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PURPOSE: Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) is a precise and efficacious treatment modality for vestibular schwannoma (VS) with favorable cranial nerve preservation rates. This study aims to better characterize facial nerve (FN) outcomes in VS after GKRS. METHODS: A query of six medical databases was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies exclusively reported VS managed with single-fraction GKRS and included House-Brackmann (HB) scale assessments prior to and following GKRS. Data was analyzed using random-effects modeling, and FN preservation was defined as HB I or II at last follow-up. RESULTS: Data was analyzed from 15 articles with 3,155 patients at an mean age of 55.0 years. Mean tumor volume, radiation dose, follow-up, tumor control, and hearing preservation were 4.28 cm3, 13.3 Gy, 59.4 months, 92.7%, and 62.6%, respectively. The pooled FN preservation rate was 92.9%. Mean preoperative tumor volume > 2.5 cm3 and age > 60 years were significantly associated with worse preoperative FN function (p = 0.019, p = 0.023, respectively). Normal FN function (HB = 1) at last follow up was 95.8% for VS volume

BACKGROUND: About one-third of older adults aged 65 years and older often have mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Acoustic and psycho-linguistic features derived from conversation may be of great diagnostic value because speech involves verbal memory and cognitive and neuromuscular processes. The relative decline in these processes, however, may not be linear and remains understudied. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to establish associations between cognitive abilities and various attributes of speech and natural language production. To date, the majority of research has been cross-sectional, relying mostly on data from structured interactions and restricted to textual versus acoustic analyses. METHODS: In a sample of 71 older (mean age 83.3, SD 7.0 years) community-dwelling adults who completed qualitative interviews and cognitive testing, we investigated the performance of both acoustic and psycholinguistic features associated with cognitive deficits contemporaneously and at a 1-2 years follow up (mean follow-up time 512.3, SD 84.5 days). RESULTS: Combined acoustic and psycholinguistic features achieved high performance (F1-scores 0.73-0.86) and sensitivity (up to 0.90) in estimating cognitive deficits across multiple domains. Performance remained high when acoustic and psycholinguistic features were used to predict follow-up cognitive performance. The psycholinguistic features that were most successful at classifying high cognitive impairment reflected vocabulary richness, the quantity of speech produced, and the fragmentation of speech, whereas the analogous top-ranked acoustic features reflected breathing and nonverbal vocalizations such as giggles or laughter. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that both acoustic and psycholinguistic features extracted from qualitative interviews may be reliable markers of cognitive deficits in late life.

PURPOSE: NF2-related schwannomatosis (NF2) is characterized by bilateral vestibular schwannomas (VS) often causing hearing and neurologic deficits, with currently no FDA-approved drug treatment. Pre-clinical studies highlighted the potential of mTORC1 inhibition in delaying schwannoma progression. We conducted a prospective open-label, phase II study of everolimus for progressive VS in NF2 patients and investigated imaging as a potential biomarker predicting effects on growth trajectory. METHODS: The trial enrolled 12 NF2 patients with progressive VS. Participants received oral everolimus daily for 52 weeks. Brain imaging was obtained quarterly. As primary endpoint, radiographic response (RR) was defined as ≥ 20% decrease in target VS volume. Secondary endpoints included other tumors RR, hearing outcomes, drug safety and quality of life (QOL). RESULTS: Eight participants completed the trial and four discontinued the drug early due to significant volumetric VS progression. After 52 weeks of treatment, the median annual VS growth rate decreased from 77.2% at baseline to 29.4%. There was no VS RR and 3 of 8 (37.5%) participants had stable disease. Decreased or unchanged VS volume after 3 months of treatment was predictive of stabilization at 12 months. Seven of eight participants had stable hearing during treatment except one with a decline in word recognition score. Ten of twelve participants reported only minimal changes to their QOL scores. CONCLUSIONS: Volumetric imaging at 3 months can serve as an early biomarker to predict long-term sensitivity to everolimus treatment. Everolimus may represent a safe treatment option to decrease the growth of NF2-related VS in patients who have stable hearing and neurological condition. TRN: NCT01345136 (April 29, 2011).

Early monitoring of the drone's critical components, such as the motor, propeller, and electronic speed controller (ESC), can prevent unwanted accidents from happening to the drone. A failure of one of the drone's components may lead the drone to crash. The fault detection approach can be made by analyzing certain parameters such as vibration, acoustic, current, and speed. In this paper, a comparative analysis between data-driven and visual-based approaches in detecting an imbalanced propeller in the drone is presented. The analysis will focus on vibration and acoustic parameters, with the use of CZN-15 and ADXL335 MEMS sensors to capture vibration and acoustic data, respectively. The Silky EvCam vibration camera will be used for the visual-based approach. Experimental results demonstrated that both data-driven and visual-based approaches could detect the imbalanced UAV propeller. There is a shift of vibration frequency when imbalances occur in the UAV propeller. However, in the ground and thrust modes, the acoustic-based method has an accuracy of 54% and 93%, respectively, which is lower compared to the vibration-based (100% accuracy in both modes) and visual-based techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Our study aimed to reveal the differences by comparing the objective and subjective voice features of individuals diagnosed with mild-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD) with those with normal cognitive abilities. Methods: The study comprised 51 participants, who were divided into two groups: those with AD (study group, n = 28) and those with normal cognitive abilities (control group, n = 23). In the objective voice assessments of the participants, s/z ratio, maximum phonation time (MPT), F0, F1, F2, F3, jitter, shimmer, and NHR values were examined. The Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) and Voice-Related Quality of Life Scale (V-RQOL) were employed for the subjective assessments. Results: In both males and females, the jitter and shimmer values in the study group were considerably higher than those in the control group (p < 0.000). The MPT of male participants in the study group was significantly lower than that of male participants in the control group (p < 0.036). Regarding VHI-10 and V-RQOL, the groups showed no statistically significant variation (p > 0.005). Conclusion: Differences in shimmer, jitter, and MPT values based on gender among individuals with mild-stage AD indicate an impact on voice quality. It is suggested that clinicians should consider voice parameters during the assessment and intervention processes for mild-stage AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of the present study is to explore the noise mitigation potential using an active control strategy based on rotor phase synchronization. This work is focused on the effects of the inflow velocity on the noise interference effect. The inflow velocity does not affect the phase at which the interference phenomenon is observed, as expected. On the other hand, the intensity of the pressure fluctuations is influenced by the inflow velocity for all of the rotor phase shift conditions investigated. Specifically, as the inflow velocity increases, maintaining a constant rotational speed, in the Overall Sound Pressure Level graphs, a reduction of approximately 10 dB is observed. This effect also applies to cases of destructive interference, highlighting the remarkable versatility of this noise reduction technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid–liquid lubrication systems have been widely used to enhance tribological behaviors. Alongside offering exceptional lubrication and wear-resistance performance, the active control of the tribological behavior of lubrication systems in accordance with service conditions is equally critical. To achieve this goal, accurately monitoring the condition of the lubrication system is fundamental. This review article aims to provide a fundamental understanding of different sensors for monitoring the condition of lubricants, as well as the friction and wear properties. Specifically, the sensors suitable for engineering applications are detailed introduced. Through this review, we wish to provide researchers in mechanical engineering with a clear technical overview, which can guide the design of intelligent lubrication systems with suitable sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective Our study aimed to reveal the differences by comparing the objective and subjective voice features of individuals diagnosed with mild-stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with those with normal cognitive abilities. Methods The study comprised 51 participants, who were divided into two groups: those with AD (study group, n = 28) and those with normal cognitive abilities (control group, n = 23). In the objective voice assessments of the participants, s/z ratio, maximum phonation time (MPT), F0, F1, F2, F3, jitter, shimmer, and NHR values were examined. The Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) and Voice-Related Quality of Life Scale (V-RQOL) were employed for the subjective assessments. Results In both males and females, the jitter and shimmer values in the study group were considerably higher than those in the control group (p 0.005). Conclusion Differences in shimmer, jitter, and MPT values based on gender among individuals with mild-stage AD indicate an impact on voice quality. It is suggested that clinicians should consider voice parameters during the assessment and intervention processes for mild-stage AD.

