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In this work, the influence of Si concentration on the microstructure and growth of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coatings on two types of Al–Si–Mg aluminum alloys were investigated. we utilized a multiscale correlative methodology to analyze the microstructure and micro-defect characteristics of the PEO coatings formed on A357 and 6082 aluminum alloys. The results demonstrate that both coatings exhibit a porous structure and are primarily composed of alumina and amorphous phases. Notably, the PEO coating formed on A357 alloy exhibits lower thickness, higher porosity, and more non-uniform barrier layer compared to that on 6082 alloy due to a higher concentration of Si in the substrate. Advanced X-ray computed tomography effectively characterizes micro-defects with different morphologies within the two coatings. Through microstructural observation and micro-defect characterization, we elucidate the influence of Si on the coating growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The UPM and PI iterative methods can accurately reconstruct the residual stress field induced by rolling processing. • The extended finite element method and the weight function method are applied to solve the stress intensity factor. • The necessity of deep rolling treatment for axles is verified. • The influence of interference and initial crack position on the remaining life of axle is explored. • The damage tolerance analysis of the axle was carried out. Deep rolling surface strengthening is an effective way to introduce compressive residual stress (CRS) along the railway axle, which can improve the fatigue resistance of the material. The CRS field was rebuilt adopting the proportional-integral (PI) iteration method and the unit pressure method (UPM) to study the fatigue cracking behavior of deep-rolled EA4T railway axles. The remaining life prediction model and the stress intensity factor (SIF) solution method were then validated using simulations and testing with small-sized specimens. The remaining life of the EA4T railway axle was then calculated by applying a realistic vertical load spectrum. The results showed that CRS prevented crack propagation, enhanced the critical propagation size of railway axle cracks, and prolonged the remaining life of the axle. Additionally, the remaining life of the axle may not support the following maintenance period if a crack with an extendable size emerges at the unloading groove of the railway axle. This work provides a theoretical basis for the optimization of the non-destructive testing (NDT) interval of deep-rolled EA4T railway axles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Survivin is a promising marker for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. The accuracy and clinical value of urinary survivin mRNA expression were compared with urine cytology, which is the standard diagnostic method for bladder cancer. Scientific databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, were searched in order to find studies that examined urinary survivin mRNA expression and urine cytology in the diagnosis of bladder cancer. Quality assessment was performed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 tool in Revman 5.3 and data analysis was conducted using Stata/MP. The I2 statistic was used to evaluate heterogeneity and Deeks' funnel plot was generated to assess the possibility of publication bias. A total of 15 studies that evaluated a total of 1,624 patients were included in the present meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity and specificity values for the detection of urinary survivin mRNA expression in the diagnosis of bladder cancer were 0.86 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.81–0.90] and 0.95 (95% CI, 0.93–0.96), respectively. Regarding urine cytology, the pooled sensitivity and specificity values were 0.42 (95% CI, 0.36–0.48) and 1.00 (95% CI, 0.98–1.00), respectively. Furthermore, the differences in pooled sensitivity were statistically significant in the diagnosis of grade 1 and 2 bladder tumors. Summary receiver operating characteristic curve values for urinary survivin mRNA expression and urine cytology were 0.95 (95% CI, 0.93–0.97) and 0.86 (95% CI, 0.83–0.89), respectively. Urinary survivin mRNA expression was also more accurate compared with other diagnostic indicators, including positive likelihood ratios, negative likelihood ratios, diagnostic odds ratios and Youden's index. Compared with traditional urine cytology, urinary survivin mRNA detection using reverse transcription-PCR was identified to be more effective in the diagnosis of early bladder cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fatigue life prediction method of 25CrMo4 steel is investigated using fracture mechanics and machine learning methods. • Residual stress relaxation process is incorporated into fatigue crack growth in combination with NASGRO equation and equivalent initial flaw size (EIFS) methodology. • Different machine learning methods areemployed to investigate theireffectiveness in fatigue life prediction. In this work, fracture mechanics and machine learning methods are separately employed to predict the high cycle fatigue (HCF) life of micro-shot peened 25CrMo4 alloy steel containing artificial notches. The influences of notch size, stress level, and surface condition on fatigue life are incorporated into the prediction model. The results shows that the fatigue life of shot-peened specimens is enhanced by the compressive residual stress (CRS) compared with that of the un-peened specimens. The prediction result using fracture mechanics method is within the error band of ±2, while that using machine learning method almost lies in the error band of ±1.5. The stress level and notch size are the most critical factors affecting the HCF fatigue life. The applicability and limitation of the two methods are finally discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was performed to study the effects of waterlogging on the leaf mesophyll cell ultrastructure, chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of summer maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids Denghai605 (DH605) and Zhengdan958 (ZD958). The waterlogging treatments were implemented for different durations (3 and 6 days) at the third leaf stage (V3), the sixth leaf stage (V6), and the 10th day after the tasseling stage (10VT). Leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate (Pn), and actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII) were reduced after waterlogging, indicating that waterlogging significantly decreased photosynthetic capacity. The chloroplast shapes changed from long and oval to elliptical or circular after waterlogging. In addition, the internal structures of chloroplasts were degenerated after waterlogging. After waterlogging for 6 d at V3, the number of grana and grana lamellae of the third expanded leaf in DH605 were decreased by 26.83% and 55.95%, respectively, compared to the control (CK). Those in ZD958 were reduced by 30.08% and 31.94%, respectively. Waterlogging increased MDA content in both hybrids, suggesting an impact of waterlogging on membrane integrity and thus membrane deterioration. Waterlogging also damaged the biological membrane structure and mitochondria. Our results indicated that the physiological reactions to waterlogging were closely related to lower LAI, chlorophyll content, and Pn and to the destruction of chloroplast ultrastructure. These negative effects resulted in the decrease of grain yield in response to waterlogging. Summer maize was the most susceptible to damage when waterlogging occurred at V3, followed by V6 and 10VT, with damage increasing in the wake of waterlogging duration increasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of micro-shot peening (MSP) and artificial surface defects were investigated in relation to the defect tolerance of Al-Si-0.6Mg alloy in the framework of fracture mechanics. The results indicated that coral-shaped casting defects inside the alloy could be effectively quantified using the X-ray synchrotron radiation technique. An affected layer with a surface roughness (Ra) of 1.25 and residual stress of − 125 MPa was introduced on the MSP specimen compared to the un-peened (UP) specimen. The fatigue strengths of the UP and MSP specimens containing the artificial defects decreased as the defect size increased under rotating bending fatigue tests, except in the case of defects with the equivalent size of 395 and 490 µm, respectively. MSP could shift the crack initiation site toward the subsurface, while all the cracks of the specimens with the artificial defects originated from the surface and maintained an aspect ratio of 0.66 during the crack growth process. The relationship between the defect sizes and the fatigue strengths could be reasonably assessed by the modified Kitagawa-Takahashi (K-T) diagrams. The critical defect size of the MSP specimens was increased from 450 to 542 µm compared with that of the UP specimens, owing to the beneficial effect of the compressive residual stress. The defect tolerance of the Al-Si-0.6Mg alloy was improved by the MSP process. • Effects of micro-shot peening (MSP) on the fatigue properties of Al-Si-0.6Mg alloy are explored. • Casting defect inside the alloy was identified using synchrotron radiation X-ray computed microtomography (SR-μCT) technique. • The influence of MSP on the fatigue tolerance