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This article presents an extensive review of scientific publications focused on how the impacts of bauxite mining and refining have been investigated. This includes results on which types of impacts have been addressed in scientific publications and details concerning social impacts in the years 2010‒2020. The analysis reveals that while environmental impacts are most prominent in academic publications, social impacts have been increasingly investigated in recent years. Between 2011 and 2020, there have been 14 publications covering social impacts, compared to eight publications from 1981‒2010. Focusing on social impacts, the present study finds a range of impacts including access to resources, impacts on landscape, economic impacts (e.g., job creation, local support programmes and infrastructure creation) and public unrest. The review also emphasises the importance of considering the context of social impacts and how impacts are distributed between social groups. These findings are useful for consideration in future impact assessment practices as well as furthering research in the intersection between mining and impact assessment.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) foster communication between participators to yield a more environmentally sound decision for a proposed development. Public participation is an integral element in EIA to ensure a successful EIA. Effective public participation encourages community empowerment, fair and democratic decisions and reduce thus avoid public confrontation and delay. Effective public participation is one of the key pillars to achieve effective EIA. Environmental issues are known to be the negative outcome of a poorly implemented EIA process. This paper discusses seven environmental cases that were produced from ineffective application of EIA such as Bakun Dam, Murum Dam, Baram Dam, bauxite mining in Kuantan, gold mining in Bukit Koman, sturgeon farming in Kuala Tahan and Lynas plant. The seven cases focused on the lack of public participation in the administration of EIA. Public objections and protests were results of ineffective public participations and ineffective EIAs in the chosen cases. Four out of seven cases have made substantive results where the projects stopped or ceased due to the public objections. Meanwhile, the three cases went on till today. Conclusively, these cases has shown that public participation in EIA is a valuable tool which encourages transparent decision-making process and defies corrupted influences.

Bauxite mining has been carried out around Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, since the 1940s. Companies operating in the region pioneered land rehabilitation in Brazil, conducted since the early 1980s. Different procedures of recontouring, runoff drainage, soil preparation and vegetation planting were employed. This research aims to evaluate current environmental rehabilitation practices employed in the region, in order to identify possible deficiencies, investigate probable causes of these deficiencies and prevent recurrence of failures, thus avoiding rework and additional costs to deliver outcomes satisfactory to land owners. Areas with different ages of rehabilitation were studied. The practices adopted in recently rehabilitated mines and in the final phase of operation were evaluated through a problem identification procedure, based on field observations, document analysis and interviews. Some unsatisfactory results were found related to ground terracing, drainage systems, block sliding, soil sampling, soil preparation, planting of vegetation and monitoring of the recovered area. Improvements are proposed, on the basis of good practices, that even if more complex and laborious, can result in future savings, as they enable, in addition to avoiding rework, the fulfillment of contractual obligations to landowners and regulatory bodies.

This introductory essay and interview trace Esther Figueroa's career in media, particularly the films she has written, directed, edited, and produced as part of specific campaigns to mobilize Jamaica's environmental movement against bauxite mining, tourism, and overfishing. Figueroa discusses her upbringing, her work in television in Hawaii, and the roles that feminism and race have played in her life and work.