BACKGROUND: The choice of an appropriate strategy for intracanalicular vestibular schwannoma (ICVS) is still debated. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis with the aim to compare treatment outcomes amongst management strategies (conservative surveillance (CS), microsurgical resection (MR), or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)) aiming to inform guideline recommendations on behalf of the International Stereotactic Radiosurgery Society (ISRS). METHODS: Using PRISMA guidelines, we reviewed manuscripts published between January 1990 and October 2021 referenced in PubMed or Embase. Inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed clinical studies or case series reporting a cohort of ICVS managed with CS, MR, or SRS. Primary outcome measures included tumor control, the need for additional treatment, hearing outcomes, and posttreatment neurological deficits. These were pooled using meta-analytical techniques and compared using meta-regression with random effect. RESULTS: Forty studies were included (2371 patients). The weighted pooled estimates for tumor control were 96% and 65% in SRS and CS series, respectively (P

OBJECTIVE: Cystic vestibular schwannomas (cVSs) have more variable and less favorable clinical outcomes after microsurgical resection compared with solid VS (sVS). This study compares the preoperative presentation and postoperative outcomes between cVS and sVS. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Two tertiary skull base referral centers. METHODS: Consecutive adult patients who underwent VS resection from 2016 to 2021 were included. Univariate and multivariate analyses compared differences in baseline symptoms and postoperative outcomes between cVS and sVS. RESULTS: There were a total of 315 patients (64% female; mean age, 54 yrs) and 46 (15%) were cystic. cVS were significantly larger than sVS (maximum diameter, 28 vs. 18 mm, p < 0.001) and had higher rates of dysphagia and dysphonia preoperatively (p < 0.02). cVSs were more likely to undergo translabyrinthine resection (76 vs. 50%, p = 0.001) and have a higher rate of subtotal resection (STR) compared with sVS (30 vs. 13%, p = 0.003). At latest follow-up, fewer cVS achieved good facial nerve (FN) outcome (House-Brackmann [HB] I/II) (80 vs. 90%, p = 0.048). Subanalysis of cVS and sVS matched in tumor size, and surgical approach did not show differences in the rate of STR or FN outcomes (HB I/II, 82 vs. 78%, p = 0.79). CONCLUSION: In this large multi-institutional series, cVSs represent a distinct entity and are characterized by larger tumor size and higher incidence of atypical symptoms. Although cVSs were more likely to undergo STR and portend worse FN outcomes than sVSs, this may be due to their larger tumor size rather than the presence of the cystic component.