was characterized by Kitagawa-Takahashi (K-T) diagrams. • The critical defect size harmless to fatigue strength was evaluated using fracture mechanics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Effects of the corrosive environment on the fatigue strength of EA4T axle steel are explored. • The evolution of corrosion process during fatigue loading is fully investigated. • Crack aspect ratio in the corrosive environment is obtained by using synchrotron radiation X-ray computed microtomography (SR-μCT). • Fatigue life prediction model is developed based on the pit growth, short crack growth, and long crack growth stages. High-speed railway axle is the critical safety component of modern ground vehicles, which experiences extremely complex environments. In this paper, the effect of corrosion on the fatigue behavior of EA4T axle steel was investigated in an artificial rainwater environment. Combining scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray micro computed microtomography (SR-μCT) with theoretical analysis, damage measurement enabled a full evolution characterization of the corrosion process for exploring the corrosion mechanism and its influence on the fatigue life. It is found that the corrosive environment significantly reduced fatigue strength and facilitated multiple crack initiation, while showed relatively little effect on the long fatigue crack growth. The fitness of the 3-P Weibull distribution was slightly higher than that of the Gumbel distribution in terms of crack population. The life prediction model incorporating the pit growth, short crack, and long crack stages showed a good agreement within the 95% and 5% probabilistic S-N curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The extended finite element method is used in the fracture mechanics simulation of EA4T axle steel specimen and full-scale axle. • Numerical model is built considering residual stress and wheelset press-fitting. • The effectiveness of the extended finite element method (XFEM) was verified by comparing the simulation and experimental results. • The measured load spectrum was applied, and the NASGRO equation was used to calculate the residual life of the axle. High-speed railway axles may be damaged during service or maintenance. Therefore, to ensure axle service safety, the residual life of damaged axles is necessary for an accurate assessment. In this study, a small-sized specimen was analyzed and the effectiveness of the extended finite element method (XFEM) was verified by comparing the simulation and test results. Subsequently, the residual life of the EA4T axle with an initial crack was evaluated using the XFEM, which is based on fracture mechanics, and the actual axle service load spectrum. The results show that the critical failure sizes for the residual life of the power axle and non-power axle were 7 and 4 mm, respectively, for a crack located in the middle of the axle body; in contrast, for a crack located in the arc transition of the wheel seat, the critical failure dimensions were 9 and 5 mm, respectively. Based on the NASGRO equation and considering the damage tolerance safety factor, the residual lives of the power axle for the two crack locations were estimated to be 1.3953 × 106 and 9.636 × 105 km, respectively, while those of the non-power axle were 2.095 × 106 and 1.2583 × 106 km, respectively. The results of this study can provide a reference for the axle non-destructive testing (NDT) period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Stem cells play an essential role in cellular specialization and pattern formation during embryogenesis and in tissue regeneration in adults. This is mainly due to a stem cell''s ability to replenish itself (self-renewal) and, at the same time, produce differentiated progeny. Realization of these special stem cell features has changed the prospective of the field. However, regulation of stem cell self-renewal and maintenance of its potentiality require a complicated regulatory network of both extracellular cues and intrinsic programs. Understanding how signaling regulates stem cell behavior will shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell self-renewal. In this review, we focus on comparing the progress of recent research regarding the roles of the BMP signaling pathway in different stem cell systems, including embryonic stem cells, germline stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and intestinal stem cells. We hope this comparison, together with a brief look at other signaling pathways, will bring a more balanced view of BMP signaling in regulation of stem cell properties, and further point to a general principle that self-renewal of stem cells may require a combination of maintenance of proliferation potential, inhibition of apoptosis, and blocking of differentiation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• A new type of CFRP Bars reinforced Coral Concrete was developed; • Test was performed, the mechanical property of this type of structure was studied; • Crack development process for this type of new structure is discovered. • A new formula to predict the crack width of this new type structure is developed. In order to study the crack development of CFRP reinforced coral concrete under different bending conditions, experimental study investigation of crack width of steel and CFRP reinforced coral concrete beams were performed. A comparative study of cracking rate, maximum crack height and crack patterns in CFRP bars reinforced coral concrete beams at different stages is made with ordinary steel reinforced coral concrete beams. The results show that under similar reinforcement ratio, the crack width and crack spacing of CFRP reinforced coral concrete beams are larger than that of steel reinforced concrete beams, increasing the reinforcement ratio of test beams can effectively reduce the crack width. The current deign formula from existing design codes overestimates the value of the relative bond characteristic coefficient (v i) and the strain inhomogeneity coefficient (ψ). Therefore, in this paper, the formula for maximum crack width of CFRP bars reinforced beams is developed based on the experimental data, the relative bond characteristic coefficient, the strain inhomogeneity coefficient of the longitudinal reinforcement, the ratio of the maximum crack width to the average crack width (τ s) are included in the formula. The formula is validated with test results, the calculated value agrees well with the experimental results. Therefore, can be used for the future design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a comparative study of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bar and steel–carbon fiber composite bar (SCFCB) reinforced coral concrete beams was made through a series of experimental tests and theoretical analyses. The flexural capacity, crack development and failure modes of CFRP and SCFCB-reinforced coral concrete were investigated in detail. They were also compared to ordinary steel-reinforced coral concrete beams. The results show that under the same conditions of reinforcement ratios, the SCFCB-reinforced beams exhibit better performance than CFRP-reinforced beams, and stiffness is slightly lower than that of steel-reinforced beams. Under the same load conditions, the crack width of SCFCB beams was between that of steel-reinforced beams and CFRP bar-reinforced beams. Before the steel core yields, the crack growth rate of SCFCB beam is similar to the steel-reinforced beams. SCFCB has a higher strength utilization rate—about 70–85% of its ultimate strength. Current design guidance was also examined based on the test results. It was found that the existing design specifications for FRP-reinforced normal concrete is not suitable for SCFCB-reinforced coral concrete structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, EA4T axle steel specimens were subjected to three shot peening treatments: conventional shot peening (CSP), micro-shot peening (MSP) and their combination, i.e. dual shot peening (DSP). The residual stress, surface roughness, morphology, microhardness, were used to characterize the affected surface layer. The results indicated that MSP achieved maximum surface compressive residual stress (SCRS), minimum surface roughness, high surface microhardness. Moreover, compared to CSP, DSP improved the SCRS and microhardness while reducing surface roughness. However, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations indicated the presence of intensive defects of the DSP-treated specimens, which hindered the fatigue strength of the specimens. Fatigue tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of different treatments on fatigue life, the median S - N curve demonstrated that the fatigue limit at 107 cycles was improved by 24, 32, and 27% for the CSP, MSP, and DSP specimens, respectively. Furthermore, SEM observation was conducted to analyze the fracture mechanisms, the results indicated that the failure of all specimens originated at the surface and the fracture mechanisms were not changed by the shot peening treatments. The SCRS during the cyclic loading have also been analyzed. Moreover, the factors influencing fatigue limit improvement were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute lung injury is characterized by overwhelmingly elevated PAI-1 in both lung edema fluid and the circulating system. The role of increased PAI-1, encoded by Serpine1 gene, in the regeneration of injured lung