Search

Few-shot learning is an extremely challenging task in computer vision that has attracted increased research attention in recent years. However, most recent methods do not fully use the task’s information, and few of the seen samples result in large intraclass differences among the same classes. In this paper, we propose a novel task encoding with distribution calibration (TEDC) model for few-shot learning, which uses the relationships among the feature distributions to reduce intraclass differences. In the TEDC model, an integrated feature extraction module (IFEM) is proposed, which extracts the multiangle visual features of an image and fuses them to obtain more representative features. To effectively utilize the task information, a novel task encoding module (TEM) is proposed, which obtains the task features by fusing all the seen samples’ information and uses them to adjust all the samples’ features for more generalizable task-specific representations. We also propose a distribution calibration module (DCM) to reduce the bias between the distribution of the support features and the query features in the same class. Extensive experiments show that our proposed TEDC model achieves an excellent performance and outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on three widely used few-shot classification benchmarks, specifically miniImageNet, tieredImageNet and CUB-200-2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common cardiovascular disease defined as a late systolic click or mitral valve lobes that move up into the left atrium during ventricular systole, with or without mitral insufficiency. Dachsous catherin‐related 1 (DCHS1) is one of the two known pathogenic genes associated with MVP. However, there is little information about the renal dysfunction caused by MVP and DCHS1 mutations. Methods: We analyzed the genetic etiology in a rare case of 9‐year‐old boy affected by chronic renal failure with MVP. Subsequently, we constructed stable cell lines overexpressing wild‐type DCHS1 or mutant DCHS1 (c.8309G>A, p.R2770Q) to evaluate the influence of the DCHS1 mutation on the proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Results: Complete exome sequencing and pedigree verification revealed a mutation p.R2770Q (c.8309G>A) in exon 21 of the DCHS1 gene carried by the patient, which may affect the DNA binding. No such mutation was detected in his parents, indicating that this was a new mutation. Potential functional impact of sequence variants was predicted using in silico prediction programs including SIFT, Polyphen2, and Condel. This variant was determined to be a pathogenic mutation that has not been reported elsewhere. Subsequently, we used a stable DCHS1 gene‐mutated HK‐2 cell line to analyse proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy, showed that kidney volume decreased with increasing cell death associated with a reduced proliferation. Conclusions: Our analysis revealed a heterozygous variation of DCHS1 in a child with MVP. Our observations highlight previously unrecognized phenotypes of the currently recognized MVP genotype, including distinct chronic renal failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme high-speed laser cladding (EHLA) was used to develop a pore- and crack-free TiC/IN625 coating. The surface roughness of EHLA could be as low as 6.004 µm. A more uniform dendrite size and composition distribution was obtained by EHLA. The mass gain of EHLA was 57.5% lower than that of the conventional laser cladding sample after hot corrosion in a mixed salt of 75%Na 2 SO 4 + 25% NaCl at 900 ℃ for 60 h. High hot corrosion resistance of EHLA was mainly attributed to the lower surface roughness, smaller dendrite size, smaller grain size, and higher amount of low-angle grain boundaries. • Pores- and cracks-free TiC/IN625 coatings over AISI 1045 steel were firstly prepared by EHLA. • EHLA TiC/IN625 coatings possessed much more uniform and finer microstructure. • The uniformly distributed dendrite sizes and compositions contributed to the formation of a dense oxide film. • Superior hot corrosion behavior of EHLA TiC/IN625 coatings was mainly attributed to the lower surface roughness, smaller dendrite size, smaller grain size, and more low-angle grain boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although fused deposition modeling (FDM) has gradually become one of the popular additive manufacturing technologies in different industries, high surface roughness has always been an inevitable disadvantage of FDM parts. Laser polishing represents a recent and novel application of laser surface irradiation that can be used for precise, post-process smoothing of the rough surfaces commonly encountered on FDM parts. The influence of laser polishing on surface modification and mechanical properties of aluminum/Polylactic Acid (Al/PLA) composites has been investigated. Laser scanning speed was varied to evaluate its effect on the surface quality and mechanical properties of the experimental samples. The results indicated that laser polishing could enable reductions in surface roughness of over 86.6% (from 23.27 μm to 3.11 μm Sa). The tensile strength of specimen also increased from 41.01 MPa to 51.31 MPa with increasement of 25.1%. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) results showed that there was a remarkable improvement in the storage modulus and glass transition temperature of Al/PLA composite specimens after laser polishing, which suggested that the laser polishing treatment could play a role in decreasing the porosity inside the FDM parts and improve interfacial adhesion between the PLA matrix and Al fibers. Moreover, the fracture morphologies were observed to investigate the possible strengthening mechanism. These results demonstrate how laser polishing can simultaneously smooth and modify the surface characteristics of a FDM part surface. Image 1 • Laser polished additive manufactured Al/PLA has higher surface quality and many defects are removed. • A maximum reduction in Al/PLA surface roughness is achieved at optimized polishing settings (laser scan speed of 100 mm/s). • Laser polishing effectively improves the dynamic mechanical properties and tensile properties of the FMD Al/PLA. • After laser polishing treated, Al/PLA composite specimens had a higher storage modulus and glass transition temperature. • The strengthening mechanism induced by laser polishing is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Delayed intestinal perforation has various manifestations. For peritonitis with delayed treatment and multi‐bacterial peritonitis, we should be alert to the occurrence of this rare complication. Abdominal CT examination and imaging results judgment based on clinical conditions are particularly important for diagnosis. Delayed intestinal perforation of peritoneal dialysis catheter is a rare but serious complication. We reported a 49‐year‐old patient who had been hospitalized twice within 3 months due to poor drainage of the peritoneal dialysis catheter. During the first hospitalization, peritoneal dialysis‐related peritonitis was diagnosed, and a variety of bacterial infections were cultivated. However, at that time, the actual peritoneal dialysis catheter‐related intestinal perforation was missed, and he was discharged after anti‐infection treatment until a clinical cure was met. After more than 2 months of normal peritoneal dialysis after returning home, the patient again had poor drainage of the peritoneal dialysis catheter, accompanied by the outflow of yellowish‐brown sediment. It was found that the peritoneal dialysis catheter had evidence of intestinal perforation. After the removal of the catheter and intestinal repair, he recovered and was discharged from the hospital and received long‐term hemodialysis treatment. In the case of delayed intestinal perforation, peritoneal dialysis was maintained normally for more than 2 months, which was an unprecedented situation in previous case reports. In addition, we should be alert to the occurrence of this rare complication, especially when we find the occurrence of polybacterial Peritonitis. Abdominal CT examination and imaging results judgment based on clinical conditions are particularly important for diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a condition that is characterized by the loss of kidney function. ESRD patients suffer from various endothelial dysfunctions, inflammation, and immune system defects. Lysine malonylation (Kmal) is a recently discovered post-translational modification (PTM). Although Kmal has the ability to regulate a wide range of biological processes in various organisms, its specific role in ESRD is limited. Methods: In this study, the affinity enrichment and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques have been used to create the first global proteome and malonyl proteome (malonylome) profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from twenty patients with ESRD and eighty-one controls. Results: On analysis, 793 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and 12 differentially malonylated proteins (DMPs) with 16 Kmal sites were identified. The Rap1 signaling pathway and platelet activation pathway were found to be important in the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD), as were DMPs TLN1 and ACTB, as well as one malonylated site. One conserved Kmal motif was also discovered. Conclusions: These findings provided the first report on the Kmal profile in ESRD, which could be useful in understanding the potential role of lysine malonylation modification in the development of ESRD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coupled model between trapezoidal cavity and its clamped flexible wall is developed using classical modal coupling theory. Based on the coupled model, the resonance frequencies of coupled system are obtained and compared with the corresponding uncoupled one. Meanwhile, the reason for the variation of resonance frequencies of coupled system modes is analyzed in detail. Then, the response of coupled system is investigated using the acoustic potential energy in