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A new whitefly species, Aleuroclava schimae Wang, sp. nov. infesting leaves of Schima superba (Parietales, Theaceae) is described and illustrated from Zhejiang, China. Puparia of the new species are elliptical, broad at the transverse molting suture region and broadly truncate posteriorly. Thoracic and caudal tracheal pores are discernible. In life, the puparia are covered by a thin layer of white wax.

A plant can be thought of as a colony comprising numerous growth buds, each developing to its own rhythm. Such lack of synchrony impedes efforts to describe core principles of plant morphogenesis, dissect the underlying mechanisms, and identify regulators. Here, we use the tiniest known angiosperm to overcome this challenge and provide an ideal model system for plant morphogenesis. We present a detailed morphological description of the monocot Wolffia australiana, as well as high-quality genome information. Further, we developed the Plant-on-Chip culture system and demonstrate the application of advanced technologies such as snRNA-seq, protein structure prediction, and gene editing. We provide proof-of-concept examples that illustrate how W. australiana can open a new horizon for deciphering the core regulatory mechanisms of plant morphogenesis.SignificanceWhat is the core morphogenetic process in angiosperms, a plant like a tree indeterminately growing, or a bud sequentially generating limited types of organs? Wolffia australiana, one of the smallest angiosperms in the world may help to make a distinction. Wolffia plantlet constitutes of only three organs that are indispensable to complete life cycle: one leaf, one stamen and one gynoecium. Before the growth tip is induced to flower, it keeps branching from the leaf axil and the branches separate from the main plantlet. Here we present a high-quality genome of W. australiana, detailed morphological description, a Plant-on-Chip cultural system, and some principle-proof experiments, demonstrating that W. australiana is a promising model system for deciphering core developmental program in angiosperms.

The phylogeny and systematics of cordycipitoid fungi have been extensively studied in the last two decades. However, systematic positions of some taxa in the family Cordycipitaceae have not yet been thoroughly resolved. In this study, a new phylogenetic framework of Cordycipitaceae is reconstructed using multigene (nrSSU, nrLSU, tef-1α, rpb1 and rpb2) sequence data with large-scale taxon sampling. In addition, ITS sequence data of species belonging to the Lecanicillium lineage in the family Cordycipitaceae are used to further determine their phylogenetic placements. Based on molecular phylogenetic data together with morphological evidence, two new genera (Flavocillium and Liangia), 16 new species and four new combinations are introduced. In the new genus Flavocillium, one new species F. bifurcatum and three new combinations previously described as Lecanicillium, namely F. acerosium, F. primulinium and F. subprimulinium, are proposed. The genus Liangia is built by the new species Lia. sinensis with Lecanicillium-like asexual morph, isolated from an entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria yunnanensis. Due to the absence of Paecilomyces hepiali, an economically and medically significant fungus, in the earlier phylogenetic analyses, its systematic position has been puzzling in both business and academic communities for a long time. Here, P. hepiali is recharacterized using the holotype material along with seven additional samples. It is assigned to the genus Samsoniella (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales) possessing Cordyceps-like sexual morph and Isaria-like asexual morph, and thus a new combination, namely S. hepiali is proposed. An additional nine new species in Samsoniella are described: S. alpina, S. antleroides, S. cardinalis, S. cristata, S. lanmaoa, S. kunmingensis, S. ramosa, S. tortricidae and S. yunnanensis. Four new species in Cordyceps are described: C. chaetoclavata, C. cocoonihabita, C. shuifuensis and C. subtenuipes. Simplicillium yunnanense, isolated from synnemata of Akanthomyces waltergamsii, is described as a new species.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of motherwort injection (MI, Yi mu cao) in preventing post-abortion hemorrhage and promoting uterine retraction after induced abortion surgery.In this multi-center randomized controlled trial undertaken between September 2014 and August 2016, 408 child-bearing age women who underwent induced abortion surgery and randomly assigned to two groups: MI group who received intramuscular MI treatment (n = 207) and no-treatment group (n = 201). The volume of vaginal bleeding and its duration were used as primary end points; and uterine size and dimension were measured as secondary end points. Blood coagulation indices, routine blood and adverse events were recorded to evaluate the safety.The efficacy analysis was based on 366 patients. No significant difference were found in baseline characteristics between the two groups (P 0.05). The amount of vaginal bleeding and duration of bleeding were significantly reduced in MI group compared with on-treatment group in Full Analysis Set (FAS) and Per Protocol Set (PPS) populations (P 0.001). The volume and perimeter of the uterine dimensions in MI group were smaller than no-treatment group (P 0.001). No significant abnormal vital signs were observed. Only 1 case of mild, transient erythema was found in MI group.MI could reduce post-abortion hemorrhage and improve uterine retraction in women undergoing surgical induced abortion, without serious adverse events. It was a safe and effective treatment in preventing post-abortion hemorrhage after induced abortion.

