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347 results on '"Yonekura, Y."'

1. A kinematic study of the disc-outflow system around a high-mass protostar G59.783+0.065 probed by methanol and water masers

Author

Nakamura, M., Motogi, K., Nakamura, H., Yonekura, Y., and Fujisawa, K.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

Class II CH3OH masers are used as a convenient tracer of disc-like structures in high-mass star formation. However, more than half of them show a complex distribution in Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) maps. The origin of such a complex distribution is still unknown. We conducted VLBI monitoring observations to unveil the origin of a complex class II CH3OH maser in the high-mass star-forming region G59.783+0.065. We observed the CH3OH maser at 6.7 GHz and the H2O maser at 22 GHz to probe detailed circumstellar kinematics and structures by the Japanese VLBI network and the VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry. We found similar bipolar distributions in both masers, specifically two clusters located 2000 au apart along the East-West direction. We detected a linear distribution of CH3OH masers in the Western cluster. A position-velocity diagram shows that the Western CH3OH masers trace a rotating disc-wind or infalling component inside an edge-on disc-like structure. In contrast to the simple bipolar expanding motions of the H2O masers, the CH3OH masers exhibited complex motions despite their spatial coincidence. Some of the Eastern CH3OH masers showed bipolar expansions similar to the H2O masers, while others displayed random or even inward motions. Such complex kinematics and their close association with the H2O maser could occur at the boundary between outflow and inflow. We suggest that the complex distribution of class II CH3OH masers, like G59.783+0.065 arises from several distinct circumstellar structures that simultaneously achieve maser excitation., Comment: Accepted to MNRAS, 22 pages, 17 figures, 13 tables

Published
2023
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2. A Keplerian disk with a four-arm spiral birthing an episodically accreting high-mass protostar

Author

Burns, R. A., Uno, Y., Sakai, N., Blanchard, J., Rosli, Z., Orosz, G., Yonekura, Y., Tanabe, Y., Sugiyama, K., Hirota, T., Kim, Kee-Tae, Aberfelds, A., Volvach, A. E., Bartkiewicz, A., Garatti, A. Caratti o, Sobolev, A. M., Stecklum, B., Brogan, C., Phillips, C., Ladeyschikov, D. A., Johnstone, D., Surcis, G., MacLeod, G. C., Linz, H., Chibueze, J. O., Brand, J., Eislöffel, J., Hyland, L., Uscanga, L., Olech, M., Durjasz, M., Bayandina, O., Breen, S., Ellingsen, S. P., Heever, S. P. van den, Hunter, T. R., and Chen, X.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

High-mass protostars (M$_{\star} >$ 8 M$_{\odot}$) are thought to gain the majority of their mass via short, intense bursts of growth. This episodic accretion is thought to be facilitated by gravitationally unstable and subsequently inhomogeneous accretion disks. Limitations of observational capabilities, paired with a lack of observed accretion burst events has withheld affirmative confirmation of the association between disk accretion, instability and the accretion burst phenomenon in high-mass protostars. Following its 2019 accretion burst, a heat-wave driven by a burst of radiation propagated outward from the high-mass protostar G358.93-0.03-MM1. Six VLBI (very long baseline interferometry) observations of the raditively pumped 6.7 GHz methanol maser were conducted during this period, tracing ever increasing disk radii as the heat-wave propagated outward. Concatenating the VLBI maps provided a sparsely sampled, milliarcsecond view of the spatio-kinematics of the accretion disk covering a physical range of $\sim$ 50 - 900 AU. We term this observational approach `heat-wave mapping'. We report the discovery of a Keplerian accretion disk with a spatially resolved four-arm spiral pattern around G358.93-0.03-MM1. This result positively implicates disk accretion and spiral arm instabilities into the episodic accretion high-mass star formation paradigm., Comment: Published in Nature Astronomy in 2023

Published
2023
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3. A heat-wave of accretion energy traced by masers in the G358-MM1 high-mass protostar

Author

Burns, R. A., Sugiyama, K., Hirota, T., Kim, Kee-Tae, Sobolev, A. M., Stecklum, B., MacLeod, G. C., Yonekura, Y., Olech, M., Orosz, G., Ellingsen, S. P., Hyland, L., Garatti, A. Caratti o, Brogan, C., Hunter, T. R., Phillips, C., Heever, S. P. van den, Eislöffel, J., Linz, H., Surcis, G., Chibueze, J. O., Baan, W., and Kramer, B.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

High-mass stars are thought to accumulate much of their mass via short, infrequent bursts of disk-aided accretion. Such accretion events are rare and difficult to observe directly but are known to drive enhanced maser emission. In this Letter we report high-resolution, multi-epoch methanol maser observations toward G358.93-0.03 which reveal an interesting phenomenon; the sub-luminal propagation of a thermal radiation "heat-wave" emanating from an accreting high-mass proto-star. The extreme transformation of the maser emission implies a sudden intensification of thermal infrared radiation from within the inner (40 mas, 270 au) region. Subsequently, methanol masers trace the radial passage of thermal radiation through the environment at $\geq$ 4-8\% the speed of light. Such a high translocation rate contrasts with the $\leq$ 10 km s$^{-1}$ physical gas motions of methanol masers typically observed using very long baseline interferometry (VLBI). The observed scenario can readily be attributed to an accretion event in the high-mass proto-star G358.93-0.03-MM1. While being the third case in its class, G358.93-0.03-MM1 exhibits unique attributes hinting at a possible `zoo' of accretion burst types. These results promote the advantages of maser observations in understanding high-mass star formation, both through single-dish maser monitoring campaigns and via their international cooperation as VLBI arrays., Comment: Published in Nature Astronomy in 2020

Published
2023
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4. Modelling of the multi-transition periodic flaring in G9.62+0.20E

Author

Rajabi, F., Houde, M., MacLeod, G. C., Goedhart, S., Tanabe, Y., Heever, S. P. van den, Wyenberg, C. M., and Yonekura, Y.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

We present detailed modeling of periodic flaring events in the 6.7 GHz and 12.2 GHz methanol lines as well as the OH 1665 MHz and 1667 MHz transitions observed in the G9.62+0.20E star-forming region. Our analysis is performed within the framework of the one-dimensional Maxwell-Bloch equations, which intrinsically cover the complementary quasi-steady state maser and transient superradiance regimes. We find that the variations in flaring time-scales measured for the different species/transitions, and sometimes even for a single spectral line, are manifestations of and are best modeled with Dicke's superradiance, which naturally accounts for a modulation in the duration of flares through corresponding changes in the inversion pump. In particular, it can explain the peculiar behaviour observed for some features, such as the previously published result for the OH 1667 MHz transition at $v_\mathrm{lsr}=+1.7$ km s$^{-1}$ as well as the methanol 6.7 GHz line at $v_\mathrm{lsr}=-1.8$ km s$^{-1}$, through a partial quenching of the population inversion during flaring events., Comment: 13 pages, 13 figures, accepted MNRAS

Published
2023

5. The evolution of the H2O maser emission in the accretion burst source G358.93-0.03

Author

Bayandina, O. S., Brogan, C. L., Burns, R. A., Garatti, A. Caratti o, Chibueze, J. O., Heever, S. P. van den, Kurtz, S. E., MacLeod, G. C., Moscadelli, L., Sobolev, A. M., Sugiyama, K., Val'tts, I. E., and Yonekura, Y.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

The massive young stellar object (MYSO) G358.93-0.03-MM1 showed an extraordinary near-infrared- to (sub-)millimetre-dark and far-infrared-loud accretion burst, which is closely associated with flares of several class II methanol maser transitions, and, later, a 22 GHz water maser flare. Water maser flares provide an invaluable insight into ejection events associated with accretion bursts. Although the short timescale of the 22 GHz water maser flare made it impossible to carry out a very long baseline interferometry observation, we could track it with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA). The evolution of the spatial structure of the 22 GHz water masers and their association with the continuum sources in the region is studied with the VLA during two epochs, pre- and post-H2O maser flare. A drastic change in the distribution of the water masers is revealed: in contrast to the four maser groups detected during epoch I, only two newly formed clusters are detected during epoch II. The 22 GHz water masers associated with the bursting source MM1 changed in morphology and emission velocity extent. Clear evidence of the influence of the accretion burst on the ejection from G358.93-0.03-MM1 is presented. The accretion event has also potentially affected a region with a radius of ~2'' (~13 500 AU at 6.75 kpc), suppressing water masers associated with other point sources in this region.

Published
2022
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6. A multi-transition methanol maser study of the accretion burst source G358.93-0.03-MM1

Author

Bayandina, O. S., Brogan, C. L., Burns, R. A., Chen, X., Hunter, T. R., Kurtz, S. E., MacLeod, G. C., Sobolev, A. M., Sugiyama, K., Val'tts, I. E., and Yonekura, Y.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We present the most complete to date interferometric study of the centimeter wavelength methanol masers detected in G358.93-0.03 at the burst and post-burst epochs. A unique, NIR/(sub)mm-dark and FIR-loud MYSO accretion burst was recently discovered in G358.93-0.03. The event was accompanied by flares of an unprecedented number of rare methanol maser transitions. The first images of three of the newly-discovered methanol masers at 6.18, 12.23, and 20.97 GHz are presented in this work. The spatial structure evolution of the methanol masers at 6.67, 12.18, and 23.12 GHz is studied at two epochs. The maser emission in all detected transitions resides in a region of $\sim$0.2$^{\prime\prime}$ around the bursting source and shows a clear velocity gradient in the north-south direction, with red-shifted features to the north and blue-shifted features to the south. A drastic change in the spatial morphology of the masing region is found: a dense and compact "spiral" cluster detected at epoch I evolved into a disperse, "round" structure at epoch II. During the transition from the first epoch to the second, the region traced by masers expanded. The comparison of our results with the complementary VLA, VLBI, SMA, and ALMA maser data is conducted. The obtained methanol maser data support the hypothesis of the presence of spiral-arm structures within the accretion disk, which was suggested in previous studies of the source.

Published
2022
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7. Infrared observations of the flaring maser source G358.93-0.03 -- SOFIA confirms an accretion burst from a massive young stellar object

Author

Stecklum, B., Wolf, V., Linz, H., Garatti, A. Caratti o, Schmidl, S., Klose, S., Eislöffel, J., Fischer, Ch., Brogan, C., Burns, R., Bayandina, O., Cyganowski, C., Gurwell, M., Hunter, T., Hirano, N., Kim, K. -T., MacLeod, G., Menten, K. M., Olech, M., Orosz, G., Sobolev, A., Sridharan, T. K., Surcis, G., Sugiyama, K., van der Walt, J., Volvach, A., and Yonekura, Y.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Class II methanol masers are signs of massive young stellar objects (MYSOs). Recent findings show that MYSO accretion bursts cause flares of these masers. Thus, maser monitoring can be used to identify such bursts. Burst-induced SED changes provide valuable information on a very intense phase of high-mass star formation. In mid-January 2019, a maser flare of the MYSO G358.93-0.03 was reported. ALMA and SMA imaging resolved the core of the star forming region and proved the association of the masers with the brightest continuum source MM1. However, no significant flux rise of the (sub)mm dust continuum was found. Thus, we performed NIR imaging with GROND and IFU spectroscopy with FIFI-LS aboard SOFIA to detect possible counterparts to the (sub)mm sources, and compare their photometry to archival measurements. The comparison of pre-burst and burst SEDs is of crucial importance to judge whether a luminosity increase due to the burst is present and if it triggered the maser flare. The FIR fluxes of MM1 measured with FIFI-LS exceed those from Herschel significantly, which clearly confirms the presence of an accretion burst. The second epoch data, taken about 16 months later, still show increased fluxes. Our RT modeling yielded major burst parameters and suggests that the MYSO features a circumstellar disk which might be transient. From the multi-epoch SEDs, conclusions on heating and cooling time-scales could be drawn. Circumstances of the burst-induced maser relocation have been explored. The verification of the accretion burst from G358 is another confirmation that Class II methanol maser flares represent an alert for such events. The few events known to date already indicate that there is a broad range in burst strength and duration as well as environmental characteristics. The G358 event is the shortest and least luminous MYSO accretion burst so far., Comment: 22 pages, 11 figures, accepted by A&A. Abstract abridged for arxiv submission

Published
2021
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8. Detection of new methanol maser transitions associated with G358.93-0.03

Author

MacLeod, G. C., Sugiyama, K., Hunter, T. R., Quick, J., Baan, W., Breen, S. L., Brogan, C. L., Burns, R. A., Garatti, A. Caratti o, Chen, X., Chibueze, J. O., Houde, M., Kaczmarek, J. F., Linz, H., Rajabi, F., Saito, Y., Schmidl, S., Sobolev, A. M., Stecklum, B., Heever, S. P. van den, and Yonekura, Y.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