Solid bulk cargoes relatively fine and wet may become unstable during ocean voyages and put a risk to the stability of the ship and life of the crew. To prevent instabilities related to the moisture of the cargo, the international regulation on maritime transportation establishes that certain cargoes can only be shipped if its moisture is below the so-called transportable moisture limit (TML), a regulatory parameter determined in a laboratory test to provide the maximum moisture content of the cargo to assure safe shipping. In 2015, the loss of lives and ship related to instability of wet and fine bauxite cargo under adverse sea conditions led to amendments on relevant bauxite shipping regulations. The Proctor/Fagerberg test method is widely used to determine the TML of solid bulk cargoes. Recent studies have led to improvements in test apparatus and procedures to Proctor/Fagerberg test to make it more suitable and reliable on the TML determination of specific cargoes. This study applied changes on the original Proctor/Fagerberg test and analyzed the effect of variables (compaction energy, type of bauxite and top size) on the TML determination of bauxites. All variables analyzed showed influence on TML results and the level of compaction energy provided by different compaction hammers was the single variable with the highest effect. By the light of joint research carried by bauxite industry players, it was developed a particle size criterion to distinguish between finer bauxites that may exhibit instabilities due to moisture and coarser bauxites that may not present such risk. The borderline defined is 30% in weight passing 1 mm and 40% in weight passing 2.5 mm. The fundamentals behind the particle size criterion developed are presented, while their implementation, adequacy, and relevance for the safety of bauxite shipping are discussed. Finally, a study case of bauxite cargo classification for shipping in accordance with the aforementioned particle size criterion is presented. A particle size distribution database of nearly 500 bauxite shipments since 2015 was analyzed to verify the variation in particle size distributions, the likelihood of variation in cargo classification and relevant practices to assure safe and compliant shipping. Cargas sólidas a granel relativamente finas e úmidas podem se tornar instáveis durante o transporte oceânico, colocando a estabilidade do navio e a vida da tripulação em risco. Para evitar instabilidades provocadas por umidade da carga, a regulamentação internacional em transporte marítimo estabelece que certas cargas só podem ser embarcadas se sua umidade estiver abaixo do transportable moisture limit (TML), um parâmetro regulatório determinado em testes laboratoriais para se obter o máximo de umidade que poderá estar contida na carga para garantir a segurança do transporte marítimo. Em 2015, a perda de vidas e navio devido à instabilidade de carga de bauxita fina e úmida em condições adversas de navegação levou a alterações na regulamentação pertinente ao transporte marítimo de bauxita. O método de teste Proctor/Fagerberg é largamente utilizado para determinar o TML de cargas sólidas a granel. Estudos recentes levaram a ajustes em aparatos de teste e procedimentos do teste Proctor/Fagerberg para torna-lo mais adequado e confiável para a determinação do TML de cargas específicas. Este estudo aplicou mudanças no teste Proctor/Fagerberg original e analisou o efeito de variáveis (energia de compactação, tipo de bauxita e top size) na determinação do TML de bauxitas. Todas as variáveis analisadas apresentaram influência nos resultados de TML e a energia de compactação obtida a partir de diferentes soquetes de compactação foi a variável com maior efeito. À luz da pesquisa conjunta desenvolvida por atores da indústria da bauxita, foi estabelecido um critério granulométrico para distinguir bauxitas finas que podem apresentar instabilidades devido à umidade e bauxitas mais grossas que não apresentam tal risco. O limite definido foi 30% em peso passante em 1 mm e 40% em peso passante em 2.5 mm. Os fundamentos que sustentam o critério granulométrico definido são apresentados, enquanto se discute sua implementação, adequação e relevância para a segurança dos embarques de bauxita. Por fim, um estudo de caso de classificação de carga de bauxita para embarque de acordo com o critério granulométrico em questão é apresentado. Uma base de dados de distribuição granulométrica de cerca de 500 embarques de bauxita desde 2015 foi analisada para se verificar a probabilidade de variação de classificação da carga, bem como as práticas relevantes para a garantia da segurança e conformidade dos embarques.

The open pit method is often the easiest and the most inexpensive form of mining. Bauxite mining, which commenced in 1916 in Linden, Guyana, has left many abandoned pits upon closure of mining activities; subsequently pit lakes have been formed. Globally, Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is a common water quality problem for pit lakes. However, the pit lakes in Linden are used for recreational activities. In this study, the water quality of three lakes in Linden (NE Kara Kara, Kara Kara and Lucky Spot) were analysed for their physico-chemical characteristics. The morphological and aesthetic features were also examined. The study showed that all three lakes are acidic, with mean pH values of 3.4, 3.1 and 4.7, which are not within the allowable range for recreational waters. Mean concentrations of Al (23.06 mg/l), Fe (10.56 mg/l) and Mn (2.4 mg/l) exceeded acceptable limits; nevertheless, TDS levels measured were within the acceptable limits. In terms of aesthetic quality, NE Kara Kara and Kara Kara pit lakes were free from any form of waste and debris. For the pit lakes to be considered suitable for recreational purposes, treatment of the lakes’ waters is recommended.