Background The resistance to endocrine therapy poses a significant challenge to the management of advanced breast cancer with hormone receptor (HR) positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her-2) negative. The purpose of this study was to further examine the efficacy and safety of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6Is) in combination with endocrine therapy as a recovery treatment for advanced breast cancer patients. Methods The risk of bias for each included study was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. The Cochrane Q value, combined with the I2 statistics, were selected to be tested for heterogeneity across the studies. The generic inverse variance was used to pool the hazard ratio and 95% CI of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), while pooled RRs and 95% CI were conducted using the Mantel-Haenszel to appraise the overall response rate (ORR), clinical benefit rate (CBR), and any adverse effects. Results Eight random clinical trials were finally identified. The analysis showed that the duration of PFS was significantly longer in the CDK4/6Is group than in the control group (hazard ratio, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.51–0.60; P

Chromosome segregation must be under strict regulation to maintain chromosome euploidy and stability. Cell Division Cycle 20 (CDC20) is an essential cell cycle regulator that promotes the metaphase-to-anaphase transition and functions in the spindle assembly checkpoint, a surveillance pathway that ensures the fidelity of chromosome segregation. Plant CDC20 genes are present in multiple copies, and whether CDC20s have the same functions in plants as in yeast and animals is unclear, given the potential for divergence or redundancy among the multiple copies. Here, we studied all three CDC20 genes in rice (Oryza sativa) and constructed two triple mutants by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9-mediated genome editing to explore their roles in development. Knocking out all three CDC20 genes led to total sterility but did not affect vegetative development. Loss of the three CDC20 proteins did not alter mitotic division but severely disrupted meiosis as a result of asynchronous and unequal chromosome segregation, chromosome lagging, and premature separation of chromatids. Immunofluorescence of tubulin revealed malformed meiotic spindles in microsporocytes of the triple mutants. Furthermore, cytokinesis of meiosis I was absent or abnormal, and cytokinesis II was completely prevented in all mutant microsporocytes; thus, no tetrads or pollen formed in either cdc20 triple mutant. Finally, the subcellular structures and functions of the tapetum were disturbed by the lack of CDC20 proteins. These findings demonstrate that the three rice CDC20s play redundant roles but are indispensable for faithful meiotic chromosome segregation and cytokinesis, which are required for the production of fertile microspores.

Germ cells (GCs) are the key carriers delivering genetic information from one generation to the next. In a majority of animals, GCs segregate from somatic cells during embryogenesis by forming germlines. In land plants, GCs segregate from somatic cells during postembryonic development. In a majority of angiosperms, male GCs (archesporial cells) initiate at the four corners of the anther primordia. Little is known about the mechanism underlying this initiation. Here, we discovered that the dynamic auxin distribution in developing anthers coincided with GC initiation. A centripetal auxin gradient gradually formed toward the four corners where GCs will initiate. Local auxin biosynthesis was necessary for this patterning and for GC specification. The GC determinant protein SPOROCYTELESS/NOZZLE (SPL/NZZ) mediated the effect of auxin on GC specification and modified auxin biosynthesis to maintain a centripetal auxin distribution. Our work reveals that auxin is a key factor guiding GC specification in Arabidopsis anthers. Moreover, we demonstrate that the GC segregation from somatic cells is not a simple switch on/off event but rather a complicated process that involves a dynamic feedback circuit among local auxin biosynthesis, transcription of SPL/NZZ, and a progressive GC specification. This finding sheds light on the mystery of how zygote-derived somatic cells diverge into GCs in plants.