epithelium has not been understood completely. This study aimed to investigate the role of Serpine1 in the regulation of alveolar type 2 epithelial cell (AT2) fate in a humanized mouse line carrying diseased mutants (Serpine1Tg). Methods: Wild-type (wt) and Serpine1Tg AT2 cells were either cultured as monolayers or 3D alveolospheres. Colony-forming assay and total surface area of organoids were analyzed. AT1 and AT2 cells in organoids were counted by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). To test the potential effects of elevated PAI-1 on the permeability in the epithelial monolayers, we digitized the biophysical properties of polarized AT2 monolayers grown at the air–liquid interface. Results: A significant reduction in total AT2 cells harvested in Serpine1Tg mice was observed compared with wt controls. AT2 cells harvested from Serpine1Tg mice reduced significantly over the wt controls. Spheroids formed by Serpine1Tg AT2 cells were lesser than wt control. Similarly, the corresponding surface area, a readout of re-alveolarization of injured epithelium, was markedly reduced in Serpine1Tg organoids. FACS analysis revealed a significant suppression in the number of AT2 cells, in particular, the CD44+ subpopulation, in Serpine1Tg organoids. A lesser ratio of AT1:AT2 cells in Serpine1Tg organoids was observed compared with wt cultures. There was a significant increase in transepithelial resistance but not amiloride inhibition. Conclusions: Our study suggests elevated PAI-1 in injured lungs downregulates alveolar epithelial regeneration by reducing the AT2 self-renewal, particularly in the CD44+ cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the brittle characteristics of coral cement-based composites and increase their toughness, an experimental study was carried out on the basic mechanical properties of PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) fiber-reinforced coral cement-based composites, taking into account the fiber content and length-to-diameter ratio (L/D). The results showed that PVA fibers can effectively improve the mechanical properties of concrete, especially its tensile strength. At the same time, PVA fibers improved the damage characteristics of cement-based composites and had obvious toughening and brittleness reduction effects. The PVA fibers, with a volume content of 1.5% and an L/D of 225, had the best performance in reinforcing the overall performance of the coral cement-based composites. Too many PVA fibers or a large length-to-diameter ratio would make it difficult for the fibers to contribute to toughness and cracking resistance and even cause defects in the matrix, reducing the mechanical properties. The tensile stress-strain curves of PVA fiber-reinforced coral cement-based composites were consistent with the trilinear constitutive model curves and showed the tensile characteristic of strain hardening after the occurrence of the main cracks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corn-peanut intercropping is an important element of China's agricultural planting model as it confers ecological benefits and increases yield. The aim of this study was to explore the productivity differences between intercropping and monoculture by using the 13C isotope tracer labelling method. Corn hybrid Denghai 618 (DH618) and peanut variety Huayu 22 (HY22) were used as test materials under three planting methods, single corn, SM; single peanut, SP; and corn-peanut intercropping, IM and IP, respectively, during two growing seasons. The results showed that IM increased yield by 59.7% and 62.3% compared with SM, respectively. IP reduced yield by 31.3% and 32.3% compared with SP, respectively. IM significantly increased the photosynthetic rate, leaf area, 13C assimilation distribution, and dry matter accumulation of summer corn, which led to an increase in the kernel number and grain yield. The decrease in intercropped peanut yield was mainly caused by a decrease in the full-pod rate and number of pods per plant. The decrease in peanut yield did not affect the production of intercropping benefit due to the larger intercropping advantage and land equivalence ratio. Corn-peanut intercropping yielded greater economic benefits than monoculture. These results showed the utility of the peanut-corn intercropping model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Soil salt stress is a problem in the world, which turns into one of the main limiting factors hindering maize production. Salinity significantly affects root physiological processes in maize plants. There are few studies, however, that analyses the response of maize to salt stress in terms of the development of root anatomy and respiration. Results: We found that the leaf relative water content, photosynthetic characteristics, and catalase activity exhibited a significantly decrease of salt stress treatments. However, salt stress treatments caused the superoxide dismutase activity, peroxidase activity, malondialdehyde content, Na+ uptake and translocation rate to be higher than that of control treatments. The detrimental effect of salt stress on YY7 variety was more pronounced than that of JNY658. Under salt stress, the number of root cortical aerenchyma in salt-tolerant JNY658 plants was significantly higher than that of control, as well as a larger cortical cell size and a lower root cortical cell file number, all of which help to maintain higher biomass. The total respiration rate of two varieties exposed to salt stress was lower than that of control treatment, while the alternate oxidative respiration rate was higher, and the root response of JNY658 plants was significant. Under salt stress, the roots net Na+ and K+ efflux rates of two varieties were higher than those of the control treatment, where the strength of net Na+ efflux rate from the roots of JNY658 plants and the net K+ efflux rate from roots of YY7 plants was remarkable. The increase in efflux rates reduced the Na+ toxicity of the root and helped to maintain its ion balance. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that salt-tolerant maize varieties incur a relatively low metabolic cost required to establish a higher root cortical aerenchyma, larger cortical cell size and lower root cortical cell file number, significantly reduced the total respiration rate, and that it also increased the alternate oxidative respiration rate, thereby counteracting the detrimental effect of oxidative damage on root respiration of root growth. In addition, Na+ uptake on the root surface decreased, the translocation of Na+ to the rest of the plant was constrained and the level of Na+ accumulation in leaves significantly reduced under salt stress, thus preempting salt-stress induced impediments to the formation of shoot biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The family of ten-eleven translocation dioxygenases (TETs) consists of TET1, TET2, and TET3. Although all TETs are expressed in hematopoietic tissues, only TET2 is commonly found to be mutated in age-related clonal hematopoiesis and hematopoietic malignancies. TET2 mutation causes abnormal epigenetic landscape changes and results in multiple stages of lineage commitment/differentiation defects as well as genetic instability in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). TET2 mutations are founder mutations (first hits) in approximately 40–50% of cases of TET2-mutant (TET2MT) hematopoietic malignancies and are later hits in the remaining cases. In both situations, TET2MT collaborates with co-occurring mutations to promote malignant transformation. In TET2MT tumor cells, TET1 and TET3 partially compensate for TET2 activity and contribute to the pathogenesis of TET2MT hematopoietic malignancies. Here we summarize the most recent research on TETs in regulating of both normal and pathogenic hematopoiesis. We review the concomitant mutations and aberrant signals in TET2MT malignancies. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms by which concomitant mutations and aberrant signals determine lineage commitment in HSPCs and the identity of hematopoietic malignancies. Finally, we discuss potential strategies to treat TET2MT hematopoietic malignancies, including reverting the methylation state of TET2 target genes and targeting the concomitant mutations and aberrant signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Splice modulators have been assessed clinically in treating haematologic malignancies exhibiting splice factor mutations and acute myeloid leukaemia. However, the mechanisms by which such modulators repress leukaemia remain to be elucidated.Objectives: The primary goal of this assessment was to assess the molecular mechanism by which the natural splice modulator GEX1A kills leukaemic cells in vitro and within in vivo mouse models.Methods: Using human leukaemic cell lines, we assessed the overall sensitivity these cells have to GEX1A via EC50 analysis. We subsequently analysed its effects using in vivo xenograft mouse models and examined whether cell sensitivities were correlated to genetic characteristics or protein expression levels. We also utilised RT-PCR and RNAseq analyses to determine splice change and RNA expression level differences between sensitive and resistant leukaemic cell lines.Results: We found that, in vitro, GEX1A induced an MCL-1 isoform shift to pro-apoptotic MCL-1S in all leukaemic cell types, though sensitivity to GEX1A-induced apoptosis was negatively associated with BCL-xL expression. In BCL-2-expressing