The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of the aquatic environment and the content of heavy metals, sediment, fish, and shellfish around the bauxite mining area. The main question is whether bauxite mining activities affect the quality of the surrounding waters. Further research needs to be carried out at the exact location during non-active mining activities as a comparison. Using the Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) method, a field survey and heavy metal analysis are conducted. The results showed that the physicochemical properties of the water were categorized as polluted and unfit for fish farming. Five parameters, Cadmium (Cd), Timbal (Pb), Aluminum (Al), Nickel (Ni), and DO (dissolved oxygen), do not meet the quality standards of fish culture water and metal content in fish and shellfish bodies

There are several former bauxite mining areas on Bintan Island which until now have been left open and not managed properly. In Tanjungpinang, the location of the former bauxite mine is located around the mangrove forest ecosystem. The impact of bauxite mining that changes the structure, texture, and physical of the soil can interfere with the development of the root system and the growth of surrounding plants, including mangroves. Therefore, it is necessary to know the health condition of mangroves around the former bauxite mining area. The method used is a cluster plot by calculating the percentage of tree damage based on organ location, type, and level of damage. The results of the analysis show that the health condition of the mangrove forest in Tanjungpinang City is healthy (50,9%); slightly damaged (40,4%) and moderately damaged (8,8%). The locations of the organs that suffered the most damage were roots, lower and upper stems, and leaves. The most common type of damage found roots submerged in red mud; stems and leaves covered with dust and red sand; termite; broken stem; roots break and die; broken shoots; and the leaves change color. The greatest severity is found between 10% and 20%.

Red mud resulting from bauxite mining and processing is a cause of considerable concern because of the large amount of production and potential risks of long-lived natural radionuclides. In this study, samples taken from ore to end-products including waste in facilities were measured by gamma-ray spectrometry and radiological assessment indexes were calculated. For assessment of the usage of red mud as an additive in concrete, exposures of the occupant were calculated by using RESRAD-BUILD computer code for a model room. The radiological risk did not found for the use of red mud samples in the determined ratios in concrete.

Atewa Forest Reserve in the Eastern Region of Ghana represents one of only two reserves with upland evergreen forests in Ghana but is also a possible site for bauxite mining. The Government of Ghana deployed an infrastructure in anticipation for a refined bauxite agreement with China. Ghana’s Government seeks to develop an integrated Bauxite-Aluminum Industry; however, several NGOs try to protect the Atewa Forest and propose that the area should be upgraded to a National Park. In this study, this conservation-exploitation conflict is analyzed from a political ecology perspective elaborating on who are the involved key actors, their relations and what strategies are used. Political ecology is about recognizing the power that actors have at the moment of deciding what, how, and where to conserve nature. Based on interviews done during fieldtrips in 2018, 2019 and 2020 complemented by an analysis of political documents, the identified strategies the NGOs are using in this conflict, can be described as demonstration and upscaling. The aim of this paper is to draw attention on the politicization of nature, in particular Atewa forest reserve and its bauxite resources.

The study focuses on assessing the effectiveness of bauxite mining and processing in the Central Highlands through the example of Tan Rai (Lam Dong) and Nhan Co (Dak Nong) bauxite-alumina complexes by the method of extended cost benefit analysis. External costs have been localized to be taken into account, including opportunity costs, environmental costs, corporate social responsibility costs and contingency costs for environmental incidents. The results showed that if calculating the environmental costs, the Tan Rai complex does not bring effectiveness for society with a negative NPV value (VND -5,167,422 million), IRR (6.27%) is lower than the discount (10%); Nhan Co complex is effective with positive NPV (VND 145,862 million), IRR (10.1%) is higher than the discount (10%), but the operation of this complex is risky when analyzing the sensitivity of the indicators. A ton of alumina will require an average from VND 0.7 to 0.9 million of environmental costs. In a year, two bauxite-alumina complexes in the Central Highlands create stable jobs for thousands of workers, contributing from VND 1,200 to 1,400 billion of taxes and fees for the State, equivalent to between VND 1.0 and 1.2 million per ton of alumina. From the lessons learned from Tan Rai and Nhan Co complexes, the future bauxite mining and processing projects need to be implemented on schedule and operate at 100% of the designed capacity right from the first year to achieve optimal efficiency. In the future, it is necessary to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of closed, full and chain options to improve the operational efficiency of bauxite projects, aiming to thoroughly solve the environmental issues by improving technological processes, implementing land restoration after mining, applying cleaner production solutions.

