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Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı nörobiyoloji çalışmalarında sıkça kullanılmakta olan HT22 fare hipokampal hücre hattının nöronal farklılaşma modeli olarak kullanılabilirliğinin anlaşılması için standart bir farklandırma besiyerine farklı sürelerde verdiği apoptotik cevabın sınanmasıdır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: HT22 hücrelerinin ekilmesi ve farklandırma dışında kültüre edilmesi için HG-DMEM farklandırma için ise B27+ katkılı NB+ medyumu kullanılmıştır. Kontrol grubu da dâhil olmak üzere toplam 9 farklı grup standart olarak kültüre edilmiştir. Deney sonunda AnnexinV/PI işaretlemesiyle erken/geç apoptozis ve nekrozis oranları akım sitometrik olarak belirlenmiştir. Verilerin normal dağılıma uyup uymadığı Shapiro-Wilks testi ile sınandıktan sonra en uygun testle istatistiksel analiz gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular: Gruplar arasındaki karşılaştırmada erken apoptozis (P

Copyright of Revista Cientifica de la Facultade de Veterinaria is the property of Universidad del Zulia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Doxorubicin (Dox) is an anti–cancer agent used of ovarian, breast, liver, lung cancers and solid tumors such as leukemia and lymphoma treatment. However, since it is an antineoplastic agent with a high toxic effect, it causes toxicity on many organs and tissues in the organism. Spirulina spp. (SP) contains phytopigments such as β–carotene, tocopherols and xanthophylls and is a natural source of vitamin A as well as its anticarcinogenic effect. For these reasons, this study was planned to experimentally reveal the antioxidant and protective effects of SP on Dox–induced reproductive toxicity in female rats. In the study, histopathological evaluation was performed after Hematoxylin–Eosin staining in female rats with Dox toxicity. The distribution of GSK–3β for cell proliferation, HIF–1α for oxidative stress and VEGF for vascularization were evaluated. TUNEL staining was performed to determine apoptosis. It was determined that SP prevented tissue damage on the ovarian tissue of rats with Dox toxicity, and this positive effect was achieved through factors such as oxidative stress (HIF–1α), vascularization (VEGF) and inhibition of cell death (Apoptosis). It has been observed that SP treatment to be applied after chemotherapy is effective in protecting both the developing follicles and the primordial follicle pool.

Copyright of Mersin Üniversitesi sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Mersin University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sakarya Tıp Dergisi is the property of Sakarya Tip Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Usage of oocytes obtained from ovaries aft er long-term cold storage for in vitro embryo production is a promising tool for the protection of wildlife and endangered animal species. Mammalian oocytes are susceptible to oxidative stress with regard to the high lipid content of plasma membranes. Melatonin is known as a powerful antioxidant and anti-apoptotic agent due to its ability to eliminate toxic oxygen derivatives and reduce the formation of reactive species. Th is study was performed to verify the optimal environmental conditions for long-term preservation of cat ovaries (Felis domesticus) by adding diff erent concentrations of melatonin (500, 750 and 1000 μM) to the storage medium (0.9% NaCl) as an antioxidant to be preserved at 4°C for 24 h. To determine the eff ect of melatonin on cat oocytes collected from stored ovaries, the anti and proapoptotic gene levels in cumulus oophorus, the in vitro maturation rates, the cell membrane and oocytes viability were evaluated. In all melatonin added groups regardless of whether they are stored in the cold; Pro-apoptotic gene levels (BAX) were determined to be upregulated however, antiapoptotic gene levels (BCL-2) were downregulated in cumulus cells (P

We aimed to study the protective effects of 3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) on cerebral infarction induced by local ischemic injury and regulation mechanism of the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3ß signaling pathway. One hundred male Wistar rats aged 12-15 weeks were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=20). The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was established. NBP, P13K specific inhibitor LY294002 and NBP plus LY294002 groups were intraperitoneally administered on the first day after modeling, once a day for 7 days. Sham operation (Sham) and model groups were intraperitoneally given equal amounts of normal saline. Neuronal damage was detected by Nissl staining. Intact neurons were counted under light microscope. The protein expressions of Akt, P-Akt, GSK-3ß and P-GSK-3ß were detected by Western blotting. The mNS score of NBP group decreased significantly compared with that of model group (P<0.05). Compared with model group, the cerebral infarction volume of NBP group significantly reduced (P<0.05). Compared with model group, the number of intact neurons in NBP group significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with model group, the phosphorylation levels of Akt and GSK-3ß in NBP group significantly increased (P<0.05). By activating the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3ß signaling pathway, NBP relieves neurological function damage and protects against cerebral infarction induced by local ischemic injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sinapic acid (SA), one of the hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, has powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics. Moreover, SA has also been shown to have an apoptotic effect against various cancer cells. Here, we investigated the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of sinapic acid on D17 canine osteosarcoma cell line. We measured the properties of SA on cell viability with the XTT test and found its IC50 dose at 750 µmol at 72 h. We analyzed the effects on gene expression of apoptosis pathways by qRT-PCR. qRT-PCR results revealed significant increases in the mRNA level expressions of BAX, CASP3, CASP7, CASP8, CASP9, FAS and P53; whereas, there was a statistically insignificant downregulation in CYCS level and increase in BCL2 level. Our findings show that SA can induce apoptosis in the D17 cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a major health problem in dogs. Types of cancer seen in dogs include melanoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, osteosarcoma, soft tissue sarcomas and prostate, breast, lung and colorectal carcinomas. Osteosarcoma (OSA) is the most common malignant primary bone tumor in domestic dogs. It constitutes 85% of skeletal tumors. It is derived from primitive bone cells that occur in both the appendicular (~75%) and axial (~25%) skeleton. The present study was intended to determine the cytotoxic and apoptotic eff ects of curcumin administration at certain doses and in certain periods on D-17 canine osteosarcoma cells. Canine osteosarcoma cells were treated with curcumin and the eff ects of it on proliferation were determined by WST-1, apoptosis by caspase 3/7 activity (MuseCaspase 3/7) and the ratio of proapoptotic Bax gene to antiapoptotic Bcl-2 gene expression level by qRT-PCR. Our data demonstrated that curcumin decreased cell proliferation and viability, ultimately inducing caspase 3/7 mediated apoptosis in treated D-17 canine osteosarcoma cells. Furthermore, the application of curcumin on canine osteosarcoma cells downregulated the expression of Bcl-2 and upregulated the expression of proapoptotic gene Bax. Thus, these results may provide a basis for further study of curcumin in the treatment of breast cancer.

