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As urbanization and construction activities in China continue to accelerate, the management of construction waste has become crucial. This study comprehensively investigated the current status and challenges in construction waste management in China. Through the application of building area estimation methodology combined with the Grey Prediction GM (1,1) model, we analyzed historical waste generation patterns from 2000 to 2022 and projected future trends for the next 10 years. The results revealed significant regional disparities in waste generation, with the East China region contributing over 50% of the national total, while maintaining continuous growth. National construction waste generation is projected to reach 3.084 billion tons in 2032, highlighting escalating management challenges. This study identified several critical issues in China's current management system, including incomplete statistical data, weak implementation of source reduction measures, underdeveloped classification systems, and a notably low resource utilization rate (below 10% as of 2022). Drawing on successful international practices and domestic pilot experiences, we proposed a comprehensive management framework emphasizing full-process supervision, enhanced data collection systems, improved classification management, advanced resource utilization technologies, and strengthened policy mechanisms. These proposals will foster the development of sustainable construction waste management in China's transition, in parallel with the realization of circular economy principles within the construction sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the gradation changes occurring during the sample preparation process using two methods: impact compaction and vibratory compaction, and analyses the shear strength and deformation of samples produced by these two methods. Based on this analysis, we determined the most suitable method for laboratory testing. Utilizing the selected method and through data analysis and experimental observations, we further explore the mechanical properties and particle breakage characteristics of construction waste under varying gradations and brick contents when used as roadbed fill. Research findings indicate that the particle size distribution impact of vibratory compaction on samples is less than that of impact compaction. The stress–strain curves from the former demonstrate brittle characteristics more in line with the properties of construction waste. Under varying gradations, the peak strength is positively correlated with the content of coarse particles. At the same gradation, the brick content tends to decrease the maximum shear strength. Additionally, the primary breakage modes of construction waste particles are fragmentation, fracture, and abrasion, with the resultant particle shapes predominantly being flaky. When calculated based on the initial gradation, the relative breakage rate (Br) shows that particle breakage is positively correlated with the coarse particle and brick contents. When Br is computed using postsampling gradation, particle breakage is inversely related to the maximum dry density of the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste management is a key step for addressing both the environmental impact and the growing demand for resources in the construction industry. To answer these challenges, various technologies are available, carrying different environmental impacts and sociotechnical implications. For concrete waste, recycling is the most common solution. Two main recycling roads were identified, leading to products that have low or high value and implying different technical developments and environmental impacts. This study first proposed to characterize recycling technologies by their technical degree, reflecting the complexity needed to process waste. It secondly compared their environmental impacts using LCA methodology to assess which technical complexity led to minor environmental consequences and under what conditions. The results revealed that the technologies with a low technical degree tended to have a lower environmental impact than the ones with a higher technical degree when only the generated impacts were considered. The reverse was observed when considering the aggregated impacts due to the environmental benefits provided by the potentially avoided products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction industry in Kuwait is experiencing a transformative shift with the adoption of Building Information Modeling (BIM) technologies, particularly BIM 6D for sustainability analysis and 7D for facility management. This study investigates the integration of these dimensions to address sustainability challenges in Kuwait's construction sector, aligning practices with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Through qualitative interviews with 15 stakeholders—including architects, engineers, and contractors—and analysis of industry reports, policies, and case studies, the research identifies both opportunities for and barriers to BIM adoption. While BIM offers significant potential for lifecycle analysis, waste reduction, and energy efficiency, its adoption remains limited, with only 27% of construction waste recycled. Challenges include high initial costs, a shortage of skilled personnel, and resistance to change. The study highlights actionable strategies, including enhanced regulatory frameworks, university curriculum integration, and professional training programs led by the Kuwait Society of Engineers, to address these barriers. It also emphasizes the critical role of collaboration among government bodies, industry leaders, and institutions like the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Drawing from successful international BIM projects, the findings offer a practical framework for improving sustainability in arid regions, positioning Kuwait's experience as a model for other Middle Eastern and North African countries. This research underscores the transformative role of BIM technologies in advancing global sustainable construction practices and achieving a more efficient and eco-friendly future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the potential of utilizing types of construction waste as partial cement replacements within concrete formulations. Notably, granodiorite and ceramic powders were introduced at varying substitution ratios. The impact of these waste materials on the compressive strength and radiation shielding effectiveness of traditional concrete was evaluated under both ambient and elevated temperature conditions. Additionally, several microstructural tests like X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) were conducted to assess the influence of using the optimal replacement ratios of the investigated waste powders on the studied properties of concrete. Results revealed a substantial improvement in the investigated properties of the concrete. Remarkably, a 7% substitution with waste granodiorite powder (WGDP) yielded the optimal mix for compressive strength, exhibiting increases of 24.7%, 26.1%, 22%, and 28% at room temperature, 400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C, respectively. Likewise, a 7% replacement with waste ceramic powder (WCP) exhibited quantifiable improvements in compressive strength, with approximately 23.1%, 23.5%, 25.6%, and 32.6% at room temperature, 400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C, respectively. For microstructure analysis, XRD analysis confirmed enhanced pozzolanic activity with reduced portlandite and increased calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) formation for the optimal WGDP and WCP mixes compared to the control mix. TGA analysis revealed higher CSH decomposition in modified mixes, indicating greater pozzolanic reaction. Furthermore, density and EDX analyses showed denser microstructures in waste powders-incorporated mixes due to finer particle packing and secondary hydration effect. The radiation shielding investigation show that the optimum WCP mix (C7) enhances the attenuation capability of concrete. The optimum WGP mix (GD7) also contributes positively to attenuation, though to a lesser extent than C7. Ordinary concrete (CO) exhibits the lowest LAC, indicating its baseline performance in linear attenuation. Thus, the studied CM-concrete samples provide the best protection against fast neutrons which pave the way for the utilization of industrial waste, especially ceramic and granodiorite waste, in enhancing the properties of concrete towards radiation shielding against gamma rays and neutrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction waste encompasses all of the leftover or unwanted materials, substances, and by-products that arise from constructing, renovating, or demolishing buildings, infrastructure, or other construction projects. Currently, there is a lack of systematic data on the most common types of construction waste in Bhutan. This research seeks to fill this critical knowledge gap by conducting a comprehensive analysis to identify the predominant types of construction waste in the Bhutanese and quantify it using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). The images of wastes were collected from multifarious construction site from all the dzongkhags (district). Subsequently, questionnaire was designed and distributed to engineers for pair wise comparison. Using a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, a MCDA technique was calculated to weight the scores for the factors like frequency in occurrence, environmental impacts, and recyclability. This comprehensive analysis resulted in a ranked list of waste according to their total performance scores, with wood identified as the most prevalent type of construction waste in Bhutan.Article highlights: Assessment and quantification of construction waste is very essential to suit the ecosystem of Bhutanese construction industry to develop strategic plan and management. The research findings serve as paramount importance to policy makers and infrastructure developer for needful action to prevent environment pollution. The findings indicate that wood is the most commonly generated construction waste material in Bhutan, followed by bamboo and bricks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Effective construction waste (CW) management, mainly concrete, brick, and steel, is a critical challenge due to its significant environmental and economic impacts. This study addresses this challenge by proposing multiple linear regression models to predict waste generation in residential buildings within the Egyptian construction industry, considering the influence of factors such as building design and site management features. Using data from 25 case studies, the models demonstrated high predictive accuracy, with adjusted R² values of 0.877, 0.893, and 0.889 for concrete, bricks, and steel waste, respectively. These R2 values indicate that the models explain approximately 88–89% of the variance in waste generation in residential buildings, highlighting their effectiveness in enhancing resource planning and waste management strategies. The findings suggest that incorporating variables such as total area, design consistency, and site organization significantly improves the accuracy of waste predictions. Although the models show acceptable performance, future research should aim to expand the dataset, incorporate additional variables, and test the models across different types of construction projects to validate further and refine these predictive tools. The models offer valuable insights for enhancing construction practices, minimizing waste, and supporting sustainable development in Egypt’s construction industry. With accurate forecasts of waste generation, the models help project managers and stakeholders to plan CW more effectively, mitigating unnecessary material consumption and reducing environmental impacts. These findings help to adopt sustainable construction practices, such as improved recycling processes and decreased dependence on landfills, to support Egypt’s Vision 2030.

The mathematical model, which could be represented as a fuzzy inference tree for project man-agement aimed at waste usage in wall manufacturing, is proposed in the article. The factors classification that affect production's environmental and economic efficiency is presented. The proposed ecological and economic efficiency criterion and influence factors are linguistic variables consisting of fuzzy terms on the corresponding universal sets. The proposed hierarchical system of mathematical models allows the intelligent choice of proper building material, depending on the influence of environmental parameters, socio-economic parameters, and engineering and technological parameters of a building object, based on fuzzy logical expressions “IF-THEN”. The proposed model could be used as a support system model in the decision-making process at the early feasibility stage. Estimating pros and cons based on the results of a virtual experiment in terms of proposed criterion value for specific construction waste allows proper planning of construction waste usage in the construction sector. The proposed model can be used as a design and engineering tool in the decision-making process for forecasting the ecological and economic efficiency of the use of waste in the manufacture of walls.

Abstract Construction waste encompasses all of the leftover or unwanted materials, substances, and by-products that arise from constructing, renovating, or demolishing buildings, infrastructure, or other construction projects. Currently, there is a lack of systematic data on the most common types of construction waste in Bhutan. This research seeks to fill this critical knowledge gap by conducting a comprehensive analysis to identify the predominant types of construction waste in the Bhutanese and quantify it using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). The images of wastes were collected from multifarious construction site from all the dzongkhags (district). Subsequently, questionnaire was designed and distributed to engineers for pair wise comparison. Using a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, a MCDA technique was calculated to weight the scores for the factors like frequency in occurrence, environmental impacts, and recyclability. This comprehensive analysis resulted in a ranked list of waste according to their total performance scores, with wood identified as the most prevalent type of construction waste in Bhutan.

Abstract In harsh or corrosive environments, waterproofing is essential for ground-contact structures. Protecting underground structures against groundwater contamination and moisture by waterproofing the base material, usually solid concrete, is beneficial. Long-term insulation system performance depends on component integrity and base material interaction. This study uses a hydraulically modified binder and finely ground construction waste fillers. Optimizing sealant and restoration is the goal. Additionally, this study will explore the characteristics and establish a systematic approach for determining the appropriate waterproofing system composition. The study measures the physical force required to remove the insulating layer in order to assess the adhesive strength of the sealant coating. This paper explains the theoretical conditions that improve the adhesion of the base- sealant sealing layer. A conceptual framework explains the relationship between sealant material adhesive strength, modified binder composition, and base surface moisture content. Empirical testing has proven this model works. A comprehensive study examined how base surface roughness and cracks affect sealant coating performance. We know the ideal strength factors. This study uses global optimization to examine optimized parameters' roles. This study analyzed experimental data statistically and analytically. According to computational analysis and experimental validation, the sealant material has an adhesive strength of 3.8 MPa and a sealant layer strength of 36–37 MPa. This product requires 3.9% acrylic resin, 80 kg/m3 finely broken concrete debris, and 0.38–0.39% plasticizer. For these components, a base surface with 9.7% to 9.8% moisture is ideal.

