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Flexible electronics has emerged as a continuously growing field of study. Two‐dimensional (2D) materials often act as conductors and electrodes in electronic devices, holding significant promise in the design of high‐performance, flexible electronics. Numerous studies have focused on harnessing the potential of these materials for the development of such devices. However, to date, the incorporation of 2D materials in flexible electronics has rarely been summarized or reviewed. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop comprehensive reviews for rapid updates on this evolving landscape. This review covers progress in complex material architectures based on 2D materials, including interfaces, heterostructures, and 2D/polymer composites. Additionally, it explores flexible and wearable energy storage and conversion, display and touch technologies, and biomedical applications, together with integrated design solutions. Although the pursuit of high‐performance and high‐sensitivity instruments remains a primary objective, the integrated design of flexible electronics with 2D materials also warrants consideration. By combining multiple functionalities into a singular device, augmented by machine learning and algorithms, we can potentially surpass the performance of existing wearable technologies. Finally, we briefly discuss the future trajectory of this burgeoning field. This review discusses the recent advancements in flexible sensors made from 2D materials and their applications in integrated architecture and device design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shortage and unevenness of fossil energy sources are affecting the development and progress of human civilization. The technology of efficiently converting material resources into energy for utilization and storage is attracting the attention of researchers. Environmentally friendly biomass materials are a treasure to drive the development of new‐generation energy sources. Electrochemical theory is used to efficiently convert the chemical energy of chemical substances into electrical energy. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of green and economical electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Although many reviews have been reported around the application of biomass‐derived catalytically active carbon (CAC) catalysts in ORR, these reviews have only selected a single/partial topic (including synthesis and preparation of catalysts from different sources, structural optimization, or performance enhancement methods based on CAC catalysts, and application of biomass‐derived CACs) for discussion. There is no review that systematically addresses the latest progress in the synthesis, performance enhancement, and applications related to biomass‐derived CAC‐based oxygen reduction electrocatalysts synchronously. This review fills the gap by providing a timely and comprehensive review and summary from the following sections: the exposition of the basic catalytic principles of ORR, the summary of the chemical composition and structural properties of various types of biomass, the analysis of traditional and the latest popular biomass‐derived CAC synthesis methods and optimization strategies, and the summary of the practical applications of biomass‐derived CAC‐based oxidative reduction electrocatalysts. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest advances to provide research directions and design ideas for the development of catalyst synthesis/optimization and contributes to the industrialization of biomass‐derived CAC electrocatalysis and electric energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, we investigate the potential of modified barium titanate (BaTiO3), an inexpensive perovskite oxide derived from earth-abundant precursors, for developing efficient water oxidation electrocatalysts using first-principles calculations. Based on our calculations, Rh doping is a way of making BaTiO3 absorb more light and have less overpotential needed for water to oxidize. It has been shown that a TiO2-terminated BaTiO3 (001) surface is more promising from the point of view of its use as a catalyst. Rh doping expands the spectrum of absorbed light to the entire visible range. The aqueous environment significantly affects the ability of Rh-doped BaTiO3 to absorb solar radiation. After Ti→Rh replacement, the doping ion can take over part of the electron density from neighboring oxygen ions. As a result, during the water oxidation reaction, rhodium ions can be in an intermediate oxidation state between 3+ and 4+. This affects the adsorption energy of reaction intermediates on the catalyst's surface, reducing the overpotential value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to their rich structural chemistry and unique electrochemical properties, vanadium-based materials, especially the low-dimensional ones, are showing promising applications in energy storage and conversion. In this invited review, low-dimensional vanadium-based materials (including 0D, 1D, and 2D nanostructures of vanadium-containing oxides, polyanions, and mixed-polyanions) and their emerging applications in advanced alkali-metal-ion batteries (e.g., Li-ion, Na-ion, and K-ion batteries) are systematically summarized. Future development trends, challenges, solutions, and perspectives are discussed and proposed. Mechanisms and new insights are also given for the development of advanced vanadium-based materials in high-performance energy storage and conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Flexible electronics has emerged as a continuously growing field of study. Two‐dimensional (2D) materials often act as conductors and electrodes in electronic devices, holding significant promise in the design of high‐performance, flexible electronics. Numerous studies have focused on harnessing the potential of these materials for the development of such devices. However, to date, the incorporation of 2D materials in flexible electronics has rarely been summarized or reviewed. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop comprehensive reviews for rapid updates on this evolving landscape. This review covers progress in complex material architectures based on 2D materials, including interfaces, heterostructures, and 2D/polymer composites. Additionally, it explores flexible and wearable energy storage and conversion, display and touch technologies, and biomedical applications, together with integrated design solutions. Although the pursuit of high‐performance and high‐sensitivity instruments remains a primary objective, the integrated design of flexible electronics with 2D materials also warrants consideration. By combining multiple functionalities into a singular device, augmented by machine learning and algorithms, we can potentially surpass the performance of existing wearable technologies. Finally, we briefly discuss the future trajectory of this burgeoning field. This review discusses the recent advancements in flexible sensors made from 2D materials and their applications in integrated architecture and device design.