Larmichthys crocea (L. crocea) is an economically important fish species mainly distributed off the coast of China. In this study, 11 L. crocea samples of different body lengths were collected from aquaculture cages in the East China Sea to measure the acoustic target strength (TS). Using the Kirchhoff-Ray mode (KRM) model, the directional TS of L. crocea was measured at frequencies of 70 kHz, 120 kHz, and 200 kHz. Furthermore, the relationships between TS and body length were determined using the least squares method and the standard b20 equation. The results showed that the TS of L. crocea varied with tilt angle, frequency, and body length. For tilt angles ranging from (−5°, 15°), the equation for fitting TS and body length using the least squares method were TS = 32.99·log10L − 87.36 (70 kHz), TS = 33.26·log10L − 87.77 (120 kHz), and TS = 39.46·log10L − 95.51 (200 kHz). They were expressed in the standard b20 equation as TS = 20·log10L − 71.16 (70 kHz), TS = 20·log10L − 71.23 (120 kHz), and TS = 20·log10L − 71.24 (200 kHz). For tilt angles ranging from (0°, 10°), the equation for fitting TS and body length using the least squares method is TS = 28.69·log10L − 81.71 (70 kHz), TS = 32.30·log10L − 86.44 (120 kHz), and TS = 45.87·log10L − 103.73 (200 kHz). They were expressed in the standard b20 equation as TS = 20·log10L − 70.88 (70 kHz), TS = 20·log10L − 71.10 (120 kHz), and TS = 20·log10L − 71.48 (200 kHz). Moreover, the 18–300 kHz spectral curve showed a decreasing trend in the frequency range from 18 kHz to 30 kHz, while maintaining relatively stable fluctuations in the other frequency ranges. These findings offer a comprehensive understanding of the scattering characteristics of L. crocea and provide a reliable reference of TS for the fishery acoustic assessment of L. crocea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Obstetric ultrasound is one of the most commonly used imaging modalities during pregnancy to detect any fetal abnormalities. The aim of this systematic review was to appraise all available scientific literature and summarize current evidence regarding the safety of fetal ultrasound by using the thermal index (TI) and mechanical index (MI). Methods: We applied the PRISMA guidelines in order to prepare the review, and a 2-step process was performed in order to evaluate the available literature and decide which studies to be included. A thorough search of the Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases was performed. Randomized and non-randomized studies were considered for review. The MI and TI were available in ultrasound machines after 1993; thus, studies before that year would not provide data on these two indexes. Results: A total of 21 studies were included in this review, including prospective, retrospective, cross-sectional, and survey-type studies. A common theme of the majority of the studies is the increased acoustic output available to the machines with time and the limited awareness of where the MI/TI indexes are from the operators. Conclusions: This review indicates that, while obstetric ultrasound is predominantly safe, there is a need for operators to consistently observe MI/TI indexes and adhere to the ALARA principle to minimize potential risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Texture is a multi‐parameter attribute and one of the prime quality attributes of fried products. This study examined the influence of post‐frying holdings under a heat lamp on the texture of breaded fried chicken nuggets. Chicken nuggets were deep‐fat fried (2, 4, 6, and 8 min) in canola oil at 180 °C. The fried samples were kept under an infrared heat lamp for up to 1 h, and the textural characteristics were compared with samples not exposed to post‐frying holdings. Textural characteristics were analysed through mechanical‐acoustic approach. The mechanical‐acoustic parameters related to crispiness analysed included maximum force (Fmax, N), number of force peaks (NFP), the area under force‐deformation curves (AF, N.sec), sound pressure level (SPL, dB), number of sound peaks (AUX) and the area under the amplitude‐time plots (AS, dB.sec). The mechanical parameters (Fmax: 19.11–48.96 N; NFP: 5–40; AF: 43–135 N.sec) of chicken nuggets increased with frying time, and these attributes were decreased during post‐frying holding. Similarly, acoustic parameters (SPL: 64.75–90.67 dB; AUX: 180–795; AS: 63–98 dB.sec) of chicken nuggets increased with frying time, and these attributes were decreased during post‐frying holding. Considering the studied parameters, 6 min of frying was found as optimal frying time. However, the post‐frying infrared heat lamp treatment affected the mechanical textural parametres more than the acoustic parameters. Findings from this study will be useful to food industries in optimising textural retention during post‐frying heat lamp holdings of fried products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical turbidity and acoustic sensors have been widely used in laboratory experiments and field studies to investigate suspended particulate matter concentration over the last four decades. Both methods face a serious challenge as laboratory and in‐situ calibrations are usually required. Furthermore, in coastal and estuarine environments, the coexistence of mud and sand often results in multimodal particle size distributions, amplifying erroneous measurements. This paper proposes a new approach of combining a pair of optical turbidity‐acoustic sensors to estimate the total concentration and sediment composition of a mud/sand mixture in an efficient way without an extensive calibration. More specifically, we first carried out a set of 54 bimodal size regime experiments to derive empirical functions of optical‐acoustic signals, concentrations, and mud/sand fractions. The functionalities of these relationships were then tested and validated using more complex multimodal size regime experiments over 30 optical‐acoustic pairs of 5 wavelengths (420, 532, 620, 700, 852 nm) and six frequencies (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 MHz). In the range of our data, without prior knowledge of particle size distribution, combinations between optical wavelengths 620–700 nm and acoustic frequencies 4–6 MHz predict mud/sand fraction and total concentration with the variation <10% for the former and <15% for the later. The results also suggest that acoustic‐acoustic signals could be combined to produce meaningful information regarding concentration and mud/sand fraction, while no useful knowledge could be extracted from a combination of optical‐optical pairs. This approach therefore enables the robust estimation of suspended sediment concentration and composition, which is particularly practical in cases where calibration data is insufficient. Plain Language Summary: Crucial decisions to govern the development of an estuary, delta, or coastal zone often rely heavily on the knowledge of where sediment accumulates. Such knowledge primarily comes from long‐term, high‐frequency monitoring of the transport of mud and sand particles in the water column. Optical or acoustic sensors are usually used for this task. Optical/acoustic sensors emit a light/sound beam to the particles and then measure the strength of the reflecting signals to estimate the concentration of the suspension. Since particles with different shape, size, and density respond differently to the light/sound signals, intensive calibrations are required whenever there is a significant change in the water column, for example, during a tidal cycle, seasonal variations between summer and winter. To avoid these tedious calibrations processes, we experimentally show that combination of optical and acoustic sensors in one measurement will help to derive empirical functions which in turn allow us to estimate the ratio of mud/sand and total concentration. Key Points: A new approach of coupling uncalibrated optical and acoustic signals to predict mud/sand fraction and total concentration was proposedWe experimentally show that without knowledge of the suspension estimations of mud/sand ratio and concentration can be as accurate as 10%–15%The new approach is particularly useful in cases where calibration data is insufficient or impractical [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a robust control strategy for acoustic micro robots utilizing a novel interval type-three fuzzy system. Micro robots driven by acoustic forces face significant challenges in fluid environments due to complex nonlinearities, uncertainties, and disturbances. To address these issues, we propose a control framework that combines fuzzy logic and sliding mode control to enhance the stability and trajectory tracking performance of micro robots under varying fluid conditions. The interval type-3 fuzzy logic system provides increased robustness by better handling external disturbances and uncertainties compared to the robustness of the traditional methods. The experimental results from one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional fluid cavities demonstrate that the proposed control method significantly improves tracking accuracy, reducing the errors in complex environments. This control framework offers promising potential for the precise manipulation of micro robots in biomedical applications and other microfluidic systems. The minimum trajectory tracking control mean square error is 12.82 μm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When acoustic waves propagate through hydrate samples, they carry extensive information related to their physical and mechanical properties. These details are comprehensively reflected in acoustic parameters such as velocity, attenuation coefficient, waveform, frequency, spectrum, and amplitude variations. Based on these parameters, it is possible to invert the physical and mechanical indicators and microstructural characteristics of hydrate samples, thereby addressing a series of issues in hydrate development engineering. This study first provides an overview of the current applications and prospects of acoustic testing in hydrate development. Subsequently, it systematically elaborates on the progress in research on acoustic testing systems for hydrate samples, including the principles of acoustic testing, ship-borne hydrate core acoustic detection systems, laboratory hydrate sample acoustic testing systems, and resonance column experimental systems. Based on this foundation, this study further discusses the development trends and challenges of acoustic testing equipment for hydrate-bearing sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the increasing use of drones for both commercial and recreational purposes has led to heightened concerns regarding airspace safety. To address these issues, machine learning (ML) based drone detection and classification have emerged. This study explores the potential of ML-based drone classification, utilizing technologies like radar, visual, acoustic, and radiofrequency sensing systems. It undertakes a comprehensive examination of the existing literature in this domain, with a focus on various sensing modalities and their respective technological implementations. The study indicates that MLbased drone classification is promising, with numerous successful individual contributions. It is crucial to note, however, that much of the research in this field is experimental, making it difficult to compare results from various articles. There is also a noteworthy lack of reference datasets to help in the evaluation of different solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stored products, such as grains and processed foods, are susceptible to infestation by various insects. The early detection of insects in the supply chain is crucial, as introducing invasive pests to new environments may cause disproportionate harm. The STAR Center at Stevens Institute of Technology developed the Acoustic Stored Product Insect Detection System (A-SPIDS) to detect pests in stored products. The system, which comprises a sound-insulated container for product samples with a built-in internal array of piezoelectric sensors and additional electret microphones to record outside noise, was used to conduct numerous measurements of the vibroacoustic signatures of various insects, including the Callosobruchus maculatus, Tribolium confusum, and Tenebrio molitor, in different materials. A normalization method was implemented using the ambient noise of the sensors as a reference, to accommodate for the proprietary, non-calibrated sensors and allowing to set relative detection thresholds for unknown sensitivities. The normalized envelope of the filtered signals was used to characterize and compare the insect signals by estimating the Normalized Signal Pulse Amplitude (NSPA) and the Normalized Spectral Energy Level (NSEL). These parameters characterize the insect detection Signal Noise Ratio (SNR) for pulse-based detection (NSPA) and averaged energy-based detection (NSEL). These metrics provided an initial step towards the design of a reliable detection algorithm. In the conducted tests NSPA was significantly larger than NSEL. The NSPA reached 70 d B for T. molitor in corn flakes. The insect signals were lower in flour where the averaged NSPA and NSEL values were around 40 dB and 11 d B to 16 d B , respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus), the largest antelope is causing significant crop losses in Punjab, India and farmers are continuously struggling to get rid of this menace. During present study, various mitigation tactics like physical barriers (such as barbed wire fencing, chain-linked fencing, electric fencing, and nylon net), mechanical and visual deterrent (such as bioacoustic and LED bulb, reflective ribbon) and repellents (such as phenyl, neelbo, and repellent based formulation i.e., RBF) were evaluated in different crops against the blue bull. Among physical barriers, chain-linked fencing, electric fencing, and nylon net, each at a height of ≥ 7 feet, had given promising results by providing complete protection for ≥ 2 year with a single application cost. Whereas barbed wire fencing and electric fencing at a height of 4–5 feet were not very effective against these animals, as they easily crossed fencings at lower height. All these physical barriers were not cost effective except in maize crop, which is the most preferred crop by blue bull. Bioacoustic device and reflective ribbon successfully reduced animal visits or percent damage and provided short term relief; however, after some time, animals developed habituation against these methods. Among chemical repellents, RBF significantly reduced the percent crop damage, was cost effective and remained operative for 21–69 days, while phenyl and neelbo exhibited effectiveness for only 7–14 days. Thus, this study suggests that while comprehensive damage prevention by physical barriers might be difficult or unaffordable for farmers, the use of repellent based formulation at vulnerable stages of crops can prevent damage for longer durations. Implementing a diverse set of management devices at the appropriate times can form an economically viable strategy to maintain blue bull damage within acceptable limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundSchwannomas are common peripheral nerve sheath tumors that can cause severe morbidity given their stereotypic intracranial and paraspinal locations. Similar to many solid tumors, schwannomas and other nerve sheath tumors are primarily thought to arise due to aberrant hyperactivation of the RAS growth factor signaling pathway. Here, we sought to further define the molecular pathogenesis of schwannomas.MethodsWe performed comprehensive genomic profiling on a cohort of 96 human schwannomas, as well as DNA methylation profiling on a subset. Functional studies including RNA sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation-DNA sequencing, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and luciferase reporter assays were performed in a fetal glial cell model following transduction with wildtype and tumor-derived mutant isoforms of SOX10.ResultsWe identified that nearly one-third of sporadic schwannomas lack alterations in known nerve sheath tumor genes and instead harbor novel recurrent in-frame insertion/deletion mutations in SOX10, which encodes a transcription factor responsible for controlling Schwann cell differentiation and myelination. SOX10 indel mutations were highly enriched in schwannomas arising from nonvestibular cranial nerves (eg facial, trigeminal, vagus) and were absent from vestibular nerve schwannomas driven by NF2 mutation. Functional studies revealed these SOX10 indel mutations have retained DNA binding capacity but impaired transactivation of glial differentiation and myelination gene programs.ConclusionsWe thus speculate that SOX10 indel mutations drive a unique subtype of schwannomas by impeding proper differentiation of immature Schwann cells.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate patterns of cochlear ossification (CO) in cadaveric temporal bones of patients who underwent vestibular schwannoma (VS) surgery via the translabyrinthine (TL), middle cranial fossa (MF), or retrosigmoid (RS) approaches. STUDY DESIGN: Histopathologic analysis of cadaveric temporal bones. SETTING: Multi-institutional national temporal bone repository. METHODS: The National Institute of Deafness and Communication Disorders and House Temporal Bone Laboratory at the University of California, Los Angeles and the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Otopathology Laboratory were searched for cadaveric temporal bones with a history of VS for which microsurgery was performed. Exclusion criteria included non-VS and perioperative death within 30 days of surgery. Temporal bones were analyzed histologically for CO of the basal, middle, and apical turns. RESULTS: Of 92 temporal bones with a history of schwannoma from both databases, 12 of these cases met the inclusion criteria. The approaches for tumor excision included 2 MF, 4 RS, and 6 TL approaches. CO was observed in all temporal bones that had undergone TL surgery. Among temporal bones that had undergone MF or RS surgeries, 5/6 had no CO, and 1/6 had partial ossification. This single case was noted to have intraoperative vestibular violation after RS surgery upon histopathologic and chart review. CONCLUSION: In this temporal bone series, all temporal bones that had undergone TL demonstrated varying degrees of CO on histological analysis. MF and RS cases did not exhibit CO except in the case of vestibular violation. When cochlear implantation is planned or possible after VS surgery, surgeons may consider using a surgical approach that does not violate the labyrinth.