leukaemic cells, GEX1A induced BCL-2-dependent apoptosis by converting pro-survival BCL-2 into a cell killer. Thus, GEX1A + selective BCL-xL inhibition induced synergism in killing leukaemic cells, while GEX1A + BCL-2 inhibition showed antagonism in BCL-2-expressing leukaemic cells. In addition, GEX1A sensitised FLT3-ITD+ leukaemic cells to apoptosis by inducing aberrant splicing and repressing the expression of FLT3-ITD. Consistently, in in vivo xenografts, GEX1A killed the bulk of leukaemic cells via apoptosis when combined with BCL-xL inhibition. Furthermore, GEX1A repressed leukaemia development by targeting leukaemia stem cells through inhibiting FASTK mitochondrial isoform expression across sensitive and non-sensitive leukaemia types.Conclusion: Our study suggests that GEX1A is a potent anti-leukaemic agent in combination with BCL-xL inhibitors, which targets leukaemic blasts and leukaemia stem cells through distinct mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ten–eleven translocation (TET) family of dioxygenases consists of three members, TET1, TET2, and TET3. All three TET enzymes have Fe+2 and α-ketoglutarate (α-KG)-dependent dioxygenase activities, catalyzing the 1st step of DNA demethylation by converting 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), and further oxidize 5hmC to 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). Gene knockout studies demonstrated that all three TET proteins are involved in the regulation of fetal organ generation during embryonic development and normal tissue generation postnatally. TET proteins play such roles by regulating the expression of key differentiation and fate-determining genes via (1) enzymatic activity-dependent DNA methylation of the promoters and enhancers of target genes; and (2) enzymatic activity-independent regulation of histone modification. Interacting partner proteins and post-translational regulatory mechanisms regulate the activities of TET proteins. Mutations and dysregulation of TET proteins are involved in the pathogenesis of human diseases, specifically cancers. Here, we summarize the research on the interaction partners and post-translational modifications of TET proteins. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms by which these partner proteins and modifications regulate TET functioning and target gene expression. Such information will help in the design of medications useful for targeted therapy of TET-mutant-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a serine/threonine kinase belonging to the non-canonical inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (IκB) kinase (IKK) family. TBK1 can be activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), inflammatory cytokines, and oncogenic kinases, including activated K-RAS/N-RAS mutants. TBK1 primarily mediates IRF3/7 activation and NF-κB signaling to regulate inflammatory cytokine production and the activation of innate immunity. TBK1 is also involved in the regulation of several other cellular activities, including autophagy, mitochondrial metabolism, and cellular proliferation. Although TBK1 mutations have not been reported in human cancers, aberrant TBK1 activation has been implicated in the oncogenesis of several types of cancer, including leukemia and solid tumors with KRAS-activating mutations. As such, TBK1 has been proposed to be a feasible target for pharmacological treatment of these types of cancer. Studies suggest that TBK1 inhibition suppresses cancer development not only by directly suppressing the proliferation and survival of cancer cells but also by activating antitumor T-cell immunity. Several small molecule inhibitors of TBK1 have been identified and interrogated. However, to this point, only momelotinib (MMB)/CYT387 has been evaluated as a cancer therapy in clinical trials, while amlexanox (AMX) has been evaluated clinically for treatment of type II diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and obesity. In this review, we summarize advances in research into TBK1 signaling pathways and regulation, as well as recent studies on TBK1 in cancer pathogenesis. We also discuss the potential molecular mechanisms of targeting TBK1 for cancer treatment. We hope that our effort can help to stimulate the development of novel strategies for targeting TBK1 signaling in future approaches to cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The overset mesh technology is used to simulate the train running in the tube. • The flow topology considering the ground effect has been visualized numerically. • The influence of the nose length on the wave systems is reported. • Two distinct mechanisms for the formation of flow separation are identified. • The relationship between the aerodynamic loads and flow structures is described. The flow structure and aerodynamic loads in evacuated tube transportation with three nose lengths (5, 10 and 15 m) at 1500 km/h are investigated by overset mesh technology. The governing equations of the IDDES model for 3-D, unsteady compressible flow are employed. The numerical algorithm is validated via moving model and wind tunnel experimental data. The flow topology considering the ground effect is revealed and compared. The wake is highly complex, characterized mainly by wave systems and trailing vortices. Additionally, the influence of the nose length on the generation of wave systems is discussed in detail. The largest shock intensity is identified at 5 m case, followed by 15 m case, and the smallest case at 10 m. Differences in wave systems also caused the two distinct mechanisms for the formation of flow separation and the evolution pattern of the wake vortex to be identified for three nose configurations. By comparison, the nose length increase is helpful to reduce the length of the disturbed region of the leading shock wave, the aerodynamic loads on the train surface and aerodynamic drag. A qualitative description is also presented of the relationship between the fluctuations of aerodynamic loads and flow structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appropriate increase of planting densities is the key to the obtainment of high-yield maize (Zea mays L.). However, lodging is a major constraint to limit grain yield under increased planting density in present maize production. Effects of population density on stalk lodging and agronomic traits were investigated using two maize cultivars Denghai 618 (DH618, low stalk with low spike height) and Xianyu335 (XY335, high stalk with high spike height). Four levels of density treatment were imposed by 1.5, 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0 × 104 plants ha−1. Results showed that bending strength, rind penetration strength, maximum bending strength, dry weight, and internode diameter of maize were significantly decreased with the increase of planting density. The change range of XY335 with the increase of planting density was significantly larger than that of DH618, showing a high sensitivity to planting density. In addition, the thickness of cortex and vascular bundle sclerenchyma cells was significantly reduced with the increase of planting density. Compared with 1.5 × 104 plants ha−1, the thickness of the above-ground third internode stem cortex was decreased by 9.64%, 12.72%, and 20.77% for DH618, and 19.26%, 30.49%, and 37.45% for XY335 at 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0 × 104 plants ha−1, respectively. The thickness of vascular bundle sclerenchyma cells at 1.5 × 104 plants ha−1 was decreased by 7.75%, 12.44%%, and 17.89% for DH618, 10.18%, 15.21%, and 24.73% for XY335, compared to those at 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0 × 104 plants ha−1, respectively. Visibly, with the increase of planting density, the thickness of cortex and vascular bundle sclerenchyma cells, and the number of vascular bundles were all significantly decreased, resulting in the increase of lodging rate. However, the extent of variation in these parameters for short-plant height hybrid was less than those for high-plant height hybrid, and the yield of short-plant height hybrid was greater than that of high-plant height hybrid, indicating that short-plant height hybrid has better resistance to lodging with higher yield at higher planting density. Therefore, lodging resistance and yield can be improved through selection and breeding strategies that achieving synergistic development of diameter, dry weight per unit, and cortex thickness in maize basal internodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) is a nutrient element necessary for plant growth and development. However, excessive inputs of N will lead to inefficient use and large N losses to the environment, which can adversely affect air and water quality, biodiversity and human health. To examine the effects of controlled-release fertilisers (CRF) on yield, we measured ammonia volatilisation, N use efficiency (NUE) and photosynthetic rate after anthesis in summer maize hybrid cultivar Zhengdan958. Maize was grown using common compound fertiliser (CCF), the same amount of resin-coated controlled release fertiliser (CRFIII), the same amount of sulphur-coated controlled release fertiliser (SCFIII) as CCF, 75% CRF (CRFII) and SCF (SCFII), 50% CRF (CRFI) and SCF (SCFI), and no fertiliser. We found that treatments CRFIII, SCFIII, CRFII and SCFII produced grain yields that were 13.15%, 14.15%, 9.69% and 10.04% higher than CCF. There were no significant differences in grain yield among CRFI, SCFI