Abstract The shortage and unevenness of fossil energy sources are affecting the development and progress of human civilization. The technology of efficiently converting material resources into energy for utilization and storage is attracting the attention of researchers. Environmentally friendly biomass materials are a treasure to drive the development of new‐generation energy sources. Electrochemical theory is used to efficiently convert the chemical energy of chemical substances into electrical energy. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of green and economical electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Although many reviews have been reported around the application of biomass‐derived catalytically active carbon (CAC) catalysts in ORR, these reviews have only selected a single/partial topic (including synthesis and preparation of catalysts from different sources, structural optimization, or performance enhancement methods based on CAC catalysts, and application of biomass‐derived CACs) for discussion. There is no review that systematically addresses the latest progress in the synthesis, performance enhancement, and applications related to biomass‐derived CAC‐based oxygen reduction electrocatalysts synchronously. This review fills the gap by providing a timely and comprehensive review and summary from the following sections: the exposition of the basic catalytic principles of ORR, the summary of the chemical composition and structural properties of various types of biomass, the analysis of traditional and the latest popular biomass‐derived CAC synthesis methods and optimization strategies, and the summary of the practical applications of biomass‐derived CAC‐based oxidative reduction electrocatalysts. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest advances to provide research directions and design ideas for the development of catalyst synthesis/optimization and contributes to the industrialization of biomass‐derived CAC electrocatalysis and electric energy storage.

Abstract The commercialization of a polymer membrane H2–O2 fuel cell and its widespread use call for the development of cost‐effective oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) nonplatinum group metal (NPGM) catalysts. Nevertheless, to meet the requests for the real‐world fuel cell application and replacing platinum catalysts, it still needs to address some challenges for NPGM catalysts regarding the sluggish ORR kinetics in the cathode and their poor durability in acidic environment. In response to these issues, numerous efforts have been made to study NPGM catalysts both theoretically and experimentally, developed these into the atomically dispersed coordinated metal–nitrogen–carbon (M–N–C) form over the past decades. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of recent advancements on NPGM catalysts with high activity and durability. Catalyst design strategies in terms of optimizing active‐site density and enhancing catalyst stability against demetalization and carbon corrosion are highlighted. It is also emphasized the importance of understanding the mechanisms and principles behind those strategies through a combination of theoretical modeling and experimental work. Especially, further understanding the mechanisms related to the active‐site structure and the formation process of the single‐atom active site under pyrolysis conditions is critical for active‐site engineering. Optimizing the active‐site distance is the basic principle for improving catalyst activity through increasing the catalyst active‐site density. Theoretical studies for the catalyst deactivation mechanism and modeling stable active‐site structures provide both mechanisms and principles to improve the NPGM catalyst durability. Finally, currently remained challenges and perspectives in the future on designing high‐performance atomically dispersed NPGM catalysts toward fuel cell application are discussed.