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences is the property of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Trauma & Emergency Surgery / Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi is the property of KARE Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Usage of oocytes obtained from ovaries aft er long-term cold storage for in vitro embryo production is a promising tool for the protection of wildlife and endangered animal species. Mammalian oocytes are susceptible to oxidative stress with regard to the high lipid content of plasma membranes. Melatonin is known as a powerful antioxidant and anti-apoptotic agent due to its ability to eliminate toxic oxygen derivatives and reduce the formation of reactive species. Th is study was performed to verify the optimal environmental conditions for long-term preservation of cat ovaries (Felis domesticus) by adding diff erent concentrations of melatonin (500, 750 and 1000 µM) to the storage medium (0.9% NaCl) as an antioxidant to be preserved at 4°C for 24 h. To determine the eff ect of melatonin on cat oocytes collected from stored ovaries, the anti and pro- apoptotic gene levels in cumulus oophorus, the in vitro maturation rates, the cell membrane and oocytes viability were evaluated. In all melatonin added groups regardless of whether they are stored in the cold; Pro-apoptotic gene levels (BAX) were determined to be upregulated however, anti- apoptotic gene levels (BCL-2) were downregulated in cumulus cells (P<0.05). Th e cell membrane stability and cell viability rates of oocytes began to deteriorate in parallel with the rate of melatonin increase. In parallel with these findings, in vitro maturation rates of oocytes were negatively aff ected as the amount of melatonin increased (P≤0.001). In conclusion the results showed that adding melatonin (500,750 or 1000 µM) to the ovarian transport and storage medium had negative eff ect on in vitro maturation rate, viability and cell membrane structure of cat oocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amaç: Ağız kanserleri, ağızdaki yapıları veya dokuları etkileyen malign bir neoplazmdır. Oral skuamoz hücreli karsinoma deri, dudaklar ve oral kavitede mukoz membranda en sık görülen neoplazmdır. Haplophyllum buxbaumii, çok yıllık otsu bir bitkidir ve antioksidan özellikleri olduğu bildirilmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı Haplophyllum’un oral skuamoz kanser hücreleri üzerindeki antikanser etkilerini değerlendirmektir.Gereç ve Yöntem: Haplophyllum buxbaumii bitkisinden elde edilen ekstrenin skuamöz hücreli karsinom hücreleri üzerine etkileri, hücre canlılık testleri, total protein sayımı ve Elisa yöntemiyle caspase-3, Baxve Bcl-2 aktivitesi ile incelenmiştir. Bulgular: Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre Haplophyllum ekstresi uygulaması, kontrollerle karşılaştırıldığında skuamöz hücreli karsinom hücrelerinin canlılığını azaltırken apoptotic yolağı da aktive etmiştir.Sonuç: Haplophyllumbuxbaumii bitki ekstresini skuamöz hücreli karsinom hücreleri üzerinde toksik etki göstermiş olup bu kanserin terapisine yönelik çalışmalara katkı sağlayacaktır. Çalışmamız bu bitkinin antikanser potansiyeli olduğunu göstermektedir.