Shock-induced vibrations transmitted from the racket to the tennis player’s upper limb have interested researchers, whether for investigating their effect on injury risk, or for designing new equipment. Measuring these vibrations is, however, very challenging in an ecological playing situation: sensors must be of very high quality in order to precisely measure high-energy and broad-frequency signals, as well as non-invasive in order to allow the players to perform their usual movements. The working hypothesis of this paper is that contactless sound recordings of the ball/racket impact carry the same information as direct vibratory measurements. The present study focuses on the tennis serve, as being tennis’ most energy-demanding stroke, therefore possibly being the most traumatic stroke for the upper limb. This article aims (a) to evaluate the propagation of vibration from the racket to the upper limb; and (b) to identify correlations with acoustic signals collected simultaneously. Eight expert tennis players performed serves with three rackets and two ball spin effects. Accelerometers measured the vibration on the racket and at five locations on the upper limb, and a microphone measured the impact sound. Resulting signals were analyzed in terms of energy and spectral descriptors. Results showed that flat serves produced louder sounds, higher vibration levels, lower acoustic spectral centroids, and higher vibratory spectral centroids than kick serves. The racket only had a marginal influence. Similarities between acoustic and vibratory measurements were found (levels were correlated), but so were differences (spectral centroids tended to be negatively correlated), encouraging further studies on the link between sound and vibration for the in situ measurement of shock-induced vibration.