The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root epidermis is a simple model for investigating cell fate specification and pattern formation. In addition to regulatory networks consisting of transcription factors, histone deacetylases are also involved in the formation of cellular patterns. Here, we report thatHistone Deacetylase19 (HDA19) affects the root epidermal cellular pattern through regulation of cortical cell fate by interacting with SCARECROW (SCR). HDA19 binds to the DNA sequence upstream of SCR, as well as to those of several of SCR’s target genes, and regulates their expression. Mutant lines of several SCR target genes show impaired patterns of epidermal differentiation and cortical cell division, similar to that of hda19. This work presents HDA19 and SCR as two further players in the regulation of cortical and epidermal cell specification and describes an additional function for SCR.

SummaryGerm cells (GCs) transmit genetic information from one generation to the next. Unlike animal GCs, plant GCs are induced post-embryonically, forming locally from somatic cells. This induction is coordinated with organogenesis and might be guided by positional cues. In angiosperms, male GCs initiate from the internal layers at the four corners of the anther primordia and are gradually enclosed by parietal cell (PC) layers, leading to a concentric GC-PC pattern.1,2 However, the underlying mechanism of GC initiation and GC-PC pattern formation is unclear. Auxin affects pattern formation3 and anther development.4–11 However, whether GC formation involves auxin remains unknown. We report that the auxin distribution in pre-meiotic anthers parallels GC initiation, forming a centripetal gradient between the outer primordial cells and the inner GCs. The auxin biosynthesis genes TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS 1 (TAA1) and TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE RELATED 2 (TAR2)5,12 are responsible for this patterning and essential for GC specification. SPOROCYTELESS/NOZZLE (SPL/NZZ, a determinant for GC specification)13–15 mediates the effect of auxin on GC specification, modulates auxin homeostasis, and maintains centripetal auxin patterning. Our results reveal that auxin is a key factor guiding GC specification in Arabidopsis anthers.

Wen-Kang Wei and Qin-Ling Chen are also at the Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Since the discovery of SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan city, China, it has been reported in over 200 other countries and caused a global pandemic. Although some studies have suggested that bats and pangolins were potential hosts, the origin of SARS-CoV-2 remains unknown and the infection evidence of transmission from animals to people is not well established.1 On 28 February and 19 March …

Ischemic stroke was a brain disease with high mortality and disability rate. Previous studies have shown that the expression of Micro Ribonucleic acid-376a in the serum of stroke patients was increased, suggesting that Micro Ribonucleic acid-376a was closely related to the occurrence and development of stroke. However, its mechanism has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to explore the regulatory mechanism of Long non-coding ribonucleic acid small nucleolar host gene 1 on Ischemic stroke through targeting the Micro Ribonucleic acid-376a-mediated cystathionine β synthase hydrogen sulfide axis pathway. The Ischemic stroke model of Human Cerebral Microvascular Endothelial Cell Line/D3 cells was established by the induce of Oxygen-glucose deprivation. The Micro Ribonucleic acid concentrations of small nucleolar host gene 1, Micro Ribonucleic acid-376a, and inflammatory cytokines were detected by Reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of cystathionine β synthase and apoptosis-related proteins. The apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry and the concentration of hydrogen sulfide was detected by the kit. The interaction between long non-coding ribonucleic acid, micro ribonucleic acid, and target genes was confirmed by the luciferase test. Our study showed that under the condition of Oxygen-glucose deprivation induction, when Micro Ribonucleic acid-376a was up-regulated, the Micro Ribonucleic acid concentration of small nucleolar host gene 1 and cystathionine β synthase in Human Cerebral Microvascular Endothelial Cell Line/D3 cells was down-regulated. Further results showed that the overexpression of Micro Ribonucleic acid-376a promoted apoptosis and inflammation, while overexpression of small nucleolar host gene 1 alleviated these processes. In terms of mechanism, Micro Ribonucleic acid-376a was the target of small nucleolar host gene 1, and cystathionine β synthase was the target of Micro Ribonucleic acid-376a. In addition, small nucleolar host gene 1 regulates the expression of cystathionine β synthase by inhibiting Micro Ribonucleic acid-376a, thus exerting its function. Long non-coding ribonucleic acid small nucleolar host gene 1 inhibits the apoptosis and inflammation of Ischemic stroke cells by inhibiting Micro Ribonucleic acid-376a and up-regulating cystathionine β synthase/hydrogen sulfide signal. These results reveal the potential mechanism of Ischemic stroke and provide a potential target for the treatment of Ischemic stroke.

