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Additional file 2: Table S1. Quality assessment of the included study with Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Figure S1. A funnel plot showing the outcomes of Begg’s test. Appendix S1. Literature search strategy.

Additional file 1. PRISMA_checklist.

In order to study the relationship between nutrient pollutants and suspended sediments (SS) in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and two tributaries, water samples were collected from September 1, 2010 to September 30, 2011 at the Zhutuo, Cuntang, Beibei, Wulong, Qingxichang, Wanxian, and Fengjie cross-sections. In the laboratory, the SS concentration and the concentration of SS whose particle size was smaller than 0.02 mm were measured. The phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and permanganate index (CODMn) concentrations in the natural water sample, the settled water sample, and two types of filtered water samples obtained through filter membranes with pore sizes of 0.02 mm and 0.45 μm were monitored synchronously. The results show that there are strong relationships between the P and CODMn concentrations and the SS concentration. P mainly exists in particulate form, while N mainly exists in dissolved form. SS whose particle size is smaller than 0.02 mm accounts for a high proportion of sediments in the Yangtze River and has a strong effect on water quality. At the seven cross-sections, the amounts of P, N, and CODMn in particulate form in the wet season are higher than in the dry season and the adsorption amounts of P, N, and CODMn per unit mass of sediment are higher in the dry season than in the wet season.

The scaling and similarity of wall bounded turbulent flow were studied. The properties of such flows and the relationship between a power law and a logarithmic type of velocity distribution were investigated. Based on the physical mechanism involved, our results show that the power law and the logarithmic distribution are only different forms with the same hypothesis and hold only in the outer flow zone. Thus, a universal explanation for various empirical formulae of velocity distribution was obtained. Manning’s formula was studied to explain theoretically the experiential result that the roughness coefficient is only a comprehensive parameter of the whole system without a corresponding physical factor. The physical mechanism of the velocity distribution of parallel to wall bounded flow was explored, the results show that the parameters in the formula of velocity distribution are indices of the system responding to flowing environmental factors to represent general case of boundary roughness and the flowing state, corresponding physical mechanism is vortex motion.

The property of the velocity field and the cascade process of the fluid flow are key problems in turbulence research. This study presents the scaling property of the turbulent velocity field and a mathematical description of the cascade process, using the following methods: (1) a discussion of the general self-similarity and scaling invariance of fluid flow from the viewpoint of the physical mechanism of turbulent flow; (2) the development of the relationship between the scaling indices and the key parameters of the She and Leveque (SL) model in the inertial range; (3) an investigation of the basis of the fractal model and the multi-fractal model of turbulence; (4) a demonstration of the physical meaning of the flowing field scaling that is related to the real flowing vortex. The results illustrate that the SL model could be regarded as an approximate mathematical solution of Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations, and that the phenomena of normal scaling and anomalous scaling is the result of the mutual interactions among the physical factors of nonlinearity, dissipation, and dispersion. Finally, a simple turbulent movement conceptional description model is developed to show the local properties and the instantaneous properties of turbulence.

To study the role of programmed cell death 5 (PDCD5) protein in the oncogenesis and development of renal clear cell carcinoma and its association with the prognosis of the malignancy.PDCD5 expression was assayed immunohistochemically in 46 cases of human renal clear cell carcinoma, and the patients' survival was followed up.PDCD5 staining in the adjacent normal tissue of the tumor was significantly stronger than that in the tumor tissue, and PDCD5 expression was significantly correlated with the tumor grade, stage and prognosis. The tumors of high grade with strong invasive ability had much less PDCD5 expression and lighter staining. The three- or five-year survival rates of patients positive for PDCD5 expression was much higher than that of patients negative for PDCD5 expression.PDCD5 is a potent inhibitor of malignant transformation of renal clear cell carcinoma and may serve as a major predictor for evaluating the malignant potential and prognosis of the tumor.

To detect the expression of apoptosis gene PDCD5 in tissues of normal human kidney, renal clear cell carcinoma, normal bladder and bladder carcinoma, and explore the role of PDCD5 gene in renal clear cell carcinoma and bladder carcinoma.Indirect immunohistochemistry was employed to detect PDCD5 expression in 63 kidney specimens and 42 bladder specimens. Positive expression rates and intensity of PDCD5 protein expression in the kidney tissue were investigated microscopically and by computerized image analysis. Positive expression rate in the bladder tissue was investigated by microscopic observation.The results of immunohistochemical staining showed PDCD5 protein overexpression in the renal tubule of normal human kidney tissues and downregulation with the stage increase of renal clear cell carcinoma. PDCD5 protein expression showed statistical significance in tissues of normal kidney and renal clear cell carcinoma in all stages. No obvious PDCD5 expression was detected in the tissues of normal human bladder and bladder carcinoma.PDCD5 is an important apoptosis-regulating factor in the occurrence of renal clear cell carcinoma, and its expression is extremely low in tissues of normal human bladder and bladder carcinoma.

To label a human bladder cancer cell line and establish a novel human bladder cancer mouse model.T-24 cells, a human bladder transitional cell carcinoma cell line, were transfected with GFP plasmid to screen stable GFP-expressing clones. The latter were implanted into the wall of the bladder or the subcutaneous tissue of the neck of nude mice. The growth, invasion, and metastasis of the implanted tumor were observed and evaluated with whole-body optical imaging system. The findings were compared with those of HE staining on routine paraffin sections.GFP-labeled tumor cells displayed green fluorescence under fluorescent microscopy and showed stable GFP expression in vitro and in vivo. One week after in situ transplantation of 5 x 10(5) T24 cells, the new bladder cancer was observed and evaluated under whole-body optical imaging system. Two weeks later, the new bladder tumor could be palpated, and 4 weeks later, metastasis to regional drainage lymph nodes in the pelvic and retroperitoneal lymph nodes occurred. The growth and metastasis of the implant bladder tumor were easily observed and accurately evaluated by fluorescent microscope.GFP-labeled tumor cells display green fluorescence under fluorescent microscopy and show stable GFP expression. GFP-labeled T-24 cells and the novel human bladder cancer model described hereby provide a simple and reliable means for studying human bladder cancer in vivo.