Abstract Background In humans, saccular acoustic sensitivity has been confirmed. The aim of this study was to determine the scores of the word-in-noise perception test at the saccular acoustic sensitivity level. Methodology In this randomized clinical trial study, 101 participants in the age group of 14 to 25 years with normal hearing and middle ear function, detectable vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP), normal states of mental health, and night sleep were investigated. The scores of word-in-noise perception and word-in-noise discrimination tests were evaluated for each person at two intensity levels, most comfortable level (MCL) and saccular acoustic sensitivity. Mann-Whitney was used for the multiple comparisons. Results There was a significant difference between the scores of the word-in-noise perception test at MCL and saccular acoustic sensitivity (U = 3971.50, Z = − 2.10, p’ = 0.04), and also between the scores of the word-in-noise discrimination test at the MCL compared to saccular acoustic sensitivity (U = 399.89, Z = − 2.49, p’ = 0.04). Word-in-noise discrimination scores in MCL (U = 3484.00, Z = -3.72, p’ = 0.00) and saccular acoustic sensitivity (U = 705.50, Z = − 3.78, p’ = 0.00) were higher than word-in-noise perception. Conclusions Word-in-noise perception and word-in-noise discrimination scores are higher in saccular acoustic sensitivity level than MCL, suggesting that the vestibular system participates in loud speech perception. Also, in people with normal hearing thresholds, word-in-noise perception scores will be lower than word-in-noise discrimination scores for both loud and common intensity levels.

The development of biodegradable hybrid fibre composites is gaining pace in the automotive and construction industries due to their lightweight structural applications, which offer considerable benefits for the environment. In this present investigation, hybrid bio composites were fabricated using a compression molding machine with plain woven jute and aloe vera mats along with polyester resin as the matrix. Six types of hybrid biocomposite laminates were prepared by varying the stacking arrangement of jute and aloe-vera mats to analyse the impact of stacking arrangements on vibration damping and acoustic behaviour of these hybrid bio composites. From the results, it is concluded that the maximum value of natural frequency is obtained from the JJAJ type of composite. i.e., 157, 326, and 370 Hz for Modes I, II, and III respectively, due to good interlacing of fibres in the weft and warp directions. J/J/A/J (AJ3) hybrid bio composite has highest sound absorption coefficient of 0.47 at 3000 Hz, and a better transmission loss i.e 19.84 dB, according to the results of the acoustic research. The comparison of experimental and theoretical analysis was carried out, and found that experimental and theoretical values are closely related to each other.

This paper aims to conduct an acoustic analysis through noise measurements of a hybrid propulsion system intended for implementation on a drone, from which the main noise sources can be identified for further research on noise reduction techniques. Additionally, the noise was characterized by performing spectral analysis and identifying the tonal components that contribute to the overall noise. The propelling force system consists of a micro-turboshaft coupled with a gearbox connected to an electric generator. The propulsion system consists of a micro-turboshaft coupled with a gearbox connected to an electric generator. The electric current produced by the generator powers an electric ducted fan (EDF). The engineturbo-engine was tested in free-field conditions for noise generation at different speeds, and for this, an array of microphones was installed, positioned polarly around the system and near the intake and exhaust. Consequently, based on the test results, the acoustic directivity was plotted, revealing that the highest noise levels are at the front and rear of the engine. The noise level at a distance of 1.5 m from the turboengine exceeds 90 dBA at all tested speeds. Spectral analyses of both the far-field acoustic signals (measured with a polar microphone array) and the near-field signals (microphones positioned near the intake and exhaust) revealed that the primary contributors to the overall noise are the micromotor’s compressor, specifically the gas dynamic phenomena in the fan (BPF and 2× BPF). Thus, it was determined that at the intake level, the main noise contribution comes from the high-frequency components of the compressor, while at the exhaust level, the noise mainly originates from the combustion chamber, characterized by low-frequency components (up to 2 kHz). The findings from this study have practical applications in the design and development of quieter drone propulsion systems. By identifying and targeting the primary noise sources, engineers can implement effective noise reduction strategies, leading to drones that are less disruptive in urban environments and other noise-sensitive areas. This can enhance the acceptance and deployment of drone technology in various sectors, including logistics, surveillance, and environmental monitoring.

Speakers use auditory feedback to monitor their speech output and detect any deviations from their expectations. It has long been known that when auditory feedback is artificially delayed by a fraction of a second, speech may be severely disrupted [1–3]. Despite the long history of using delayed auditory feedback (DAF) in experimental research on speech motor control, its effects remain relatively poorly understood. To our knowledge, there are currently no publicly available research datasets containing recordings of speech produced with DAF. Here we describe a large dataset of speech produced with DAF using modern experimental methods with systematic controls and varied speaking materials, including phonotactically legal, nonword syllable sequences and American English sentences. Auditory feedback latencies were tightly controlled and included a zero / minimal delay (∼12 ms), 150 ms, 200 ms, and 250 ms. The dataset includes simultaneous audio recordings from the microphone (production) and headphone (feedback) channels. It also includes recordings and annotations of reading passages and multiple other demographic and acoustic measures that serve as covariates of interest from each participant. The complete dataset, which is made available in two segments (one fully open access and one password restricted) includes speech audio recordings from 55 participants, 42 of whom completed a second session with similar testing materials. This dataset is valuable for researchers interested in theoretical aspects of speech sensory-motor control and for researchers interested in developing speech analysis tools.