We report the detection of new 12.178, 12.229, 20.347, and 23.121 GHz methanol masers in the massive star-forming region G358.93-0.03, which are flaring on similarly short timescales (days) as the 6.668 GHz methanol masers also associated with this source. The brightest 12.178 GHz channel increased by a factor of over 700 in just 50 d. The masers found in the 12.229 and 20.347 GHz methanol transitions are the first ever reported and this is only the fourth object to exhibit associated 23.121 GHz methanol masers. The 12.178 GHz methanol maser emission appears to have a higher flux density than that of the 6.668 GHz emission, which is unusual. No associated near-infrared flare counterpart was found, suggesting that the energy source of the flare is deeply embedded., Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables, Published in MNRAS

Published
2019
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9. HCN hyperfine ratio analysis of massive molecular clumps

Author

Schap III, W. J., Barnes, P. J., Ordonez, A., Ginsburg, A., Yonekura, Y., and Fukui, Y.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

We report a new analysis protocol for HCN hyperfine data, based on the PYSPECKIT package, and results of using this new protocol to analyse a sample area of seven massive molecular clumps from the Census of High- and Medium-mass Protostars (CHaMP) survey, in order to derive maps of column density for this species. There is a strong correlation between the HCN integrated intensity, IHCN, and previously reported IHCO+ in the clumps, but IN2H+ is not well correlated with either of these other two "dense gas tracers". The four fitted parameters from PYSPECKIT in this region fall in the range of VLSR = 8-10 km/s, {\sigma} V = 1.2-2.2 km/s, Tex = 4-15 K, and {\tau} = 0.2-2.5. These parameters allow us to derive a column density map of these clouds, without limiting assumptions about the excitation or opacity. A more traditional (linear) method of converting IHCN to total mass column gives much lower clump masses than our results based on the hyperfine analysis. This is primarily due to areas in the sample region of low I, low Tex, and high {\tau} . We conclude that there may be more dense gas in these massive clumps not engaged in massive star formation than previously recognized. If this result holds for other clouds in the CHaMP sample, it would have dramatic consequences for the calibration of the Kennicutt-Schmidt star formation laws, including a large increase in the gas depletion time-scale in such regions.

Published
2016
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10. The jet and arc molecular clouds toward Westerlund 2, RCW 49, and HESS J1023-575; 12CO and 13CO (J=2-1 and J=1-0) observations with NANTEN2 and Mopra Telescope

Author

Furukawa, N., Ohama, A., Fukuda, T., Torii, K., Hayakawa, T., Sano, H., Okuda, T., Yamamoto, H., Moribe, N., Mizuno, A., Maezawa, H., Onishi, T., Kawamura, A., Mizuno, N., Dawson, J. R., Dame, T. M., Yonekura, Y., Aharonian, F., Wilhelmi, E. de Ona, Rowell, G. P., Matsumoto, R., Asahina, Y., and Fukui, Y.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

We have made new CO observations of two molecular clouds, which we call "jet" and "arc" clouds, toward the stellar cluster Westerlund 2 and the TeV gamma-ray source HESS J1023-575. The jet cloud shows a linear structure from the position of Westerlund 2 on the east. In addition, we have found a new counter jet cloud on the west. The arc cloud shows a crescent shape in the west of HESS J1023-575. A sign of star formation is found at the edge of the jet cloud and gives a constraint on the age of the jet cloud to be ~Myrs. An analysis with the multi CO transitions gives temperature as high as 20 K in a few places of the jet cloud, suggesting that some additional heating may be operating locally. The new TeV gamma-ray images by H.E.S.S. correspond to the jet and arc clouds spatially better than the giant molecular clouds associated with Westerlund 2. We suggest that the jet and arc clouds are not physically linked with Westerlund 2 but are located at a greater distance around 7.5 kpc. A microquasar with long-term activity may be able to offer a possible engine to form the jet and arc clouds and to produce the TeV gamma-rays, although none of the known microquasars have a Myr age or steady TeV gamma-rays. Alternatively, an anisotropic supernova explosion which occurred ~Myr ago may be able to form the jet and arc clouds, whereas the TeV gamma-ray emission requires a microquasar formed after the explosion.

Published
2014
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11. Photon Dominated Regions in NGC 3603

Author

Röllig, M., Kramer, C., Rajbahak, C., Minamidani, T., Sun, K., Simon, R., Ossenkopf, V., Cubick, M., Hitschfeld, M., Aravena, M., Bensch, F., Bertoldi, F., Bronfman, L., Fujishita, M., Fukui, Y., Graf, U. U., Honingh, N., Ito, S., Jakob, H., Jacobs, K., Klein, U., Koo, B. -C., May, J., Miller, M., Miyamoto, Y., Mizuno, N., Onishi, T., Park, Y. -S., Pineda, J., Rabanus, D., Sasago, H., Schieder, R., Stutzki, J., Yamamoto, H., and Yonekura, Y.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

Aims: We aim at deriving the excitation conditions of the interstellar gas as well as the local FUV intensities in the molecular cloud surrounding NGC 3603 to get a coherent picture of how the gas is energized by the central stars. Methods: The NANTEN2-4m submillimeter antenna is used to map the [CI] 1-0, 2-1 and CO 4-3, 7-6 lines in a 2' x 2' region around the young OB cluster NGC 3603 YC. These data are combined with C18O 2-1 data, HIRES-processed IRAS 60 and 100 micron maps of the FIR continuum, and Spitzer/IRAC maps. Results: The NANTEN2 observations show the presence of two molecular clumps located south-east and south-west of the cluster and confirm the overall structure already found by previous CS and C18O observations. We find a slight position offset of the peak intensity of CO and [CI], and the atomic carbon appears to be further extended compared to the molecular material. We used the HIRES far-infrared dust data to derive a map of the FUV field heating the dust. We constrain the FUV field to values of \chi = 3 - 6 \times 10^3 in units of the Draine field across the clouds. Approximately 0.2 to 0.3 % of the total FUV energy is re-emitted in the [CII] 158 {\mu}m cooling line observed by ISO. Applying LTE and escape probability calculations, we derive temperatures (TMM1 = 43 K, TMM2 = 47 K), column densities (N(MM1) = 0.9 \times 10^22 cm^-2, N(MM2) = 2.5 \times 10^22 cm^-2) and densities (n(MM1) = 3 \times 10^3 cm^-3, n(MM2) = 10^3 -10^4 cm^-3) for the two observed molecular clumps MM1 and MM2. Conclusions: The cluster is strongly interacting with the ambient molecular cloud, governing its structure and physical conditions. A stability analysis shows the existence of gravitationally collapsing gas clumps which should lead to star formation. Embedded IR sources have already been observed in the outskirts of the molecular cloud and seem to support our conclusions., Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication by A&A

Published
2010
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12. The Radio-FIR correlation in the Milky Way

Author

Zhang, J., Hopkins, A., Barnes, P. J., Cagnes, M., Yonekura, Y., and Fukui, Y.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We investigate the scale on which the correlation arises between the 843 MHz radio and the 60 micron far-infrared (FIR) emission from star forming regions in the Milky way. The correlation, which exists on the smallest scales investigated (down to ~4 pc), becomes noticeably tight on fields of size 30', corresponding to physical scales of ~20-50 pc. The FIR to radio flux ratio on this scale is consistent with the radio emission being dominated by thermal emission. We also investigate the location dependence of q_mean, a parameter measuring the mean FIR to radio flux ratio, of a sample of star forming regions. We show that q_mean displays a modest dependence on galactic latitude. If this is interpreted as a dependence on the intensity of star formation activity, the result is consistent with studies of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and other nearby galaxies that show elevated values for q in regions of enhanced star formation., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication by PASA

Published
2010
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15. 12CO 4-3 and [CI] 1-0 at the centers of NGC 4945 and Circinus

Author

Hitschfeld, M., Aravena, M., Kramer, C., Bertoldi, F., Stutzki, J., Bensch, F., Bronfman, L., Cubick, M., Fujishita, M., Fukui, Y., Graf, U. U., Honingh, N., Ito, S., Jakob, H., Jacobs, K., Klein, U., Koo, B. -C., May, J., Miller, M., Miyamoto, Y., Mizuno, N., Onishi, T., Park, Y. -S., Pineda, J. L., Rabanus, D., Roellig, M., Sasago, H., Schieder, R., Simon, R., Sun, K., Volgenau, N., Yamamoto, H., and Yonekura, Y.

Subjects
Astrophysics
Abstract

Studying molecular gas in the central regions of the star burst galaxies NGC4945 and Circinus enables us to characterize the physical conditions and compare them to previous local and high-z studies. We estimate temperature, molecular density and column densities of CO and atomic carbon. Using model predictions we give a range of estimated CO/C abundance ratios. Using the new NANTEN2 4m sub-millimeter telescope in Pampa La Bola, Chile, we observed for the first time CO 4-3 and [CI] 3P1-3 P0 at the centers of both galaxies at linear scale of 682 pc and 732 pc respectively. We compute the cooling curves of 12CO and 13CO using radiative transfer models and estimate the physical conditions of CO and [CI]. The centers of NGC4945 and Circinus are very [CI] bright objects, exhibiting [CI] 3P1 - 3 P0 luminosities of 91 and 67Kkms-1kpc2, respectively. The [CI] 3P1-3 P0/CO 4-3 ratio of integrated intensities are large at 1.2 in NGC4945 and 2.8 in Circinus. Combining previous CO J= 1-0, 2-1 and 3-2 and 13CO J= 1-0, 2-1 studies with our new observations, the radiative transfer calculations give a range of densities, n(H2) = 10^3-3*104^cm-3, and a wide range of kinetic temperatures, Tkin = 20 - 100K, depending on the density. Future CO J= 7-6 and [CI] 2-1 observations will be important to resolve the ambiguity in the physical conditions and confirm the model predictions., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2007
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16. Clumpy photon-dominated regions in Carina. I. [CI] and mid-J CO lines in two 4'x4' fields

Author

Kramer, C., Cubick, M., Roellig, M., Sun, K., Yonekura, Y., Aravena, M., Bensch, F., Benz, A., Bertoldi, F., Bronfman, L., Fujishita, M., Fukui, Y., Graf, U. U., Hitschfeld, M., Honingh, N., Ito, S., Jakob, H., Jacobs, K., Klein, U., Koo, B. -C., May, J., Miller, M., Miyamoto, Y., Mizuno, N., Onishi, T., Park, Y. -S., Pineda, J. L., Rabanus, D., Sasago, H., Schieder, R., Simon, R., Stutzki, J., Volgenau, N., and Yamamoto, H.

Subjects
Astrophysics
Abstract

The Carina region is an excellent astrophysical laboratory for studying the feedback mechanisms of newly born, very massive stars within their natal giant molecular clouds (GMCs) at only 2.35 kpc distance. We use a clumpy PDR model to analyse the observed intensities of atomic carbon and CO and to derive the excitation conditions of the gas. The NANTEN2-4m submillimeter telescope was used to map the [CI] 3P1-3P0, 3P2-3P1 and CO 4-3, 7-6 lines in two 4'x4' regions of Carina where molecular material interfaces with radiation from the massive star clusters. One region is the northern molecular cloud near the compact OB cluster Tr14, and the second region is in the molecular cloud south of etaCar and Tr16. These data were combined with 13CO SEST spectra, HIRES/IRAS 60um and 100um maps of the FIR continuum, and maps of 8um IRAC/Spitzer and MSX emission. We used the HIRES far-infrared dust data to create a map of the FUV field heating the gas. The northern region shows an FUV field of a few 1000 in Draine units while the field of the southern region is about a factor 10 weaker. We constructed models consisting of an ensemble of small spherically symmetric PDR clumps within the 38" beam (0.43pc), which follow canonical power-law mass and mass-size distributions. We find that an average local clump density of 2x10**5 cm-3 is needed to reproduce the observed line emission at two selected interface positions. Stationary, clumpy PDR models reproduce the observed cooling lines of atomic carbon and CO at two positions in the Carina Nebula., Comment: accepted by A&A

Published
2007
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17. High-Mass Cloud Cores in the eta Carinae Giant Molecular Cloud

Author

Yonekura, Y., Asayama, S., Kimura, K., Ogawa, H., Kanai, Y., Yamaguchi, N., Fukui, Y., and Barnes, Peter J.