the cavity and panel vibration kinetic energy when it is excited by an incident plane wave outside of the cavity. Coupling coefficient between trapezoidal cavity and its clamped flexible wall is proposed to assess the modal matching degree between them. It is shown that the coupling selection is not satisfied except in the axis direction which is parallel to the inclined wall. In addition, a rectangular cavity with a clamped flexible wall is also considered and compared with that of the trapezoidal one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Roxadustat is a new oral anti-renal anemia medication that works by stabilizing hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) which can activate the expression of more than 100 genes in addition to genes related to anemia. However, the more potential molecular targets of roxadustat are not completely clear. Therefore, it is essential to further reveal its molecular targets to guide its clinical applications. Methods: We performed label-free quantification and LC-MS/MS to study the proteomic alterations in serum exosome of renal anemia patients before and after roxadustat therapy. Results were validated by PRM. Results: A total of 30 proteins were significantly changed after treatment with roxadustat. Among these proteins, 18 proteins were up-regulated (and 12 were down-regulated). The results are statistically significant (P < 0.05). Then, we validated the result by PRM, the results confirmed that TFRC, HSPA8, ITGB3, COL1A2, and YWHAZ were markedly upregulated, while ITIH2 and CFH were significantly downregulated upon treatment with roxadustat. Conclusions: TFRC and HSPA8 could be an important target of the action of roxadustat, and roxadustat may increase cardiovascular risk through its influence on platelet activation. Our results provide a theoretical basis for its wider clinical application and preventing expected side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research on spatiotemporal gene landscape can provide insights into the spatial characteristics of human kidney development and facilitate kidney organoid cultivation. Here, we profiled the spatiotemporal gene programs of the human embryonic kidneys at 9 and 18 post-conception weeks (PCW) by integrating the application of microarray-based spatial transcriptomics and single-cell transcriptomics. Results: We mapped transcriptomic signatures of scRNA-seq cell types upon the 9 and 18 PCW kidney sections based on cell-type deconvolution and multimodal intersection analyses, depicting a spatial landscape of developing cell subpopulations. We established the gene characteristics in the medullary regions and revealed a strong mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis activity in the deeper medullary region. We also built a regulatory network centered on GDNF-ETV4 for nephrogenic niche development based on the weighted gene co-expression network analysis and highlighted the key roles of Wnt, FGF, and JAG1-Notch2 signaling in maintaining renal branching morphogenesis. Conclusions: Our findings obtained by this spatiotemporal gene program are expected to improve the current understanding of kidney development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hongwei Wu and Fanna Liu contributed equally to this work Correction to: Cell & Bioscience (2022) 12:80 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13578-022-00801-x In the original version [[1]] of this article, in the result section, we have cited the Additional file 1: Fig. (d) The proportion of each scRNA-seq cell subpopulation arising from each ST spot in the 9 and 18 PCW kidneys. [Extracted from the article]

Background Immune aberrations in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are characterized by systemic inflammation and immune deficiency. The mechanistic understanding of this phenomenon remains limited. Methods We generated 12 981 and 9578 single-cell transcriptomes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) that were pooled from 10 healthy volunteers and 10 patients with ESRD by single-cell RNA sequencing. Unsupervised clustering and annotation analyses were performed to cluster and identify cell types. The analysis of hallmark pathway and regulon activity was performed in the main cell types. Results We identified 14 leukocytic clusters that corresponded to six known PBMC types. The comparison of cells from ESRD patients and healthy individuals revealed multiple changes in biological processes. We noticed an ESRD-related increase in inflammation response, complement cascade and cellular metabolism, as well as a strong decrease in activity related to cell cycle progression in relevant cell types in ESRD. Furthermore, a list of cell type-specific candidate transcription factors (TFs) driving the ESRD-associated transcriptome changes was identified. Conclusions We generated a distinctive, high-resolution map of ESRD-derived PBMCs. These results revealed cell type-specific ESRD-associated pathways and TFs. Notably, the pooled sample analysis limits the generalization of