Background: In humans, saccular acoustic sensitivity has been confirmed. The aim of this study was to determine the scores of the word-in-noise perception test at the saccular acoustic sensitivity level. Methodology: In this randomized clinical trial study, 101 participants in the age group of 14 to 25 years with normal hearing and middle ear function, detectable vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP), normal states of mental health, and night sleep were investigated. The scores of word-in-noise perception and word-in-noise discrimination tests were evaluated for each person at two intensity levels, most comfortable level (MCL) and saccular acoustic sensitivity. Mann-Whitney was used for the multiple comparisons. Results: There was a significant difference between the scores of the word-in-noise perception test at MCL and saccular acoustic sensitivity (U = 3971.50, Z = − 2.10, p' = 0.04), and also between the scores of the word-in-noise discrimination test at the MCL compared to saccular acoustic sensitivity (U = 399.89, Z = − 2.49, p' = 0.04). Word-in-noise discrimination scores in MCL (U = 3484.00, Z = -3.72, p' = 0.00) and saccular acoustic sensitivity (U = 705.50, Z = − 3.78, p' = 0.00) were higher than word-in-noise perception. Conclusions: Word-in-noise perception and word-in-noise discrimination scores are higher in saccular acoustic sensitivity level than MCL, suggesting that the vestibular system participates in loud speech perception. Also, in people with normal hearing thresholds, word-in-noise perception scores will be lower than word-in-noise discrimination scores for both loud and common intensity levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accelerating rate of human impact and environmental change severely affects marine biodiversity and increases the urgency to implement the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 30×30 plan for conserving 30% of sea areas by 2030. However, area‐based conservation targets are complex to identify in a 3‐dimensional (3D) ocean where deep‐sea features such as seamounts have been seldom studied mostly due to challenging methodologies to implement at great depths. Yet, the use of emerging technologies, such as environmental DNA combined with modern modeling frameworks, could help address the problem. We collected environmental DNA, echosounder acoustic, and video data at 15 seamounts and deep island slopes across the Coral Sea. We modeled 7 fish community metrics and the abundances of 45 individual species and molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) in benthic and pelagic waters (down to 600‐m deep) with boosted regression trees and generalized joint attribute models to describe biodiversity on seamounts and deep slopes and identify 3D protection solutions for achieving the CBD area target in New Caledonia (1.4 million km2). We prioritized the identified conservation units in a 3D space, based on various biodiversity targets, to meet the goal of protecting at least 30% of the spatial domain, with a focus on areas with high biodiversity. The relationship between biodiversity protection targets and the spatial area protected by the solution was linear. The scenario protecting 30% of each biodiversity metric preserved almost 30% of the considered spatial domain and accounted for the 3D distribution of biodiversity. Our study paves the way for the use of combined data collection methodologies to improve biodiversity estimates in 3D structured marine environments for the selection of conservation areas and for the use of biodiversity targets to achieve area‐based international targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to conduct an acoustic analysis through noise measurements of a hybrid propulsion system intended for implementation on a drone, from which the main noise sources can be identified for further research on noise reduction techniques. Additionally, the noise was characterized by performing spectral analysis and identifying the tonal components that contribute to the overall noise. The propelling force system consists of a micro-turboshaft coupled with a gearbox connected to an electric generator. The propulsion system consists of a micro-turboshaft coupled with a gearbox connected to an electric generator. The electric current produced by the generator powers an electric ducted fan (EDF). The engineturbo-engine was tested in free-field conditions for noise generation at different speeds, and for this, an array of microphones was installed, positioned polarly around the system and near the intake and exhaust. Consequently, based on the test results, the acoustic directivity was plotted, revealing that the highest noise levels are at the front and rear of the engine. The noise level at a distance of 1.5 m from the turboengine exceeds 90 dBA at all tested speeds. Spectral analyses of both the far-field acoustic signals (measured with a polar microphone array) and the near-field signals (microphones positioned near the intake and exhaust) revealed that the primary contributors to the overall noise are the micromotor's compressor, specifically the gas dynamic phenomena in the fan (BPF and 2× BPF). Thus, it was determined that at the intake level, the main noise contribution comes from the high-frequency components of the compressor, while at the exhaust level, the noise mainly originates from the combustion chamber, characterized by low-frequency components (up to 2 kHz). The findings from this study have practical applications in the design and development of quieter drone propulsion systems. By identifying and targeting the primary noise sources, engineers can implement effective noise reduction strategies, leading to drones that are less disruptive in urban environments and other noise-sensitive areas. This can enhance the acceptance and deployment of drone technology in various sectors, including logistics, surveillance, and environmental monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposed revisit to a classical problem in fluid–structure interaction is due to an interest in the analysis of the narrow resonances corresponding to a low-frequency fluid-borne wave, inspired by modeling and design of metamaterials. In this case, numerical implementations would greatly benefit from preliminary asymptotic predictions. The normal incidence of an acoustic wave is studied for a circular cylindrical shell governed by plane strain equations in elasticity. A novel high-order asymptotic procedure is established considering for the first time all the peculiarities of the low-frequency behavior of a thin fluid-loaded cylinder. The obtained results are exposed in the form suggested by the Resonance Scattering Theory. It is shown that the pressure scattered by rigid cylinder is the best choice for a background component. Simple explicit formulae for resonant frequencies, amplitudes, and widths are presented. They support various important observations, including comparison between widths and the error of the asymptotic expansion for frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted with 37 11th grade secondary school students and had as its focus to verify the different levels of sophistication in students' explanations regarding the propagation of sound in air. A pre- and a post-test were conducted after a one-month intervention, focusing on learning about sound propagation in air. Data analysis allowed for comparing the progressions in the sophistication of students' explanations and validating the proposed categorical structure of the hierarchical levels of learning progressions (LPs). The validity was confirmed by the consistency of the category hierarchy, assessed in terms of the difficulty coefficients of LPs levels, which were distinct in the two tests but maintained the established order in the construct maps. In the pretest, the more sophisticated levels of LPs were not elucidated, but after instruction, in the posttest, there were explanations at all levels. The results also reveal the importance of instruction focused on LPs, so that students can present more sophisticated explanations, and their utility for future investigations using this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Audio recordings have emerged as a pivotal tool in field observations, enriching environmental monitoring in both the spatial and temporal dimensions. However, the richness and complexity of these recordings pose significant challenges, primarily when extracting specific sound clips from long recordings owing to the presence of ambient noise and other irrelevant sounds. Traditional methods, such as manual extraction or a sliding window over audio segments, hinder practical bioacoustic applications. Therefore, we propose a framework that begins with a robust segmentation method for extracting sound clips that potentially contain deer vocalizations. This segmentation method relies on acoustic anomaly detection and can markedly improve computational efficiency, facilitating deployment in environments with limited resources. Subsequently, the isolated clips were classified into deer and non-deer categories using machine learning models. Our investigation assessed three state-of-the-art deep learning models, ResNet50, MobileNetV2, and EfficientNet-B2, considering various hyperparameter configurations to optimize the performance. We utilized 3842 clips from two sites, Oze National Park and Taki, for training and testing. The outcomes demonstrated that all models exhibited comparable performances, with median accuracies of 98.3 % and 92.9 % during the validation and testing stages, respectively. However, no single model outperformed the others across all the evaluation metrics. For instance, ResNet50 in different configurations led to the best accuracy, F1 score, precision, and specificity, whereas MobileNetV2 had the best recall. Therefore, we adopted a consensus-based ensemble scoring system in which an audio clip was classified as a deer call when at least two of three models concurred in their classification to enhance the reliability of our classifications. Our findings demonstrated that the Ensemble approach significantly enhanced the classification performance, achieving an accuracy of 99.2 % in the test stage. The proposed approach was successfully deployed during the deer rutting seasons in Oze and Taki in 2019 and 2021, respectively. We gained invaluable insights into deer behavior by analyzing deer calls' frequency, timing, and duration. Additionally, the spatial distribution of deer calls in Taki enabled us to detect a breach in the city's protective fencing and an association between the spatial patterns of deer calls and crop damage in the two fields. We aimed to draw a comprehensive picture of deer activity, which has significant implications for both conservation efforts and understanding animal behavior in various habitats. The insights gathered from this research contribute to the scientific understanding of deer behavior and serve as a foundation for future studies and conservation initiatives. By incorporating advanced machine learning models into environmental monitoring, we have paved the way for more data-driven approaches in wildlife research.