Background: Tropical forests are important carbon sinks at the global scale. They are important reservoirs of terrestrial carbon and play a fundamental role in global climate regulation. We evaluated the tree species diversity and dominance patterns in stem and carbon stocks in a Brazilian Atlantic forest restored after bauxite mining exploration in the state of Minas Gerais, south-eastern Brazil.Methods: Aboveground carbon was estimated for a permanent 1-ha forest restored after 14 years, measuring all trees with a circumference at breast height (CBH) ≥ 15 cm, planted during restoration. We studied species richness, community composition and stem- and carbon-dominant species based on two categorical functional attributes associated with forest regeneration (successional strategy and dispersal syndrome).Results: The restored forest obtained a high carbon accumulation (~58 Mg ha -1 ), between two and three times more than second-growth forests with the same or more time for natural regeneration, when compared with other restored Brazilian seasonal semideciduous Atlantic Forest stands. The restored forest presented a marked local carbon dominance, with ~7.5% of the tree species of the community representing 50% of the total aboveground carbon (AGC). Anemochoric and zoochoric species presented a similar pattern of carbon dominance, while the initial second-growth species presented a higher carbon storage capacity than the pioneer species.Conclusions: Our findings stress the importance of analysing the relative contributions of species, classified by functional attributes and by their dominance, to ecosystem functioning at fine-scale active restoration.

Natural regeneration is becoming more frequently used on a global level as a method of ecological restoration after mining operations. The objective of this study was to investigate forest restoration as a function of the exclusive use of natural regeneration in systems with two (NR2) and seven (NR7) years of age after bauxite mining in Eastern Amazon, Brazil (3° 14' 51" -3° 15' 48" S and 47° 44' 14" -47° 43' 09" W). Soil?s physical and chemical parameters (organic matter, bulk density, porosity, infiltration, and fertility), landscape-level quantification of vegetation in the areas surrounding the study sites and attributes of the established vegetation (abundance of individuals and families, Shannon diversity index, evenness index, and ecological dominance index) were assessed. The method of natural regeneration, in seven years, was efficient to occupy and cover the soil by regenerating tree and shrub species, as well to contribute to the recovery of important surface-depth attributes of the quality of rebuilt soils, such as organic matter, nutrient availability, density, porosity, and water infiltration. The regenerating tree and shrub species had low diversity and high dominance of a few pioneer species, which indicates the necessity of introducing early and late secondary successional species to correct the successional trajectory in order to ensure the ecosystem restoration. Made available in DSpace on 2021-09-22T19:00:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1-s2.0-S0925857421002470-main.pdf: 2412289 bytes, checksum: 2f61eddff22d57ad1289a32a62e5dc86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

Bauxite mining operations are increasingly sited on Indigenous-owned land, particularly in tropical areas, including northern Australia. The environmental impacts of bauxite mining are significant. Native vegetation, including commercially valuable forests, is cleared and typically windrowed and burnt. For many Indigenous Australians, mining of their land creates much concern about biocultural, community health and livelihood impacts from the loss of access to traditional lands and resources, and the ability to ‘care for country’. Improved pre-mining utilisation of forest resources and effective mine rehabilitation can mitigate some of these impacts and it is important to Indigenous communities that they are engaged in these processes. But Indigenous peoples' expectations are rarely considered or adequately addressed in site clearing activities or mine completion criteria, and there is limited guidance on how their expected outcomes can be monitored and evaluated for mine closure and relinquishment. This paper reports on a case-study of the Western Cape York Peninsula bauxite mining region in northern Australia. The paper reviews mine rehabilitation in the case-study region, including related Indigenous forest livelihoods initiatives, presents local Indigenous peoples' expectations for pre- and post-mining forest and landscape management as an integrated mining-community forestry ‘vision’, and discusses implications for mine completion criteria, mine closure and relinquishment. The findings highlight the need for Indigenous peoples' full and transparent free, prior and informed consent participation in all aspects of mine closure planning, and for further research to trial the development and assessment of mine completion criteria linked to local biocultural landscape restoration and Indigenous livelihoods. The findings can inform mining policymakers, regulators and industry professionals on the design, implementation and monitoring of mine completion criteria and associated pre- and post-mining management that will improve environmental outcomes and socio-cultural benefits for Indigenous communities impacted by mining.