Objective: In this study, we aimed to investigate the association with DRP1 the protective effect of ALA on kidney tissue of the rats administered with adriamycin. Material and Method: Twenty eight Sprague-Dawley male rats were used in this study. Animals were divided to four groups. No administration was made to the control group during 28 days. A single dose of 15 mg / kg ADR was given intraperitoneally to the ADR group. After 15 mg / kg ADR was given to ADR + ALA group, 50 mg / kg ALA was given by oral gavage every other day. In the ALA group, 50 mg / kg ALA was administered orally every other day. At the end of the experiment, the rats were decapitated. Following decapitation, histological and quantitative RT-PCR analyzes were done. Results: Histopathological findings such as inflammatory cell increase, enlargement bowman distance were observed in the ADR group. ALA treatment was found to reduce the majority of histopathological findings.DRP1 immunoreactivity was significantly increased in the ADR group compared to the control group, whereas in the ADR+ALA group, DRP1 immunoreactivity was significantly lower than ADR group. A statistically significant increase was found in DRP1, BAX and CASP3 mRNA levels in the ADR group compared to the control group. A significant decrease was detected in DRP1, BAX and CASP3 mRNA levels in ADR + ALA group compared to the ADR group. Conclusion: This study revealed that ADR causes apoptosis and increases in DRP1 expression together with histopathological damages in kidney tissues, whereas ALA provides major protection against these effects of ADR by regulating apoptosis and DRP1 activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead (Pb) poisoning and the induced potential of the lesion is a global concern with harmful effects on multiple body systems, particularly the liver system. In this study, we have investigated the efficacy of aqueous-alcoholic extract of parsley leaves (PAE), which is a component of flavonoids that could play an important role in the antioxidant property, in preventing liver Pb-damages. For this, sixty adult male rats were randomly divided into six groups in a factorial arrangement: control; receiving oral gavage for 21 days with 2 mL water; 500 ppm Pb; 100 and 200 mg/kg PAE in combination form with Pb, and 200 mg/kg PAE. Liver enzymes and oxidative stress indexes were computed for liver stress, in blood serum. Apoptosis levels were assessed in the evaluation of liver gene expression. Data indicated that Pb reduced liver weight and feed intake. The results showed that Pb significantly increased the liver enzymes contents in the blood serum in the comparison vehicle group. Furthermore, the MDA contents of the Pb group rats were significantly more than that of the vehicle group. Likewise, T-AOC and the activities of CAT and SOD were significantly reduced. Meanwhile, Pb administration induced liver apoptosis-related genes by upregulating Bax and TNF-α genes and downregulating the Bcl-2 gene of animals. At the same time, administration of PAE significantly improved liver oxidative and apoptosis changes. Thus, this study provides a novel mechanistic approach concerning Pb-induced toxicity, due to PAE antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to investigate whether sinapic acid (SA) can alleviate oxidative damage, apoptosis, and inflammation in I/R induced renal injury. A total of 24 male rats were randomly separated into four groups as six rats in each group. Group 1 (Sham), Group 2 (I/R), Group 3 (I/R + SA, 10 mg/kg), Group 4 (I/R + SA, 20 mg/kg). In order to evaluate kidney function serum BUN, Cr, and AST were measured in an autoanalyzer. SOD, GSH-Px, MDA, PC and NO oxidative stress parameters were measured with spectrophotometric methods and TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, KIM-1 and NGAL parameters were measured with the ELISA method. In addition, H&E method and immunohistochemical examinations were performed for histological evaluations of kidney tissue. SA significantly decreases the increase in kidney damage, inflammation, oxidative stress, cell death and restore the decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities (p<0.05). Pre-treatment of the rats with SA reduces kidney dysfunction and morphological changes. The development of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation seems to be the leading factors that accelerate inflammation and cell death during renal IRI. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic features of SA displayed a renoprotective effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amaç: Bu çalışmada Asherman sendromundaki (AS)endometriyal hasarlarda cerrahi yöntemlere ve medikal tedavilere alternatif olarak kök hücre tedavisinin etkileri araştırılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada sıçanlarda AS modeli kimyasal olarak oluşturuldu. Aynı türün erkek bireylerinin tibia ve femur kemiğinden izole edilen kemik iliği kaynaklı mezenkimal kök hücreler (KİMKH) AS oluşturulan dişi sıçanlara verilerek endometriyumda meydana gelen değişiklikler histopatolojik parametrelerle değerlendirildi. Asherman+ besiyeri, Asherman+ niş, Asherman+ KİMKH, Asherman+ KİMKH+ niş olmak üzere toplam dört grup oluşturuldu.Bulgular: Tedavi gruplarında epitel ve lamina propriyadaki rejenerasyonla birilkte endometriyal kalınlığın, bez sayısının ve vaskülarizasyonun arttığı, fibröz alanların ve apoptotik hücre ölümünün azaldığı gözlenmiştir. Kontrol grubu olarak değerlendirilen sağ uterin hornlarda ise her hangi bir histopatolojik değişiklik görülmemiştir.Sonuç: KİMKH ve Niş uygulamalarının, infertiliteye neden olan mekanizmaların içerisinde yer alan adezyon oluşumunu azaltarakedavi ile kliniğe katkı sağlayabileceği gösterildi. Bu olumlu sonuçlar Asherman çalışmalarının kliniğe taşınabilmesi açısından ümit vericidir.

