas as landmarks flanking the political axis of the capital. The second mode should be regarded as an atypical mode occurring during the late period of Emperor Wu of the Liang (464–549, r. 502–549), the period of Northern Qi (550–577), and the reign of Wu Zetian. At this point, Buddhist buildings and imperial ritual buildings with Buddhist characteristics and symbolic meanings were placed directly on the political axis of the capital, close to or located at the core of the palace. This practice was a sign that the influence of Buddhism in the political culture and ideology of the entire empire during these eras of Emperor Wu of the Liang, the Northern Qi, and the reign of Wu Zetian had reached their culmination. Architecture reflected the most intuitive embodiment of an external visual form in presenting the most symbolic image of power. With the decline of political enthusiasm for advocating Buddhism, Buddhist and related buildings no longer occupied the political axis of the capital. Various forces majeure such as natural fires, demolition, and reconstruction by subsequent rulers also led to the demise of Buddhist influence on the pollical axis of capital architecture in subsequent eras.

Abstract Background Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a severe complication for dialysis patients. Vitamin D receptor activators (VDRAs) are used to treat SHPT, but the comparative efficacy and safety between paricalcitol and other vitamin D receptor activators for management of SHPT in dialysis patients has been unproven. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for the time period through June 2017 to identify randomized controlled trials that evaluated paricalcitol compared with other VDRAs for treatment of SHPT. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients with target reduction of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) from baseline. Secondary outcomes included incidences of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. The random-effects model was used to estimate relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Eight studies (N = 759) were eligible for final inclusion. Compared with other VDRAs, no significant differences were found in the percentage of patients with target reduction of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) from baseline for paricalcitol treatment of SHPT in dialysis patients (RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0. 87–1.18; p = 0.85). There were no differences in the incidence of hypercalcemia (RR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.74–1.21; p = 0. 65) and hyperphosphatemia (RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.77–1.16; p = 0.58). Conclusions The presently available evidence is insufficient to draw a conclusion regarding whether paricalcitol therapy has a comparative efficacy and safety over other VDRAs for treating dialysis patients with SHPT. Large-sample, well-conducted, high-quality RCTs with patient-level outcomes (i.e., mortality) are urgently needed.