The recycling of key components in waste lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is an important route to make up for the shortage of battery materials. Metal separation and purification is an important step. It is of great significance to propose an efficient and green separation technology. In this paper, an electrochemical precipitation method was applied to metal separation from spent LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode material. The Li and metal elements were effective separated and the precipitates were then used as precursor to synthesize high-performance R–O3-NaNFM cathode material for sodium-ion batteries. The R–O3-NaNFM exhibits excellent electrochemical cycling stability. The capacity retains 71.3 mAh g−1 after a long-term cycling of 200 times at 1 C. This method offers a referable strategy of the recycling for the waste cathode material in spent LIBs.

High-entropy oxides (HEOs) are gaining prominence in the field of electrochemistry due to their distinctive structural characteristics, which give rise to their advanced stable and modifiable functional properties. This review presents fundamental preparations, incidental characterizations, and typical structures of HEOs. The prospective applications of HEOs in various electrochemical aspects of electrocatalysis and energy conversion-storage are also summarized, including recent developments and the general trend of HEO structure design in the catalysis containing oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), supercapacitors (SC), lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), and so forth. Moreover, this review notes some apparent challenges and multiple opportunities for the use of HEOs in the wide field of energy to further guide the development of practical applications. The influence of entropy is significant, and high-entropy oxides are expected to drive the improvement of energy science and technology in the near future.

The need for energy is rising quickly, and the usage of fossil fuels is contributing to the greenhouse effect and environmental pollution, both of which are raising public concerns. The development of novel electrochemical energy storage techniques as well as the creation of cleaner, more sustainable energies have both become highly researched topics as a result of this condition. New functional materials are being investigated for the advancement of energy storage. High entropy hydroxides (HEH) have lately been emerged as promising electrocatalyst for universal water splitting reactions, which are central for solid oxide fuel cells, hydrogen production and metal-air batteries. In this work, a cost-effective and scalable fabrication method was applied to fabricate several HEH on Nickel foam through single-step electrodeposition technique. Results showed that high-entropy FeCoNiMnOOH exhibits excellent OER activity with a low overpotential of 151 mV at current density of 100 mA cm−2, which is associated with it’s defective structure.

In the present work, we investigate the potential of modified barium titanate (BaTiO3), an inexpensive perovskite oxide derived from earth-abundant precursors, for developing efficient water oxidation electrocatalysts using first-principles calculations. Based on our calculations, Rh doping is a way of making BaTiO3 absorb more light and have less overpotential needed for water to oxidize. It has been shown that a TiO2-terminated BaTiO3 (001) surface is more promising from the point of view of its use as a catalyst. Rh doping expands the spectrum of absorbed light to the entire visible range. The aqueous environment significantly affects the ability of Rh-doped BaTiO3 to absorb solar radiation. After Ti→Rh replacement, the doping ion can take over part of the electron density from neighboring oxygen ions. As a result, during the water oxidation reaction, rhodium ions can be in an intermediate oxidation state between 3+ and 4+. This affects the adsorption energy of reaction intermediates on the catalyst’s surface, reducing the overpotential value.

Investigating the electrochemical behavior of the CNT/Fe2O3 nanocomposite revealed compelling insights. TEM analysis confirmed the uniform attachment of Fe2O3 nanoparticles to the surface of CNTs. Consequently, in the three-electrode system, the CNT/Fe2O3 nanocomposite hybrid electrode exhibited impressive electrochemical performance. Achieving a high capacitance of approximately 512 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g, the CNT/Fe2O3 nanocomposite electrode showcased a remarkable energy density of 29.5 Wh/kg at a power density of 2.8 kW/kg. The exceptional electrochemical properties of CNT Fe2O3 nanocomposites position them as promising electrode materials for supercapacitors.