and CCF. We also found that the ammonia volatilisation rates of CRF were significantly lower than those of CCF. The CRF treatments reduced the emission of ammonia by 51.34% to 91.34% compared to CCF. In addition, after treatment with CRF, maize exhibited a higher net photosynthetic rate than CCF after anthesis. Agronomic NUE and apparent N recovery were higher in the CRF treatment than in the CCF treatment. The N uptake and physiological NUE of the four yield-enhanced CRF treatments were higher than those of CCF. These results suggest that the increase in NUE in the CRF treatments was generally attributable to the higher photosynthetic rate and lower ammonia volatilisation compared to CCF-treated maize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the real maglev train and tube are modeled. Considering the narrow suspension gap, the aerodynamic characteristics in evacuated tube transportation with and without tracks (referred to as WT and NT (no tracks), respectively) are simulated based on the SST k - ω two-equation IDDES turbulence model and overset mesh technology, the wave system distribution characteristics under the asymmetric model are revealed and the effects of tracks on flow and heat transfer are discussed. The results demonstrate that the existence of the tracks increases the piston region by 0.005 L (L represents the length of the train). Additionally, the tracks have a significant impact on the evolution of the wake vortex. The unstable vortices dissipate more energy and reduce the effect of the wave system in the WT case, resulting in a 0.024 L shorter wake region than in the NT. Besides, the tracks hardly affect the drag force coefficient. However, the tracks cause a more significant impact in the vertical direction, resulting in an up to 23.20% reduction of lift coefficient of the overall train in the NT model. In terms of aerodynamic heating, the effect of the tracks on the shock wave generated at the tail curve bottom is greater than the top surface. • The aerodynamic characteristics inside the tube are simulated by IDDES. • The wave system under the two ground cases, with and without tracks, is compared. • Considering the suspension gap, the wave system presents obvious up–down asymmetry. • The tracks have a significant impact on the evolution of the wake vortex. • The existence of tracks reduce the effect of wave systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RIPK3 (receptor-interacting protein kinase 3) is a serine/threonine-protein kinase. As a key component of necrosomes, RIPK3 is an essential mediator of inflammatory factors (such as TNFα-tumor necrosis factor α) and infection-induced necroptosis, a programmed necrosis. In addition, RIPK3 signaling is also involved in the regulation of apoptosis, cytokine/chemokine production, mitochondrial metabolism, autophagy, and cell proliferation by interacting with and/or phosphorylating the critical regulators of the corresponding signaling pathways. Similar to apoptosis, RIPK3-signaling-mediated necroptosis is inactivated in most types of cancers, suggesting RIPK3 might play a critical suppressive role in the pathogenesis of cancers. However, in some inflammatory types of cancers, such as pancreatic cancers and colorectal cancers, RIPK3 signaling might promote cancer development by stimulating proliferation signaling in tumor cells and inducing an immunosuppressive response in the tumor environment. In this review, we summarize recent research progress in the regulators of RIPK3 signaling, and discuss the function of this pathway in the regulation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL)-mediated necroptosis and MLKL-independent cellular behaviors. In addition, we deliberate the potential roles of RIPK3 signaling in the pathogenesis of different types of cancers and discuss the potential strategies for targeting this pathway in cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clarification of influencing factors (cultivar planted, cultivation management, climatic conditions) affecting yields of summer maize ( Zea mays L.) would provide valuable information for increasing yields further under variable climatic conditions. Here, we report actual maize yields in the Huanghuaihai region over the past 50 years (1957-2007), simulated yields of major varieties in different years (Baimaya in the 1950s, Zhengdan-2 in the 1970s, Yedan-13 in the 1990s, and Zhengdan-958 in the 2000s), and factors that influence yield. The results show that, although each variety change has played a critical role in increasing maize yields, the contribution of variety to yield increase has decreased steadily over the past 50 years (42.6%-44.3% from the 1950s to the 1970s, 34.4%-47.2% from the 1970s to the 1990s, and 21.0%-37.6% from the 1990s to the 2000s). The impact of climatic conditions on maize yield has exhibited an increasing trend (0.67%-22.5% from the 1950s to the 1970s, 2.6%-27.0% from the 1970s to the 1990s, and 9.1%-51.1% from the 1990s to the 2000s); however, interannual differences can be large, especially if there were large changes in temperature and rainfall. Among climatic factors, rainfall had a greater positive influence than light and temperature on yield increase. Cultivation measures could change the contribution rates of variety and climatic conditions. Overall, unless there is a major breakthrough in variety, improving cultivation measures will remain important for increasing future summer maize yields in the Huanghuaihai region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) Bar reinforced coral concrete beam is a new type of structural member that has been used more and more widely in marine engineering in recent years. In order to study and predict the flexural performance of CFRP reinforced coral concrete beams, the flexural rigidity, crack morphology and failure mode of concrete were studied in detail. The results show that under the condition of similar reinforcement ratio, the flexural rigidity of CFRP reinforced coral concrete beam is significantly lower than that of ordinary reinforced concrete beam. Increasing the cross-section reinforcement ratio within a certain range can increase the bending stiffness of the test beam or reduce the deflection, but the strength utilization rate of CFRP reinforcement is greatly reduced. The short-term bending stiffness of the CFRP reinforced coral concrete beam calculated by the existing standard formula is obviously higher. This paper proposes a modified formula for introducing the strain inhomogeneity coefficient (ψ) of CFRP bars and considers the relative slip between CFRP bars and coral concrete to predict the short-term flexural stiffness of coral concrete beams reinforced by CFRP bars. The formula was verified with the test results, and it was proved that the formula has a good consistency with the test results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global climate change has significantly increased the frequency and intensity of high temperature and drought stresses. Additionally, the high temperature and drought are often concurred, which make the situation of maize production tougher. However, the influence of the combined stresses of high temperature and drought on summer maize production remains uncertain. The study aimed to investigate the effects of high temperature, drought, and their combined stress at different growth stages on photosynthetic and senescence characteristics of summer maize. Denghai 605 (DH605) was used as the experimental material. High temperature (T), drought (D), and their combined stress (T-D) for 6 days were set at the 3rd leaf stage, 12th leaf stage, and tasseling stage, respectively. The natural temperature and normal water management were used as the control (CK). The results showed that high temperature, drought, and their combined stress at different growth stages decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and soluble protein content in leaves, leading to increases in MDA content and damage to cell membranes, which accelerated the senescence of the plant. Accordingly, the activities of RuBPcase and PEPCase were decreased, indicating the abilities of plants to harvest and utilize light energy declined due to high temperature, drought, and combined stresses at different growth stages. As a result, the Pn and thus, the dry matter accumulation rate were decreased by these stresses. In addition, the translocation of dry matter to ears was impeded by stresses, especially by the high temperature at the VT stage. While, high temperatures concurred with drought aggravated the adverse effects on summer maize, compared with single stresses. Significantly, high temperature, drought, and their combined stresses at the VT stage decreased the yield mostly, followed by stresses at the V12 stage, and then by stresses at the V3 stage. Compared with CK, the yield of VT-T-D, V12-T-D, and V3-T-D were decreased by 61.6 %, 13.7 %, and 10.4 %, respectively. As global climate change is unstoppable, the superimposed changes of various meteorological factors make the growth conditions for crop production extreme. Studies to explore the combined effects of two or even more meteorological factors on crop growth are becoming more and more important. This study fulfilled the current knowledge gap of the combined stresses on maize production, however, the underlying mechanisms should be dug out in the future. • High temperature, drought and their combined stress at different growth stages