Funding: partial support by CEAUL (funded by FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal, through the project UID/MAT/00006/2019) (TAM). The Boé sector in southeast Guinea‐Bissau harbors a population of western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) that inhabits a mosaic of forest and savanna. The Boé sector contains a substantial bauxite deposit in a region called Ronde Hill, and there are plans for the construction of a mine, which may endanger the chimpanzee population. In 1‐week survey in May 2013, we used the standing crop nest counts method to obtain the number of chimpanzee nests and from that estimate the density and abundance of chimpanzees. We carried out five 1‐km line transects that covered the bauxite deposit and surrounding valleys. We used density surface modeling to analyze habitat preferences, then predicted chimpanzee nest density and distribution based on environmental variables. We found the projected location of the mine partially coincides with an area of high predicted abundances of chimpanzee nests and is surrounded by highly suitable areas for chimpanzees (northeast and southwest). We conclude the mine could have significant direct and indirect effects on this population of chimpanzees whose impacts must be carefully considered and properly mitigated if the mine is built. Postprint

The state of Para ranks second in Brazilian mineral production, where bauxite accounts for 84% of total mineral extraction, with negative impacts on the environment as a result. The determination of objectives and targets using environmental indicators as a tool to evaluate forest restoration processes is essential in the recovery of these exploited areas. This study aimed at evaluating the efficiency of forest restoration techniques by means of 13 qualitative and quantitative indicators for monitoring post-bauxite mining operations. Permanent plots were implanted in revegetated areas with the use of two techniques: planting of seedlings and stewarding of natural regeneration. It is concluded that the techniques are efficient for the recovery of forested area. However, natural regeneration showed greater efficiency for restoration for Density, Erosion and Exotic Species indicators. Still, natural regeneration should not be the sole option in the processes of ecosystem restoration, since planting proved to be more efficient for some indicators.

Mining activities are often associated with various adverse effects. Until now, most research focuses on the environmental, occupational, and health impacts of mining activities. However, existing literature lacks information on mining activities’ impact on the quality of life of surrounding road users. Therefore, this research aims to compare the quality of life of road users between bauxite and non-bauxite areas. To achieve that objective, questionnaire survey data from road users were collected and analyzed. The findings suggest that the affected road users have an overall significantly lower health- related quality of life than the control group. Specifically, the affected road users have significantly lower physical-, psychological-, and social-related quality of life. While numerous other factors might influence the participants’ quality of life, respondent demographic and road satisfaction variables have a low to a negligible relationship with the quality of life in this study. This research’s key contribution is by identifying the impact of mining activities on road users in a developing country.

A hazai bauxitok bányászati célú kutatása a halimbai bauxitbánya 2013-ban bekövetkezett bezárásával – úgy tűnik végérvényesen – lezárult. Tudományos tanulmányozásuk, amely szinte egyidős a 110 évet megélt ipari kutatással, remélhetőleg folytatódik, bár kétségtelen, hogy a bányászat s az azt megelőző mélyfúrásos kutatás révén szinte naponta kelet kező újdonságértékű feltárásokat ezentúl legfeljebb a mintaraktárakban megőrződött(?) anyagok fogják jól-rosz-szul helyettesíteni. A visszatekintés, az eddigi eredmények számbavétele mindenképp időszerű. Erre tesz kísérletet a cikk, amely a királyerdei bauxit 1903. évi felfedezésétől kezdve a Vértes, a Bakony a Villányi-hegység, majd végül a Gerecse bauxit kincsének kutatásán-feltárásán át az ipari és a tudományos igényű vizsgálatokig, a sokoldalú őslénytani, ásvány ta ni, kőzettani, geokémiai felismerésekig s az ezek alapján megfogalmazódott paleogeográfiai, szerkezetföld tani, geodi na mi kai szintézisekig villantja fel a történet legfontosabb elemeit. Mindezek részletes kifejtésére természe te sen a rövid át te kintés nem adlehetőséget, a terjedelmes irodalomjegyzék segítségével azonban az érdeklődők ki elégít hetik kíváncsiságu kat. Az irodalomjegyzék – a hivatkozott irodalmon túl – tartalmazza a témában megjelent mérvadó közleményeket.