Herein, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer/styrene ethylene butylene styrene (EVA/SEBS) blend foam with wide effective damping temperature range (ΔT) was prepared via supercritical nitrogen. The influence of the ratio of EVA and SEBS on the foaming and damping properties was studied. ΔT gradually widened into the high temperature region with the increase of SEBS content, and higher SEBS gave denser and more uniform cell structure and reduced the density of the blend foam. When the content of SEBS was 40 phr, the density of the blended foam was 0.185 g/cm³, and the ΔT was -3~54°C. These damping foams were lightweight and this work showed that damping performance could be controlled by simply adjusting blend content, which is of great significance to broaden the application environment of damping materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc–air batteries (ZABs) have garnered significant interest as a viable substitute for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), primarily due to their impressive energy density and low cost. However, the efficacy of zinc–air batteries is heavily dependent on electrocatalysts, which play a vital role in enhancing reaction efficiency and stability. This scholarly review article highlights the crucial significance of electrocatalysts in zinc–air batteries and explores the rationale behind employing Fe-Co-Ni-Zn-based metal–organic framework (MOF)-derived hybrid materials as potential electrocatalysts. These MOF-derived electrocatalysts offer advantages such as abundancy, high catalytic activity, tunability, and structural stability. Various synthesis methods and characterization techniques are employed to optimize the properties of MOF-derived electrocatalysts. Such electrocatalysts exhibit excellent catalytic activity, stability, and selectivity, making them suitable for applications in ZABs. Furthermore, they demonstrate notable capabilities in the realm of ZABs, encompassing elevated energy density, efficacy, and prolonged longevity. It is imperative to continue extensively researching and developing this area to propel the advancement of ZAB technology forward and pave the way for its practical implementation across diverse fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work demonstrates electrochemical performance of cobalt phosphate (CP) thin films prepared by chemical bath deposition technique. The prepared (CP) films are of monoclinic phase with highly preferred orientation along (240) plane. Morphology studies on the CP films with different concentration reveal nanospheres along with the growth of intermediate nanosheets. The electrode with 3.5 M cobalt concentration (CP3) offers more active sites and enhanced electrochemical performance as compared to the other two electrodes, viz, CP1 and CP2 which contain lower concentration of cobalt. The CP3 electrode shows maximum specific capacitance of 678 Fg−1 at a scan rate of 10 mVs−1 and 90.46% capacitive retention after 10,000 cycles. The impact of capacitive and diffusive contributions to the total capacity of the electrodes is studied by employing Trasatti and Dunn's model. The results on the study of CP thin film electrodes establish their potential for the growing energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ice-templated method (ITM) has drawn significant attention to the improvement of the electrochemical properties of various materials. The ITM approach is relatively straightforward and can produce hierarchically porous structures that exhibit superior performance in mass transfer, and the unique morphology has been shown to significantly enhance electrochemical performance, making it a promising method for energy storage and conversion applications. In this review, we aim to present an overview of the ITM and its applications in the electrochemical energy storage and conversion field. The fundamental principles underlying the ITM will be discussed, as well as the factors that influence the morphology and properties of the resulting structures. We will then proceed to comprehensively explore the applications of ITM in the fabrication of high-performance electrodes for supercapacitors, batteries, and fuel cells. We intend to find the key advances in the use of ITM and evaluate its potential to overcome the existing challenges in the development of efficient energy storage and conversion systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the high theoretical capacity of iron-based anode materials, they still perform poorly in electrical conductivity and volume expansion during the charge/discharge process, which can reduce battery life and cause deterioration in cycle performance. In the present study, iron-based metal–organic frameworks are synthesized through a simple co-precipitation method, and then heat-treated as a self-sacrificing template to obtain carbon-coated Fe3O4 of a porous ortho-octahedral structure. As revealed by electrochemical performance studies, this material maintains a high specific capacity, showing a reversible capacity of 1063 mAh/g and 896 mAh/g after 300 cycles at a current density of 0.5 A/g and 1 A/g. By analyzing the functional mechanism of surface carbon coating, it is demonstrated that the fast ion migration and high electrical conductivity required for fast charging and discharging are ensured by the octahedral and hierarchical void structure of the carbon framework. This study thus provides a reference for the design of high-performance electrode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prussian blue is a potential cathode candidate for sodium-ion batteries because of inexpensiveness and high theoretical capacity, while the poor rate performance hinders its widely practical application. In this work, the Prussian blue is directly grown on poly3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene decorated multi-wall carbon nanotubes (denoted as PB/CNT@PEDOT), where the CNT@PEDOT can provide improved electrical conductivity and lower the size of PB. Thus, the PB/CNT@PEDOT shows a discharge capacity of 85 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.2C. Compare to PB and PB/CNT, the PB/CNT@PEDOT delivers enhanced rate capability with 90 mAh g−1 retention at 5C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Two-dimensional transition metal borides have high mechanical stability, high charge carrier mobility and great electrochemical performance. The potential applications of two-dimensional transition metal borides in the direction of energy conversion and storage have not been systematically reviewed. We summarize the research on the role of two-dimensional transition metal borides in catalysis and ion batteries, and put forward the new opportunities in preparation and biotechnology.