Subjects
Astrophysics
Abstract

We carried out an unbiased survey for massive dense cores in the giant molecular cloud associated with eta Carinae with the NANTEN telescope in 12CO, 13CO, and C18O 1-0 emission lines. We identified 15 C18O cores. Two of the 15 cores are associated with IRAS point sources whose luminosities are larger than 10^4 Lo, which indicates that massive star formation is occuring within these cores. Five cores including the two with IRAS sources are associated with MSX point sources. We detected H13CO+ (1-0) emission toward 4 C18O cores, one of which is associated with neither IRAS nor MSX point sources. This core shows the presence of a bipolar molecular outflow in 12CO (2-1), which indicates that star formation is also occuring in the core. In total, six C18O cores out of 15 are experienced star formation, and at least 2 of 15 are massive-star forming cores in the eta Car GMC. We found that massive star formation occurs preferentially in cores with larger column density, mass, number density, and smaller ratio of virial mass to LTE mass Mvir/M. We also found that the cores in the eta Car GMC are characterized by large line width and Mvir/M on average compared to the cores in other GMCs. We investigated the origin of a large amount of turbulence in the eta Car GMC. We propose the possibility that the large turbulence was pre-existing when the GMC was formed, and is now dissipating. Mechanisms such as multiple supernova explosions in the Carina flare supershell may have contributed to form a GMC with a large amount of turbulence., Comment: 41 pages, including 11 fugures and 9 tables. Accepted by ApJ. Author changed. Paper with high resolution figures is available at http://astrol.cias.osakafu-u.ac.jp/~yonekura/work/paper/etaCar/

Published
2005
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20. The evolution of the H2O maser emission in the accretion burst source G358.93−0.03

Author

Bayandina, O. S., primary, Brogan, C. L., additional, Burns, R. A., additional, Caratti o Garatti, A., additional, Chibueze, J. O., additional, van den Heever, S. P., additional, Kurtz, S. E., additional, MacLeod, G. C., additional, Moscadelli, L., additional, Sobolev, A. M., additional, Sugiyama, K., additional, Val’tts, I. E., additional, and Yonekura, Y., additional

Published
2022
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22. A Multitransition Methanol Maser Study of the Accretion Burst Source G358.93-0.03-MM1

Author

Bayandina, O. S., Brogan, C. L., Burns, R. A., Chen, X., Hunter, T. R., Kurtz, S. E., Macleod, G. C., Sobolev, A. M., Sugiyama, K., Val'Tts, I. E., Yonekura, Y., Bayandina, O. S., Brogan, C. L., Burns, R. A., Chen, X., Hunter, T. R., Kurtz, S. E., Macleod, G. C., Sobolev, A. M., Sugiyama, K., Val'Tts, I. E., and Yonekura, Y.

Abstract

We present the most complete to date interferometric study of the centimeter-wavelength methanol masers detected in G358.93-0.03 at the burst and post-burst epochs. A unique, near-IR/(sub)millimeter-dark and far-IR-loud massive young stellar object accretion burst was recently discovered in G358.93-0.03. The event was accompanied by flares of an unprecedented number of rare methanol maser transitions. The first images of three of the newly discovered methanol masers at 6.18, 12.23, and 20.97 GHz are presented in this work. The spatial structure evolution of the methanol masers at 6.67, 12.18, and 23.12 GHz is studied at two epochs. The maser emission in all detected transitions resides in a region of 1/40.″2 around the bursting source and shows a clear velocity gradient in the north-south direction, with redshifted features to the north and blueshifted features to the south. A drastic change in the spatial morphology of the masing region is found: a dense and compact "spiral"cluster detected at epoch I evolved into a disperse, "round"structure at epoch II. During the transition from the first epoch to the second, the region traced by masers expanded. The comparison of our results with the complementary Very Large Array, very long baseline interferometry, Submillimeter Array, and Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array maser data is conducted. The obtained methanol maser data support the hypothesis of the presence of spiral arm structures within the accretion disk, which was suggested in previous studies of the source. © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.

Published
2022

25. Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope Campaign

Author

Algaba, J.C. Anczarski, J. Asada, K. Baloković, M. Chandra, S. Cui, Y.-Z. Falcone, A.D. Giroletti, M. Goddi, C. Hada, K. Haggard, D. Jorstad, S. Kaur, A. Kawashima, T. Keating, G. Kim, J.-Y. Kino, M. Komossa, S. Kravchenko, E.V. Krichbaum, T.P. Lee, S.-S. Lu, R.-S. Lucchini, M. Markoff, S. Neilsen, J. Nowak, M.A. Park, J. Principe, G. Ramakrishnan, V. Reynolds, M.T. Sasada, M. Savchenko, S.S. Williamson, K.E. Akiyama, K. Alberdi, A. Alef, W. Anantua, R. Azulay, R. Baczko, A.-K. Ball, D. Barrett, J. Bintley, D. Benson, B.A. Blackburn, L. Blundell, R. Boland, W. Bouman, K.L. Bower, G.C. Boyce, H. Bremer, M. Brinkerink, C.D. Brissenden, R. Britzen, S. Broderick, A.E. Broguiere, D. Bronzwaer, T. Byun, D.-Y. Carlstrom, J.E. Chael, A. Chan, C.-K. Chatterjee, S. Chatterjee, K. Chen, M.-T. Chen, Y. Chesler, P.M. Cho, I. Christian, P. Conway, J.E. Cordes, J.M. Crawford, T.M. Crew, G.B. Cruz-Osorio, A. Davelaar, J. De Laurentis, M. Deane, R. Dempsey, J. Desvignes, G. Dexter, J. Doeleman, S.S. Eatough, R.P. Falcke, H. Farah, J. Fish, V.L. Fomalont, E. Ford, H.A. Fraga-Encinas, R. Friberg, P. Fromm, C.M. Fuentes, A. Galison, P. Gammie, C.F. García, R. Gentaz, O. Georgiev, B. Gold, R. Gómez, J.L. Gómez-Ruiz, A.I. Gu, M. Gurwell, M. Hecht, M.H. Hesper, R. Ho, L.C. Ho, P. Honma, M. Huang, C.-W.L. Huang, L. Hughes, D.H. Ikeda, S. Inoue, M. Issaoun, S. James, D.J. Jannuzi, B.T. Janssen, M. Jeter, B. Jiang, W. Jiménez-Rosales, A. Johnson, M.D. Jung, T. Karami, M. Karuppusamy, R. Kettenis, M. Kim, D.-J. Kim, J. Kim, J. Koay, J.Y. Kofuji, Y. Koch, P.M. Koyama, S. Kramer, M. Kramer, C. Kuo, C.-Y. Lauer, T.R. Levis, A. Li, Y.-R. Li, Z. Lindqvist, M. Lico, R. Lindahl, G. Liu, J. Liu, K. Liuzzo, E. Lo, W.-P. Lobanov, A.P. Loinard, L. Lonsdale, C. Macdonald, N.R. Mao, J. Marchili, N. Marrone, D.P. Marscher, A.P. Martí-Vidal, I. Matsushita, S. Matthews, L.D. Medeiros, L. Menten, K.M. Mizuno, I. Mizuno, Y. Moran, J.M. Moriyama, K. Moscibrodzka, M. Müller, C. Musoke, G. Mejías, A.M. Nagai, H. Nagar, N.M. Nakamura, M. Narayan, R. Narayanan, G. Natarajan, I. Nathanail, A. Neri, R. Ni, C. Noutsos, A. Okino, H. Olivares, H. Ortiz-León, G.N. Oyama, T. Ozel, F. Palumbo, D.C.M. Patel, N. Pen, U.-L. Pesce, D.W. Piétu, V. Plambeck, R. Popstefanija, A. Porth, O. Pötzl, F.M. Prather, B. Preciado-López, J.A. Psaltis, D. Pu, H.-Y. Rao, R. Rawlings, M.G. Raymond, A.W. Rezzolla, L. Ricarte, A. Ripperda, B. Roelofs, F. Rogers, A. Ros, E. Rose, M. Roshanineshat, A. Rottmann, H. Roy, A.L. Ruszczyk, C. Rygl, K.L.J. Sánchez, S. Sánchez-Arguelles, D. Savolainen, T. Schloerb, F.P. Schuster, K.-F. Shao, L. Shen, Z. Small, D. Sohn, B.W. Soohoo, J. Sun, H. Tazaki, F. Tetarenko, A.J. Tiede, P. Tilanus, R.P.J. Titus, M. Toma, K. Torne, P. Trent, T. Traianou, E. Trippe, S. Van Bemmel, I. Van Langevelde, H.J. Van Rossum, D.R. Wagner, J. Ward-Thompson, D. Wardle, J. Weintroub, J. Wex, N. Wharton, R. Wielgus, M. Wong, G.N. Wu, Q. Yoon, D. Young, A. Young, K. Younsi, Z. Yuan, F. Yuan, Y.-F. Zensus, J.A. Zhao, G.-Y. Zhao, S.-S. Principe, G. Giroletti, M. D'Ammando, F. Orienti, M. Abdalla, H. Adam, R. Aharonian, F. Benkhali, F.A. Angüner, E.O. Arcaro, C. Armand, C. Armstrong, T. Ashkar, H. Backes, M. Baghmanyan, V. Barbosa Martins, V. Barnacka, A. Barnard, M. Becherini, Y. Berge, D. Bernlöhr, K. Bi, B. Böttcher, M. Boisson, C. Bolmont, J. De Bony De Lavergne, M. Breuhaus, M. Brun, F. Brun, P. Bryan, M. Büchele, M. Bulik, T. Bylund, T. Caroff, S. Carosi, A. Casanova, S. Chand, T. Chen, A. Cotter, G. Curyło, M. Damascene Mbarubucyeye, J. Davids, I.D. Davies, J. Deil, C. Devin, J. Dewilt, P. Dirson, L. Djannati-Ataï, A. Dmytriiev, A. Donath, A. Doroshenko, V. Duffy, C. Dyks, J. Egberts, K. Eichhorn, F. Einecke, S. Emery, G. Ernenwein, J.-P. Feijen, K. Fegan, S. Fiasson, A. De Clairfontaine, G.F. Fontaine, G. Funk, S. Füßling, M. Gabici, S. Gallant, Y.A. Giavitto, G. Giunti, L. Glawion, D. Glicenstein, J.F. Gottschall, D. Grondin, M.-H. Hahn, J. Haupt, M. Hermann, G. Hinton, J.A. Hofmann, W. Hoischen, C. Holch, T.L. Holler, M. Hörbe, M. Horns, D. Huber, D. Jamrozy, M. Jankowsky, D. Jankowsky, F. Jardin-Blicq, A. Joshi, V. Jung-Richardt, I. Kasai, E. Kastendieck, M.A. Katarzyński, K. Katz, U. Khangulyan, D. Khélifi, B. Klepser, S. Kluźniak, W. Komin, N. Konno, R. Kosack, K. Kostunin, D. Kreter, M. Lamanna, G. Lemiere, A. Lemoine-Goumard, M. Lenain, J.-P. Levy, C. Lohse, T. Lypova, I. Mackey, J. Majumdar, J. Malyshev, D. Malyshev, D. Marandon, V. Marchegiani, P. Marcowith, A. Mares, A. Martí-Devesa, G. Marx, R. Maurin, G. Meintjes, P.J. Meyer, M. Moderski, R. Mohamed, M. Mohrmann, L. Montanari, A. Moore, C. Morris, P. Moulin, E. Muller, J. Murach, T. Nakashima, K. Nayerhoda, A. De Naurois, M. Ndiyavala, H. Niederwanger, F. Niemiec, J. Oakes, L. O'Brien, P. Odaka, H. Ohm, S. Olivera-Nieto, L. De Ona Wilhelmi, E. Ostrowski, M. Panter, M. Panny, S. Parsons, R.D. Peron, G. Peyaud, B. Piel, Q. Pita, S. Poireau, V. Noel, A.P. Prokhorov, D.A. Prokoph, H. Pühlhofer, G. Punch, M. Quirrenbach, A. Rauth, R. Reichherzer, P. Reimer, A. Reimer, O. Remy, Q. Renaud, M. Rieger, F. Rinchiuso, L. Romoli, C. Rowell, G. Rudak, B. Ruiz-Velasco, E. Sahakian, V. Sailer, S. Sanchez, D.A. Santangelo, A. Sasaki, M. Scalici, M. Schutte, H.M. Schwanke, U. Schwemmer, S. Seglar-Arroyo, M. Senniappan, M. Seyffert, A.S. Shafi, N. Shiningayamwe, K. Simoni, R. Sinha, A. Sol, H. Specovius, A. Spencer, S. Spir-Jacob, M. Stawarz, Ł. Sun, L. Steenkamp, R. Stegmann, C. Steinmassl, S. Steppa, C. Takahashi, T. Tavernier, T. Taylor, A.M. Terrier, R. Tiziani, D. Tluczykont, M. Tomankova, L. Trichard, C. Tsirou, M. Tuffs, R. Uchiyama, Y. Van Der Walt, D.J. Van Eldik, C. Van Rensburg, C. Van Soelen, B. Vasileiadis, G. Veh, J. Venter, C. Vincent, P. Vink, J. Völk, H.J. Vuillaume, T. Wadiasingh, Z. Wagner, S.J. Watson, J. Werner, F. White, R. Wierzcholska, A. Wong, Y.W. Yusafzai, A. Zacharias, M. Zanin, R. Zargaryan, D. Zdziarski, A.A. Zech, A. Zhu, S.J. Zorn, J. Zouari, S. Żywucka, N. Acciari, V.A. Ansoldi, S. Antonelli, L.A. Engels, A.A. Artero, M. Asano, K. Baack, D. Babić, A. Baquero, A. De Almeida, U.B. Barrio, J.A. Becerra González, J. Bednarek, W. Bellizzi, L. Bernardini, E. Bernardos, M. Berti, A. Besenrieder, J. Bhattacharyya, W. Bigongiari, C. Biland, A. Blanch, O. Bonnoli, G. Bošnjak, Ž. Busetto, G. Carosi, R. Ceribella, G. Cerruti, M. Chai, Y. Chilingarian, A. Cikota, S. Colak, S.M. Colombo, E. Contreras, J.L. Cortina, J. Covino, S. D'Amico, G. D'Elia, V. Da Vela, P. Dazzi, F. De Angelis, A. De Lotto, B. Delfino, M. Delgado, J. Delgado Mendez, C. Depaoli, D. Di Pierro, F. Di Venere, L. Do Souto Espineira, E. Dominis Prester, D. Donini, A. Dorner, D. Doro, M. Elsaesser, D. Fallah Ramazani, V. Fattorini, A. Ferrara, G. Fonseca, M.V. Font, L. Fruck, C. Fukami, S. García López, R.J. Garczarczyk, M. Gasparyan, S. Gaug, M. Giglietto, N. Giordano, F. Gliwny, P. Godinović, N. Green, J.G. Green, D. Hadasch, D. Hahn, A. Heckmann, L. Herrera, J. Hoang, J. Hrupec, D. Hütten, M. Inada, T. Inoue, S. Ishio, K. Iwamura, Y. Jiménez, I. Jormanainen, J. Jouvin, L. Kajiwara, Y. Karjalainen, M. Kerszberg, D. Kobayashi, Y. Kubo, H. Kushida, J. Lamastra, A. Lelas, D. Leone, F. Lindfors, E. Lombardi, S. Longo, F. López-Coto, R. López-Moya, M. López-Oramas, A. Loporchio, S. Machado De Oliveira Fraga, B. Maggio, C. Majumdar, P. Makariev, M. Mallamaci, M. Maneva, G. Manganaro, M. Mannheim, K. Maraschi, L. Mariotti, M. Martínez, M. Mazin, D. Menchiari, S. Mender, S. Mićanović, S. Miceli, D. Miener, T. Minev, M. Miranda, J.M. Mirzoyan, R. Molina, E. Moralejo, A. Morcuende, D. Moreno, V. Moretti, E. Neustroev, V. Nigro, C. Nilsson, K. Nishijima, K. Noda, K. Nozaki, S. Ohtani, Y. Oka, T. Otero-Santos, J. Paiano, S. Palatiello, M. Paneque, D. Paoletti, R. Paredes, J.M. Pavletić, L. Penil, P. Perennes, C. Persic, M. Moroni, P.G.P. Prandini, E. Priyadarshi, C. Puljak, I. Rhode, W. Ribó, M. Rico, J. Righi, C. Rugliancich, A. Saha, L. Sahakyan, N. Saito, T. Sakurai, S. Satalecka, K. Saturni, F.G. Schleicher, B. Schmidt, K. Schweizer, T. Sitarek, J. Šnidarić, I. Sobczynska, D. Spolon, A. Stamerra, A. Strom, D. Strzys, M. Suda, Y. Surić, T. Takahashi, M. Tavecchio, F. Temnikov, P. Terzić, T. Teshima, M. Tosti, L. Truzzi, S. Tutone, A. Ubach, S. Van Scherpenberg, J. Vanzo, G. Vazquez Acosta, M. Ventura, S. Verguilov, V. Vigorito, C.F. Vitale, V. Vovk, I. Will, M. Wunderlich, C. Zarić, D. Adams, C.B. Benbow, W. Brill, A. Capasso, M. Christiansen, J.L. Chromey, A.J. Daniel, M.K. Errando, M. Farrell, K.A. Feng, Q. Finley, J.P. Fortson, L. Furniss, A. Gent, A. Giuri, C. Hassan, T. Hervet, O. Holder, J. Hughes, G. Humensky, T.B. Jin, W. Kaaret, P. Kertzman, M. Kieda, D. Kumar, S. Lang, M.J. Lundy, M. Maier, G. Moriarty, P. Mukherjee, R. Nieto, D. Nievas-Rosillo, M. O'Brien, S. Ong, R.A. Otte, A.N. Patel, S. Pfrang, K. Pohl, M. Prado, R.R. Pueschel, E. Quinn, J. Ragan, K. Reynolds, P.T. Ribeiro, D. Richards, G.T. Roache, E. Rulten, C. Ryan, J.L. Santander, M. Sembroski, G.H. Shang, R. Weinstein, A. Williams, D.A. Williamson, T.J. Hirota, T. Cui, L. Niinuma, K. Ro, H. Sakai, N. Sawada-Satoh, S. Wajima, K. Wang, N. Liu, X. Yonekura, Y.