Water pollution intensifies water scarcity and poses a significant threat to ecosystems and human health. Construction waste generated by rapid urbanization also imposes a considerable burden on the environment. Fortunately, a large portion of this waste can be efficiently converted into recycled aggregates and reused in various fields including environmental remediation. In this study, three types of eco-recycled concretes (ERC) (Control-ERC, Biochar-ERC-1, and Biochar-ERC-2) were formulated by integrating shell-derived biochar with recycled aggregates. The porosity and water permeability of these concretes were characterized, and their efficacy evaluated in treating polluted water with six primary heavy metals (HMs), i.e., cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and copper (Cu). Biochar addition significantly enhanced the continuous porosity and water permeability of the concrete, and substantially enhanced its adsorption capacity of HMs. Specifically, Biochar-ERCs removed over 90% of As, Cd, and Mn, and achieved a removal rate exceeding 60% for other HMs, surpassing the performance of Control-ERC. This study not only lays a solid foundation for the wide application of Biochar-ERCs in the field of environmental protection and remediation, but also provides strong technical support and practical examples for advancing the circular economy model of converting waste into resources while addressing the challenge of global water scarcity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In New Zealand, the construction sector is responsible for a large proportion of waste sent to landfill. The plastic profile of construction waste is varied and complex in comparison to other waste types (e.g. timber, concrete, metals, plasterboard). Therefore, the diversion of plastics from landfills is less straightforward, and there are less obvious benefits to recycling this low-density, low-value waste stream. Plastic waste generated by construction activities has not been well-characterised, which has affected opportunities for waste reduction, reuse and recycling. To fill this knowledge gap, this study characterised the plastic waste generated from a residential construction site. This was used to identify opportunities to address the full waste hierarchy through reduction, reuse and recycling and ultimately enable more sustainable plastic waste management. Methods: Plastic waste generated from a construction site in Auckland, New Zealand (construction of eight terraced houses) was separated during the project into several categories (pipes, soft plastics, other plastics and hazardous waste). This was followed by in-depth auditing which further sorted waste types by main composition, followed by analysis for polymer type using fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The research was phased to determine the plastic waste generated across each of the main construction stages. Once the main polymer types had been identified, local waste providers were contacted to establish opportunities for reuse or recycling. Results: The total mass of plastics generated from all construction stages was 725 kg, 66.4% (by wt.) of which was recycled. Soft plastics, predominantly low-density polyethylene, were the most common plastic type; this was followed by pipes and expanded polystyrene. Plastic packaging, primarily soft plastics and polystyrene, accounted for 60% of total plastics and were mostly generated in the final stages of construction (i.e. fittings and fit-out). This characterisation of construction plastic waste can be used to demonstrate the feasibility of sustainable plastic waste management in Auckland and to identify construction plastic waste sources on an international scale. More studies on a variety of construction types (e.g. detached residential, apartment blocks, commercial) are required to address the full breadth of plastic materials used and to drive a more circular economy for this potential resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective and safe treatment of red mud has become a pressing global issue in recent years. The purpose of this study is to prepare different systems of low-carbon cementitious materials by combining various solid wastes (slag powder, red brick of construction waste) with different systems of low-carbon cementitious materials and to observe the effects of different cementitious compositions on the construction performance, mechanical properties, freeze–thaw resistance, and heavy metal leaching properties by designing different systems of low-carbon cementitious materials, as well as to analyze the microscopic morphology, mineral composition, and strength-forming mechanisms of the different systems of low-carbon cementitious materials through the use of X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The findings reveal that a ternary cementitious system containing 16% red brick powder exhibits the most favorable overall performance. Compared to a binary system, this mixture improves fluidity by 4.5%, increases compressive strength by 18.27%, reduces drying shrinkage by 39.56%, and lowers the mass loss rate during dry–wet cycling by 11.07%. Furthermore, the leaching levels of heavy metals such as Cr, As, Pb, Ni, and Cu in the red mud-based cementitious materials, combined with multiple solid wastes, are within the safe limits for non-hazardous environmental release, as specified by Chinese regulations, under both freeze–thaw and non-freeze–thaw conditions. This study demonstrates for the first time the potential of combining red mud with construction waste brick dust and provides a scientific basis and theoretical guidance for the synergistic utilization of alkaline solid waste, calcium solid waste, and silica–aluminum solid waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The waste management sector is crucial for protecting the environment, conserving resources, and promoting sustainable development by ensuring efficient disposal, recycling, and minimizing the harmful impact of waste. This study aims to understand the performance levels (compressive strength), environmental impact, and overall sustainability of three concrete mixes, two of which use recycled materials. The mixes are defined as a conventional mix, mix one, which replaces dune sand for recycled rubber in the mix design, and mix two, which utilizes recycled aggregate as a replacement for fine aggregates. SEM-EDS is used to assess the elemental composition and surface morphology of the materials. The potential leaching of pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), non-targeted organic compounds, and heavy metals was obtained using GC/MS and ICP-OES. The results showed low concentrations of PAHs in all mixes and a low calculated Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI), where the conventional mix and mix two had the lowest risk (55 and 33, respectively) compared to mix one, which displayed a higher risk of 125. The results of the heavy metals assessment yielded that mix one was the most contaminated, with 1535 mg/kg of nickel and 1200 mg/kg of zinc, followed by the conventional mix, with 1385 mg/kg of nickel and 135.5 mg/kg of chromium, and finally, mix two was the least contaminated with 378.5 mg/kg of nickel and 142.5 mg/kg of zinc. Overall, the sustainability potential showed that mix two, with the recycled aggregates, was the most sustainable, with a Building Material Sustainability Potential (BMSP) value of 9.25. The study advocates for a shift toward sustainable concrete practices to mitigate environmental impacts while maintaining structural integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood construction waste circularity presents enormous potential to significantly de-crease total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the European Union (EU). Latvia could become a frontrunner due to its historic relationship with forestry, wood construction practises and unused potential of the innovative application of wood. This research examines what the potential of "circular wood" in Latvia is, how ready the Latvian wood house construction sector is to engage in a circular economy and wood waste circularity and whether the legal framework is ready to support wood waste management in the country. This study presents a combined