our results. The generation of larger single-cell datasets will complement the current map and drive advances in therapies that manipulate immune cell function in ESRD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is complicated. This study explores the expression of circular RNAs (circRNAs), which are closed non-coding RNAs in which the 5′ and 3′ ends are covalently linked and which work by sponging microRNAs. CircRNAs were extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of SLE patients to identify novel circRNA species that might be used for SLE diagnosis. Methods: Microarray was applied to screening circRNAs changes in PBMCs obtained from SLE patients (n = 10) and healthy participants (n = 10), paired for age and sex. We then verified the selected circRNAs in PBMCs using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction amplification (qRT-PCR) in another cohort, including ten paired SLE patients and healthy participants. The correlation between the differential circRNAs and clinical pathology of SLE were analyzed. Results: 182 up-regulated and 563 significantly down-regulated circRNAs in PBMCs of patients with SLE were identified. Besides, the qRT-PCR results were consistent with the microarray results. The correlation analysis revealed that has_circRNA_100236, has_circRNA_102489, and has_circRNA_101413 were correlated with positive anti-dsDNA, thrombocytopenia, and positive IgG, respectively. Lastly, their miRNAs targets and the binding sites were predicted. Conclusion: We identified some dysregulated circRNAs in PBMCs from SLE patients, and these circRNAs may be developed as the novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of SLE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Protein posttranslational modification is an indispensable regulatory element that can fine-tune protein functions and regulate diverse cellular processes. Lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation (Khib) is a protein posttranslational modification that was recently identified and is thought to play a role in a wide variety of active cellular functions. Methods: In this report, for the first time, we comparatively studied the 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation proteome in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a biopsy-proven immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) group and a normal control group based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results: Altogether, 7405 proteins were identified and added to a Khib library. Of these proteins, we identified 111 with upregulated expression and 83 with downregulated expression. Furthermore, we identified 428 Khib modification sites on 290 Khib-modified proteins, including 171 sites with increased modification on 122 Khib-modified proteins and 257 specific sites with reduced modification on 168 Khib-modified proteins. Conclusions: Importantly, the abundance of lipocalin 2 was increased in the differentially expressed proteins, and a KEGG-based functional enrichment analysis showed that Khib proteins clustered in the IL-17 signaling pathway and phagosome category, which may have important associations with IgAN. Our data enlighten our understanding of Khib in IgAN and indicate that Khib may have important regulatory roles in IgAN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) are a new category of high-temperature materials that are high-entropy alloys with refractory metal elements as the major components. SLM technique provides distinct benefits in preparing refractory metals with high melting points. The effects of laser power and scanning speed on the surface morphology and internal defects of VNbMoTaW RHEAs samples were examined using numerical and experimental methods. A DEM-CFD model was created to simulate the process of SLM producing a single-layer, single-track model. The simulation findings show that the melt pool's channel width is 62.31 μm at a scanning speed of 300 mm/s and a laser power of 150 W. The channel width grows to 96.92 μm when the laser power rises to 450 W. When the laser power is increased, the channel becomes flatter. To prepare the VNbMoTaW samples, the process parameters with the highest quality in the numerical simulation were chosen. At a scanning speed of 300 mm/s and a laser power of 450 W, the measured channel width of the high-entropy alloy samples is approximately 104.13 m. Similarly to the numerical simulation results, the channel width of the models generated at the same scanning speed increases as the laser power increases. At low laser power, it was discovered that many unmelted powder particles were dispersed on the surface of the samples. The primary defects found in the samples were pores and fractures. The interlayer non-melting cracks on the sample cross-section vanish at elevated laser power. Whereas the quality of samples created at low scanning speeds is higher at the same laser power, the quality of samples declines as the scanning speed of the laser increases. • The forming process of VNbMoTaW RHEAs by