Machining process involves numerous variables that can influence the desired outcomes, with surface roughness being a critical quality index for machined products. Surface roughness is often a technical requirement for mechanical products as it can lead to chatter and impact the functional performance of parts, especially those in contact with other materials. Therefore, predicting surface roughness is essential. This dataset comprises 7444 audio files containing acoustic signal samples recorded using a 44.1 kHz microphone during the milling of mild steel with a tungsten carbide tool on a BFW YF1 vertical milling machine. Various combinations of speed, feed and depth of cut were used, and surface roughness values measured using a Carl Zeiss E-35B profile-meter are provided for each combination. Additionally, an example workflow indicating the possible use of the data to estimate the surface roughness from the acoustic signals is presented. This dataset is the first publicly available resource for surface roughness measurement using sound signals in milling, offering significant potential for reuse in related research and applications.

In recent years, the increasing use of drones for both commercial and recreational purposes has led to heightened concerns regarding airspace safety. To address these issues, machine learning (ML) based drone detection and classification have emerged. This study explores the potential of ML-based drone classification, utilizing technologies like radar, visual, acoustic, and radio-frequency sensing systems. It undertakes a comprehensive examination of the existing literature in this domain, with a focus on various sensing modalities and their respective technological implementations. The study indicates that ML-based drone classification is promising, with numerous successful individual contributions. It is crucial to note, however, that much of the research in this field is experimental, making it difficult to compare results from various articles. There is also a noteworthy lack of reference datasets to help in the evaluation of different solutions.

An 8-year-old female pre-metamorphic axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) was examined for a suspected anterior lens luxation. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy revealed two lens-like structures in the anterior chamber of the right eye (OD), each with cataractous change. Ultrasound biomicroscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed without sedation, and revealed small lenticular structures each with distinct nuclei and cortices. Although a distinct connection of the two lenticular structures could not be definitively ruled out, the structures appeared separate. Each of the lenticular structures was closely associated with its respective iris leaflet. This report demonstrates application of advanced imaging for diagnostic use in axolotl ophthalmology, showing that imaging of the lens can be performed without sedation, topical anesthetic, nor contact gel with high diagnostic quality. Although two distinct lenses were diagnosed with no historical evidence of trauma, the small sizes of each lenticular structure, with no detectable connection between them, are suggestive of a possible regenerative abnormality. This report opens discussion for the regenerative capabilities of the pre-metamorphic adult axolotl and possible implementations of their use in regenerative medicine research for the development of future therapies.

HYPOTHESIS: Vestibular schwannoma (VS) may be associated with endolymphatic hydrops (EH). EH may account for symptomatology in a subset of patients with VS. BACKGROUND: Presenting symptoms of VS and EH overlap, and MRI evaluation of the membranous labyrinth in some patients with VS demonstrates EH. The aim of the current study is to evaluate whether EH is present in temporal bones of patients with VS. METHODS: The NIDCD and House Temporal Bone Laboratory at UCLA Eccles database was queried for the diagnosis of acoustic neuroma. Exclusion criteria included concomitant ear disease and surgery. Temporal bones were analyzed for EH of the basal, middle, and apical turns and vestibule. Premortem audiometric and clinical data were gathered. RESULTS: Of 43 human temporal bones with VS, 6 met inclusion criteria. All temporal bones demonstrated VS that was undisturbed by surgery. Three of six demonstrated EH of at least one cochlear turn as well as vestibular hydrops. Three patients had severe to profound hearing loss. One patient carried a diagnosis of Menières disease. CONCLUSIONS: EH is demonstrated in the setting of VS in human temporal bones. EH may be one mechanism of hearing loss and dizziness in patients with VS. PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE GAP AND EDUCATIONAL NEED: The underlying mechanisms of symptoms of VS may be multifactorial. The association of EH in some patients with VS would modify our clinical approach to management. LEARNING OBJECTIVE: To discover if EH may be associated with VS. DESIRED RESULT: To broaden understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms in patients with VS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IVIRB Approved: UCLA IRB No. 10-001449.

We describe ongoing efforts to better understand the interaction of spoken languages and their physical environments. We begin by briefly surveying research suggesting that languages evolve in ways that are influenced by the physical characteristics of their environments, however the primary focus is on the converse issue: how speech affects the physical environment. We discuss the speech-based production of airflow and aerosol particles that are buoyant in ambient air, based on some of the results in the literature. Most critically, we demonstrate a novel method used to capture aerosol, airflow, and acoustic data simultaneously. This method captures airflow data via a pneumotachograph and aerosol data via an electrical particle impactor. The data are collected underneath a laminar flow hood while participants breathe pure air, thereby eliminating background aerosol particles and isolating those produced during speech. Given the capabilities of the electrical particle impactor, which has not previously been used to analyze speech-based aerosols, the method allows for the detection of aerosol particles at temporal and physical resolutions exceeding those evident in the literature, even enabling the isolation of the role of individual sound types in the production of aerosols. The aerosols detected via this method range in size from 70 nanometers to 10 micrometers in diameter. Such aerosol particles are capable of hosting airborne pathogens. We discuss how this approach could ultimately yield data that are relevant to airborne disease transmission and offer preliminary results that illustrate such relevance. The method described can help uncover the actual articulatory gestures that generate aerosol emissions, as exemplified here through a discussion focused on plosive aspiration and vocal cord vibration. The results we describe illustrate in new ways the unseen and unheard ways in which spoken languages interact with their physical environments.