Subjects
Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

In 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration succeeded in capturing the first direct image of the center of the M87 galaxy. The asymmetric ring morphology and size are consistent with theoretical expectations for a weakly accreting supermassive black hole of mass ∼6.5 × 109 M o˙. The EHTC also partnered with several international facilities in space and on the ground, to arrange an extensive, quasi-simultaneous multi-wavelength campaign. This Letter presents the results and analysis of this campaign, as well as the multi-wavelength data as a legacy data repository. We captured M87 in a historically low state, and the core flux dominates over HST-1 at high energies, making it possible to combine core flux constraints with the more spatially precise very long baseline interferometry data. We present the most complete simultaneous multi-wavelength spectrum of the active nucleus to date, and discuss the complexity and caveats of combining data from different spatial scales into one broadband spectrum. We apply two heuristic, isotropic leptonic single-zone models to provide insight into the basic source properties, but conclude that a structured jet is necessary to explain M87's spectrum. We can exclude that the simultaneous γ-ray emission is produced via inverse Compton emission in the same region producing the EHT mm-band emission, and further conclude that the γ-rays can only be produced in the inner jets (inward of HST-1) if there are strongly particle-dominated regions. Direct synchrotron emission from accelerated protons and secondaries cannot yet be excluded. © 2021. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society..

Published
2021

26. Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope Campaign

Author

Algaba, J. C., Anczarski, J., Asada, K., Baloković, M., Chandra, S., Cui, Y. -Z, Falcone, A. D., Giroletti, M., Goddi, C., Hada, K., Haggard, D., Jorstad, S., Kaur, A., Kawashima, T., Keating, G., Kim, J. -Y, Kino, M., Komossa, S., Kravchenko, E. V., Krichbaum, T. P., Lee, S. -S, Lu, R. -S, Lucchini, M., Markoff, S., Neilsen, J., Nowak, M. A., Park, J., Principe, G., Ramakrishnan, V., Reynolds, M. T., Sasada, M., Savchenko, S. S., Williamson, K. E., Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Anantua, R., Azulay, R., Baczko, A. -K, Ball, D., Barrett, J., Bintley, D., Benson, B. A., Blackburn, L., Blundell, R., Boland, W., Bouman, K. L., Bower, G. C., Boyce, H., Bremer, M., Brinkerink, C. D., Brissenden, R., Britzen, S., Broderick, A. E., Broguiere, D., Bronzwaer, T., Byun, D. -Y, Carlstrom, J. E., Chael, A., Chan, C. -K, Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, K., Chen, M. -T, Chen, Y., Chesler, P. M., Cho, I., Christian, P., Conway, J. E., Cordes, J. M., Crawford, T. M., Crew, G. B., Cruz-Osorio, A., Davelaar, J., De Laurentis, M., Deane, R., Dempsey, J., Desvignes, G., Dexter, J., Doeleman, S. S., Eatough, R. P., Falcke, H., Farah, J., Fish, V. L., Fomalont, E., Ford, H. A., Fraga-Encinas, R., Friberg, P., Fromm, C. M., Fuentes, A., Galison, P., Gammie, C. F., García, R., Gentaz, O., Georgiev, B., Gold, R., Gómez, J. L., Gómez-Ruiz, A. I., Gu, M., Gurwell, M., Hecht, M. H., Hesper, R., Ho, L. C., Ho, P., Honma, M., Huang, C. -WL., Huang, L., Hughes, D. H., Ikeda, S., Inoue, M., Issaoun, S., James, D. J., Jannuzi, B. T., Janssen, M., Jeter, B., Jiang, W., Jiménez-Rosales, A., Johnson, M. D., Jung, T., Karami, M., Karuppusamy, R., Kettenis, M., Kim, D. -J, Kim, J., Koay, J. Y., Kofuji, Y., Koch, P. M., Koyama, S., Kramer, M., Kramer, C., Kuo, C. -Y, Lauer, T. R., Levis, A., Li, Y. -R, Li, Z., Lindqvist, M., Lico, R., Lindahl, G., Liu, J., Liu, K., Liuzzo, E., Lo, W. -P, Lobanov, A. P., Loinard, L., Lonsdale, C., Macdonald, N. R., Mao, J., Marchili, N., Marrone, D. P., Marscher, A. P., Martí-Vidal, I., Matsushita, S., Matthews, L. D., Medeiros, L., Menten, K. M., Mizuno, I., Mizuno, Y., Moran, J. M., Moriyama, K., Moscibrodzka, M., MÃŒller, C., Musoke, G., Mejías, A. M., Nagai, H., Nagar, N. M., Nakamura, M., Narayan, R., Narayanan, G., Natarajan, I., Nathanail, A., Neri, R., Ni, C., Noutsos, A., Okino, H., Olivares, H., Ortiz-León, G. N., Oyama, T., Ozel, F., Palumbo, D. C. M., Patel, N., Pen, U. -L, Pesce, D. W., Piétu, V., Plambeck, R., Popstefanija, A., Porth, O., Pötzl, F. M., Prather, B., Preciado-López, J. A., Psaltis, D., Pu, H. -Y, Rao, R., Rawlings, M. G., Raymond, A. W., Rezzolla, L., Ricarte, A., Ripperda, B., Roelofs, F., Rogers, A., Ros, E., Rose, M., Roshanineshat, A., Rottmann, H., Roy, A. L., Ruszczyk, C., Rygl, K. L. J., Sánchez, S., Sánchez-Arguelles, D., Savolainen, T., Schloerb, F. P., Schuster, K. -F, Shao, L., Shen, Z., Small, D., Sohn, B. W., Soohoo, J., Sun, H., Tazaki, F., Tetarenko, A. J., Tiede, P., Tilanus, R. P. J., Titus, M., Toma, K., Torne, P., Trent, T., Traianou, E., Trippe, S., Van Bemmel, I., Van Langevelde, H. J., Van Rossum, D. R., Wagner, J., Ward-Thompson, D., Wardle, J., Weintroub, J., Wex, N., Wharton, R., Wielgus, M., Wong, G. N., Wu, Q., Yoon, D., Young, A., Young, K., Younsi, Z., Yuan, F., Yuan, Y. -F, Zensus, J. A., Zhao, G. -Y, Zhao, S. -S, D’Ammando, F., Orienti, M., Abdalla, H., Adam, R., Aharonian, F., Benkhali, F. A., AngÃŒner, E. O., Arcaro, C., Armand, C., Armstrong, T., Ashkar, H., Backes, M., Baghmanyan, V., Barbosa Martins, V., Barnacka, A., Barnard, M., Becherini, Yvonne, Berge, D., Bernlöhr, K., Bi, B., Böttcher, M., Boisson, C., Bolmont, J., De Bony De Lavergne, M., Breuhaus, M., Brun, F., Brun, P., Bryan, M., BÃŒchele, M., Bulik, T., Bylund, Tomas, Caroff, S., Carosi, A., Casanova, S., Chand, T., Chen, A., Cotter, G., CuryÅ‚o, M., Damascene Mbarubucyeye, J., Davids, I. D., Davies, J., Deil, C., Devin, J., Dewilt, P., Dirson, L., Djannati-Ataï, A., Dmytriiev, A., Donath, A., Doroshenko, V., Duffy, C., Dyks, J., Egberts, K., Eichhorn, F., Einecke, S., Emery, G., Ernenwein, J. -P, Feijen, K., Fegan, S., Fiasson, A., De Clairfontaine, G. F., Fontaine, G., Funk, S., FÌßling, M., Gabici, S., Gallant, Y. A., Giavitto, G., Giunti, L., Glawion, D., Glicenstein, J. F., Gottschall, D., Grondin, M. -H, Hahn, J., Haupt, M., Hermann, G., Hinton, J. A., Hofmann, W., Hoischen, C., Holch, T. L., Holler, M., Hörbe, M., Horns, D., Huber, D., Jamrozy, M., Jankowsky, D., Jankowsky, F., Jardin-Blicq, A., Joshi, V., Jung-Richardt, I., Kasai, E., Kastendieck, M. A., KatarzyÅ„ski, K., Katz, U., Khangulyan, D., Khélifi, B., Klepser, S., Kluźniak, W., Komin, N., Konno, R., Kosack, K., Kostunin, D., Kreter, M., Lamanna, G., Lemiere, A., Lemoine-Goumard, M., Lenain, J. -P, Levy, C., Lohse, T., Lypova, I., Mackey, J., Majumdar, J., Malyshev, D., Marandon, V., Marchegiani, P., Marcowith, A., Mares, A., Martí-Devesa, G., Marx, R., Maurin, G., Meintjes, P. J., Meyer, M., Moderski, R., Mohamed, M., Mohrmann, L., Montanari, A., Moore, C., Morris, P., Moulin, E., Muller, J., Murach, T., Nakashima, K., Nayerhoda, A., De Naurois, M., Ndiyavala, H., Niederwanger, F., Niemiec, J., Oakes, L., O’Brien, P., Odaka, H., Ohm, S., Olivera-Nieto, L., De Ona Wilhelmi, E., Ostrowski, M., Panter, M., Panny, S., Parsons, R. D., Peron, G., Peyaud, B., Piel, Q., Pita, S., Poireau, V., Noel, A. P., Prokhorov, D. A., Prokoph, H., PÃŒhlhofer, G., Punch, Michael, Quirrenbach, A., Rauth, R., Reichherzer, P., Reimer, A., Reimer, O., Remy, Q., Renaud, M., Rieger, F., Rinchiuso, L., Romoli, C., Rowell, G., Rudak, B., Ruiz-Velasco, E., Sahakian, V., Sailer, S., Sanchez, D. A., Santangelo, A., Sasaki, M., Scalici, M., Schutte, H. M., Schwanke, U., Schwemmer, S., Seglar-Arroyo, M., Senniappan, M., Seyffert, A. S., Shafi, N., Shiningayamwe, K., Simoni, R., Sinha, A., Sol, H., Specovius, A., Spencer, S., Spir-Jacob, M., Stawarz, Ł., Sun, L., Steenkamp, R., Stegmann, C., Steinmassl, S., Steppa, C., Takahashi, T., Tavernier, T., Taylor, A. M., Terrier, R., Tiziani, D., Tluczykont, M., Tomankova, L., Trichard, C., Tsirou, M., Tuffs, R., Uchiyama, Y., Van Der Walt, D. J., Van Eldik, C., Van Rensburg, C., Van Soelen, B., Vasileiadis, G., Veh, J., Venter, C., Vincent, P., Vink, J., Völk, H. J., Vuillaume, T., Wadiasingh, Z., Wagner, S. J., Watson, J., Werner, F., White, R., Wierzcholska, A., Wong, Y. 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B., Benbow, W., Brill, A., Capasso, M., Christiansen, J. L., Chromey, A. J., Daniel, M. K., Errando, M., Farrell, K. A., Feng, Q., Finley, J. P., Fortson, L., Furniss, A., Gent, A., Giuri, C., Hassan, T., Hervet, O., Holder, J., Hughes, G., Humensky, T. B., Jin, W., Kaaret, P., Kertzman, M., Kieda, D., Kumar, S., Lang, M. J., Lundy, M., Maier, G., Moriarty, P., Mukherjee, R., Nieto, D., Nievas-Rosillo, M., O’Brien, S., Ong, R. A., Otte, A. N., Patel, S., Pfrang, K., Pohl, M., Prado, R. R., Pueschel, E., Quinn, J., Ragan, K., Reynolds, P. T., Ribeiro, D., Richards, G. T., Roache, E., Rulten, C., Ryan, J. L., Santander, M., Sembroski, G. H., Shang, R., Weinstein, A., Williams, D. A., Williamson, T. J., Hirota, T., Cui, L., Niinuma, K., Ro, H., Sakai, N., Sawada-Satoh, S., Wajima, K., Wang, N., Liu, X., and Yonekura, Y.