MgO/few-layer graphene (FLG) nanocomposite is proven as an excellent electrode in aqueous supercapacitors (AS). The synergy between the pseudo-capacitive MgO and the double-layer charging nature of FLG that enhances the supercapacitors' specific capacitance (SC) was successfully tested. The SC could be further enhanced by combining MgO/FLG with a third component, such as a conducting polymer (with a Faradaic type of charge storage capability). Herein, such an attempt has been made. MgO/FLG was uniformly filled in polyaniline (PANI) by using a simple in situ polymerization method. X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analyses clearly showed the formation of a ternary nanocomposite constituted by MgO, FLG and PANI. As anticipated, the ternary nanocomposite (MgO/FLG-filled PANI (MFP)) exhibited an enhanced SC (compared to MgO/FLG) when tested as electrode material in AS. The MFP composite was evaluated for SC using a 3-electrode system. MFP composite exhibited a maximum SC of 347 F g−1 when tested at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1 using 1 M aqueous H2SO4 as the electrolyte. The electrode material assumable with symmetric capacitance achieved a maximum capacitance of 396 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 and showed a capacitance retention of 81%. In contrast, MgO/FLG exhibited much lower values under similar testing conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical performance of the supercapacitors essentially relies on electrode materials. The transition metal phosphates have drawn much attraction as electrode material for energy storage in supercapacitors. Ni2P2O7 (NP) thin film electrodes are synthesized through economic and reproducible chemical bath deposition technique by varying Ni concentration 0.05 M, 0.1 M, and 0.15 M. The X-ray diffraction pattern reveals the formation of monoclinic structured NP thin films with high crystallinity. The microsphere like morphology in which agglomerated microspheres assembled in large number with average particle size decreases with increase of molar concentration is visualized by scanning electron microscopy. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis demonstrates the pseudocapacitive nature in NP thin film electrodes. NP3 electrode exhibits the high specific capacitance of 588 F/g at current density 1 A/g evaluated by galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) profile. The cyclic stability test of NP3 enunciates its capacitive retention as 95.50% after 2500 cycles. The results indicate that NP3 is an exemplary supercapacitor candidate and it would lead to productive research in future energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of transition metal compounds and carbon materials is considered effective in optimizing electrode material performance. In this work, some simple methods are used to embed bimetallic phosphides into carbon material frameworks to form heterostructures. The process includes the in situ growth of cobalt-based zeolitic imidazole frameworks on rGO, the formation of bimetallic hydroxides by Ni2+ etching, and further high-temperature phosphating to form a NiCoP/rGO hollow nanocomposite. Benefiting from the synergistic effect between NiCoP and rGO, NiCoP/rGO-20 exhibits the best electrochemical properties, has a high specific capacity of 250.9 mAh g−1 at a current density of 1 A g–1, and has good rate performance (62.7% retention at 10 A g–1). Furthermore, a hybrid supercapacitor was assembled with NiCoP/rGO-20 as the positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as the negative electrode. The NiCoP/rGO-20//AC HSC device has a high energy density of 60.6 Wh kg–1 at a power density of 749 W kg–1 as well as excellent cycling stability with 83.7% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at 10 A g–1. This work provides a new strategy for the development of high-performance energy storage composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mn3O4@CC electrodes were synthesized via a fast one-step molten salt method for flexible quasi-solid symmetric supercapacitors. Mn3O4 grows rapidly in a high polarity molten salt system and strongly anchors to carbon cloth. The molten salt method can realize sodion embedded in Mn3O4 and then improve the conductivity and capacitance. The results show that the Na-0.9-based supercapacitor exhibits a high capacitance of 1225.7 mF cm−2 at 5 mA cm−2. The preparation method, design strategy on structure of composition in this work will provide a novel route to realize high-performance flexible supercapacitors.