Perairan Sei Carang memiliki banyak area lahan terbuka dan bekas pertambangan bauksit di masa lampau. Selain itu, saat terjadi hujan di perairan Sei Carang ditemukan perairan keruh dan air berubah warna menjadi coklat kekuning-kuningan. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan penelitian dengan tujuan mengetahui kondisi lingkungan fisika perairan di perairan Sei Carang dengan parameter uji berupa kekeruhan dan kecepatan arus serta mengetahui karakteristik sedimen di perairan Sei Carang dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Metode purposive sampling tersebut diterapkan pada 4 stasiun penelitian dengan karakteristik stasiun I pada area lahan bekas pertambangan bauksit, stasiun II pada area lahan terbuka, stasiun III pada vegetasi mangrove rusak akibat penebangan, dan stasiun IV pada vegetasi mangrove alami. Karakteristik sedimen pada kolom perairan Sei Carang berupa medium sand, sedangkan pada dasar perairan Sei Carang berupa coarse sand.

Planting trees in mining zones for post-mining rehabilitation is of great interest. Therefore, it is important and necessary to study the current state of the air, water, and soil environment in the mine exploited area. Therefore, this article studied and assessed the environmental state in Tan Rai bauxite mining area at Bao Lam district, Lam Dong province through the environmental components of air, water and soil, as a basis for selection of suitable crops for post-mining rehabilitation. The research result showed that the air quality in the bauxite mining area met the standard 3733/2002/QĐ-BYT. Almost monitoring parameters of surface water and wastewater is within the allowed threshold of Vietnam standards. However surface water had a sign of TSS and COD pollution (TSS and COD at the Danos stream after the received point of wastewater from No.6 tailing lake were 1.6 times and 1.07 times higher than those in standard). Ground water was polluted by Coliform (20-63,3 times over standard) and cation NH4+ (1.1-1.5 times over standard); Soil in exploiting region was strongly impacted, soil profile has changed, red-yellow soil dominated, soil fertility is pretty high, pHH20 and pHKC were from acid to neuter. This studied environment state is very suitable for planting pine and acacia. These results will be useful references, as a basis for orientation of post-mining rehabilitation. Việc trồng cây xanh để phục hồi các vùng mỏ sau khai thác hiện đang rất được quan tâm. Do vậy, việc nghiên cứu hiện trạng môi trường không khí, nước và đất ở vùng khai thác mỏ là rất quan trọng và cần thiết. Bài báo nghiên cứu đánh giá hiện trạng môi trường vùng khai thác mỏ Bauxite Tân Rai, huyện Bảo Lâm, tỉnh Lâm Đồng thông qua các thành phần môi trường không khí, nước, đất, làm cơ sở cho việc lựa chọn loại cây trồng phù hợp cho công tác phục hồi môi trường sau khai thác mỏ. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy, chất lượng môi trường không khí tại vùng khai thác mỏ Bauxite đạt tiêu chuẩn 3733/2002/QĐ-BYT. Hầu hết các thông số quan trắc của nước mặt và nước thải đều nằm trong giới hạn cho phép theo tiêu chuẩn Việt Nam, tuy nhiên môi trường nước mặt cũng đang có dấu hiệu ô nhiễm TSS và COD (TSS và COD tại suối Danos phía dưới điểm tiếp nhận nước thải hồ quặng đuôi số 6 tương ứng gấp 1,6 lần và 1,07 lần so với tiêu chuẩn). Nước ngầm đang bị ô nhiễm Coliform (vượt quy chuẩn cho phép từ 20-63,3 lần) và NH4+ (vượt quy chuẩn cho phép từ 1,1-1,5 lần); Đất tại khu vực khai thác bị tác động mạnh mẽ, phẫu diện đất bị thay đổi, đất đỏ vàng chiếm ưu thế, đất có độ phì khá, pHH2O và pHKCl từ chua đến trung tính. Kết quả hiện trạng môi trường như vậy là phù hợp với trồng thông và keo. Những kết quả này là tài liệu tham khảo hữu ích, làm cơ sở cho việc định hướng phục hồi đất sau khai thác mỏ., Journal of Vietnamese Environment, Vol 9 No 5 (2018)