Abstract

In 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration succeeded in capturing the first direct image of the center of the M87 galaxy. The asymmetric ring morphology and size are consistent with theoretical expectations for a weakly accreting supermassive black hole of mass ∌6.5 × 109 M oË™. The EHTC also partnered with several international facilities in space and on the ground, to arrange an extensive, quasi-simultaneous multi-wavelength campaign. This Letter presents the results and analysis of this campaign, as well as the multi-wavelength data as a legacy data repository. We captured M87 in a historically low state, and the core flux dominates over HST-1 at high energies, making it possible to combine core flux constraints with the more spatially precise very long baseline interferometry data. We present the most complete simultaneous multi-wavelength spectrum of the active nucleus to date, and discuss the complexity and caveats of combining data from different spatial scales into one broadband spectrum. We apply two heuristic, isotropic leptonic single-zone models to provide insight into the basic source properties, but conclude that a structured jet is necessary to explain M87’s spectrum. We can exclude that the simultaneous γ-ray emission is produced via inverse Compton emission in the same region producing the EHT mm-band emission, and further conclude that the γ-rays can only be produced in the inner jets (inward of HST-1) if there are strongly particle-dominated regions. Direct synchrotron emission from accelerated protons and secondaries cannot yet be excluded. © 2021. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society..

Published
2021
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27. Infrared observations of the flaring maser source G358.93−0.03

Author

Stecklum, B., primary, Wolf, V., additional, Linz, H., additional, Caratti o Garatti, A., additional, Schmidl, S., additional, Klose, S., additional, Eislöffel, J., additional, Fischer, Ch., additional, Brogan, C., additional, Burns, R. A., additional, Bayandina, O., additional, Cyganowski, C., additional, Gurwell, M., additional, Hunter, T., additional, Hirano, N., additional, Kim, K.-T., additional, MacLeod, G., additional, Menten, K. M., additional, Olech, M., additional, Orosz, G., additional, Sobolev, A., additional, Sridharan, T. K., additional, Surcis, G., additional, Sugiyama, K., additional, van der Walt, J., additional, Volvach, A., additional, and Yonekura, Y., additional

Published
2021
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28. Long-term with short-intervals monitor of 6.7 GHz CH3OH masers using Hitachi 32-m radio telescope to statistically research the periodic flux variability around high-mass protostars

Author

Sugiyama, K, primary, Yonekura, Y, additional, Motogi, K, additional, Saito, Y, additional, Momose, M, additional, Honma, M, additional, Hirota, T, additional, Uchiyama, M, additional, Tanaka, K E I, additional, Kramer, B H, additional, Asanok, K, additional, Jaroenjittichai, P, additional, and Fujisawa, K, additional

Published
2019
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29. Molecular line search towards the flaring 6.7-GHz methanol masers of G 24.33+0.13 and G 359.62−0.24: rare maser transitions detected.

Author

McCarthy, T P, Orosz, G, Ellingsen, S P, Breen, S L, Voronkov, M A, Burns, R A, Olech, M, Yonekura, Y, Hirota, T, Hyland, L J, and Wolak, P

Subjects
MASERS, STELLAR mass, METHANOL, RADIO lines, RADIO sources (Astronomy)
Abstract

We have performed a molecular line search towards the flaring 6.7-GHz masers G 24.33+0.13, and G 359.6−0.24 using the Australia Telescope Compact Array. We present spectra of the 6.7-GHz class II methanol and 22.2-GHz water masers towards these sources and provide a comparison with other recent flaring events these sources have experienced. We also detect the fourth example of a 23.4-GHz class I methanol maser and the 11th example of a 4.8-GHz formaldehyde maser towards G 24.33+0.13. Alongside these results, we also observe the previously detected ammonia (3,3) emission and report upper limits on the presence of various other cm-wavelength methanol, ammonia, and OH transitions. Our results are consistent with the flaring of G 24.33+0.13 being driven by a variable accretion rate in the host high mass young stellar object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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31. Detection of new methanol maser transitions associated with G358.93−0.03

Author

MacLeod, G C, primary, Sugiyama, K, additional, Hunter, T R, additional, Quick, J, additional, Baan, W, additional, Breen, S L, additional, Brogan, C L, additional, Burns, R A, additional, Caratti o Garatti, A, additional, Chen, X, additional, Chibueze, J O, additional, Houde, M, additional, Kaczmarek, J F, additional, Linz, H, additional, Rajabi, F, additional, Saito, Y, additional, Schmidl, S, additional, Sobolev, A M, additional, Stecklum, B, additional, van den Heever, S P, additional, and Yonekura, Y, additional

Published
2019
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32. Data Descriptor: FANTOM5 CAGE profiles of human and mouse samples