Corn by-products have been widely studied as a precursor of biomass carbon in energy storage systems. Without further doping or coating processes corn silk can achieve a high electrochemical performance when used as an anode of sodium and potassium ion batteries. Nonetheless, there is no report about corn silk used as a cathode for lithium-sulfur batteries. In this work, corn silk was made into porous carbon and used as sulfur scaffolds and modified materials for commercial separator in lithium-sulfur batteries. Corn silk possesses a natural pipe shape which grants the porous carbon a high specific surface area. With a simple dissolution crystallization method approximately 80% of the sulfur could be easily accommodated onto the porous carbon. The hierarchic pores not only limited the particle size of the sulfur to nanometers, but also buffered the volume expansion of sulfur and absorbed it tightly. Furthermore, with an ultralight porous carbon modified separator, significant improvement was achieved in the utilization of sulfur, cycling stability and alleviation of the polysulfide shuttling efficiently. The batteries delivered a specific capacity of 1290 mAh g-1 in the first discharge and 746 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles. The good electrochemical performance can be ascribed to the rational design of battery configuration.

Micro/nano metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their numerous unique properties, with many synthetic methods and strategies being reported for constructing MOFs with specific micro/nano structures. In addition, the design of micro/nano MOFs for energy storage and conversion applications and the study of the structure–activity relationship have also become research hotspots. Herein, a comprehensive overview of the recent progress on micro/nano MOFs is presented. We begin with a brief introduction to the various synthesis methods for controlling the morphology of micro/nano MOFs. Subsequently, the structure-dependent properties of micro/nano MOFs as electrode materials or catalysts in terms of batteries, supercapacitors, and catalysis are discussed. Finally, the remaining challenges and future perspectives in this field are presented. Overall, this review is expected to inspire the design of advanced micro/nano MOFs for efficient energy storage and conversion technologies.