approach for systematic wood construction product circularity assessment that includes a review of existing EU and Latvian frameworks for construction and demolition waste (CDW) management and wood construction, a general analysis of wood waste recycling systems and technologies, a quantitative data analysis of construction waste management in Latvia and qualitative data analysis of the Latvian wood house construction sector, and interviews with a focus group of Latvian wood industry representatives. The Latvian scope has allowed us to clarify the pattern methodology and impact points to be replicated, tested and measured further on a broader scale, in other countries, or throughout the whole EU. The main findings reveal a potential life cycle assessment (LCA) verifying the circularity of wood and limitations of wood construction waste circularity in Latvia in terms of wood house construction industry readiness and a legal framework as well as overall social prejudices for circular construction. Findings indicate an overall awareness and level of willingness to participate and engage in the circular construction models among Latvians; however, proactiveness and support (legal and financial) is expected from the government and municipalities. The recommendations point towards improvements in wood waste data management, the wood construction sector and the overall impact on sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current framework for managing construction waste, guided by European Union regulations, calls for an integrated waste management system. However, the reuse of old plaster waste, particularly from deteriorated facades, remains underexplored. This study investigates the potential of repurposing old plaster waste as a substitute for aggregates and cement in mortars, with the aim of promoting environmental sustainability and resource efficiency. Three mortar mixes were analyzed: a control mix, a mix with 45% waste replacing aggregates, and a mix with 10% waste replacing cement. Results show that replacing 45% of aggregates with plaster waste led to a 30% reduction in flexural strength, while the 10% cement replacement increased flexural strength by 6%. Compressive strength dropped by 27% and 38% for cement and aggregate replacements, respectively. Despite these reductions, the waste replacement remained within acceptable limits for structural integrity. Further microscopic analysis revealed that the incomplete integration of portlandite particles from the waste contributed to non-uniform bonding and crystal formation, weakening the mortar's structure. This research demonstrates the feasibility of reusing old plaster waste, offering a novel approach to reducing construction waste and promoting a circular economy. It contributes to filling the knowledge gap on the reuse of plaster mortars while aligning with sustainable construction goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the practical road performance of recycled materials from construction waste, relying on the paving test section of the supporting project for the Qingdao Cross-Sea Bridge. The research focuses on the construction technology and road performance of using recycled construction waste materials in urban road sub-base construction. Through indoor tests such as sieving and unconfined compressive strength tests, relevant technical indicators were obtained and analyzed. Additionally, periodic core sampling, compaction tests, and rebound deflection tests were conducted on-site according to relevant standards to thoroughly investigate the specific effects of using construction waste in practice and to analyze and evaluate the actual feasibility of the materials for road use. The results indicate that the particle gradation of the construction mix in the test section aligns well with the target gradation, and the dosage of the mixing agent meets the design requirements. The 7-day unconfined compressive strength already satisfied the technical requirements for heavy and extremely heavy traffic on highways as specified in the "Technical Specifications for Construction of Highway Pavement Subbase" (JTG/T F20-2015), with the 14-day strength generally reaching 7 MPa. Core sampling revealed good aggregate gradation, smooth and straight profiles, and the thickness and strength of all parts meet the specifications. The compaction levels met the testing requirements, the surface deflection values showed a decreasing trend, and the deformation resistance was good, consistent with the general development patterns of semi-rigid sub-bases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme rainfall significantly threatens the safety of the landfill cover system, especially under humid climates. This study aims to provide design recommendations for a sustainable landfill cover system consisting of a low-permeability soil layer underlying a two-layer capillary barrier for humid climates. First, the numerical back-analysis was conducted for verification against a series of flume model tests. Then, a parametric study was performed to investigate the effects of inclination angle, particle size and layer thickness on the lateral diversion length (DL) of the three-layer cover system under the 100-year return period rainfall of humid climates. The results show that the water lateral DL of the cover system can be greatly enhanced by increasing the inclination angle from 3° to 18°. Moreover, the bottom layer of the cover system with a coarser d10 was more susceptible to the impact of the heavy rainfall, while this can be alleviated by increasing the thickness of the bottom layer. A dimensionless number, defined as the ratio of thickness and d10 of the bottom layer, is proposed for designing lateral diversion of the three-layer cover system under humid climates. To preserve the maximum DL, it is suggested that the proposed dimensionless number should be larger than 95 and 110 for the design of rainfall events with 50-year and 100-year return periods for humid climates, respectively.

Abstract Background Due to growing global concerns regarding the management of construction waste, this study investigates the feasibility of creating engineered geopolymer composites by replacing traditional industrial by-products (slag) with construction waste, specifically recycled brick waste powder. Results Polyvinyl alcohol fibers were incorporated into the engineered geopolymer composite mixtures. The substitution of slag with recycled brick waste powder was carried out at varying percentages: 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%, resulting in six different engineered geopolymer composite mixtures. The study evaluated the flexural strength, sorptivity, water absorption, and abrasion resistance of the engineered geopolymer composites, and also, microstructural characterization was conducted using scanning electron microscopy. The findings demonstrated that incorporating recycled brick waste powder into the engineered geopolymer composite mixes resulted in a decrease in flexural strength by 35.59% and a notable increase in midspan deflection by 339% when slag was replaced. Concurrently, there was a significant rise in water absorption and sorptivity by approximately 304 and 214%, respectively, when slag was entirely substituted with recycled brick waste powder. Conversely, abrasion resistance decreased, with the inclusion of recycled brick waste powder resulting in an 84% increase in volume change. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed active geopolymerization of recycled brick waste powder within the engineered geopolymer composite mixtures. Conclusions The results of this investigation demonstrate that it is feasible to produce engineered geopolymer composites using recycled brick waste powder instead of slag. The greater ductility and increased midspan deflection point to areas that require further optimization, even in spite of the observed decreases in flexural strength and abrasion resistance. The SEM examination reveals an active geopolymerization, highlighting the potential of recycled brick waste powder to produce environmentally friendly and sustainable construction materials. These results offer a good starting point for further studies that try to maximize the durability and performance of these composites.