The competing mechanisms of Ag(I)-catalyzed chemoselective addition reactions of amino alcohols and electron-deficient olefins leading to the O-adduct or N-adduct products were systematically studied with density functional theory methods. Calculations indicate that the AgHMDS/dppe versus AgOAc/dppe catalytic systems can play different roles and thereby generate two different products. The AgHMDS/dppe system works as a Bronsted base to deprotonate the amino alcohol OH to form the Ag–O bond, which leads to formation of the O-adduct. In contrast, the AgOAc/dppe system mainly acts as a Lewis acid to coordinate with O and N atoms of the amino alcohol, but it cannot act as the Bronsted base to further activate the OH group because of its weaker basicity. Therefore, the AgOAc/dppe catalyzed reaction has a mechanism that is similar to the non-catalyzed reaction, and generates the same N-adduct. The obtained insights will be important for rational design of the various kinds of cooperatively catalyzed chemoselective addition reactions, including the use of the less nucleophilic hydroxyl groups of unprotected amino alcohols.

A new colorimetric and fluorescence molecular chemosensor based on triazole hydrazone can be used as a multi-probe for selective detection of Al3+, Zn2+, and Cu2+ by monitoring changes in the absorption and fluorescence spectral patterns. Results show that Al3+ and Zn2+ ions can induce remarkable fluorescence enhancement at pH 6.0 and pH 10.0, respectively, while the addition of Cu2+ ions leads to a significant UV-visible absorption enhancement in the visible range at pH 6.0. In addition, the resultant Al3+ complex could act as an ‘on–off’ fluorescence sensor for F−. The fluorescence sensor was also used to monitor intracellular Al3+, Zn2+, and F− in Hela cells.

// Wen-wen Sun 1, * , Jia-an Hu 1, * , Wen-quan Niu 3 , Bei-li Gao 2 and Zhi-hong Xu 1 1 Department of Geriatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China 2 Department of Respiration, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China 3 State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China * These authors contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Zhi-hong Xu, email: zhihxu@aliyun.com Bei-li Gao, email: Beiligao@aliyun.com Keywords: NLDA, inflammation-immune-hemostasis-nutrition indexes, predictive prognostic model, organ metastases, non-small cell lung cancer Received: November 02, 2016 Accepted: May 01, 2017 Published: May 23, 2017 ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to take a comprehensive review of the hematological indexes and discover a novel, comprehensive, and economical index for prognostic prediction. Results: The predictive prognostic model revealed that an elevated value of NLDA (NLDA = neutrophil count/lymphocyte count × D-dimer count/albumin) was an independent risk factor for one-year adverse prognosis (hazard ratio = 3.038; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.959–4.712; P < 0.001). The C-indexes of internal and external validation in nomogram were 0.738 (95% CI, 0.686–0.79) and 0.731 (95% CI, 0.631–0.831), respectively. The areas under the curves of the NLDA values in retrospective and prospective studies were 0.700 (95% CI, 0.631–0.769; P < 0.001) and 0.692 (95% CI, 0.535–0.822; P = 0.005), respectively. The cut-off value of NLDA was 0.15. NLDA was positively associated with M stage ( P = 0.032), organ metastasis counts ( P = 0.006), liver metastases ( P = 0.019), and vertebrae metastases ( P = 0.013). Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective and prospective study. The clinicopathological characteristics and hematological parameters of stage IV non-small cell lung cancer patients were analyzed retrospectively and prospectively to establish a valid predictive prognostic model. The primary endpoint was the 1-year overall survival. The predictive prognostic model was established and validated by Cox Regression and nomogram. The cut-off and predictive prognostic values of the novel indexes were calculated through the receiver operating characteristic curves. The chi-square test was used to explore the correlation between the new prognostic hematological index and metastatic characteristics. Conclusions: In this study, NLDA, a new, comprehensive and economic parameter, was found to be an independent adverse prognostic factor for stage IV non-small cell lung cancer patients, and was positively associated with organ metastases.