The leakage behavior of ferroelectric film has an important effect on energy storage characteristics. Understanding and controlling the leakage mechanism of ferroelectric film at different temperatures can effectively improve its wide-temperature storage performance. Here, the structures of a 1 mol% SiO2-doped BaZr0.35Ti0.65O3 (BZTS) layer sandwiched between two undoped BaZr0.35Ti0.65O3 (BZT35) layers was demonstrated, and the leakage mechanism was analyzed compared with BZT35 and BZTS single-layer film. It was found that interface-limited conduction of Schottky (S) emission and the Fowler-Nordheim (F-N) tunneling existing in BZT35 and BZTS films under high temperature and a high electric field are the main source of the increase of leakage current and the decrease of energy storage efficiency at high temperature. Only an ohmic conductive mechanism exists in the whole temperature range of BZT35/BZTS/BZT35(1:1:1) sandwich structure films, indicating that sandwich multilayer films can effectively simulate the occurrence of interface-limited conductive mechanisms and mention the energy storage characteristics under high temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: Two-dimensional transition metal borides have high mechanical stability, high charge carrier mobility and great electrochemical performance. The potential applications of two-dimensional transition metal borides in the direction of energy conversion and storage have not been systematically reviewed. We summarize the research on the role of two-dimensional transition metal borides in catalysis and ion batteries, and put forward the new opportunities in preparation and biotechnology. As a flourishing member of the two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial family, MXenes have shown great potential in various research areas. In recent years, the continued growth of interest in MXene derivatives, 2D transition metal borides (MBenes), has contributed to the emergence of this 2D material as a latecomer. Due to the excellent electrical conductivity, mechanical properties and electrical properties, thus MBenes attract more researchers' interest. Extensive experimental and theoretical studies have shown that they have exciting energy conversion and electrochemical storage potential. However, a comprehensive and systematic review of MBenes applications has not been available so far. For this reason, we present a comprehensive summary of recent advances in MBenes research. We started by summarizing the latest fabrication routes and excellent properties of MBenes. The focus will then turn to their exciting potential for energy storage and conversion. Finally, a brief summary of the challenges and opportunities for MBenes in future practical applications is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytosynthesis plays a crucial role for synthesizing nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) in a harmless, non-toxic and cost-effective way using Zephyranthes rosea (Z. rosea) flower extract as reducing agent. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) study shows the excelled enhanced specific capacitance of 548.25 F g–1 at 10 mV s–1. Trasatti and Dunn's methods demonstrates the charge storage mechanisms with total, outer and inner capacitances of 2207.50, 48.08 and 2159.41 F g–1, respectively. Galvanostatic charge–discharge profile makes evident of prolonged discharge time by providing the high specific capacitance of 1095.75 F g–1 at 0.5 A g–1. The fabricated electrode delivers outstanding capacitance retention of 96.1% for 2000 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MXene composed of transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrate, is the most ornamented and rapidly expanding two-dimensional (2D) material. Due to its exceptional qualities, including its adjustable band gap, high thermal conductivity, charger mediator, superior electrical conductivity, and environmental adaptability, MXene is now attracting the interest of researchers. MXene possesses a strongly hydrophilic surface, ion exchange capabilities, and durable surface functional groups. This study provides an overview of the synthesis, properties, and prospective applications of MXenes in energy, sensing and environment sectors. Firstly, this article provides a brief overview of the MAX phase (including its characteristics and recent advancements) and MXene. Then, we thoroughly investigated the different etching techniques used in the synthesis of MXene. Moreover, various properties of MXenes, such as structural, optical, mechanical, magnetic, and electronic characteristics have been investigated. In addition, the potential applications of MXenes in various dynamic fields such as supercapacitor, energy storage and conversion, water splitting, electrochemical sensors and waste water treatment has been explored symmetrically. This study also focuses on the current progresses and future prospective relating to MXene, which will surely assist the scientists who are doing work in areas of academia and material sciences. [Display omitted] • MXenes offer structural tailoring for various elements during synthesis or post synthesis. • Overview of the dynamic properties of MXene in a nutshell. • MXene-based nanocomposites for energy conversion, supercapacitors, sensors and environment were highlighted. • Perspectives on the future opportunities and challenges of MXene were provided [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Carbon dots (CDs) have potential applications in many fields. • The synthesis scheme, structure, and performance of CDs are closely related to their applications. • Thoroughly explore the structure performance relationship of CDs at the microstructural level. • The application and bottlenecks of CDs in environment, sensing, biology, energy conversion, and storage have been revealed. After carbon nanotubes, carbon nanosheets, and mesoporous carbon materials, carbon dots (CDs) have emerged. Due to theirs advantages such as easy synthesis, low cost, environmental friendliness, low toxicity, good stability, and good biocompatibility, CDs have shown enormous application potential in fields such as biological imaging, optoelectronics, anti-counterfeiting, sensing, energy conversion, and storage, and have received widespread attention worldwide, achieving significant research progress. This article provides a detailed overview of the development process of CDs over the past 10 years, with a focus on their synthesis schemes, structures-property relationships, as well as their important applications and technological prospects. A graphene based structural classification method was proposed, and the preparation plan and latest research progress were updated and summarized. Conduct in-depth research on synthesis strategies and structural characteristics, explore their structures-property relationships at the microstructural level, and analyze the fundamental reasons for their application in multiple fields. Through a comprehensive review of the latest research findings, the applications of CDs in the fields of environment, sensing, biology, energy conversion, and storage have been revealed. Revealed the current bottlenecks of CDs, such as fluorescence, stability, and absorbance. Finally, it also emphasizes effective ways to promote the development of next-generation CDs technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc–air batteries (ZABs) have garnered significant interest as a viable substitute for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), primarily due to their impressive energy density and low cost. However, the efficacy of zinc–air batteries is heavily dependent on electrocatalysts, which play a vital role in enhancing reaction efficiency and stability. This scholarly review article highlights the crucial significance of electrocatalysts in zinc–air batteries and explores the rationale behind employing Fe-Co-Ni-Zn-based metal–organic framework (MOF)-derived hybrid materials as potential electrocatalysts. These MOF-derived electrocatalysts offer advantages such as abundancy, high catalytic activity, tunability, and structural stability. Various synthesis methods and characterization techniques are employed to optimize the properties of MOF-derived electrocatalysts. Such electrocatalysts exhibit excellent catalytic activity, stability, and selectivity, making them suitable for applications in ZABs. Furthermore, they demonstrate notable capabilities in the realm of ZABs, encompassing elevated energy density, efficacy, and prolonged longevity. It is imperative to continue extensively researching and developing this area to propel the advancement of ZAB technology forward and pave the way for its practical implementation across diverse fields.