Şeker hastalığı olarak bilinen diyabet, çeşitli komplikasyonları (kalp ve dolaşım hastalıkları, kanser ve buna benzer hastalıklar) beraberinde getiren, insan hayatını olumsuz yönde etkileyen metabolik bir hastalıktır. Genel olarak diyabet tip I ve tip II olmak üzere iki büyük alt grupta toplanan bir hastalıktır. Tip I diyabette beta (β) hücrelerinin apoptoz ile kaybı insülin salgısının azalmasında önemli bir mekanizmadır. Leptin de insülin gibi antiapoptotik ve proliferatif hormonlardan biridir. Dahası düşük leptin ve insülin tedavisinin sadece yüksek doz insülin kullanımına oranla kan şekerinin tamponlanmasında daha etkili olduğu bildirilmektedir. Fakat leptinin tip I diyabetteki bu etkisi/etkileri hala gizemini korumaktadır. Leptinin tip I diyabetteki önemli etkisinden biri de yağların β oksidasyonunun artmasına neden olarak, kan şekerinin tamponlanmasını da sağları. Bu da insülin direncinin oluşmasının azalmasına neden olmaktadır. Ayrıca leptinin insülinin anabolik etkilerini taklit ettiği gibi diyabette meydana gelen ketoasidozu önlediği de vurgulanmaktadır. Dolayısıyla leptin tedavisi, zorunlu yüksek doz insülin kullanımı azaltılmasına olanak tanıyabilmektedir. Bu derleme, literatürdeki leptin ve diyabet arasındaki

Cancer is a major health problem in dogs. Types of cancer seen in dogs include melanoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, osteosarcoma, soft tissue sarcomas and prostate, breast, lung and colorectal carcinomas. Osteosarcoma (OSA) is the most common malignant primary bone tumor in domestic dogs. It constitutes 85% of skeletal tumors. It is derived from primitive bone cells that occur in both the appendicular (~75%) and axial (~25%) skeleton. The present study was intended to determine the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of curcumin administration at certain doses and in certain periods on D-17 canine osteosarcoma cells. Canine osteosarcoma cells were treated with curcumin and the effects of it on proliferation were determined by WST-1, apoptosis by caspase 3/7 activity (MuseCaspase 3/7) and the ratio of proapoptotic Bax gene to antiapoptotic Bcl-2 gene expression level by qRT-PCR. Our data demonstrated that curcumin decreased cell proliferation and viability, ultimately inducing caspase 3/7 mediated apoptosis in treated D-17 canine osteosarcoma cells. Furthermore, the application of curcumin on canine osteosarcoma cells downregulated the expression of Bcl-2 and upregulated the expression of proapoptotic gene Bax. Thus, these results may provide a basis for further study of curcumin in the treatment of canine osteosarcoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiple myeloma (MM), a malignancy of plasma cells, is the second most prevalent hematological cancer. Bortezomib is the most effective chemotherapeutic drug used in treatment. However, drug-resistance prevents success of chemotherapy. One of the factors causing drug-resistance is dysfunction of apoptotic-pathways. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3 and p-53 genes involved in apoptosis and the development of bortezomib-resistance in MM cell lines. Materials and methods: Multiple myeloma KMS20 (bortezomib-resistant) and KMS28 (bortezomib-sensitive) cell lines were used. 3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl] 1-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to determine IC50 values of bortezomib. RNAs were isolated from bortezomib-treated cell lines, followed by cDNA synthesis. Expression levels of the genes were analyzed by using q-Realtime-PCR. Results: As a result, Bcl-2/Bax ratio was higher in KMS20 (resistant) cells than in KMS28 (sensitive) cells. Expression of caspase-3 decreased in KMS20-cells, whereas increased in KMS28-cells. The results indicate that apoptosis was suppressed in resistant cells. Conclusion: These findings will enable us to understand the molecular mechanisms leading to drug-resistance in MM cells and to develop new methods to prevent the resistance. Consequently, preventing the development of bortezomib resistance by eliminating the factors which suppress apoptosis may be a new hope for MM treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hastalıkların erken tanı ve tedavisinde, iyonize radyasyon içeren görüntüleme yöntemleri önemli rol oynarlar. Tanı ve tedavide, hastaya uygulanacak radyasyon dozunun mümkün olduğunca az tutulması ve radyasyondan koruyucu önlemler alınmasına rağmen hastada radyasyon hasarı oluşma olasılığı bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle düşük ve/veya yüksek doz radyasyon uygulamaları, hücrede biyokimyasal ve moleküler sinyal yolaklarını aktive ederek, hücresel düzeyde etkiler oluşturmaktadır. Günümüzde radyasyon içeren uygulamaların sıklığı ve teknik parametrelerin yüksek değerlerde kullanılmasıyla hasta dozları ve buna bağlı doku hasarları görülme olasılığı giderek artmaktadır. Radyasyon hasarı ile ilgili çalışmalarda rapor edilen hücresel mekanizmaların başında, apoptozis ve hücre içi reaktif oksijen türleri (Reactive Oxygen Species, ROS) oluşumu gelmektedir. Apoptozis, radyoterapi uygulamalarında tümörü yok etmede hedeflenen bir sonuç iken tanısal amaçlı düşük doz uygulamalarda doku hasarını arttırıcı istenmeyen bir sonuçtur. Tanı ve tedavi amacıyla kullanılan radyasyonun, farklı dokular üzerinde erken ve geç etkileri bulunmaktadır. Düşük doz iyonize radyasyonun hücresel düzeyde etkileri, hangi moleküller ve/veya sinyal ileti yolakları üzerinden oluştuğu konusunda çok sayıda araştırma olmasına rağmen henüz tam olarak açıklanamamıştır. Radyasyon hasarlarına ait moleküler düzeyde yapılan çalışmalar, oluşabilecek hasarların erken düzeyde belirlenmesi ve sonrasında önleyici tedavilerin planlanabilmesi açısından çok önemlidir. Bu derleme, radyasyonun hücrede farklı sinyal ileti yolakları ve moleküller üzerinden yaptığı etkileri güncel literatüre bağlı olarak değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır.