The construction sector is among the most polluting industries globally, accounting for approximately 37.5% of the European Union's total waste generation in 2020. Therefore, it is imperative to develop strategies to enhance the sustainability of this sector. This paper proposes a multiscale COMSOL Multiphysics numerical model for an ex situ mineral carbonation process of hydrated lime. The carbonation process is characterized at both the micro- and macroscale levels, encompassing interactions within and between the particles. This model incorporates both reaction and diffusion phenomena, considering the effects of porosity and liquid-water saturation parameters. Generally, liquid-water saturation enhances the reaction kinetics but not CO2 diffusion, while porosity improves CO2 diffusion throughout the granular bed. The model has been experimentally validated, showing promising results by accurately characterizing carbonation tendencies and the influence of the CO2 flow rate and the initial water-to-solid ratio on the carbonation process. The proposed mathematical model facilitates the study of various parameters, including particle radius, reactor geometry, and material porosity. This analysis is valuable for both current and future projects, as it aims to identify the most profitable configurations for the hydrated lime carbonation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The construction industry has experienced rapid growth in recent years, as evidenced by the development of roads, bridges, residential buildings, multi-storey structures such as apartments, offices, shopping centres, and other infrastructure projects. Material costs play a crucial role in determining the success of construction projects. This study employs a quantitative research approach, utilizing primary data gathered through questionnaires distributed directly to 30 on-site respondents. The responses were analysed using SPSS to identify the factors contributing to material waste during construction. Secondary data, including project cost estimates (Budget Estimate Plan), daily reports, and material purchase records, were also analysed. The study identifies three key factors contributing to material waste: inaccurate on-site measurements, leading to the overestimation of material volumes; complex design changes; and errors in the design during the construction phase. To minimise material waste, the study applies the waste hierarchy concept. The primary types of material waste identified were concrete, bricks, and reinforcing steel. Preventive measures suggested include improving the accuracy of material estimates and orders, tracking materials that can be reused or recycled, and repurposing leftover materials for other functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction waste detection under complex scenarios poses significant challenges due to low detection accuracy, high computational complexity, and large parameter volume in existing models. These challenges are critical as accurate and efficient detection is essential for effective waste management in the construction industry, which is increasingly focused on sustainability and resource optimization. This paper aims to address the low accuracy of detection, high computational complexity, and large parameter volume in the models of construction waste detection under complex scenarios. For this purpose, an improved YOLOv8-based algorithm called FE-YOLO is proposed in this paper. This algorithm replaces the C2f module in the backbone with the Faster_C2f module and integrates the ECA attention mechanism into the bottleneck layer. Also, a custom multi-class construction waste dataset is created for evaluation. FE-YOLO achieves an mAP@50 of 92.7% on this dataset, up by 3% compared to YOLOv8n. Meanwhile, the parameter count and floating-point operations are scaled down by 12% and 13%, respectively. Finally, a test is conducted on a publicly available construction waste dataset. The test results demonstrate the excellent performance of this algorithm in generalization and robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, construction waste recycled aggregates only partially replace natural aggregates to prepare road-based materials. This study addressed this limitation and experimentally investigated the mechanical properties of cement-stabilized macadam base materials utilizing a construction waste recycled aggregate. The feasibility of using these raw materials to prepare cement-stabilized macadam bases was established via experimental validation. Subsequently, compaction tests were conducted to ascertain the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content in the mixture. The mechanical characteristics were further examined using unconfined compressive strength tests, analyzing and discussing the influences of varying cement dosages and curing periods on the material strength. The results indicate that the properties of the recycled aggregates satisfied specification requirements, demonstrating satisfactory mechanical properties. The unconfined compressive strength with a 7-day curing period and a 5% cement content fulfilled the technical standards for expressway-grade heavy and extremely heavy traffic, while that with a 6% cement content (with an added curing agent) met these requirements after just 1 day. Additionally, the curing agent enhanced the early strength of the recycled aggregate base material. This study has broken through the technical bottleneck of low content of recycled aggregate, achieved 100% replacement of natural aggregate, and promoted the sustainable development of the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With rapid urbanization growth, considerable amounts of construction waste are generated on an annual basis, posing significant economic and environmental challenges worldwide. Re-cycling construction waste is a sustainable way for waste disposal, leading to the necessity of meticulous planning of recycling centers. A well-designed plan for constructing recycling centers can effectively improve the recycling rate of construction waste while minimizing investment. This paper formulates a two-stage stochastic model for planning recycling centers with the objective of maximizing the recycling rate under different scenarios. This study comprehensively considers various uncertain factors, such as the amount of construction waste generated and the demand for recycled materials. A case study of Guangzhou is used for validation, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the developed model in planning recycling center construction. The comparison between the proposed model and a conventional mean value model shows the importance of accounting for uncertainties. Specifically, the derived results indicate that 7% more construction waste is recycled with the same investment in constructing recycling centers. Additionally, via a sensitivity analysis, valuable managerial insights on investing resources in recycling center construction are provided to decision makers. Ultimately, the research findings are expected to enhance the recycling rate of construction waste, thereby contributing to sustainable industry development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the acceleration of urban development, the annual production of urban construction waste has been increasing yearly, which brings considerable challenges for urban supervision and management, and how to quickly and accurately identify construction waste is of great practical significance. In this paper, we propose a remote sensing image dust cover net construction waste recognition algorithm based on the improved U-network model to realize construction waste target recognition. The algorithm first prepares a dust cover net construction waste identification dataset using Google high-resolution remote sensing imagery as the database. Second, VGG16 is adopted as the backbone network of the U-Net model to improve the feature expression ability of the model. Finally, the Convolution Block Attention Module (CBAM) is embedded into the U-Net network to construct the CBAM-U-Net model to enhance the information extraction accuracy of high-resolution remote sensing images. With the remote sensing image encompassing Daxing District in Beijing as an example, the