accelerated the senescence of the plant. • Drought concurred with high temperature aggravated the adverse effects on summer maize, compared with single stresses. • Drought concurred with high temperature certainly aggravated the increases of VPD, straining the relationship of CO 2 intakes and water losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improved the utilization of fertilizer while maintaining the increased of grain yield was the focus of Chinese researchers. Nutrient uptake, distribution, and remobilization are important factors affecting the fertilizer utilization and grain yield of maize. This study aimed to provide a theoretical and practical basis for science-based, high-yielding, and high-efficiency cultivation practices by examining differences in biomass and nutrient uptake, distribution, and remobilization characteristics under three cultivation patterns. We set 12 treatments as follows: super high-yielding cultivation pattern (SH), optimized nutrient management cultivation pattern (ONM), local farmer's practice cultivation pattern (FP), and a series of nutrient omission plots, which excluded nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), or potassium (K) from the three patterns. The results demonstrated that SH and ONM increased the yield and actual harvested ears by 35.4, 20.7 and by 20.2, 17.6%, respectively. Compared with the FP, SH and ONM increased biomass, N, P, and K accumulation at silking (R1 stage) by 24.4, 31.2, 39.4, and 34.8%, and by 21.7, 22.2, 31.7, and 34.8%, respectively. SH and ONM significantly increased biomass and nutrient distribution to the grains. ONM significantly increased N use efficiency. P and K use efficiency under the ONM pattern was significantly higher than under SH, but was lower than under the FP pattern over two years. This research demonstrates that ONM may significantly reduce fertilizer rates, effectively improve the nutrient remobilization efficiency and uptake at post-silking without negatively affecting grain yield, thereby increasing N use efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exogenous 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) could improve leaf defense system activity. In order to better understand the regulation mechanism of exogenous 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) on waterlogged summer maize, three treatments including control (CK), waterlogging at the third leaf stage for 6 days (V3–6), and application of 100 mg dm− 3 6-BA after waterlogging for 6 days (V3–6-B), were employed using summer maize hybrid DengHai 605 (DH605) as the experimental material. We used a labeling liquid chromatography-based quantitative proteomics approach with tandem mass tags to determine the changes in leaf protein abundance level at the tasseling stage. Results: Waterlogging significantly hindered plant growth and decreased the activities of SOD, POD and CAT. In addition, the activity of LOX was significantly increased after waterlogging. As a result, the content of MDA and H2O2 was significantly increased which incurred serious damages on cell membrane and cellular metabolism of summer maize. And, the leaf emergence rate, plant height and grain yield were significantly decreased by waterlogging. However, application of 6-BA effectively mitigated these adverse effects induced by waterlogging. Compared with V3–6, SOD, POD and CAT activity of V3–6-B were increased by 6.9, 12.4, and 18.5%, LOX were decreased by 13.6%. As a consequence, the contents of MDA and H2O2 in V3–6-B were decreased by 22.1 and 17.2%, respectively, compared to that of V3–6. In addition, the leaf emergence rate, plant height and grain yield were significantly increased by application of 6-BA. Based on proteomics profiling, the proteins involved in protein metabolism, ROS scavenging and fatty acid metabolism were significantly regulated by 6-BA, which suggested that application of 6-BA exaggerated the defensive response of summer maize at proteomic level. Conclusions: These results demonstrated that 6-BA had contrastive effects on waterlogged summer maize. By regulating key proteins related to ROS scavenging and fatty acid metabolism, 6-BA effectively increased the defense system activity of waterlogged summer maize, then balanced the protein metabolism and improved the plant physiological traits and grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In pursuit of maximum grain yield farmers in the North China Plain usually apply excessive N fertilizer, resulting in wasted resources and environmental pollution. To assess the economic and environmental performances of different nitrogen rates will be conductive to sustain cleaner crop production. An 8-year field experiment was carried out with four treatments, N0 (0 kg ha−1 for winter wheat and summer maize), N1 (168 kg ha−1 for winter wheat and 129 kg ha−1 for summer maize), N2 (240 kg ha−1 for winter wheat and 185 kg ha−1 for summer maize) and N3 (300 kg ha−1 for winter wheat and summer maize), on the double cropping at Dawenkou research field (36°11'N, 117°06'E), Shandong Province, China. The crop production, soil physical-chemical parameters, and greenhouse gas emission are measured and the economic and environmental performances are assessed. The optimal nitrogen rate obtained the highest grain yield of summer maize in 4 of 8 year and was equivalent to conventional N rate in the other years. The nitrogen partial factor productivity and agronomic efficiency of optimal nitrogen rate was 63% and 58% higher than that of conventional nitrogen rate. The optimal nitrogen rate effectively decreased soil bulk density and increased weight percentage of water-stable aggregate and activities of urease and invertase compared to conventional nitrogen rate, which improved soil productivity. The fertilizer nitrogen loss and global warming potential of optimal nitrogen rate reduced by 76% and 35% compared to conventional nitrogen rate. The annual greenhouse gas intensity of optimal nitrogen rate decreased by 14–35% compared to others. The net ecosystem economic budget under optimal nitrogen rate is 252–604 $ ha−1 yr.−1 higher than other addition levels. The optimal nitrogen rate produces more grains and obtains higher economic and environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Coccinella septempunctata is a common insect predator that provides biological control of many destructive arthropod pests. An assessment of the toxicity of pesticides to predators is a necessary component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies. In order to evaluate the risks of field insecticide application, we studied the influence of chlorantraniliprole on C. septempunctata larvae using different exposure doses. Chlorantraniliprole exhibited low contact toxicity against 2nd instar larvae of C. septempuncta ta with the LR 50 was 482.7063 g a.i. ha−1 by after a 72-h exposure. In a long-term test, the LR 50 of chlorantraniliprole for C. septempunctata decreased from 88.97 to 58.22 g a.i. ha−1, while the hazard quotient (HQ) values were below the threshold value of 2 during the entire observation period. This indicated a low toxicity risk from insecticide exposure. The total effect (E) suggested that chlorantraniliprole could be classified as harmless/slightly harmful to C. septempunctata below/at 200% of the MRFR (the manufacturer maximum recommended field rate) of 120 g a.i. ha−1. We also determined no observed effect application rates (NOERs) of chlorantraniliprole on survival (7.5 g a.i. ha−1), developmental time (15 g a.i. ha−1) and fecundity (30 g a.i. ha−1). Chlorantraniliprole significantly reduced the pupation rate, adult emergence, egg hatchability, and predation success. Population parameters, including R 0 , r , λ , and T were significantly affected when C. septempunctata were treated with chlorantraniliprole at higher label rates. These results demonstrated that the use of chlorantraniliprole may reduce C. septempunctata population levels and the level of biological control provided by this species. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Chlorantraniliprole exhibited relatively low contact toxicity to 2nd instar larvae of Coccinella septempunctata. • Chlorantraniliprole was harmless and/or slightly harmful to C. septempunctata larvae and presented a low toxicity risk. • Chlorantraniliprole significantly affected the survival, development, and predation ability of C. septempunctata. • Chlorantraniliprole strongly affected the fecundity, fertility, and population parameters of C. septempunctata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low light is a type of abiotic stress that seriously affects plant growth and production efficiency. We investigated the response mechanisms of summer maize to low light by measuring the changes in endogenous hormones in the grains and during grain filling in summer maize at different light intensities to provide a theoretical basis for the production and management of summer maize under light stress. We applied different light treatments in a field experiment as follows: S, shading from tassel stage (VT) to maturity stage (R6); CK, natural lighting in the field; and L, increasing light from VT to R6. The shading level was 60%, and the maximum illumination intensity of the increasing light treatment on cloudy days was 1600-1800 μmol m−2 s−1. Compared with the control, shading significantly increased the grain abscisic acid (ABA) content at 5-20 days after pollination and decreased the indole acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), and gibberellin (GA) contents (P < 0.05). The grain-filling rate decreased under shading conditions. Meanwhile, the grain volume, grain weight, and yield all decreased; the yields in 2013 and 2014 decreased by 61 and 60%, respectively. The grain IAA, ZR, and GA contents were increased by increasing light. The grain ABA content at 5-20 days after pollination did not significantly differ from that of CK (P < 0.05). After 20 days after pollination, the ABA content decreased, the grain-filling rate and the filling duration increased, and the yield increased. However, shading after anthesis increased the grain ABA content and reduced the IAA, ZR, and GA contents. Grain growth and development were inhibited, and the yield decreased. The grain ABA content decreased; the IAA, ZR, and GA contents increased; and the yield increased after increasing light. The results indicate that different light intensities regulated the levels of grains endogenous hormones, which influenced the grain-filling rate and duration, and consequently, regulated grain weight and yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aimed at degradation prognostics of a rolling bearing, this paper proposed a novel cumulative transformation algorithm for data processing and a feature fusion technique for bearing degradation assessment. First, a cumulative transformation is presented to map the original features extracted from a vibration signal to their respective cumulative forms. The technique not only makes the extracted features show a monotonic trend but also reduces the fluctuation; such properties are more propitious to reflect the bearing degradation trend. Then, a new degradation index system is constructed, which fuses multidimensional cumulative features by kernel principal component analysis (KPCA). Finally, an extreme learning machine model based on phase space reconstruction is proposed to predict the degradation trend. The model performance is experimentally validated with a whole-life experiment of a rolling bearing. The results prove that the proposed method reflects the bearing degradation process clearly and achieves a good balance between model accuracy and complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlled release urea (CRU) has been widely adopted to increase nitrogen (N) use efficiency and maize production, but the impacts can range widely depending on water availability in the soil. In an experiment using Zhengdan 958 (a popular summer maize hybrid), three levels of water treatments (adequate water condition [W3], which maintained soil moisture at about 75% ± 5% of the soil’s field capacity; mild water stress [W2], which maintained moisture content at 55% ± 5% of field capacity; and severe water stress [W1], which had a moisture content of 35% ± 5% of field capacity) and four levels of controlled release urea fertilizer (N0, N1, N2 and N3 were 0, 105, 210 and 315 kg N ha–1, respectively) were compared in a rainout shelter system with soil. The results revealed that CRU had significant effects on maize yields and N use efficiencies under different water conditions. The mean yields increased with increasing water levels and showed significant differences. Under W1, the accumulation of dry matter and N were limited, and N internal efficiency (NIE) and the apparent recovery efficiency of applied N (REN) decreased with N increases; yields of N1, N2, and N3 were similar. Under W2, the dry matter and N accumulation, as well as the yield, showed an increasing trend with an increase in N application, and the NIE and REN of N3 showed no difference from N2. Under W3, yields of N2 and N3 were similar and they were significantly higher than that of N1, but the agronomic N use efficiency (ANUE), REN, and the physiological NUE (PNUE) of N2 were 54.2, 34.9, and 14.4% higher, respectively, than those of N3. N application beyond the optimal N rate did not consistently increase maize yield, and caused a decrease in N use efficiencies. Highest overall dry matter, N accumulation, and yields were observed with N3 under W2, and those showed no differences with N2 and N3 under W3. Under this experimental condition, the CRU of 210 kg ha–1 was optimized when soil moisture content was 75% ± 5% of field capacity, but an N rate of 315 kg ha–1 was superior when soil moisture content during the entire growing season was maintained at 55% ± 5% of field capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of shading on tassel and ear development and yield formation of three summer maize hybrids Zhenjie 2 (ZJ2), Denghai 605 (DH605), and Zhengdan 958 (ZD958). The ambient sunlight treatment was used as control (CK) and shading treatments (40 % of ambient sunlight) were applied at different growth stages from silking stage (R1) to physiological maturity stage (R6) (treatment S1), from the sixth extended leaf stage (V6) to R1 (treatment S2) and from seeding to R6 (treatment S3). Shading had no significant effect on the time from seeding to shoot emergence (VE); however, subsequent growth and development were delayed with shading beyond this point. The differentiation time of both tassel and ear delayed, and female spike (tassel) floret differentiation, sexual organ formation time, and anthesis-silking interval (ASI) were lengthened. After shading, the total number of floret, silk, and fertilization floret reduced significantly; the number of abortive seeds increased, and the total setting percentage among different treatments showed that CK>S2>S1>S3; and the total setting percentages in S1, S2, and S3 of ZD958 were 44, 72, and 15 % respectively. The total floret number of tassel primordium differentiation, fertility rate, and seed setting rate of florets in S3 treatment was the minimum; kernels per ear decreased seriously and single ear setting percentage was only 16 %; although floret degeneration number of S2 during ear differentiation stages increased and floret fertility rate reduced than that of CK, fertilization flower seed production increased and abortive seed decreased after canceling shading. Aborted kernel of S1 increased and kernel dry weight reduced, resulting in a significant decrease of kernel number per ear and kernel weight, and the grain abortive rate of 40-62 %. In conclusion, shading changed the growth and development process and caused infertility of tassel and ear; tassel branches decreased, reducing pollen vitality and silks differentiation cut down; and grain dry matter accumulation and setting percentage decreased, causing yield reduction. Grain yield and biomass reduced 66, 36, and 93 % compared to the control by shading treatments of S1, S2, and S3, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deregulation of Nuclear Transcription Factor-κB (NF-κB) and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling is commonly detected in leukemia, suggesting an important role for these two signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of leukemia. In this study, using Jurkat cells, an acute T-lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cell line, we evaluated the effects of an NF-κB inhibitor and a JNK inhibitor individually and in combination on the proliferation, survival and clonogenic capacity of leukemic cells. We found that leukemic stem/progenitor cells (LSPCs) were more sensitive to NF-κB inhibitor treatment than were healthy hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), as shown by a reduction in the clonogenic capacity of the former. Inactivation of NF-κB leads to the activation of JNK signaling in both leukemic cells and healthy HSPCs. Interestingly, JNK inhibitor treatment enhanced the repressive effects of NF-κB inhibitor on LSPCs but prevented such repression in HSPCs. Our data suggest that JNK signaling stimulates proliferation/survival in LSPCs but is a death signal in HSPCs. The combination of NF-κB inhibitor and JNK inhibitor might provide a better treatment for T-ALL leukemia by synergistically killing LSPCs while simultaneously preventing the death of normal HPCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the response of summer maize leaf senescence, photosynthetic characteristics, and yield to the depth of one-time base application of controlled-release urea, which provides a theoretical basis for the light and simplified production of summer maize. Seven treatments were set up with Zhengdan 958 as the material under field conditions, including no nitrogen fertilizer (CK), surface spreading (DP0), furrow application depth of 5 cm (DP5), 10 cm (DP10), 15 cm (DP15), 20 cm (DP20), 25 cm (DP25). The results showed that under the same nitrogen application rate, there are significant differences in the effects of summer maize leaf senescence and photosynthetic characteristics with the increase of fertilization depth, and DP10 and DP15 have the best effects. The LAI of DP10 and DP15 increased by 5.1% and 5.5% compared to DP0 at tasseling stage, and chlorophyll content increased by 6.8% and 7.3% in 10 days after tasseling. Compared with DP0, superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased by 13.1% and 10.5%, the content of soluble protein increased significantly, while the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased by 9.8% and 10.8%, respectively. In addition, Pn and Gs of the ear-leaf significantly increased by 13.9%, 16.5%, and 26.1% and 31.9% at tasseling stage, respectively, over DP0, while Ci decreased by 22.3% and 26.4%, respectively; meanwhile, the