Purpose: Oral cancers are malignant neoplasms affecting the structures or tissues in the mouth and oral squamous carcinoma is the most common neoplasm of the skin, lips and oral cavity mucous membrane. It has been suggested that Haplophyllumbuxbaumii, which is a perennial herbaceous plant, has antioxidant activity. The aim of this in vitro study is to investigate the anticancer effects of Haplophyllum on oral squamous cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: The effects of Haplophyllumbuxbaumii plant extract on squamous cell carcinoma were evaluated by Cell viability Assay, Total Protein Quantification and by activity of cleaved caspase- 3, Bax and Bcl-2 determined by ELISA method. Results: The results of the tests showed that Haplophyllum extract application reduced the viability of squamous cell carcinoma cells while activating the apoptotic pathway when compared to the controls. Conclusion: The findings of the study suggest that Haplophyllumbuxbaumii plant extract may have some anticancer potential to contribute to the studies on squamous cell carcinoma therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Restoring blood flow after ischemia is very important for maintaining the viability of ischemic tissue. When ischemic tissue is reperfused, it causes enzyme degradation, excessive increase in reactive oxygen species and secondary injuries such as apoptosis. Melatonin released from the pineal gland is one of the important endogenous antioxidants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of melatonin on proapoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 associated X (Bax) and antiapoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2I1 (Bcl2I1) and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) levels by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Material and Method: Rats were randomly divided into 3 groups as control, I/R, and I/R+melatonin. The left main coronary artery was occluded for 30 min followed by 120 min reperfusion. Melatonin was administrated by intraperitoneal injection during the last 10 days before I/R. Bax, Bcl2I1 and XIAP levels were analyzed by real time-PCR. Results: The tissue Bax levels increased 1,47 fold while Bcl2I1 and XIAP levels decreased with I/R injury. Melatonin administration showed protection against I/R induced myocardial injury by inhibiting all these changes. Conclusion: Antiapoptotic XIAP and Bcl2I1 and proapoptotic Bax may be involved in signaling pathways in the pathology of myocardial I/R, and the protective role of melatonin may be due to its antiapoptotic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cisplatin, a common anti-neoplastic drug used in the medical industry for cancer treatment has shown adverse nephrotoxic effects. This research targets to demonstrate the protective measure of eriocitrin, a bioactive flavonoid, against cisptin-induced renal toxicity in rats. Materials and methods: Rats of normal control and model groups were treated with saline whereas experimental groups received oral administration of eriocitrin (25 and 50 mg/kg b.w.) for 10 days and a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of cisplatin (8 mg/kg b.w.) was given on the 7th day for all except normal control group. Blood serum, urine, and kidney tissue samples were collected for analysis. Results: Cisptin-induced rats demonstrated significant renal toxicity and damage. Eriocitrin dose-dependently reversed the effects by decreasing the proteinuria in urine, and urea, creatinine, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (TNF-a, IL-1ß) in serum. The tissue levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were increased, whereas the levels of tissue DNA fragmentation and serum PARP-1 and Caspase-3 were reduced against model group. Histopathological modulations were supporting the protective effect of eriocitrin. Conclusion: Eriocitrin has significant nephroprotective effects against cisptin-induced renal toxicity by alleviating oxidative stress, preventing apoptosis and DNA damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We investigated the effects of stem cell therapy as an alternative to surgical methods and medical treatments in endometrial injuries in Asherman syndrome (AS). Materials and Methods: In this study, AS model was created chemically in rats. The bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the tibia and femoral bone of male individuals of the same species (BMDSC) were given to female rats with asherman syndrome and the changes in the endometrium were evaluated by histopathological parameters. Asherman + medium, Asherman + niche, Asherman + BMDSCs, Asherman + BMDSCs + niche were formed in four groups. Results: It was observed that increased endometrial thickness, gland count and vascularization and decreased fibrous areas and apoptotic cell death with regeneration in epithelium and lamina propria in treatment groups. No histopathologic changes were observed in the right uterine horns, which were evaluated as control group. Conclusion: BMDSCs and Niche applications can contribute to the clinic by reducing the formation of adhesion within the mechanisms causing infertility. These positive results are promising in terms of transporting Asherman studies to the clinic. It has been shown that BMDSCs and Niche may contribute to the clinic by treatment with adhesion molecules in mechanisms that cause infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to highlight the cellular and molecular events of atresia in the Bedouin goat ovarian follicles. Ovaries collected from slaughterhouses during breeding and non-breeding seasons were submitted to morphological studies and immunolocalization of active caspase-3. The results showed that ovaries were heavier (P<0.05) during the breeding season. The atresia occurred at all stages of follicular development in breeding and non-breeding seasons. At the preantral stage, degeneration affected primarily oocyte and active caspase-3 immunoreactivity was detected in the oocyte with a few staining in follicular cells. At the antral stage, atresia affected in first the granulosa layer cells which were characterized by an abnormal indentation of nuclei and positive active caspase-3 immunolabeling. At the early stage of atresia, the granulosa cells exhibited