Introduction Retired bauxite mining workers have been at risk for developing lung diseases due to their long-term exposure to inhalation hazards. Smoking is known to decrease pulmonary function and cause lung disease. Smoking cessation may prevent these changes. This study aimed to evaluate whether smoking is associated with pulmonary changes in retired bauxite mining workers. Methods A cross-sectional study involving the database information of 140 retired bauxite mining workers from Brazil evaluated at the Worker’s Health Reference Centre and Social Security National Institute, from July 2015 until June 2016. The workers were divided in 3 groups: smokers (n=47), non-smokers (n=47), and ex-smokers (n=46). The data included: gender, age, spirometric results (normal; altered results including mild, moderate or severe changes), and presence of pulmonary parenchymal alterations in chest x-rays. It was applied the Chi-Squared test with p Results All workers were male with mean age of 62 years-old. In the smokers group, 83% spirometry tests were altered (53% mild, 19% moderate and 11% with severe changes). In this group, 64% had altered chest x-rays. In the non-smokers group, 19% spirometry tests were altered (13% mild and 6% moderate changes). In this group, 13% had altered chest x-rays. In the ex-smokers group, 35% spirometry tests were altered (11% mild, 9% moderate and 15% severe changes). In this group, 30% had altered x-rays. All results were statistically significant, except for the mild changes in the non and ex-smokers groups. Discussion These results demonstrated differences between the smokers and non-smokers groups in regard to spirometric and radiographic alterations. The ex-smokers group had improved results compared to the smokers group in regard to altered spirometric and chest x-rays findings. These data may contribute with strategies to enhance smoking cessation programs within the bauxite mining industry in order to prevent pulmonary changes in mining workers.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the litterfall deposition, the decomposition rate (KL) and the water holding capacity (WHC) of litter stored in the soil in two areas degraded by mining submitted to different methods of forest restoration: induction of natural regeneration (NR) and planting seedlings of native forest species (PS) with a forest fragment (FF) used as reference. The litterfall deposition was collected monthly over 12 months in collectors of 0.25 m2. The KL was estimated by the relation between annual litter production and litter stock in the soil surface. WHC was determined in the rainy and dry period. The litterfall deposition was lower in PS with values of 6.61 ± 0.20, 10.75 ± 0.52 and 11.83 ± 0.72 Mg ha-1 yr-1 for PS, NR and FF respectively. The KL and WHC were significantly lower in PS when compared to NR and FF, and WHC decreased significantly from the rainy season to the dry season. The induction of natural regeneration was the more effective restoration method for degraded areas regarding litterfall deposition, decomposition and water retention capacity, surpassing planting native tree species and approaching a native forest fragment info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

In the perspective of recent bauxite mining in Malaysia, this review aims to identify the potential environmental and health impacts on miners and surrounding communities. The environmental issues of bauxite mining include, air, water and soil pollution due to bauxite dust; leaching of bauxite into water sources resulting in reduced soil fertility as well as affecting agricultural food products and aquatic life. Bauxite occupational exposure affects the health of miners, and has negative consequences on the health of surrounding communities, such as increased respiratory symptoms, contamination of drinking water, other potential health risks from ingestion of bauxite and heavy metals, including noise-induced hearing loss and mental stress. This review discusses the processes of bauxite mining, its constituents and residual trace elements, and their impact on the environment and health of exposed workers and communities. It also explores the Malaysian legal requirements and standards of occupational exposure to bauxite.

The distribution of fen pondweed (Potamogeton coloratus) restricted to Europe where it is one of the rarest and most threatened pondweed species. In Hungary, former data of fen pondweed originated mostly from thermal and karstic springs. Due to intensive bauxite mining activity in the edge of the Transdanubian Mountain Range (NW Hungary) these springs dried up by the end of the 20th century, and it caused the temporal extinction of the species. After the ceasing of mining activity many of the former karstic springs have regenerated and several fen pondweed populations have re-established. In this paper we summarized 18 population data of fen pondweed collected between 1999 and 2016. Many of them were formerly registered in the 19th century too. Most of the new and re-discovered populations were found in karstic springs or in artificial and natural lakes in the vicinity of these springs.