Author

Noguchi, S, Arakawa, T, Fukuda, S, Furuno, M, Hasegawa, A, Hori, F, Ishikawa-Kato, S, Kaida, K, Kaiho, A, Kanamori-Katayama, M, Kawashima, T, Kojima, M, Kubosaki, A, Manabe, R-I, Murata, M, Nagao-Sato, S, Nakazato, K, Ninomiya, N, Nishiyori-Sueki, H, Noma, S, Saijyo, E, Saka, A, Sakai, M, Simon, C, Suzuki, N, Tagami, M, Watanabe, S, Yoshida, S, Arner, P, Axton, RA, Babina, M, Baillie, JK, Barnett, TC, Beckhouse, AG, Blumenthal, A, Bodega, B, Bonetti, A, Briggs, J, Brombacher, F, Carlisle, AJ, Clevers, HC, Davis, CA, Detmar, M, Dohi, T, Edge, ASB, Edinger, M, Ehrlund, A, Ekwall, K, Endoh, M, Enomoto, H, Eslami, A, Fagiolini, M, Fairbairn, L, Farach-Carson, MC, Faulkner, GJ, Ferrai, C, Fisher, ME, Forrester, LM, Fujita, R, Furusawa, J-I, Geijtenbeek, TB, Gingeras, T, Goldowitz, D, Guhl, S, Guler, R, Gustincich, S, Ha, TJ, Hamaguchi, M, Hara, M, Hasegawa, Y, Herlyn, M, Heutink, P, Hitchens, KJ, Hume, DA, Ikawa, T, Ishizu, Y, Kai, C, Kawamoto, H, Kawamura, YI, Kempfle, JS, Kenna, TJ, Kere, J, Khachigian, LM, Kitamura, T, Klein, S, Klinken, SP, Knox, AJ, Kojima, S, Koseki, H, Koyasu, S, Lee, W, Lennartsson, A, Mackay-sim, A, Mejhert, N, Mizuno, Y, Morikawa, H, Morimoto, M, Moro, K, Morris, KJ, Motohashi, H, Mummery, CL, Nakachi, Y, Nakahara, F, Nakamura, T, Nakamura, Y, Nozaki, T, Ogishima, S, Ohkura, N, Ohno, H, Ohshima, M, Okada-Hatakeyama, M, Okazaki, Y, Orlando, V, Ovchinnikov, DA, Passier, R, Patrikakis, M, Pombo, A, Pradhan-Bhatt, S, Qin, X-Y, Rehli, M, Rizzu, P, Roy, S, Sajantila, A, Sakaguchi, S, Sato, H, Satoh, H, Savvi, S, Saxena, A, Schmidl, C, Schneider, C, Schulze-Tanzil, GG, Schwegmann, A, Sheng, G, Shin, JW, Sugiyama, D, Sugiyama, T, Summers, KM, Takahashi, N, Takai, J, Tanaka, H, Tatsukawa, H, Tomoiu, A, Toyoda, H, van de Wetering, M, van den Berg, LM, Verardo, R, Vijayan, D, Wells, CA, Winteringham, LN, Wolvetang, E, Yamaguchi, Y, Yamamoto, M, Yanagi-Mizuochi, C, Yoneda, M, Yonekura, Y, Zhang, PG, Zucchelli, S, Abugessaisa, I, Arner, E, Harshbarger, J, Kondo, A, Lassmann, T, Lizio, M, Sahin, S, Sengstag, T, Severin, J, Shimoji, H, Suzuki, M, Suzuki, H, Kawai, J, Kondo, N, Itoh, M, Daub, CO, Kasukawa, T, Kawaji, H, Carninci, P, Forrest, ARR, Hayashizaki, Y, Noguchi, S, Arakawa, T, Fukuda, S, Furuno, M, Hasegawa, A, Hori, F, Ishikawa-Kato, S, Kaida, K, Kaiho, A, Kanamori-Katayama, M, Kawashima, T, Kojima, M, Kubosaki, A, Manabe, R-I, Murata, M, Nagao-Sato, S, Nakazato, K, Ninomiya, N, Nishiyori-Sueki, H, Noma, S, Saijyo, E, Saka, A, Sakai, M, Simon, C, Suzuki, N, Tagami, M, Watanabe, S, Yoshida, S, Arner, P, Axton, RA, Babina, M, Baillie, JK, Barnett, TC, Beckhouse, AG, Blumenthal, A, Bodega, B, Bonetti, A, Briggs, J, Brombacher, F, Carlisle, AJ, Clevers, HC, Davis, CA, Detmar, M, Dohi, T, Edge, ASB, Edinger, M, Ehrlund, A, Ekwall, K, Endoh, M, Enomoto, H, Eslami, A, Fagiolini, M, Fairbairn, L, Farach-Carson, MC, Faulkner, GJ, Ferrai, C, Fisher, ME, Forrester, LM, Fujita, R, Furusawa, J-I, Geijtenbeek, TB, Gingeras, T, Goldowitz, D, Guhl, S, Guler, R, Gustincich, S, Ha, TJ, Hamaguchi, M, Hara, M, Hasegawa, Y, Herlyn, M, Heutink, P, Hitchens, KJ, Hume, DA, Ikawa, T, Ishizu, Y, Kai, C, Kawamoto, H, Kawamura, YI, Kempfle, JS, Kenna, TJ, Kere, J, Khachigian, LM, Kitamura, T, Klein, S, Klinken, SP, Knox, AJ, Kojima, S, Koseki, H, Koyasu, S, Lee, W, Lennartsson, A, Mackay-sim, A, Mejhert, N, Mizuno, Y, Morikawa, H, Morimoto, M, Moro, K, Morris, KJ, Motohashi, H, Mummery, CL, Nakachi, Y, Nakahara, F, Nakamura, T, Nakamura, Y, Nozaki, T, Ogishima, S, Ohkura, N, Ohno, H, Ohshima, M, Okada-Hatakeyama, M, Okazaki, Y, Orlando, V, Ovchinnikov, DA, Passier, R, Patrikakis, M, Pombo, A, Pradhan-Bhatt, S, Qin, X-Y, Rehli, M, Rizzu, P, Roy, S, Sajantila, A, Sakaguchi, S, Sato, H, Satoh, H, Savvi, S, Saxena, A, Schmidl, C, Schneider, C, Schulze-Tanzil, GG, Schwegmann, A, Sheng, G, Shin, JW, Sugiyama, D, Sugiyama, T, Summers, KM, Takahashi, N, Takai, J, Tanaka, H, Tatsukawa, H, Tomoiu, A, Toyoda, H, van de Wetering, M, van den Berg, LM, Verardo, R, Vijayan, D, Wells, CA, Winteringham, LN, Wolvetang, E, Yamaguchi, Y, Yamamoto, M, Yanagi-Mizuochi, C, Yoneda, M, Yonekura, Y, Zhang, PG, Zucchelli, S, Abugessaisa, I, Arner, E, Harshbarger, J, Kondo, A, Lassmann, T, Lizio, M, Sahin, S, Sengstag, T, Severin, J, Shimoji, H, Suzuki, M, Suzuki, H, Kawai, J, Kondo, N, Itoh, M, Daub, CO, Kasukawa, T, Kawaji, H, Carninci, P, Forrest, ARR, and Hayashizaki, Y

Abstract

In the FANTOM5 project, transcription initiation events across the human and mouse genomes were mapped at a single base-pair resolution and their frequencies were monitored by CAGE (Cap Analysis of Gene Expression) coupled with single-molecule sequencing. Approximately three thousands of samples, consisting of a variety of primary cells, tissues, cell lines, and time series samples during cell activation and development, were subjected to a uniform pipeline of CAGE data production. The analysis pipeline started by measuring RNA extracts to assess their quality, and continued to CAGE library production by using a robotic or a manual workflow, single molecule sequencing, and computational processing to generate frequencies of transcription initiation. Resulting data represents the consequence of transcriptional regulation in each analyzed state of mammalian cells. Non-overlapping peaks over the CAGE profiles, approximately 200,000 and 150,000 peaks for the human and mouse genomes, were identified and annotated to provide precise location of known promoters as well as novel ones, and to quantify their activities.

Published
2017

34. The statistical geometry of transcriptome divergence in cell-type evolution and cancer

Author

Liang, C, Alam, I, Albanese, D, Altschuler, G, Andersson, R, Arakawa, T, Archer, J, Arner, E, Arner, P, Babina, M, Baillie, K, Bajic, V, Baker, S, Balic, A, Balwierz, P, Beckhouse, A, Bertin, N, Blake, Ja, Blumenthal, A, Bodega, B, Bonetti, A, Briggs, J, Brombacher, F, Burroughs, M, Califano, A, Cannistraci, C, Carbajo, D, Carninci, P, Chen, Yang, Chierici, M, Ciani, Y, Clevers, H, Dalla, Emiliano, Daub, C, Davis, C, De Hoon, M, De Lima Morais, D, Dermar, M, Diehl, A, Dimont, E, Dohl, T, Drabros, F, Edge, A, Edinger, M, Ekwall, K, Endoh, M, Enomoto, H, Fagiolini, M, Fairbairn, L, Fang, H, Farach Carson, Mc, Faulkner, G, Favorov, A, Fisher, M, Forrest, A, Francescatto, M, Freeman, T, Frith, M, Fujita, R, Fukuda, S, Furlanello, C, Furuno, M, Furusawa, J, Geijtenbeek, Tb, Gibson, A, Gingeras, T, Goldowithz, D, Gough, J, Guhl, S, Guler, R, Gustincich, Stefano, Ha, T, Haberle, V, Hamaguchi, M, Hara, M, Harbers, M, Harshbarger, J, Hasegawa, A, Hasegawa, Y, Hashimoto, T, Hayashizaki, Y, Herlyn, M, Heutink, P, Hide, W, Hitchens, K, Ho Sui, S, Hofmann, O, Hoof, I, Hori, F, Hume, D, Huminiecki, L, Iida, K, Ikawa, T, Ishizu, Y, Itoh, M, Jankovic, B, Jia, H, Jorgensen, M, Joshi, A, Jurman, G, Kaczkowski, B, Kai, C, Kaida, K, Kaiho, A, Kajiyama, K, Kanamori Katayama, M, Kasianov, A, Kasukawa, T, Katayama, S, Kato Ishikawa, S, Kawaguchi, S, Kawai, J, Kawaji, H, Kawamoto, H, Kawamura, Y, Kawashima, T, Kempfle, J, Kenna, T, Kere, J, Khachigian, L, Kitamura, T, Klinken, P, Knox, A, Kojima, M, Kojima, S, Kondo, N, Koseki, H, Koyasu, S, Krampitz, S, Kubosaki, A, Kulakovskiy, I, Kwon, At, Laros, J, Lassmann, T, Lenhard, B, Lennartsson, A, Li, K, Lilji, B, Lipovich, L, Lizio, M, Mackay Sim, A, Makeev, V, Manabe, R, Mar, J, Marchand, B, Mathelier, A, Medvedeva, Y, Meehan, Tf, Mejhert, N, Meynert, A, Mizuno, Y, Morikawa, H, Morimoto, M, Moro, K, Motakis, E, Motohashi, H, Mummery, C, Mungall, Cj, Murata, M, Nagao Sato, S, Nakachi, Y, Nakahara, F, Nakamura, T, Nakamura, Y, Nakazato, K, Ninomiya Fukuda, N, Nishiyori Sueki, H, Noma, S, Nozaki, T, Ogishima, S, Ohkura, N, Ohmiya, H, Ohno, H, Ohshima, M, Okada Hatakeyama, M, Okazaki, Y, Orlando, V, Ovchinnikov, D, Pain, A, Passier, R, Persson, H, Piazza, Silvano, Plessy, C, Pradhan Bhatt, S, Prendergast, J, Rackham, O, Ramilowski, J, Rashid, M, Ravasi, T, Rehli, M, Rizzu, P, Roncador, M, Roy, S, Rye, M, Saijyo, E, Sajantila, A, Saka, A, Sakaguchi, S, Sakai, M, Sandelin, A, Sato, H, Satoh, H, Suzana, S, Alka, S, Schaefer, U, Schmeier, S, Schmidl, C, Schneider, C, Schultes, Ea, Schulze Tanzil, G, Schwegmann, A, Semple, C, Sengstag, T, Severin, J, Sheng, G, Shimoji, H, Shimoni, Y, Shin, J, Simon, C, Sugiyama, D, Sugiyama, T, Summers, K, Suzuki, H, Suzuki, M, Suzuki, N, Swoboda, R, Hoen P, T, Tagami, M, Takahashi, N, Takai, J, Tanaka, H, Tatsukawa, H, Tatum, Z, Taylor, M, Thompson, M, Toyoda, H, Toyoda, T, Valen, E, Van De Wetering, M, Van Den Berg, L, Van Nimwegen, E, Verardo, R, Vijayan, D, Vitezic, M, Vorontzov, I, Wasserman, W, Watanabe, S, Wells, C, Winteringham, L, Wolvetang, E, Wood, Ej, Yamaguchi, Y, Yamamoto, M, Yoneda, M, Yonekura, Y, Yoshida, Shin'Ichirou, Young, R, Zabierowski, Se, Zhang, P, Zhao, X, Zucchelli, Silvia, Forrest, Ar, Wagner, Gp, Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, AII - Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious diseases, and Experimental Immunology

Subjects
Cell type, General Physics and Astronomy, rna-seq data, phylogenetic networks, Biology, ENCODE, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Divergence, Transcriptome, Models, Settore BIO/13 - Biologia Applicata, Neoplasms, Humans, Genetics, Models, Statistical, Multidisciplinary, Statistical model, General Chemistry, Statistical, Biological Evolution, Body plan, Tree structure, Evolutionary biology, Cancer cell
Abstract

In evolution, body plan complexity increases due to an increase in the number of individualized cell types. Yet, there is very little understanding of the mechanisms that produce this form of organismal complexity. One model for the origin of novel cell types is the sister cell-type model. According to this model, each cell type arises together with a sister cell type through specialization from an ancestral cell type. A key prediction of the sister cell-type model is that gene expression profiles of cell types exhibit tree structure. Here we present a statistical model for detecting tree structure in transcriptomic data and apply it to transcriptomes from ENCODE and FANTOM5. We show that transcriptomes of normal cells harbour substantial amounts of hierarchical structure. In contrast, cancer cell lines have less tree structure, suggesting that the emergence of cancer cells follows different principles from that of evolutionary cell-type origination.