a few pycnotic nuclei and lost their cellular integrity, by getting scattered; these cells were positive to active caspase-3. At the late stage, the scattered cells invaded the antral cavity and the dead cells were eliminated by phagocytic cells. The oocyte seemed to undertake a long process of atresia via an autophagic pathway and it was the last to die. Finally, the follicle was replaced by a collagen fiber forming a scar of atresia. In conclusion, important morphological changes occurred in atretic follicles mainly in antral stage by apoptosis via caspase-3 signaling pathway, in breeding and non-breeding seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We aimed to assess the growth arrest specific protein 6 (Gas6) and soluble Axl (sAxl) levels in the familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) patients, and to investigate the correlation between the levels of these with the inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and fibrinogen. Materials and methods: Seventy nine FMF patients (35 in attack period and 44 in attack-free period) and 40 healthy controls were involved in the study. The levels of serum Gas6 and sAxl were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Results: Gas6 levels of the FMF patients with attack were significantly lower than both the attack-free patients and the healthy controls (p=0.007 and p=0.003, respectively). However, no significant difference was detected between the Gas6 levels of the attack-free patients and the healthy controls (p>0.05). sAxl levels of the FMF patients with attack were significantly lower than the healthy control (p=0.007). A positive correlation was found between the Gas6 and CRP levels of the FMF patients with attack (r=0.379, p=0.025). Conclusions: This study indicates that decreased serum Gas6 and sAxl levels may be associated with FMF attack period. Further studies on the role of the Gas6/Axl system in FMF are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis is serious zoonotic disease affecting both animals and humans. Brucella inhibits the apoptosis of host macrophages. And the JAK2/STAT3 pathway regulates various cellular physiological activities. However, the association between Brucella-mediated inhibition of macrophage apoptosis and regulation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway is unclear. In the current study, We tested the the activation of JAK2/ STAT3 pathway and evaluated its function during Brucella M5-90 infection in cells. The result was found that infection with Brucella M5-90 activated the JAK2/STAT3 pathway and induced phosphorylation of both JAK2 and STAT3 in a time-dependent manner. JAK2 and STAT3 phosphorylation were inhibited by AG490 in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway with AG490 significantly induced proinflammatory responses, macrophage apoptosis at the transcriptional and protein levels, as well as intracellular survival and replication of Brucella M5-90. This study indicates that the JAK2/STAT3 pathway plays a major role in macrophage apoptosis induced by infection with Brucella M5-90. In addition, TNF-α plays a major role in the regulation of the JAK2/STAT6 pathway during Brucella M5-90 infection. The above information may help to unravel the pathogenic mechanism of Brucella infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to investigate inflammatory effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane on healthy rat. Material and Method: Twenty-one rats were randomly allocated into three groups. The rats were mechanically ventilated for 2 hours with 50 % oxygen + 50% air mixture in the Control (n=7); with 1.2% isoflurane + 50 % oxygen + 50 % air mixture in Isoflurane group (n=7) and with 2.4% sevoflurane + 50% oxygen + 50% air mixture in Sevoflurane Group (n=7). The MPO activities, TBARS levels, alveolar macrophage counts and alveolar epithelial apoptotic cell counts of the groups were evaluated statistically. P<0.05 was accepted as the level of significance. Results: MPO activity, and TBARS levels in Sevoflurane group were significantly lower compared to Isoflurane and Control groups Number of alveolar macrophage and M-30 positive cells in Isoflurane group were significantly higher compared to Sevoflurane and Control groups. On light microscopic examination sevoflurane group and any more in isoflurane group were; diffuse mononuclear cell infiltration, diffuse alveolar injury, alveolar edema, thickening of alveolar septa, diffuse alveolar macrophages and lesser number of neutrophil and type II pneumocytes were observed in alveolar lumen in the Sevoflurane, and more frequently in Isoflurane group. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it has been thought that sevoflurane has milder inflammatory effect on healthy lung than isoflurane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ionizing radiation imaging methods play an important role in the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In diagnosis and treatment, there is the possibility of radiation-induced damage to the patient despite the radiation dose being kept as low as possible and radiation precautions being taken. Therefore, low and/or high dose radiation applications have effects on cell by activating biochemical and molecular signaling pathways. The frequency of applications involving radiation and the use of technical parameters at higher values have led to increase in patient doses. In the studies reporting radiation damage, apoptosis and formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) occur at the beginning of cellular mechanisms. Apoptosis is an intent to destroy the tumor in radiotherapy applications, but is undesirable in diagnostic low dose applications. Analysis methods at the molecular level are very important to explain the possible early and late effects of radiation on different tissues. Although there is a lot of research into the effects of low dose radiation on the cellular level, what molecules and / or signaling pathways are involved, it is not yet fully understood. In this review, the effects of radiation on different cellular mechanisms have been evaluated based on the current literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study investigated the effects of chromium chloride (CrCl3·6H2O), chromium picolinate (CrPic) and picolinic acid on malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hidroksi-2′-deoksiguanosine (8-OHdG) and genome damage in rabbits. Material and methods: Forty, New Zealand rabbits were equally assigned to four groups which received either distilled water or 20 mg/day Cr (CrC13·6H20), 200 μg/day CrPic and 1400 μg/day picolinic acid for 50 days. On the 25th and 50th days, MDA and 8-OHdG levels and the apoptotic-necrotic cells, micronucleus (MN), micronuclear buds (NBUD) and nucleoplasmic bridges (NPB) frequencies and on the 50th day, serum Cr and liver MDA levels were determined. Results: CrPic increased live weight and feed consumption. On the 25th day of treatment, decreases were detected in MDA levels and MN, NPK and NBUD frequencies in CrPic and picolinic acid groups, and in 8-OHdG levels in CrCl3·6H2O and CrPic groups. Slight or significant differences were determined in all investigated parameters between the measurements of on days 25 and 50. Conclusion: Improvements in of MDA and 8-OHdG levels and genome damage indicators due to CrPic and picolinic acid on the 25th day of the treatment may show that short term of CrPic supplementation reduces oxidative and chromosomal DNA damage in rabbits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective. To assess the effectiveness of the selective progesterone receptor modulator ulipristal (Esmya) in presurgicaltherapy of patients with uterine myoma.Patients and methods. The examination included 23 patients with uterine myoma aged 37 to 42 years, 13 patients with uterine myoma aged 21 to 41 years who received Esmya (5 mg/day for 3 months) as a presurgical treatment, 10 patients with uterine myoma aged 33 to 48 years - control group. Removed myoma nodules underwent complex histological examination that included immunohistochemical testing with the use of monoclonal antibodies to estrogen and progesterone receptors; Кi-67; phospho-histone; Вах; Bcl-2; cleaved caspase-3; VEGF.Results. After a 3-month Esmya therapy in 13 patients, the sizes of uterine myoma decreased to correspond to 2-3 wks of gestation, the sizes of the dominant nodule were reduced on the average by 3±0,4 cm in diameter, amenorrhea developed as soon as in the first cycle (complaints of profuse menstrual bleeding stopped). No undesirable effects were noted, the women pointed out to the convenient use of the drug. A morphological examination found large sites of dystrophic changes of leiomyocytes; low-active perivascular growth areas; pseudocapsule sclerosis, single mitotic figures, and marked apoptosis. Analysis of the results of immunohistochemical examination found the following results: phospho-histone and Ki-67 - in single cells; Bax - marked induction; cleaved caspase-3 - distinct expression; VEGF - weak-to-moderate expression; expression of progesterone - 78-87%.Conclusion. As has been demonstrated a decreasing of proliferation and hypertrophy of smooth muscle cells of uterine myoma, under the influence of Esmya; while the surrounding myometrium does not change. The mechanism of the regression effect of Esmya on uterine myoma has been confirmed as a selective tissue-specific «noneffective» receptor protein conformator, inhibiting transcription of progesterone in cells of uterine myoma.

This study aimed to investigate responsible mechanisms for rapid intestinal catch-up growth in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) pups via analysis of autophagy, apoptosis and proliferation in a rat model. Twenty primiparous dams were assigned into two groups as 1) dams with feed ad libitum (Adlib) and 2) dams with 50% feed restriction from gestational day 10 to 21 to achieve normal birth weight (NBW) and IUGR pups, respectively. Litter size and pup weight were recorded at parturition and 8 pups were kept in each litter to have sufficient colostrum for 24 h. Subsequently, 2 pups from each litter were decapitated. Results indicated that feed restriction dams had similar litter size with rats in Adlib group although produced IUGR pups. Histological analysis indicated that IUGR rats had decreased villus height and surface area in jejunum. There was an accumulation of autophagosomes in jejunal mucosa of IUGR pups, however, the mitochondria and microvilli were unaffected. mRNA expressions of WIPI1, MAP1LC3B, Atg13, ULK1 and Beclin1 were increased, and mTOR expression was decreased in jejunum of IUGR, which also had lower Bcl-2 mRNA expression, increased caspase 9 and relative increased ki67 mRNA expression. Results suggested that after feeding colostrum, IUGR pups had impaired jejunum with unaffected mitochondrial histology. Enhanced intestinal autophagy under low-stress conditions might improve intestinal proliferation, which may be contributed to the rapid intestinal catch-up growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of naturally occurring, short, endogenous, noncoding RNA molecules (~22 nt) involved in a wide variety of regulatory pathways, including cell growth, development, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis, as well as viral defense, hematopoiesis, organ formation, and metabolism. Previous studies showed that bta-miR-193a (miR-193a) was upregulated in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strain NADL; however, the role of miR-193a in apoptosis-associated regulation remains unclear. In this study, we found that miR-193a is a novel regulator of MDBK apoptosis and that lentiviral infection exhibited a positive effect on miR-193a expression. Additionally, we observed that the miR-193a-target sequence was present in the 3'-untranslated region of B-cell lymphoma-2-associated X protein (BAX) mRNA, with miR-193a overexpression resulting in reduced BAX mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, we observed that miR-193a promoted apoptosis and inhibited BVDV strain NADL replication according to quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction results. These findings confirmed miR-193a as a positive regulator of apoptosis and provided a theoretical basis for the important role of miRNAs in regulating BVDV replication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on the antioxidative function, lymphocyte cycle and apoptosis of ileum mucosa in broiler. 