results show that the proposed algorithm can automatically and efficiently recognize the dust cover net construction waste with 95.51% recognition accuracy and 95.08% Mlou, which puts forward a new idea for the supervision of construction waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective waste elimination is critical for the success of construction projects. Although several studies have focused on various aspects of construction waste, limited efforts have yet to investigate the dynamic effect of Making-Do (MD) practices on productivity, rework, defects, and material waste. From a lean construction perspective, this study aims to address MD waste using the Last Planner System (LPS) and BIM. First, the causal structure that can cause MD in construction projects was expressed in a causal loop diagram (CLD), and thematic analysis uncovered the strategies of LPS-BIM to eliminate MD identified by reviewing the literature. Secondly, twenty-five strategies from the LPS and BIM strategies to address MD using structural equation modeling (SEM) were assessed. Subsequently, a system dynamics model (SDM) for investigating LPS-BIM strategies on MD decisions in a construction project was formulated based on the underlying causal loop diagrams and the mathematical relations among the variables. Finally, the model was applied to three projects, and simulations for four LPS-BIM scenarios were carried out. The findings show that dynamic interactions among diverse production planning and control factors are critical in evaluating MD impacts on a construction project. The results demonstrate that the LPS-BIM approach resulted in an average 43.8% reduction in the tasks performed with MD, 45.3% of constraints, 66.5% of construction waste, an increasing 13.7% completion rate, and a 29.3% cost reduction, demonstrating that LPS-BIM is a more efficient solution for MD mitigation and construction planning. This study aims to guide construction planners and policymakers to better manage their production constraints by eliminating negative MD practices from their plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous sound absorption ceramic is one of the most promising materials for effectively eliminating noise pollution. However, its high production cost and low mechanical strength limit its practical applications. In this work, low-cost and in situ mullite whisker-reinforced porous sound-absorbing ceramics were prepared using recyclable construction waste and Al2O3 powder as the main raw materials, and AlF3 and CeO2 as the additives, respectively. The effects of CeO2 content, AlF3 content, and sintering temperature on the microstructure and properties of the porous ceramics were systematically investigated. The results showed that a small amount of CeO2 significantly promoted the growth of elongated mullite crystals in the resultant porous ceramics, decreased the growth temperature of the mullite whiskers, and significantly increased the biaxial flexural strength. When 2 wt.% CeO2 and 12 wt.% AlF3 were added to the system, mullite whiskers were successfully obtained at a sintering temperature of 1300 °C for 1 h, which exhibited excellent properties, including an open porosity of 56.4 ± 0.6%, an average pore size of 1.32–2.54 μm, a biaxial flexural strength of 23.7 ± 0.9 MPa, and a sound absorption coefficient of >0.8 at 800–4000 Hz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to growing global concerns regarding the management of construction waste, this study investigates the feasibility of creating engineered geopolymer composites by replacing traditional industrial by-products (slag) with construction waste, specifically recycled brick waste powder. Results: Polyvinyl alcohol fibers were incorporated into the engineered geopolymer composite mixtures. The substitution of slag with recycled brick waste powder was carried out at varying percentages: 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%, resulting in six different engineered geopolymer composite mixtures. The study evaluated the flexural strength, sorptivity, water absorption, and abrasion resistance of the engineered geopolymer composites, and also, microstructural characterization was conducted using scanning electron microscopy. The findings demonstrated that incorporating recycled brick waste powder into the engineered geopolymer composite mixes resulted in a decrease in flexural strength by 35.59% and a notable increase in midspan deflection by 339% when slag was replaced. Concurrently, there was a significant rise in water absorption and sorptivity by approximately 304 and 214%, respectively, when slag was entirely substituted with recycled brick waste powder. Conversely, abrasion resistance decreased, with the inclusion of recycled brick waste powder resulting in an 84% increase in volume change. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed active geopolymerization of recycled brick waste powder within the engineered geopolymer composite mixtures. Conclusions: The results of this investigation demonstrate that it is feasible to produce engineered geopolymer composites using recycled brick waste powder instead of slag. The greater ductility and increased midspan deflection point to areas that require further optimization, even in spite of the observed decreases in flexural strength and abrasion resistance. The SEM examination reveals an active geopolymerization, highlighting the potential of recycled brick waste powder to produce environmentally friendly and sustainable construction materials. These results offer a good starting point for further studies that try to maximize the durability and performance of these composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid pace of global urbanisation, construction demolition waste (CDW) constitutes roughly 36% of the total solid waste deposited in landfill sites worldwide, thereby posing a significant challenge to the sustainability of the construction industry. To address this issue, circular economy strategies are proposed as a solution. This paper systematically analyses 55 research articles published in leading peer-reviewed English-language scholarly journals over the past decade. It aims to identify and categorise drivers for enhanced CDW management by synthesising findings from previous research to support the principles of a circular economy. Utilising a PESTLE model for classification and analysis provides valuable insights into disparities and distinctions among categories, regions, and countries. The resulting analysis yields valuable insights into enablers and trends, with the aim of making a substantial contribution to mitigating the impact of construction activities and thus fostering the establishment of an efficient circular economy within the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Civil construction is one of the oldest activities known to humanity, with reports indicating that builders from the Roman Empire were already seeking to reuse materials. Currently, considering the depletion of natural resource supplies, the recycling of solid construction and demolition waste (CDW) not only provides new products but also presents ecological and economical alternatives. In this context, this research explores new variables for the disposal of CDW, with the manufacturing of artificial finishing stones appearing as a strong possibility to be studied. This research presents the development of a new composite from CDW, using an orthophthalic polyester resin as a binder. The waste was sieved and separated by granulometry using the simplex centroid method. The best-compacted mixture was determined statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test. The waste was characterized by X-ray fluorescence, and the resin by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Artificial stone slabs were produced with 85% waste and 15% resin by mass, using the vibro-compression and vacuum system. They were subsequently cut for mechanical, physical, and chemical tests. Microstructural analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy on the surfaces of the fractured compositions, as well as on the grains. The artificial stone with the best results had a density of 2.256 g/cm3, a water absorption of 0.69%, and an apparent porosity of 1.55%. It also exhibited