Objective:To describe bauxite mining and alumina refining processes and to outline the relevant physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial health risks.Methods:Review article.Results:The most important risks relate to noise, ergonomics, trauma, and caustic soda splashes of the skin/

This paper explains the methods for counting the energy and material flows in the economy, and gives the main results of the Material Flows for the economy of India between 1961 and 2008 as researched by Simron Singh et al (2012). Drawing on work done in the EJOLT project, some illustrations are given of the links between the changing social metabolism and ecological distribution conflicts, looking at responses in Odisha to bauxite mining, at conflicts on sand mining, at disputes on waste management options in Delhi and at ship dismantling in Alang, Gujarat. The aim is to show how a history of social metabolism, of socio-environmental conflicts, and of the changing valuation languages deployed by various social actors in such conflicts, could be written in a common framework., Este artículo explica los métodos seguidos para calcular los flujos de energía y de materiales en cualquier economía, y da los resultados (de Singh y otros, 2012) de los cálculos de Flujos de Materiales en la India desde 1961 hasta 2008. Incorporando investigaciones realizadas en el proyecto EJOLT, mostramos la conexión entre el cambiante metabolismo social y los conflictos de distribución ecológica, con las protestas en Odisha sobre la minería de bauxita, los conflictos sobre la “minería” de arena en varios lugares de la India, los debates sobre la gestión de la basura en Delhi, y el desguace de barcos en Alang, Gujarat. Nuestro objetivo es combinar en un solo marco la historia del metabolismo social y la historia de los conflictos socio-ambientales y los distintos lenguajes de valoración usados por los actores sociales de tales conflictos.

The bauxite mining waste rocks is also referred as Partially LaterizedKhondalite (PLK) a rock that is generated during mining of bauxite. PLK rocks that associated with kaolinized khondalite rocks are being generated and dumped at the mine site as waste material or sometimes used for back filling of abandoned mines.These rocks contain 36.14% Al2O3, 29.57% SiO2, 15.87% of Fe2O3, 2.37% of TiO2 and 15.60% LOI.This rock cannot be used as a valuable material for any industry due to the presence of high iron content as well as not suitable for Bayer's process as it contains reactive silica. Physical methods such as magnetic separation, flotation, scrubbing etc. are not fully successful for removal of iron from PLK rocks. Leaching techniques are the only alternative method to minimize iron content in it. This present paper deals with leaching studies of mining waste PLK rocks during bauxite mining, is carried out on different parameters like temperature, concentration, pulp density and time. The brightness of the product is increased to 80% which is desirable for high valued ceramicproducts. Hence, the optimized parameters of the leaching can be scaled up to the industrial trials for further viability.

The application of multiple-point statistics (MPS) in the mining industry is not yet widespread and there are very few applications so far. In this paper, we focus on the problem of algorithmic input parameter selection, which is required to perform MPS simulations. The usual approach for selecting the parameters is to conduct a manual sensitivity analysis by testing a set of parameters and evaluating the resulting simulation qualities. However, carrying out such a sensitivity analysis may require significant time and effort. The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel approach to automate the parameter tuning process. The primary criterion used to select the parameters is the reproduction of the conditioning data patterns in the simulated image. The parameters of the MPS algorithm are obtained by iteratively optimising an objective function with simulated annealing. The objective function quantifies the dissimilarity between the pattern statistics of the conditioning data and the simulation image in two steps: the pattern statistics are first obtained using a smooth histogram method; then, the difference between the histograms is evaluated by computing the Jensen–Shanon divergence. The proposed approach is applied for the simulation of the geological interface (footwall contact) within a laterite-type bauxite mine deposit using the Direct Sampling MPS algorithm. The results point out two main advantages: (1) a faster parameter tuning process and (2) more objective determination of the parameters.

This study was carried out to determine the water quality assessment in nearby rivers that in bauxite mining area. Water samples were collected at Kuantan River, Riau River, Pinang River and Pandan Rivers. In situ parameters used in this study were Temperature, pH, DO, TDS and BOD. Laboratory parameters analyzed in this study were TSS, Turbidity and COD. WQI was calculated using the formula from DOE 2012. Results showed that One-Way ANOVA test (P < 0.05) for Temperature, DO, Ammonia-Nitrogen, BOD, TSS, Turbidity and COD had significantly different between the rivers while pH and TDS shows not significantly different between the rivers. WQI of Kuantan River, Pandan River, Riau River and Pinang River were 77.141, 77.478, 81.238 and 83.164 respectively. All these rivvers were classified into class II based on INWQS and required conventional treatment for water supply purposes. Keywords: bauxite; water quality index; water quality; Pahang