Published
2015

35. Differential roles of epigenetic changes and Foxp3 expression in regulatory T cell-specific transcriptional regulation

Author

Morikawa, H, Ohkura, N, Vandenbon, A, Itoh, M, Nagao Sato, S, Kawaji, H, Lassmann, T, Carninci, P, Hayashizaki, Y, Forrest, Ar, Standley, Dm, Date, H, Sakaguchi, S, FANTOM Consortium (Forrest AR, Rehli, M, Baillie, Jk, de Hoon MJ, Haberle, V, Kulakovskiy, Iv, Lizio, M, Andersson, R, Mungall, Cj, Meehan, Tf, Schmeier, S, Bertin, N, Jørgensen, M, Dimont, E, Arner, E, Schmidl, C, Schaefer, U, Medvedeva, Ya, Plessy, C, Vitezic, M, Severin, J, Semple, Ca, Ishizu, Y, Francescatto, M, Alam, I, Albanese, D, Altschuler, Gm, Archer, Ja, Arner, P, Babina, M, Baker, S, Balwierz, Pj, Beckhouse, Ag, Pradhan Bhatt, S, Blake, Ja, Blumenthal, A, Bodega, B, Bonetti, A, Briggs, J, Brombacher, F, Burroughs, Am, Califano, A, Cannistraci, Cv, Carbajo, D, Chen, Y, Chierici, M, Ciani, Y, Clevers, Hc, Dalla, E, Davis, Ca, Deplancke, B, Detmar, M, Diehl, Ad, Dohi, T, Drabløs, F, Edge, As, Edinger, M, Ekwall, K, Endoh, M, Enomoto, H, Fagiolini, M, Fairbairn, L, Fang, H, Farach Carson MC, Faulkner, Gj, Favorov, Av, Fisher, Me, Frith, Mc, Fujita, R, Fukuda, S, Furlanello, C, Furuno, M, Furusawa, J, Geijtenbeek, Tb, Gibson, A, Gingeras, T, Goldowitz, D, Gough, J, Guhl, S, Guler, R, Gustincich, Stefano, Ha, Tj, Hamaguchi, M, Hara, M, Harbers, M, Harshbarger, J, Hasegawa, A, Hasegawa, Y, Hashimoto, T, Herlyn, M, Hitchens, Kj, Ho Sui SJ, Hofmann, Om, Hoof, I, Hori, F, Huminiecki, L, Iida, K, Ikawa, T, Jankovic, Br, Jia, H, Joshi, A, Jurman, G, Kaczkowski, B, Kai, C, Kaida, K, Kaiho, A, Kajiyama, K, Kanamori Katayama, M, Kasianov, As, Kasukawa, T, Katayama, S, Kato, S, Kawaguchi, S, Kawamoto, H, Kawamura, Yi, Kawashima, T, Kempfle, Js, Kenna, Tj, Kere, J, Khachigian, Lm, Kitamura, T, Klinken, Sp, Knox, Aj, Kojima, M, Kojima, S, Kondo, N, Koseki, H, Koyasu, S, Krampitz, S, Kubosaki, A, Kwon, At, Laros, Jf, Lee, W, Lennartsson, A, Li, K, Lilje, B, Lipovich, L, Mackay Sim, A, Manabe, R, Mar, Jc, Marchand, B, Mathelier, A, Mejhert, N, Meynert, A, Mizuno, Y, Morais, Da, Morimoto, M, Moro, K, Motakis, E, Motohashi, H, Mummery, Cl, Murata, M, Nakachi, Y, Nakahara, F, Nakamura, T, Nakamura, Y, Nakazato, K, van Nimwegen, E, Ninomiya, N, Nishiyori, H, Noma, S, Nozaki, T, Ogishima, S, Ohmiya, H, Ohno, H, Ohshima, M, Okada Hatakeyama, M, Okazaki, Y, Orlando, V, Ovchinnikov, Da, Pain, A, Passier, R, Patrikakis, M, Persson, H, Piazza, S, Prendergast, Jg, Rackham, Oj, Ramilowski, Ja, Rashid, M, Ravasi, T, Rizzu, P, Roncador, M, Roy, S, Rye, Mb, Saijyo, E, Sajantila, A, Saka, A, Sakai, M, Sato, H, Satoh, H, Savvi, S, Saxena, A, Schneider, C, Schultes, Ea, Schulze Tanzil GG, Schwegmann, A, Sengstag, T, Sheng, G, Shimoji, H, Shimoni, Y, Shin, Jw, Simon, C, Sugiyama, D, Sugiyama, T, Suzuki, M, Swoboda, Rk, 't Hoen PA, Tagami, M, Takahashi, N, Takai, J, Tanaka, H, Tatsukawa, H, Tatum, Z, Thompson, M, Toyoda, H, Toyoda, T, Valen, E, van de Wetering, M, van den Berg LM, Verardo, R, Vijayan, D, Vorontsov, Ie, Wasserman, Ww, Watanabe, S, Wells, Ca, Winteringham, Ln, Wolvetang, E, Wood, Ej, Yamaguchi, Y, Yamamoto, M, Yoneda, M, Yonekura, Y, Yoshida, S, Zabierowski, Se, Zhang, Pg, Zhao, X, Zucchelli, S, Summers, Km, Suzuki, H, Daub, Co, Kawai, J, Heutink, P, Hide, W, Freeman, Tc, Lenhard, B, Bajic, Vb, Taylor, Ms, Makeev, Vj, Sandelin, A, Hume, Da, Hayashizaki, Y., AII - Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious diseases, Experimental Immunology, and Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research

Subjects
Transcription, Genetic, Regulatory T cell, T-Lymphocytes, Down-Regulation, chemical and pharmacologic phenomena, Biology, Inbred C57BL, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory, Epigenesis, Genetic, Mice, Genetic, Settore BIO/13 - Biologia Applicata, medicine, Transcriptional regulation, Animals, Epigenetics, Gene, Inbred BALB C, Genetics, Regulation of gene expression, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Multidisciplinary, Binding Sites, FOXP3, hemic and immune systems, Forkhead Transcription Factors, DNA Methylation, Biological Sciences, Regulatory, Cap analysis gene expression, Mice, Inbred C57BL, medicine.anatomical_structure, Gene Expression Regulation, DNA methylation, Transcription, Epigenesis
Abstract

Naturally occurring regulatory T (Treg) cells, which specifically express the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), are engaged in the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and homeostasis. By transcriptional start site cluster analysis, we assessed here how genome-wide patterns of DNA methylation or Foxp3 binding sites were associated with Treg-specific gene expression. We found that Treg-specific DNA hypomethylated regions were closely associated with Treg up-regulated transcriptional start site clusters, whereas Foxp3 binding regions had no significant correlation with either up- or down-regulated clusters in nonactivated Treg cells. However, in activated Treg cells, Foxp3 binding regions showed a strong correlation with down-regulated clusters. In accordance with these findings, the above two features of activation-dependent gene regulation in Treg cells tend to occur at different locations in the genome. The results collectively indicate that Treg-specific DNA hypomethylation is instrumental in gene up-regulation in steady state Treg cells, whereas Foxp3 down-regulates the expression of its target genes in activated Treg cells. Thus, the two events seem to play distinct but complementary roles in Treg-specific gene expression.

Published
2014

37. HCN hyperfine ratio analysis of massive molecular clumps.

Author

Schap III, W. J., Barnes, P. J., Ordoñez, A., Ginsburg, A., Yonekura, Y., and Fukui, Y.

Subjects
HYDROCYANIC acid, INTERSTELLAR molecules, SUPERGIANT stars, PROTOSTARS, MOLECULAR clouds, STAR observations
Abstract

We report a new analysis protocol for HCN hyperfine data, based on the PYSPECKIT package, and results of using this new protocol to analyse a sample area of seven massive molecular clumps from the Census of High- and Medium-mass Protostars (CHaMP) survey, in order to derive maps of column density for this species. There is a strong correlation between the HCN integrated intensity, IHCN, and previously reported IHCO+ in the clumps, but IN2H+ is not well correlated with either of these other two 'dense gas tracers'. The four fitted parameters from PYSPECKIT in this region fall in the range of VLSR = 8-10 km s-1, σV = 1.2-2.2 km s-1, Tex = 4-15 K, and τ = 0.2-2.5. These parameters allow us to derive a column density map of these clouds, without limiting assumptions about the excitation or opacity. A more traditional (linear) method of converting IHCN to total mass column gives much lower clump masses than our results based on the hyperfine analysis. This is primarily due to areas in the sample region of low I, low Tex, and high τ .We conclude that there may be more dense gas in these massive clumps not engaged in massive star formation than previously recognized. If this result holds for other clouds in the CHaMP sample, it would have dramatic consequences for the calibration of the Kennicutt-Schmidt star formation laws, including a large increase in the gas depletion time-scale in such regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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38. THE JET AND ARC MOLECULAR CLOUDS TOWARD WESTERLUND 2, RCW 49, AND HESS J1023–575;12CO AND13CO (J= 2-1 andJ= 1-0) OBSERVATIONS WITH NANTEN2 AND MOPRA TELESCOPE

Author

Furukawa, N., primary, Ohama, A., additional, Fukuda, T., additional, Torii, K., additional, Hayakawa, T., additional, Sano, H., additional, Okuda, T., additional, Yamamoto, H., additional, Moribe, N., additional, Mizuno, A., additional, Maezawa, H., additional, Onishi, T., additional, Kawamura, A., additional, Mizuno, N., additional, Dawson, J. R., additional, Dame, T. M., additional, Yonekura, Y., additional, Aharonian, F., additional, de Oña Wilhelmi, E., additional, Rowell, G. P., additional, Matsumoto, R., additional, Asahina, Y., additional, and Fukui, Y., additional

Published
2014
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39. New Detection of an Extremely Blue-shift Dominated Jet in G353.273+0.641: A Possible Disk-Jet System on 100 AU Scale

Author

Unknown, Motogi, K., Fujisawa, K., Sugiyama, K., Niinuma, K., Sorai, K., Honma, M., Hirota, T., Yonekura, Y., Hachisuka, K., Walsh, Andrew, Unknown, Motogi, K., Fujisawa, K., Sugiyama, K., Niinuma, K., Sorai, K., Honma, M., Hirota, T., Yonekura, Y., Hachisuka, K., and Walsh, Andrew

Abstract

We report a new detection of an unusual molecular jet from a high mass protostellar object G353.273+0.641 using the NRO 45m telescope. Newly detected SiO (υ = 0, J = 2-1) jet shows highly blue-shift dominated spectrum similar to the associated 22 GHz maser emission. The remarkable blue-shift dominance in both of the maser and SiO emission can be caused by a compact (< 170 AU) and optically thick face-on disk, masking the red-shifted part of the jet.

Published
2013

40. Noninvasive measurement of cerebral metabolic rate of glucose using standardized input function

Author

Tsuchida T, Norihiro Sadato, Yonekura Y, Nakamura S, Takahashi N, Sugimoto K, Waki A, Yamamoto K, Hayashi N, and Ishii Y

Subjects
Blood Glucose, Male, Body Surface Area, Body Weight, Brain, Middle Aged, Body Mass Index, Glucose, Fluorodeoxyglucose F18, Injections, Intravenous, Autoradiography, Humans, Female, Radiopharmaceuticals, Tomography, Emission-Computed
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to propose and validate a method for the noninvasive measurement of cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRGlc) by fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET with a standardized input function (SIF) and an autoradiographic method.Plasma input functions, measured by intermittent arterial blood samplings after the intravenous injection of FDG, in 44 patients who had fasted for at least 6 h, were used to generate the SIF. The input function of each patient was normalized with the net injected dose (nID) of FDG and body mass as indicated by body surface area (BSA) or body weight (BW). The SIF was generated as an average of 44 normalized input functions. The estimation of the input function and CMRGlc with SIF was validated in 10 additional patients, who underwent FDG PET after fasting for at least 6 h. CMRGlc was estimated with a simulated input function (IFsim) generated with the following equation: IFsim = SIF x (nID/body mass). The estimated CMRGlc was compared with the measured CMRGlc.Based on BSA, the percentage error of the area under the curve of IFsim was 3.5%+/-2.2%. The percentage error of CMRGlc was 2.9%+/-1.9% in gray matter and 3.4%+/-2.2% in white matter. A similar percentage error was obtained based on BW.The proposed method is noninvasive and accurate, and therefore is clinically acceptable for measuring CMRGlc in patients in fasting states.

Published
1999

41. FDG PET to evaluate combined intra-arterial chemotherapy and radiotherapy of head and neck neoplasms

Author

Kitagawa Y, Norihiro Sadato, Azuma H, Ogasawara T, Yoshida M, Ishii Y, and Yonekura Y

Subjects
Male, Fluorine Radioisotopes, Neoplasm, Residual, Middle Aged, Combined Modality Therapy, Radiotherapy, High-Energy, Fluorodeoxyglucose F18, Head and Neck Neoplasms, Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Humans, Infusions, Intra-Arterial, Female, Radiopharmaceuticals, Tomography, Emission-Computed
Abstract

We evaluated the effectiveness of combined intra-arterial chemotherapy and radiotherapy on head and neck squamous cell carcinomas using fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET.Fifteen patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were included in the study. Fourteen patients completed the treatment regimen and underwent FDG PET before and 4 wk after chemoradiotherapy. One patient underwent pretreatment FDG PET only. The pretreatment and post-treatment PET images were compared with clinical and histopathologic evaluations of the effects of chemoradiotherapy. For the quantitative evaluation of regional radioactivity, standardized uptake values (SUVs) with an uptake period of 50 min were used.Before treatment, FDG PET detected neoplasms in all 15 patients. The overall clinical response rate to chemoradiotherapy in the 14 patients who were imaged before and after treatment was 100%. Before treatment, the neoplastic lesions showed high SUVs (mean 7.77 mg/mL), which significantly decreased after therapy (3.62 mg/mL, P0.01). Lesions with higher pretreatment SUVs (7 mg/mL) showed residual viable tumor cells after the treatment in 3 of 8 patients, whereas those with lower SUVs (7 mg/mL, 6 patients) were successfully treated. Three of seven tumors with post-treatment SUVs4 mg/mL had viable tumor cells, whereas all tumors (7/7) with post-treatment SUVs4 mg/mL showed no viable cells. With concomitant chemoradiotherapy monitored by FDG PET, 5 patients avoided surgery entirely, and the remaining 9 patients underwent a reduced form of surgery.FDG PET is useful in evaluating the effects of combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy in patients with head and neck carcinoma. Pretreatment FDG PET is useful in predicting the response to treatment, and post-treatment FDG PET can evaluate residual viable cells. Hence, FDG PET is a valuable tool in the treatment of head and neck tumors.