Wen-Wen Sun,1,* Zhi-Hong Xu,1,* Peng Lian,1 Bei-Li Gao,2 Jia-An Hu1 1Department of Geriatrics, 2Department of Respiration, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China *These authors contributed equally tothis work Abstract: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) possess profound influence on tumor metastases and disease progression. This study aimed to investigate the correlation of CTCs with clinical characteristics and T-cell immunity, and to explore whether CTCs and the subpopulations can serve as an independent prognostic factor in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A prospective study was conducted in late stages of NSCLC patients. The levels of overall CTCs and the three subpopulation CTCs were enumerated using the CanPatrol™ CTC enrichment system. The information about the patients which included the clinical characteristics, survival status at the 200th day postdiagnosis, and the levels of T cells was collected. Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis H test, Cox regression, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient were the statistical methods used in this study. We detected CTCs in 27 of the 31 eligible patients; the level of epithelial–mesenchymal circulating tumor cells (EMCTCs) was higher than that of epithelial circulating tumor cells and that of mesenchymal circulating tumor cells (MCTCs) in the majority of NSCLC patients. Organ metastases were positively associated with the levels of overall CTCs, EMCTCs, and MCTCs (P

Germ cells are indispensable carriers of genetic information from one generation to the next. In contrast to the well-understood process in animals, information on the mechanism of germ cell initiation in plants is very limited. SPOROCYTELESS/NOZZLE was previously identified as an essential regulator of diploid germ cell (archesporial cell) differentiation in the stamens and ovules of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Although SPOROCYTELESS (SPL) transcription is activated by the floral organ identity regulator AGAMOUS and epigenetically regulated by SET DOMAIN GROUP2, little is known about the regulation of the SPL protein. Here, we report that the protein kinases MPK3 and MPK6 can both interact with SPL in vitro and in vivo and can phosphorylate the SPL protein in vitro. In addition, phosphorylation of the SPL protein by MPK3/6 is required for SPL function in the Arabidopsis anther, as measured by its effect on archesporial cell differentiation. We further demonstrate that phosphorylation enhances SPL protein stability. This work not only uncovers the importance of SPL phosphorylation for its regulatory role in Arabidopsis anther development, but also supports the hypothesis that the regulation of precise spatiotemporal patterning of germ cell initiation and that differentiation is achieved progressively through multiple levels of regulation, including transcriptional and posttranslational modification.