photochemical quenching (qP) and quantum yield (ΦPSII) of the reaction center of photosystem II (PSII) of the ear-leaf were significantly improved, the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) was significantly reduced. The yield of DP10 and DP15 heightened significantly; two-year average value increased by 5.7% and 6.0% compared with DP0; the kernels per spike and 1000-kernels weight increased by 4.8%, 5.2%, and 4.1%, 5.2%, respectively. Comprehensive analysis of LAI, chlorophyll content, various protective enzyme activities and MDA, soluble protein content showed that 10–15 cm is the appropriate fertilization depth when the nitrogen application rate of controlled-release urea is 225 kg N per hectare. In consequence, optimizing fertilization depth of controlled-release urea as a simplified fertilization mode could improve the nitrogen utilization efficiency and obtain higher yield in summer maize, which provides technical support for large-scale application of controlled-release urea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging drives the genetic and epigenetic changes that result in a decline in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functioning. Such changes lead to aging-related hematopoietic/immune impairments and hematopoietic disorders. Understanding how such changes are initiated and how they progress will help in the development of medications that could improve the quality life for the elderly and to treat and possibly prevent aging-related hematopoietic diseases. Here, we review the most recent advances in research into HSC aging and discuss the role of HSC-intrinsic events, as well as those that relate to the aging bone marrow niche microenvironment in the overall processes of HSC aging. In addition, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which HSC aging is regulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, fatigue crack tests of CuNi2Si alloys using the replica technique under symmetrical tensile-compression loading, and rotational-bending loading were carried out with the same nominal stress amplitude. Observation and analysis results indicate that under different load types, the cracks display a trend of slow initiation growth and then rapid growth. The critical point is identified at the approximate value of 0.8 of the fatigue life fraction, and the crack growth rate of the sample under tensile-compression load is approximately an order of magnitude higher than that under rotational-bending load, resulting in the average life of the former being significantly shorter than the latter. Combining the observation results of the fractographical analysis and the surface-etched sample replica film, it can be seen that whether it is a tensile-compression load or a rotational-bending load, cracks mainly propagate in intergranular mode after initiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyantraniliprole is a second-generation diamide insecticide that exhibited excellent biological efficacy against a variety of pests. To assess the toxic impact of cyantraniliprole on earthworms, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), as well as DNA damage were measured after exposed to five cyantraniliprole concentrations ranging from 0 to 10.00 mg/kg for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. In most treatment groups, the ROS levels increased significantly before exposure time of 14 days and then returned to normal levels. However, the SOD and CAT activities showed different response with activities were first significantly decreased and subsequently increased. The peroxidase (POD) activity showed no significant differences between treatment and control groups at first and then significantly increased. However, the opposite pattern characterized the GST activity. Also, maybe being dose-dependent before 14 days. The MDA concentration was used as a measure of lipid peroxidation (LPO). During experiment period, the MDA concentrations significantly increased when treated by this pesticide. The olive tail moment (OTM) was used as a measure of DNA damage. At higher concentrations of cyantraniliprole and longer exposure times, the OTM gradually increased, and DNA damage in the earthworms gradually increased. The weight of the high-dose (i.e., 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg) earthworms showed a significant trend of decrease phenomenon. Overall, the results suggest that sub-chronic exposure to cyantraniliprole causes DNA damage and LPO, weight loss and growth inhibition, leading to antioxidant defence responses in earthworms. Image 1 • Subchronic toxicological test of cyantraniliprole on earthworms was determined. • Exposure to cyantraniliprole can induce antioxidant defenses, including SOD, POD, CAT and GST activity changes. • Cyantraniliprole can increase the ROS levels and MDA content, leading to lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. • The weight and growth rate of the earthworms reduced when treated with cyantraniliprole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major underground pest that damages many agricultural crops in China and other countries. A diet-incorporation-based bioassay was conducted to evaluate the sublethal effects of the novel anthranilic diamide chlorantraniliprole on the nutritional physiology, enzymatic properties and population parameters of this cutworm. Chlorantraniliprole exhibited signs of active toxicity against third instar larvae of A. ipsilon, and the LC50 was 0.187 μg.g−1 of artificial diet after treatment for 72 h. The development time of the larval, pupal and adult stages was significantly affected after chlorantraniliprole exposure, compared to the control treatment. Relative to the control treatment, chlorantraniliprole decreased pupal and adult emergence rates, fecundity and fertility and increased the proportions of developmental deformities, the adult preoviposition period (APOP) and the total preoviposition period (TPOP). Furthermore, compared to those treated with the control, A. ipsilon larvae treated with low doses of chlorantraniliprole decreased food utilization and nutrient content (protein, lipid, carbohydrate, trehalose), showed lower pupal weights and growth rates. Compared with the control treatment, chlorantraniliprole significantly reduced digestive enzyme activities and observably increased detoxifying and protective enzyme activities and hormone titers. Importantly, these chlorantraniliprole-induced changes affected life table parameters of the cutworm. These results suggest that chlorantraniliprole at low concentrations can impair A. ipsilon development duration, normal food consumption and digestion process, enzymatic properties, hormone levels, fecundity and population levels. Chlorantraniliprole exhibit the potential to be exploited as a control strategy for this cutworm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Chromosomal translocations of the mixed-lineage leukemia ( MLL ) gene with various partner genes result in aggressive leukemia with dismal outcomes. Despite similar expression at the mRNA level from the wild-type and chimeric MLL alleles, the chimeric protein is more stable. We report that UBE2O functions in regulating the stability of wild-type MLL in response to interleukin-1 signaling. Targeting wild-type MLL degradation impedes MLL leukemia cell proliferation, and it downregulates a specific group of target genes of the MLL chimeras and their oncogenic cofactor, the super elongation complex. Pharmacologically inhibiting this pathway substantially delays progression, and it improves survival of murine leukemia through stabilizing wild-type MLL protein, which displaces the MLL chimera from some of its target genes and, therefore, relieves the cellular oncogenic addiction to MLL chimeras. Stabilization of MLL provides us with a paradigm in the development of therapies for aggressive MLL leukemia and perhaps for other cancers caused by translocations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various literatures have demonstrated that overexpression of Metadherin (MTDH) is correlated with tumor metastasis and it can predict poor survival outcomes in female reproduction malignancies. In order to enhance the statistical power and reach a recognized conclusion, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to thoroughly investigate the association of MTDH expression with tumor metastasis and survival outcomes following PRISMA guidelines. Odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) were used to demonstrate the impact of MTDH on tumor metastasis and prognosis respectively. Data were pooled with appropriate effects model on STATA12.0. Our results indicated that high MTDH expression is significantly correlated with higher mortality for breast, ovarian and cervical cancer. High immunohistochemical expression of MTDH is remarkably associated with shorter disease-free survival (DFS) in breast cancer but not in ovarian cancer. The pooled results suggested that high level of MTDH significantly predicted distant metastasis and lymph node metastasis in breast cancer. Strong associations were observed between MTDH expression and lymph node metastasis in ovarian and cervical cancer. In conclusion, MTDH might be a novel biomarker which can effectively reflect metastasis status and prognosis of breast cancer. However, its application in clinical practice needs more prospective studies with large samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]