a flexural strength of 34.74 MPa and a compressive strength of 111.96 MPa, alongside good results in alterability and thermal tests. In this satisfactory scenario, the use of this waste in the composition of artificial stones is promising, as it directly aligns with the concept of sustainable development. It replaces the end-of-life concept of the linear economy with new circular flows of reuse, restoration, and renewal, in an integrated process of the circular economy. Additionally, the quality of the final product exhibits properties similar to those of commercially available artificial stones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction industry is known for poor performance, low productivity, high waste generation, and for lagging in the adoption of new technology. A high rate of material wastage in construction projects has economic and environmental implications for concerned stakeholders. Construction waste quantification is an essential requirement for formulating waste management strategies. Technological advancements like building information modeling (BIM) and artificial intelligence (AI) provide effective solutions to the construction industry to deal with these prevalent issues. This literature review-based study observes the scarcity of research on the application of BIM in construction waste quantification. The limited number of studies found in the literature confirm the ability of BIM-aided waste quantification models to forecast waste generation. Moreover, the application of these models can also assist in reducing waste to a considerable extent. This study recommends that further studies should be conducted on technology-assisted waste quantification in building and infrastructure projects to evaluate their effectiveness for subsequent implementation in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The production of building materials impacts non-renewable resources through excessive raw material extraction and fossil resource consumption. This study investigates alternatives to Portland cement concrete by valorizing construction and demolition waste (CDW), including brick and reinforced concrete. The objective is to replace or eliminate clinker using geopolymers while incorporating CDW as recycled aggregates. Sustainable concretes were developed, such as geoconcrete with 0% clinker and 50% recycled aggregate, along with blends containing varying CDW percentages for structural applications. Results indicate that geopolymers with 100% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) achieve properties comparable to reference concrete. However, mixtures with recycled brick and concrete show lower strength due to low molarity and recycled aggregate usage. Elastic modulus increases with 100% GBFS but decreases by less than 10% with CDW. In beams, breaking moments reduce by up to 30% with 25% CDW, while brick-based mixtures demonstrate higher energy absorption.

IntroductionIn New Zealand, the construction sector is responsible for a large proportion of waste sent to landfill. The plastic profile of construction waste is varied and complex in comparison to other waste types (e.g. timber, concrete, metals, plasterboard). Therefore, the diversion of plastics from landfills is less straightforward, and there are less obvious benefits to recycling this low-density, low-value waste stream. Plastic waste generated by construction activities has not been well-characterised, which has affected opportunities for waste reduction, reuse and recycling. To fill this knowledge gap, this study characterised the plastic waste generated from a residential construction site. This was used to identify opportunities to address the full waste hierarchy through reduction, reuse and recycling and ultimately enable more sustainable plastic waste management.MethodsPlastic waste generated from a construction site in Auckland, New Zealand (construction of eight terraced houses) was separated during the project into several categories (pipes, soft plastics, other plastics and hazardous waste). This was followed by in-depth auditing which further sorted waste types by main composition, followed by analysis for polymer type using fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The research was phased to determine the plastic waste generated across each of the main construction stages. Once the main polymer types had been identified, local waste providers were contacted to establish opportunities for reuse or recycling.ResultsThe total mass of plastics generated from all construction stages was 725 kg, 66.4% (by wt.) of which was recycled. Soft plastics, predominantly low-density polyethylene, were the most common plastic type; this was followed by pipes and expanded polystyrene. Plastic packaging, primarily soft plastics and polystyrene, accounted for 60% of total plastics and were mostly generated in the final stages of construction (i.e. fittings and fit-out). This characterisation of construction plastic waste can be used to demonstrate the feasibility of sustainable plastic waste management in Auckland and to identify construction plastic waste sources on an international scale. More studies on a variety of construction types (e.g. detached residential, apartment blocks, commercial) are required to address the full breadth of plastic materials used and to drive a more circular economy for this potential resource.

Waste management is a key step for addressing both the environmental impact and the growing demand for resources in the construction industry. To answer these challenges, various technologies are available, carrying different environmental impacts and sociotechnical implications. For concrete waste, recycling is the most common solution. Two main recycling roads were identified, leading to products that have low or high value and implying different technical developments and environmental impacts. This study first proposed to characterize recycling technologies by their technical degree, reflecting the complexity needed to process waste. It secondly compared their environmental impacts using LCA methodology to assess which technical complexity led to minor environmental consequences and under what conditions. The results revealed that the technologies with a low technical degree tended to have a lower environmental impact than the ones with a higher technical degree when only the generated impacts were considered. The reverse was observed when considering the aggregated impacts due to the environmental benefits provided by the potentially avoided products.

The construction industry in Kuwait is experiencing a transformative shift with the adoption of Building Information Modeling (BIM) technologies, particularly BIM 6D for sustainability analysis and 7D for facility management. This study investigates the integration of these dimensions to address sustainability challenges in Kuwait’s construction sector, aligning practices with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Through qualitative interviews with 15 stakeholders—including architects, engineers, and contractors—and analysis of industry reports, policies, and case studies, the research identifies both opportunities for and barriers to BIM adoption. While BIM offers significant potential for lifecycle analysis, waste reduction, and energy efficiency, its adoption remains limited, with only 27% of construction waste recycled. Challenges include high initial costs, a shortage of skilled personnel, and resistance to change. The study highlights actionable strategies, including enhanced regulatory frameworks, university curriculum integration, and professional training programs led by the Kuwait Society of Engineers, to address these barriers. It also emphasizes the critical role of collaboration among government bodies, industry leaders, and institutions like the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Drawing from successful international BIM projects, the findings offer a practical framework for improving sustainability in arid regions, positioning Kuwait’s experience as a model for other Middle Eastern and North African countries. This research underscores the transformative role of BIM technologies in advancing global sustainable construction practices and achieving a more efficient and eco-friendly future.