SLM was firstly simulated numerically. • Process parameters such as laser power and scanning speed affected the RHEAs surface morphology. • The experimental results were in good agreement with the simulation rules. • Pores and cracks are the main defects in the RHEAs alloys and cannot be completely avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is common for diabetic kidney disease (DKD) to be complicated by abnormal blood glucose, blood lipids, and blood pressure rhythms. Thus, it is essential to examine diagnostic and treatment plans from the perspective of circadian disruption. This brief review discusses the clinical relevance of circadian rhythms in DKD and how the core clock gene encoding brain and muscle arnt-like protein 1 (BMAL1) functions owing to the importance of circadian rhythm disruption processes, including the excretion of urinary protein and irregular blood pressure, which occur in DKD. Exploring Bmal1 and its potential mechanisms and signaling pathways in DKD following contact with Sirt1 and NF-κB is novel and important. Finally, potential pharmacological and behavioral intervention strategies for DKD circadian rhythm disturbance are outlined. This review aids in unveiling novel, potential molecular targets for DKD based on circadian rhythms. [Display omitted] • DKD has abnormality in albuminuria and hypertension rhythm. • Bmal1 deficiency in the renal correlates with low blood pressure and BMAL1 has obesity paradox. • BMAL1 probably modulates BMAL1/SIRT1/NF-κB pathway to reduce kidney injury in DKD. • Targeted therapeutic approaches for DKD rhythm disorders encompass pharmacological intervention and small-molecule targets. • Regulating daily eating pattern, enhancing sleep quality, and scheduling exercise are also critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of the study was to further explore the pathogenesis of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN), gene-sequencing was used to analyze the differentially expressed circRNAs in exosomes of patients with IMN, which may lay the foundation for the research of circRNAs as a new class of exosome-based IMN diagnosis biomarkers.Material and Methods: Ten patients with IMN and ten normal controls were recruited as experimental subjects in our study. The exosomes were extracted from the collected serum and urine. Then, pure circRNAs were extracted from the exosomes with a series of enzymatic reactions. Afterwards, the significantly differentially expressed circRNAs were chosen by the method of gene-sequencing.Results: Compared with normal controls, the circRNAs were reduced in the exosomes from serum of patients with IMN, which mostly originated from intron gene regions. Meanwhile, a total of 89 circRNAs were significantly differentially expressed, which were also mostly derived from intron gene regions, including 49 up-regulated and 40 down-regulated genes. However, the species were increased in the exosomes from the urine of patients with IMN compared to normal controls, and they mainly originated from exon gene regions. Simultaneously, 60 circRNAs were significantly differentially expressed, which primarily belonged to intron gene regions, including 54 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated regions.Conclusions: The significant differential and specific expression of circRNAs in the exosomes from patients with IMN were observed. For example, MUC3A, which originated from chr7:100550808|100551062, could be considered a potential diagnostic biomarker of IMN. Furthermore, these figures may be used as a reference or supplement in the research of the pathogenesis of IMN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To analyze the microRNA expression of tumor necrosi factor α (TNF-α) stimulated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and exosomes from their culture supernatant.Material and Methods: TNF-α (20 ng/ml) was used to stimulate MSCs, which were then regarded as TNF-α cells (TC), while unstimulated cells were the normal control cells (NCC). MSCs and their culture supernatant were harvested after 48 h. Subsequently, exosomes were isolated from culture supernatants with ExoQuick-TC and were divided into two groups, TNF-α exosomes (TE) and normal control exosomes (NCE). Then, the microRNAs were measured by high-throughput sequencing and the results were differentially analyzed. Finally, the correlation of the target genes corresponding to differently expressed microRNAs was analyzed by gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analysis.Results: High-throughput sequencing showed that the cellular compartment (TC vs. NCC) had 280 microRNAs. miR-146a-5p was a uniquely up-regulated microRNA (p < 0.001) and the most significantly down-regulated microRNA among the 279 microRNAs included was miR-150-5p (p < 0.001). There were 180 differentially expressed microRNAs in the exosome compartment (TE vs. NCE), where miR-146-5p (p < 0.001) was one of 176 upregulated microRNAs and miR-203b-5p (p < 0.001) was one of 4 downregulated microRNAs. Coincidentally, bioinformatics