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Fosbergia shweliensis (Anth.) Tirveng. & Sastre, Fosbergia petelotii Merr. ex Tirveng. & Sastre, and Fosbergia thailandica Tirveng. & Sastre are reported as in extremely small populations in China. The three tree species all belong to the Forbergia of Rubiaceae, and little is known about the structural and evolutionary features of Fosbergia chloroplast genomes. In this study, four chloroplast genomes from three Fosbergia species were assembled, subjected to comparative genomics, and phylogenetically analyzed. The complete chloroplast genomes of Fosbergia showed highly conserved structures and were 154,623–154,730 bp in size, with a GC content of 37.6%. A total of 130 genes were annotated, comprising 85 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. There are 119–128 long repeats and 39–42 SSRs in four chloroplast genomes. Highly variable loci trnS-trnG and psaA-ycf3 were detected as candidate markers for species identification in Fosbergia. Using 31 complete chloroplast genomes, the phylogenetic relationships among three Fosbergia species were investigated by constructing phylogenetic trees. Fosbergia and Gardenia are sister clades, and F. petelotii is more closely related to F. shweliensis than to F. thailandica. This study provided more molecular data to illuminate the genus Fosbergia evoltution in Rubiaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity in tropical regions is facing threats from agricultural expansion and intensification. Therefore, a promising future for local ecosystem conservation depends not only on traditional protected areas but also on well‐managed agricultural landscapes. In this study, we compared the ecological traits of bird species in paddy fields outside of protected areas and natural forests within the protected areas of Xishuangbanna, southern China. There were 148 species in total, of which 98 were in forests and 55 in paddy fields. The abundance of birds in paddy fields was 176 per kilometer, which was much higher than the 60 per kilometer in forests. There were 26 law‐protected species observed, half of which were found in each habitat. The main functional groups living in nature reserves are invertivores and frugivores, whereas paddy fields provide habitats for aquatic predator and granivore bird species. Our results indicate that paddy fields act as a refuge for wetland and grassland bird species when natural wetlands disappear, highlighting the urgent need to focus more on wetland protection and eco‐friendly agricultural schemes at the landscape scale in future conservation policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An Isomorphic Fundamental Theorem of the Convex Hull Construction is given and proved. A representative serial algorithm convex hull with half-dividing and recurrence is commented as compared example. A more efficient new serial algorithm to find a convex hull based on a dynamical maximum base line pitch is given; its general characters are: 1) find out the outside-most points as the initial apexes, 2) divide the original distributed domain of a given 2D point set into four sub-domain at most, 3) construct a current apex with a maximum pitch to its base line in every sub-domain. Another new improved serial convex algorithm based on a minimum lever half line pitch coiling with 4-domains and 4-derections in all sub-domains is advanced; its isomorphic new characteristics are: 1) take a new pattern of 1-clusters, 4-domains and 4-directions, 2) construct a current apex with a minimum pitch from its lever half line in every sub-domain, 3) the computational time for finding a current apex is less. Further, a more efficient new parallel algorithm for finding convex hull based on 2-clusters, 2-domains and 4-directions is created; its isomorphic new characteristics are: 1) take pattern of 2-clusters, 2-domains and 4-directions, 2) have great isomorphic new potentialities to construct a better, newer and more efficient parallel algorithm for finding convex hull with m-Clusters, n-Domains and p-Directions (m > 2, n > 2, p > 2).