With the rapid development of the construction industry, construction waste (CW) has recently attracted much attention in many developing countries such as Türkiye. As a result, the effective management of construction waste has emerged as a critical concern at the global level. Reducing and managing CW is imperative to promote sustainable urban development. Although several scholars have made many valuable attempts to develop strategies to minimize CW, one of the most effective ways is to propose a road map for CW minimization, which is a method that has never been applied before, neither in this domain nor in the construction management and architectural domain. Unlike former studies, a roadmap was developed for reducing CW in this study. To create a roadmap, three steps were followed in this study. Firstly, CW causes were identified with a systematic literature review. Then, surveys were conducted with the construction stakeholders to obtain their perceptions of these causes. A normalized mean value analysis was conducted, and the importance and criticality of the CW causes were determined. Secondly, a timeline was developed, and it overlapped with the importance of the causes. Finally, roadmap strategies were created, and solutions were proposed to solve the causes of CW in the short, medium, and long term. The roadmap method, which is often used to develop new technologies, has not been used in this way to solve a problem before. Therefore, the study is unique and offers strategies that can be integrated into other studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urbanization process generates a substantial amount of construction waste, and traditional disposal methods lead to environmental pollution and resource wastage. There is an urgent need to develop more efficient and environmentally friendly treatment technologies. This paper investigates the pyrolysis characteristics of construction waste and its application in low-temperature thermal cycle systems. First, the pyrolysis reaction mechanism of construction waste is analyzed through experiments and simulations, revealing the decomposition patterns and reaction mechanisms of various components during pyrolysis. Secondly, the thermodynamic performance of construction waste in lowtemperature thermal cycle systems is evaluated to explore its feasibility and application prospects in practical engineering. The research results indicate that the pyrolysis of construction waste can effectively reduce waste volume and produce high-value-added products. The low-temperature thermal cycle system shows promising potential in terms of energy utilization efficiency and economic viability. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the treatment and resource utilization of construction waste and is significant for promoting green building and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the acceleration of urbanization, the volume of construction waste has increased rapidly, posing a challenge in effective utilization. Heat pump systems, known for their energy efficiency and environmental benefits, offer a promising solution by using construction waste as a low-temperature heat source. This not only mitigates the pollution caused by waste but also facilitates the efficient recycling and reuse of resources. While existing studies have mainly focused on performance evaluation of heat pump systems, research on using construction waste as a heat source is relatively sparse. Exploring this innovative heat source application could provide new directions for the development of heat pump technology. Despite achievements in performance evaluation and waste utilization, there are shortcomings such as a strong dependence on traditional heat sources, insufficient consideration of the unique properties of construction waste, and imperfect analysis methods for component exergy losses. This paper is divided into two main sections: the construction of a mathematical model for a heat pump system using construction waste as a low-temperature heat source, explaining the underlying principles; and a detailed analysis of the exergy losses in system components, proposing a method for performance evaluation. Through this research, the paper aims to provide new technical support for the recycling of construction waste, enhance the overall efficiency of heat pump systems, and advance the development of energy-saving and environmental technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mathematical model, which could be represented as a fuzzy inference tree for project man-agement aimed at waste usage in wall manufacturing, is proposed in the article. The factors classification that affect production's environmental and economic efficiency is presented. The proposed ecological and economic efficiency criterion and influence factors are linguistic variables consisting of fuzzy terms on the corresponding universal sets. The proposed hierarchical system of mathematical models allows the intelligent choice of proper building material, depending on the influence of environmental parameters, socio-economic parameters, and engineering and technological parameters of a building object, based on fuzzy logical expressions "IF-THEN". The proposed model could be used as a support system model in the decision-making process at the early feasibility stage. Estimating pros and cons based on the results of a virtual experiment in terms of proposed criterion value for specific construction waste allows proper planning of construction waste usage in the construction sector. The proposed model can be used as a design and engineering tool in the decision-making process for forecasting the ecological and economic efficiency of the use of waste in the manufacture of walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article was to conduct a spatial and territorial analysis of the urban mining potential of the European Metropolis of Lille (MEL), which had 1,174,273 inhabitants in 2018. This involved quantifying construction and demolition waste (CDW) deposits and analyzing their spatial distribution. The chosen quantification approach utilized building and demolition permits as input data, along with waste diagnostics for Construction and Building Materials Products (CBMPs) obtained from stakeholders in the building sector. Waste quantities were estimated using the production rate calculation method (GRC). Specifically, the calculation based on surface area combined with GIS geographic information systems. CDW quantities were categorized by demolition rehabilitation and construction; by type (hazardous non-hazardous inert); and by urban fabric. For the MEL area, the findings revealed that building sites covered the largest surface area, with over 8 million m² being constructed between 2013 and 2022. The construction activity, including renovation, is expected to constitute approximately 20% of the MEL's building stock from 2013 to 2022. During the same period, 5.51% of the MEL's building stock was demolished. This corresponds to nearly 6 million tons of CDW being generated during this period, averaging 661318 tons per year. Demolition sites contributed 73% of the total CDW production, compared to 22% for new construction and 4% for renovation sites. Inert waste continued to dominate the composition of waste, accounting for 90% of the total with 9% for non-hazardous waste and 1% for hazardous waste. Semi-detached and grouped houses business fabrics and townhouses or collective fabrics were identified as the primary type of waste-producing urban fabrics. Furthermore, our GIS-based methodology enabled the analysis of CDW quantity distribution by municipality, providing essential data for understanding the urban mining potential and the disparity between construction material requirements for new buildings and resources derived from building demolition. This approach facilitates the assessment of (1) a geographical area's reliance on construction materials, and (2) the significance of reusing and recycling products equipment materials and waste (PEMW) in new construction to achieve circular economy objectives and to comply with the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) channel initiated in France in 2023. Over the period from 2013 to 2022, annual construction material requirements remained significantly higher than resources from building demolition and rehabilitation, ranging between 29% and 35%. Additionally, the analysis indicated a potential 41% rate of substitution of new construction materials with secondary primary materials in the MEL, varying by municipality and typology, with higher rates in rural communities and lower rates in urban communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]