Kamyon, tır gibi ağır hizmet araçlarında en çok gürültü üreten yapı olan motor odasında oluşan ısı ve sesin izole edilmesi için bu yapının yakına yalıtım malzemesi olarak gürültü kalkanı konumlandırılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, ağır hizmet araçlarında gürültü kalkanı olarak kullanılmak üzere, ses ve ısı üreten yapıya bakacak yönde konumlandırılan alt katmanda taş yünü, gürültü kalkanı parçasının mukavemet ve akustik performansını arttırmakla görevli üst katmanda PP/GF, GF/EP, GF/PET, Karbon/EP, fenolik keçe ve yapıştırıcı malzeme olarak PE film kullanılarak düz kalıpta, 190 °C sıcaklıkta ve 110 bar basınç altında kompozit sandviç yapılar oluşturulmuş ve bu yapıların empedans tüpünde ses yutum katsayıları ölçülerek akustik performansları birbiriyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Akustik performans test sonuçları incelendiğinde, ses yutum katsayısı (α) 1 değerine en yakın olan kompozit sandviç yapının dıştan içe doğru iki kaplama telası arasında PP/GF, PE film, taş yünü içeren malzeme kompozisyonu 1 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kalınlığın akustik performansa ve mukavemete etkisini incelemek üzere, en iyi akustik performansı gösteren malzeme kompozisyonu 1 ile 10 mm, 20 mm ve 30 mm kalınlıklarında üretilen numunelere akustik performans ve 3 nokta eğilme testleri uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerden kalınlık arttıkça ses yutum kapasitesinin ve eğilme dayanımının arttığı tespit edilmiştir.

Abstract Precise control of microparticle movement is crucial in high throughput processing for various applications in scalable manufacturing, such as particle monolayer assembly and 3D bio-printing. Current techniques using acoustic, electrical and optical methods offer precise manipulation advantages, but their scalability is restricted due to issues such as, high input powers and complex fabrication and operation processes. In this work, we introduce the concept of capillary wave tweezers, where mm-scale capillary wave fields are dynamically manipulated to control the position of microparticles in a liquid volume. Capillary waves are generated in an open liquid volume using low frequency vibrations (in the range of 10–100 Hz) to trap particles underneath the nodes of the capillary waves. By shifting the displacement nodes of the waves, the trapped particles are precisely displaced. Using analytical and numerical models, we identify conditions under which a stable control over particle motion is achieved. By showcasing the ability to dynamically control the movement of microparticles, our concept offers a simple and high throughput method to manipulate particles in open systems.

The present study was conducted to investigate the behavior and distribution characteristics of fishes near an artificial reef close to the waters of Uljin marine ranch. A 200-kHz, dual-beam frequency transducer was attached to the side of a ship for acoustic measurements. The fish formed small groups in the bottom layer near the artificial reef around the afternoon-sunset period; at night, the fish did not form groups and remained individually scattered. During dawn-sunrise and morning, the fish formed groups again and were found near the upper and middle layers of the artificial reef. High density of fish occurred near the middle of the nautical zone during morning, afternoon-sunset, and dawn-sunrise, periods; at nighttime, the distribution was uniform across the entire zone. Moreover, the mean Nautical Area Scattering Coefficients (NASC, m2/nmi2) value was highest during dawn-sunrise at 400.2 m2/nmi2, similar during night and morning (100.5 m2/nmi2), and lowest during afternoon-sunset (20.1 m2/nmi2). The present study is expected to provide the background for understanding the behavioral characteristics of fish living near artificial reefs and estimating the density and biomass of fish.

The main goal of the present study is to explore the noise mitigation potential using an active control strategy based on rotor phase synchronization. This work is focused on the effects of the inflow velocity on the noise interference effect. The inflow velocity does not affect the phase at which the interference phenomenon is observed, as expected. On the other hand, the intensity of the pressure fluctuations is influenced by the inflow velocity for all of the rotor phase shift conditions investigated. Specifically, as the inflow velocity increases, maintaining a constant rotational speed, in the Overall Sound Pressure Level graphs, a reduction of approximately 10 dB is observed. This effect also applies to cases of destructive interference, highlighting the remarkable versatility of this noise reduction technique.

ObjectiveTo determine the usefulness of a personalized tool and its effect on the decision-making process for those with vestibular schwannoma (VS).Study designProspective study.SettingSingle institution, academic tertiary care lateral skull base surgery program.PatientsPatients diagnosed with VS.InterventionsA comprehensive clinical decision support (CDS) tool was constructed from a previously published retrospective patient-reported data obtained from members of the Acoustic Neuroma Association from January to March 2017. Demographic, tumor, and treatment modality data, including associated side effects, were collected for 775 patients and integrated in an interactive and personalized web-based tool.Main outcome measuresPre- and posttool questionnaires assessing the process of deciding treatment for VS using a decisional conflict scale (DCS) and satisfaction with decision (SWD) scale were compared.ResultsA pilot study of 33 patients evaluated at a single institution tertiary care center with mean ± SD age of 63.9 ± 13.5 years and with average tumor size of 7.11 ± 4.75 mm were surveyed. CDS implementation resulted in a mean ± SD total DCS score decrease from 43.6 ± 15.5 to 37.6 ± 16.4 ( p < 0.01) and total SWD score increase from 82.8 ± 16.1 to 86.2 ± 14.4 ( p = 0.04), indicating a significant decrease in decisional conflict and increase in satisfaction.ConclusionsImplementing a decision-making tool after diagnosis of VS reduced decisional conflict and improved satisfaction with decision. Patients considered the tool to be an aid to their medical knowledge, further improving their comfort and understanding of their treatment options. These findings provide a basis for developing predictive tools that will assist patients in making informed medical decisions in the future.

BackgroundThe iridocorneal angle (ICA) is the major pathway of aqueous humour outflow from the anterior chamber of the eye. Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) has been utilised to characterise the morphology of this drainage pathway in numerous species. UBM may allow for early recognition of aqueous humour outflow obstructions in horses, allowing for earlier recognition of risk for glaucoma, a vision-threatening and painful disease. UBM morphology of the normal equine ICA has yet to be described.ObjectivesTo determine the ultrasonographic morphology of the equine ICA by UBM in standing sedated horses.Study designIn vivo experimental study.MethodsThirty healthy adult horses underwent UBM of the ICA at four locations (superior, temporal, inferior, nasal) of each eye utilising standing sedation, topical anaesthesia and auriculopalpebral perineural anaesthesia. Anatomic structures were defined on ultrasound images through comparison to published histologic photomicrographs of the equine ICA.ResultsUltrasound imaging of the ICA at all four locations was easily performed in standing, sedated horses. High-resolution images of the ICA allowed for identification of the pectinate ligament, corneoscleral trabecular meshwork (TM), uveal TM and supraciliary TM.Main limitationsPupil size was midrange in all eyes, but was not strictly controlled. Lighting conditions not controlled. Various breeds included.ConclusionIn vivo UBM of the equine ICA is feasible and provides high-resolution images of the structures of the aqueous humour outflow pathway.