Purpose To evaluate the safety and efficacy of microwave ablation (MWA) in patients with end-stage renal disease and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Materials and Methods The study protocol was approved by the human ethics review committee. Between March 1, 2014, and June 30, 2015, 51 patients (25 men, 26 women; mean age ± standard deviation, 53.1 years ± 12.9) were enrolled. All patients had at least one enlarged parathyroid gland and secondary symptomatic hyperparathyroidism, which was treated with ultrasonographically (US) guided MWA. The levels of intact parathyroid hormone, serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase were compared before and after MWA. Paired-sample t tests and paired-sample Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to compare treatment outcomes before and after MWA. Results Complete ablation was achieved in all 96 glands in 51 of 120 patients with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism. The mean follow-up time was 11.1 months ± 3.3. The maximum diameter of the glands ranged from 0.5 cm to 4.8 cm (mean, 1.5 cm ± 0.6). The ablation time for each gland was 216.1 seconds ± 130.1. The mean serum intact parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphorus levels after MWA (400 pg/mL [400 ng/L; range, 151.3-629.0 ng/L], 2.33 mmol/L ± 0.23, and 1.54 mmol/L ± 0.43, respectively) were significantly lower than those before MWA (1203 pg/mL [1203 ng/L; range, 854.7-1694.5 ng/L], 2.53 mmol/L ± 0.24, and 1.97 mmol/L ± 0.50, respectively; P.01), while the alkaline phosphatase levels did not change with MWA (P.05). Ipsilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury was seen in one patient (2%). A hematoma developed during one procedure in one patient (2%) and was treated successfully with injection of thrombin. Conclusion US-guided MWA is safe and effective for destroying parathyroid gland tissue in patients with end-stage renal disease and severe secondary hyperparathyroidism. Further experience with the technique is clearly necessary.

A rhodamine derivative (R1) has been synthesized by an additive reaction of rhodamine 6G hydrazide with methyl 2-isothiocyanatobenzoate, which exhibits high selectivity and sensitivity as a fluorescent sensor toward Cu2+ under physiological conditions. The detection limit of Cu2+ ion is 47.2 nM. Moreover, R1 could sense Cu2+ by “naked eye” with a color change from colorless to pink. This selective signaling behavior is not affected by other canions that might be present in the environmental samples. The application of the fluorescent sensor in monitoring intracellular Cu2+ in HeLa cells was also demonstrated.

The genus Aleurochiton Tullgren (1907) is here newly recorded from China as A. orientalis Danzig (1966). It was collected from Acer mono Maxim (Sapindales: Aceraceae) in Shaanxi Province, but was originally described from the Russian Far East (Southern Primor’ye) by Danzig (1966). The puparial morphology of A. orientalis is here illustrated by line art, photomicrographs and scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs. An identification key to the all five described Aleurochiton species is provided.

A new whitefly species, Aleuroclava schimae Wang, sp. nov. infesting leaves of Schima superba (Parietales, Theaceae) is described and illustrated from Zhejiang, China. Puparia of the new species are elliptical, broad at the transverse molting suture region and broadly truncate posteriorly. Thoracic and caudal tracheal pores are discernible. In life, the puparia are covered by a thin layer of white wax.

Monitoring levels of SO2 and its derivatives, including sulfite (SO32−) and bisulfite (HSO3−) ions, in biological systems is of great importance because their aberrant concentrations in cells may cause several diseases. Aggregation-induced-emission (AIE) active probes are exhibited good photophysical properties in aqueous solution, and have been applied in many fields. Herein, we report benzo[h]chromene aldehyde (1) with aggregation-induced ratiometric emission (AIRE) that showed a blue emission in a solution, whereas in an aggregate state, a green emission with 43-nm Stocks shift was observed. Furthermore, this green AIRE was specifically quenched using HSO3− under physiological conditions owing to the formation of a water-soluble and non-emissive product after the addition of bisulfite to the aldehyde group of 1. Finally, the imaging experiments indicated that probe 1 could be utilized to detect exogenous HSO3− in HeLa cells.

World-wide wetlands are experiencing increasing pressure from economic development, including the conversion of wetlands to agriculture. While it is assumed that this land use change will have negative impacts on local biodiversity, the specific impacts of agriculture on insect biodiversity in wetland ecosystems are poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap we investigated insect communities in the multi-land use Wuxijiang National Wetland Park, quantifying both species diversity and functional diversity. Four species diversity indexes and twelve functional diversity indexes were used to describe species diversity and functional diversity respectively. We provide three primary results: 1.) Species diversity and functional diversity of natural wetland plants is not necessarily higher than artificial economic plants; 2.) Species diversity indexes are generally correlated with functional diversity indexes; and 3.) Straw mulch cultivation can increase the species diversity and functional diversity of insect.