analysis showed that IRAK1 was a critical target gene of miR-146-5p related to the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway.Conclusions: In contrast with the control group, there were significantly differentially expressed microRNAs in both MSCs and exosomes. Interestingly, miR-146a-5p was up-regulated in both comparative groups, and its target gene IRAK1 plays a crucial part in the TLR signaling pathway. These investigations demonstrate a new direction for subsequent inflammation mechanistic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer (PC) is the most prevalent urological cancer in men. T cells serve a central role in the cancer's immunological microenvironment. In the present study, we applied multiplex PCR and Illumina next-generation sequencing to study the clonal diversity of the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire in cancer tissues and paracancer tissues from patients with PC. It was found that the TCR repertoire in the PC samples had a notably more skewed clonotype composition, with a greater number of highly expanded clones (HECs) compared with the prostate paracancer samples. The amino acid sequences ATSRVAGETQY (1.008 vs. 0.002%), ATSRTGRWETQY (3.985 vs. 0.007%), ATSDSSDYEQY (12.464 vs. 0.027%), ATSDFRGQPQETQY (2.205 vs. 0.06%), ASSQQDEAF (1.109 vs. 0.002%) and ARPTRTEETQY (1.263 vs. 0.002%) were found to vary markedly between cancer and paracancer tissues, respectively. In conclusion, the present study identified PC-specific HECs, which are critical to improving understanding of the TCR repertoire in PC. This may accelerate the screening process for potential new autoantigens and provide information for generating more effective T cell-targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The refractory high-entropy alloys possess both high melting points and excellent high-temperature properties. As a result, they are expected to become a new generation of high-temperature materials. Along these lines, in this work, selective laser melting (SLM) was used to prepare WMoTaNbV and TiC/WMoTaNbV-based alloys, while the influence of the SLM process parameters on the surface morphology, internal defects distribution and microstructure of the alloy was thoroughly analyzed. On top of that, the long-term high-temperature oxidation behavior of the two alloys at 600°C was studied. The extracted results showed that the process parameters had a serious impact on the surface quality and internal defects of the refractory high-entropy alloys. By optimizing the process parameters, the final surface roughness value of the WMoTaNbV-based alloy was 9.148 μm (Sa). On the contrary, the surface roughness value of the TiC/WMoTaNbV compound was 14.218 μm (Sa). It is also interesting to notice that the incorporation of TiC could significantly reduce the number of cracks within the TiC/WMoTaNbV alloy. Moreover, the WMoTaNbV-based alloy was mainly composed of dendritic structures, while the TiC/WMoTaNbV-based alloy consisted of cellular structures. The main oxidation products of the WMoTaNbV-based alloy were the Ta 16 W 18 O 94 and Nb 14 W 3 O 47 ternary oxidation products. After the TiC particles were added, the Ti-containing oxidation products such as TiO 2 , Ti 2 Nb 10 O 29. etc. within the TiC/WMoTaNbV-based alloy increased significantly, preventing thus effectively the alloy from being seriously oxidized. The cellular structures, carbides and TiO 2 phase are helpful in improving the oxidation resistance of the TiC/WMoTaNbV-based alloy. • The TiC could significantly reduce the number of cracks within the TiC/WMoTaNbV alloy. • The oxidation resistance of the TiC/WMoTaNbV was improved. • The cellular structures, carbides and TiO 2 phase were helpful in improving the oxidation resistance of the TiC/WMoTaNbV alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal presents a host of problems to engineers and opticians. Moreover, because of its anisotropic character, a particular crystal orientation and plane wave transmission are required while the machining process is performed. In this study, by applying the principle of the maximized shearing deformed specific energy and the different shearing elastic modulus along different crystal planes and orientations, a theoretical model to calculate the shear angles when cutting KDP crystal was established. Based on this model, the shear angles’ variation regularity under different cutting conditions was obtained. Additionally, the variation regularities of cutting forces and roughness on different crystal planes were discussed. The results indicate that on different crystal planes the average cutting force and roughness as well as their variation amplitude are different. In addition, the calculated results show that rake angle plays an important role on suppression and minimizing material anisotropic character. Furthermore, the ultra-precision turning and milling experiments were conducted, and the theoretical model matched the experiments well within normal operating conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]