640 AA broilers were randomly allocated into four groups, which were fed with diets supplemented 0, 200, 350 and 500 mg/kg of COS for six weeks, respectively. The results showed that compared with the control group, the activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, the ability of total antioxidant capacity and inhibit hydroxy radical as well as the contents of glutathione in the 350 and 500 mg/kg COS groups were significantly increased, while the levels of malonedialdehyde were significantly decreased. The percentages of S and gap 2/mitosis (G2M) phases and proliferating index of ileum mucosal lymphocytes in the 350 and 500 mg/kg COS groups were increased, but, the percentages of apoptotic ileac lymphocytes were not significantly different compared with the control group. No significant difference in the levels of antioxidant function mentioned above, cell cycle phase distribution and the percentages of apoptotic ileac lymphocyte existed between the 350 and 500 mg/kg COS groups. Conclusion: dietary chitosan oligosaccharides supplements with 350 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg could improve the antioxidant function and accelerate lymphocytes proliferation, but had non-influence on lymphocytes apoptosis in the ileum mucosa of broiler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of different doses of boric acid injected into chicken eggs on bursa of Fabricius and spleen. The study material consisted of three treatment and one control group. On the fourth day of incubation, boric acid dissolved in 0.9% NaCl were injected into eggs at 1.000, 1.500 and 2.000 ppm doses and control group received only 0.9% NaCl injection. Chicks hatched were raised until ten weeks of age (n=10). Bursa of Fabricius and spleen were evaluated by histological, immunohistochemical and stereological methods. Weight of bursa of Fabricius, relative weight of bursa of Fabricius (P<0.01), volume of bursa of Fabricius, cortical thickness, follicle area and area of follicular medulla significantly reduced (P<0.001) by injection of 1.500 ppm boric acid compared to control group. The number of white blood cells also decreased in 1.000 ppm and 1.500 ppm groups. An increase (P<0.001) was recorded in hemoglobin ratio in 2.000 ppm group when compared with the other treatment groups and control group. There was an increase in 1500 ppm group in terms of spleen weight (P<0.001), relative spleen weight (P<0.01) and plasma cell count (P<0.05) and likewise an increase was noted in 1.000 and 2.000 ppm groups with respect to follicle count and number of apoptotic cells in comparison to control group. In conclusion, low doses of boric acid induced the bursal involution and implicitly increased plasma cell count in the spleen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is known as a testicular toxin. Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom) is a plant known as kakule. Cardamom has antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects. The aim of this study was to investigate preventive effects of Cardamom on testicular damage induced with ethanol. Material and Methods: Twenty-one adult male Wistar rats were used. The rats were divided into equal 3 groups, saline-treated group (Grup I), ethanol (3 g/kg)-treated group (Grup II). ethanol (3 g/kg) and Cardamom (500 μL/kg)-treated group (Grup III). Ethanol was administrated daily intraperitoneally for 10 days, and the same volume of saline (5ml) was administrated for the controls. Cardamom was administrated orally for 10 days. At the end of the experiment, testes tissues collected from the animals were processed by using routine paraffin techniques. The sections of testes were stained by histological and administered TUNEL method. Results: Peritubular vascular congestion, degeneration in seminiferous tubules, invaginations of tubular basement membrane and sloughing of immature germinal cells to the lumen were observed in ethanol-treated group. Although peritubular vascular congestion and invaginations of basement membrane were improved, degeneration in seminiferous tubules and sloughing of immature germinal cells weren't significant improvement m GruP ln - TUNEL-positive cells were markedly increased in the seminiferous tubules in ethanol-treated group. TUNEL-positive cells were decreased in Cardamom treated group. Conclusion: Cardamom had protective effects on seminiferous tubule apoptotic cells induced by ethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Doxorubicin is an antracycline that have similar nephrotoxic effects in both animal and human studies. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of benfotiamine on kidney tissues of the rats treated with doxorubicin. Material and Method: 24 wistar albino male rats were used in this study. Animals were divided to 4 equel groups. During the 14 day experiment period, control group did not receive any medication. 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal (i.p) doxorubicin was administered to Doxorubicin group. In Doxorubicin+benfotiamine group; in addition to 10 mg/kg i.p single dose doxorubicin, 70 mg/kg benfotiamine was administered. Benfotiamine group received 70 mg/kg benfotiamine. At the end of the experiment, rats were decapitated and kidney tissues were removed. Tissues were embedded into parafine blocks with routine follow-up. Avidin-biotin-peroxidase method was applied to thd sections obtained from bloks for Bax and caspase-3 immunoreactivity. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured by spectrophometer. Results: Bax and caspase-3 immunoreactivities were in +1 prevalence in control and benfotiamine groups. In doxorubicin group, bax and caspase-3 immunoreactivity was increased in +3 prevalence in comparison with control group. In doxorubicin + benfotiamine group,-- bax and caspase-3 immunoreactivity was decreased to +2 prevalence in comparison with Doxorubicin group.-- In doxorubicin group,kidney tissue MDA levels were increased significantly in comparison with control and benfotiamine groups. MDA levels of Doxorubicin+benfotiamine group decreased significantly in comparison with Doxorubicin group. Conclusion: In this study we observed that doxorubicin induces apoptosis in kidney tissues and benfotiamine have anti-apoptotic and antioxidant effects against Doxorubicin effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]