Published
1999

42. Anatomic validation of spatial normalization methods for PET

Author

Sugiura M, Kawashima R, Norihiro Sadato, Senda M, Kanno I, Oda K, Sato K, Yonekura Y, and Fukuda H

Subjects
Male, Reference Values, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Brain, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Tomography, Emission-Computed
Abstract

Spatial normalization methods, which are indispensable for intersubject analysis in current PET studies, have been improved in many aspects. These methods have not necessarily been evaluated as anatomic normalization methods because PET images are functional images. However, in view of the close relation between brain function and morphology, it is very intriguing how precisely normalized brains coincide with each other. In this report, the anatomic precision of spatial normalization is validated with three different methods.Four PET centers in Japan participated in this study. In each center, six normal subjects were recruited for both H2(15)O-PET and high-resolution MRI studies. Variations in the location of the anterior commissure (AC) and size and contours of the brain and the courses of major sulci were measured in spatially normalized MR images for each method. Spatial normalization was performed as follows. (a) Linear: The AC-posterior commissure and midsagittal plane were identified on MRI and the size of the brain was adjusted to the Talairach space in each axis using linear parameters. (b) Human brain atlas (HBA): Atlas structures were manually adjusted to MRI to determine linear and nonlinear transformation parameters and then MRI was transformed with the inverse of these parameters. (c) Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) 95: PET images were transformed into the template PET image with linear and nonlinear parameters in a least-squares manner. Then, coregistered MR images were transformed with the same parameters used for the PET transformation.The AC was well registered in all methods. The size of the brain normalized with SPM95 varied to a greater extent than with other approaches. Larger variance in contours was observed with the linear method. Only SPM95 showed significant superiority to the linear method when the courses of major sulci were compared.The results of this study indicate that SPM95 is as effective a spatial normalization as HBA, although it does not use anatomic images. Large variance in structures other than the AC and size of the brain in the linear method suggests the necessity of nonlinear transformations for effective spatial normalization. Operator dependency of HBA also must be considered.

Published
1999

43. Coregistration of FDG PET and MRI of the head and neck using normal distribution of FDG

Author

Uematsu H, Norihiro Sadato, Yonekura Y, Tsuchida T, Nakamura S, Sugimoto K, Waki A, Yamamoto K, Hayashi N, and Ishii Y

Subjects
Aged, 80 and over, Male, Middle Aged, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Fluorodeoxyglucose F18, Head and Neck Neoplasms, Reference Values, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Humans, Female, Tissue Distribution, Radiopharmaceuticals, Head, Aged, Tomography, Emission-Computed
Abstract

For better localization of head and neck structures by PET with 2-(18)F-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), direct incorporation of anatomical information from MRI by the coregistration of FDG PET and MRI without external markers is proposed.Seventeen patients with neoplasms and 16 normal subjects who had both FDG PET and MRI were studied. First, the three-dimensional normal distribution of FDG was evaluated, and then the structures of the head and neck regions with normal distribution patterns of FDG were used as internal markers for the coregistration of PET and MRI. The effectiveness of the coregistration was evaluated using focal neoplasms that were identified by both PET and MRI as fiducial internal markers.The normal structures selected as internal landmarks for coregistration were the tonsils, salivary glands, mucosal layers of the oral cavity and pharynx, spinal cord, inferior portion of the frontal lobe, cerebellum and nasal turbinates. These structures were more easily observed in sagittal or coronal sections than in transaxial sections. All primary neoplasms were delineated by PET, whereas 4 were missed by MRI. Thirteen primary tumors and 7 cervical lymph node metastases coregistered well, with a center-of-mass distance of2 mm, whereas 10 lymph node metastases were slightly misregistered, with a center-of-mass distance of 7.8+/-6.5 mm (mean+/-s.d.), probably due to differences in neck positions.Normal distribution of FDG uptake in the head and neck regions delineated by multidirectional sections is important for effective coregistration of FDG PET with MRI.

Published
1998

44. Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET versus thallium-201 scintigraphy evaluation of thyroid tumors

Author

Uematsu H, Norihiro Sadato, Ohtsubo T, Tsuchida T, Nakamura S, Sugimoto K, Waki A, Takahashi N, Yonekura Y, Tsuda G, Saito H, Hayashi N, Yamamoto K, and Ishii Y

Subjects
Adenoma, Adult, Male, Fluorine Radioisotopes, Middle Aged, Carcinoma, Papillary, Thallium Radioisotopes, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Fluorodeoxyglucose F18, Humans, Female, Thyroid Neoplasms, Radiopharmaceuticals, Aged, Tomography, Emission-Computed
Abstract

To determine whether PET could help differentiate malignant from benign thyroid tumors, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) accumulation and 201Tl scintigraphy were examined relative to histological diagnosis.Nodular thyroid lesions in 11 patients were evaluated before surgical resection. Static PET scanning with 370 MBq FDG was done for 20 min (from 40 to 60 min postinjection) in all patients, and standardized uptake values (SUVs) in these lesions were calculated. In addition, eight patients were evaluated with dynamic PET scan up to 60 min postinjection, and the lesions were further evaluated using graphical analysis. Thallium-201 delayed images were visually evaluated in 10 patients.Four of 11 nodules were well-differentiated papillary carcinoma, another five were benign follicular adenomas, one was a multinodular goiter and another a case of chronic thyroiditis that was proved not to contain a nodule. Time-activity curves of FDG uptake showed different patterns in malignant and benign tumors. In the malignant tumors, FDG uptake increased with time after the tracer injection. By contrast, FDG uptake in benign tumors gradually decreased. With use of a cutoff value of 5.0 mg/ml for SUV and 10 microl x min(-1) x ml(-1) for Kc (K complex value determined using the linear fitting of the time-activity curve of FDG accumulation), all of the four malignant nodules and the six benign nodules were separated correctly. Chronic thyroiditis had high SUV in the malignant range. Of the four patients with thyroid carcinoma, the delayed 201Tl images revealed a slightly higher or equal uptake to background activity. In a patient with chronic thyroiditis, the delayed 201Tl images revealed diffuse accumulation higher than background activity.FDG-PET is superior to 201Tl in differentiating malignant from benign tumors. Both SUVs and Kc values were useful indexes for this discrimination. Although careful evaluation is needed for chronic inflammatory lesions, this technique appears to be useful in evaluating thyroid nodules.

Published
1998

45. High resolution 4-head pinhole SPECT system for small animal studies

Author

Ishizu K, Mukai T, Yonekura Y, Pagani M, Fujita T, Magata Y, Nishizawa S, Tamaki N, Shibasaki H, and Konishi J

Subjects
single-photon-emissioncomputed tomography, ultra-high resolution, pinhole collimator
Abstract

We describe a newly developed ultra-high resolution SPECT system using four pinhole collimators for small animal studies. Methods:Thesystemutilizesa clinicalfour-headSPECTscan ner with Specially designed pinhole collimators. Four types of pinholes with different configurations were designed with differ ant effective aperture sizes (1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mm) and rotating radii (40 mm and 50 mm). The distance from the axis of rotation to the scintillatorwas fixed to 180 mm. A fltteredbackprojection algorithm was used to reconstruct SPECT images after fan beam-to-parallel-beam data conversion. Results The system provided a reconstructed spatial resolution of 1.65 mm (FWHM) and sensitivity of 4.3 kcps/@tCVmlwith the best type of pinholes, respectively. The @rc-HMPAOSPECT image in rat studies clearly visualized small brain structures, and the left ventricular myocardium and cardiac cavity were clearly separated with @Tc-MlBl. IYynamic SPECT imaging of rat brain with r23oiom@enilwas also feasible.Conclusion:This uttra-high resolution SPECT system can be used to measure the regional distribution of radiolabeled tracers in small animals in vn,o and may play a significantrole in the development of new radio pharmaceuticals and in studies of various disease models using living animals.

Published
1995

48. Effects of hyperglycemia on FDG uptake in human brain and glioma

Author

Ishizu K, Nishizawa S, Yonekura Y, Norihiro Sadato, Magata Y, Tamaki N, Tsuchida T, Okazawa H, Miyatake S, and Ishikawa M

Subjects
Adult, Blood Glucose, Male, Brain Neoplasms, Brain, Glioma, Deoxyglucose, Middle Aged, Glucose, Fluorodeoxyglucose F18, Humans, Female, Aged, Tomography, Emission-Computed
Abstract

This study evaluates the effects of hyperglycemia on fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in the human brain and in brain tumors.We performed glucose loading during FDG PET studies in nine patients with brain tumors (eight gliomas and one brain metastasis) and one with resected glioma. Two FDG PET scans were obtained in all cases within 1 wk in a control state and with glucose loading by intravenous infusion of 10% glucose solution. Serial arterial blood sampling was performed in all cases to obtain fractional uptake of FDG normalized by the plasma integral uptake of radioactivity (FU).In all nine patients with brain tumors, the tumor was depicted more clearly with glucose loading than in the control state. Glucose loading decreased FU in the cerebral cortex (54.2% +/- 13.8%) nearly in inverse proportion to the plasma glucose level, while the tumors showed a decrease (42.5% +/- 15.6%), resulting in an increased tumor-to-cortex ratio by 26.0% +/- 5.7%. Fractional uptake in the cerebellum, white matter and the edematous area also decreased by glucose loading (53.9% +/- 13.2%, 49.6% +/- 10.3% and 34.9% +/- 9.6%, respectively).These results demonstrate the different effects of hyperglycemia on normal brain tissue and on tumor, suggesting that glucose loading may be a valuable adjunct to FDG PET to enhance detection of recurrent or residual brain tumors.

Published
1994

49. SPECT images of technetium-99m-ethyl cysteinate dimer in cerebrovascular diseases: comparison with other cerebral perfusion tracers and PET

Author

Tsuchida T, Nishizawa S, Yonekura Y, Norihiro Sadato, Iwasaki Y, Fujita T, Matoba N, Magata Y, Tamaki N, and Konishi J

Subjects
Adult, Male, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon, Amphetamines, Brain, Contrast Media, Cerebral Infarction, Organotechnetium Compounds, Middle Aged, Iofetamine, Iodine Radioisotopes, Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Oximes, Humans, Female, Cysteine, Tomography, Emission-Computed
Abstract

To assess the clinical role of 99mTc-ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) as a cerebral perfusion tracer, 10 patients with unilateral cerebral infarction were studied.ECD SPECT images were compared with IMP and/or HMPAO SPECT in nine patients, seven in chronic phases and two in subacute phases. Five of these patients and one additional patient with chronic infarction received PET imaging in order to compare ECD distribution with quantitative regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and oxygen metabolism (rCMRO2) images.In patients with chronic cerebral infarction, regression analysis showed excellent correlation between ECD and IMP in the uptake ratio of lesions-to-nonaffected cortices (r = 0.91). In two cases of subacute infarction, decreased uptake of ECD was observed in the area of "luxury perfusion," which showed elevated or preserved rCBF with diminished rCMRO2. On visual analysis, ECD image contrast was less prominent compared to that of IMP, but contrast was better than that of HMPAO.ECD uptake showed a curvilinear relationship against rCBF, suggesting flow-limited uptake in a high flow range. ECD is a clinically useful cerebral perfusion tracer with distinct characteristics when compared with other available agents.

Published
1994

50. Photon dominated regions in NGC 3603

Author

Röllig, M., primary, Kramer, C., additional, Rajbahak, C., additional, Minamidani, T., additional, Sun, K., additional, Simon, R., additional, Ossenkopf, V., additional, Cubick, M., additional, Hitschfeld, M., additional, Aravena, M., additional, Bensch, F., additional, Bertoldi, F., additional, Bronfman, L., additional, Fujishita, M., additional, Fukui, Y., additional, Graf, U. U., additional, Honingh, N., additional, Ito, S., additional, Jakob, H., additional, Jacobs, K., additional, Klein, U., additional, Koo, B.-C., additional, May, J., additional, Miller, M., additional, Miyamoto, Y., additional, Mizuno, N., additional, Onishi, T., additional, Park, Y.-S., additional, Pineda, J., additional, Rabanus, D., additional, Sasago, H., additional, Schieder, R., additional, Stutzki, J., additional, Yamamoto, H., additional, and Yonekura, Y., additional

Published
2010
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