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Objective To establish a reference intervals (RIs) of serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen(SCC-Ag) in healthy population in Nanning region and provide clinical evidence to support diagnosis and prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma. Methods A total of 10 197 reference individuals who joined a routine physical examination in the Health Management Center of Guangxi International Zhuang Medical Hospital from March 2019 to December 2021 were collected. The level of serum SCC-Ag was detected by chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay. The Mann-Whitney U test was applied to compare the differences in serum SCC level between genders or adjacent age groups. The unilateral 95th percentile determined the upper limit of the RIs by the nonparametric method. Another 1 035 healthy subjects with the same conditions as the reference population were selected for refer- ence validation. Results The serum SCC-Ag level showed a skewed distribution (Z=0.08, P＜0.05). The serum SCC-Ag level of males was considerably higher than that of females. There was significant difference in serum SCC-Ag level between males aged 18-30 and 31-40, 51-60 and 61-90 (P＜0.05). There was significant difference in serum SCC-Ag level between females aged 18-30 and 31-40, 31-40 and 41-50, 51-60 and 61-90 (P＜0.05). The reference intervals of serum SCC-Ag was as follows: 0-1.64 ng/mL for males and females aged 18-30 years; 0-1.57 ng/mL and 0-1.70 ng/mL for males aged 31-60 years and 61-90 years, respectively; 0-1.50 ng/mL, 0-1.52 ng/mL and 0-1.42 ng/mL for females aged 31-40 years, 41-60 years and 61-90 years, respectively. Conclusions The RIs of serum SCC-Ag in healthy population in the Nanning region are successfully established according to different genders and ages.

Aircraft icing will affect flight safety and even lead to serious flight accidents. Studying the adhesion strength between icing and substrate can provide specific index requirements for the design of aircraft anti-icing and de-icing system. An experimental platform for measuring shear adhesion force is designed,which is used to measure the freezing adhesion force of the substrate at different initial temperatures of freezing water. The temperature changes of water/ice during freezing are collected,and the experimental phenomena are analyzed by nucleation theory,focusing on the effect of the initial temperature of frozen water on the adhesion strength. The results show that the increase of initial freezing water temperature will promote ice crystal nucleation and improve the adhesion strength.

Efficient solar energy utilization technologies are expected to promote the development of a carbon‐neutral and renewable energy society. Photovoltaic cells (PVs) have played an important role in the harvest and conversion of solar energy. Due to the intermittent instability of solar energy, however, PVs must be connected with energy storage systems (EESs). Newly developed photoelectrochemical energy storage devices (PESs) are proposed to directly convert solar energy into electrochemical energy. Initial PESs focused on the external and internal integration of PVs and EESs. However, the voltage mismatch between PVs and EESs leads to massive energy loss and unsatisfactory overall performances of PESs. PESs using dual‐functional photoactive materials (PAMs), which have simplified device configuration, decreased costs, and external energy loss, have recently emerged for realization of solar‐to‐electrochemical‐energy conversion and storage in a single device. The review summarizes the designing concepts, integrated configurations, and overall performances of different types of PESs, particularly PESs utilizing dual‐functional PAMs. Based on the classifications, working principles, basic requirements, and design principles, this review discusses various types of PESs cathodes. Finally, some perspectives are provided for further developing excellent performances of PESs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]