A Zn-based metal–organic framework (Zn-MOF) was synthesized by a novel electrodeposition method. The prepared Zn-MOF was characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques. The supercapacitive behavior of synthesized MOF was examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements in 3 M KOH. SEM images confirmed that Zn-MOF is composed of layered cuboid structure properly attached on to nickel foam substrate. Electrochemical behaviors of the Zn-MOF/Ni foam were also evaluated through GCD tests, which showed high specific capacitance of 288 F g–1 at the current density of 2 A g–1. The outcomes showed great potential of fabricated Zn-MOF as a high-performance electrode material for electrochemical supercapacitors.

Highlights The synthetic strategies and fundamental mechanisms of various asymmetric carbon- and silica-based nanomaterials were systematically summarized. The advantages of asymmetric structure on their related applications were clarified by some representative applications of asymmetric carbon- and silica-based nanomaterials. The future development prospects and challenges of asymmetric carbon- and silica-based nanomaterials were proposed. Abstract Carbon- and silica-based nanomaterials possess a set of merits including large surface area, good structural stability, diversified morphology, adjustable structure, and biocompatibility. These outstanding features make them widely applied in different fields. However, limited by the surface free energy effect, the current studies mainly focus on the symmetric structures, such as nanospheres, nanoflowers, nanowires, nanosheets, and core–shell structured composites. By comparison, the asymmetric structure with ingenious adjustability not only exhibits a larger effective surface area accompanied with more active sites, but also enables each component to work independently or corporately to harness their own merits, thus showing the unusual performances in some specific applications. The current review mainly focuses on the recent progress of design principles and synthesis methods of asymmetric carbon- and silica-based nanomaterials, and their applications in energy storage, catalysis, and biomedicine. Particularly, we provide some deep insights into their unique advantages in related fields from the perspective of materials’ structure–performance relationship. Furthermore, the challenges and development prospects on the synthesis and applications of asymmetric carbon- and silica-based nanomaterials are also presented and highlighted.

Abstract The emerging use of laser irradiation in synthesis smartly bridges “nanotechnology” and “light”, and has attracted enormous attention as an efficient synthetic methodology for versatile nanomaterials toward electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices (ESCDs). In this review, recent contributions and progress regarding the laser‐induced nanomaterials for ESCDs are comprehensively summarized, with a special focus on their practical utilization in rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors and electrocatalysis. The laser‐induced synthesis strategies and corresponding mechanisms involved in nanoarchitecture generation/regulation, including pulsed laser deposition and laser irradiation in liquid, are also discussed in detail. With the in‐depth insights into the mechanisms and revolutionary advancements of laser irradiation technology, the comprehensive performances of ESCDs have been strikingly optimized. Finally, the existing challenges and future directions in this booming research field are outlined. This review will exert the significant guidance for future design and purposeful fabrication of advanced laser‐induced nanomaterials with appealing properties for advanced ESCDs and beyond.

Developing an effective method to promote the electrocatalytic activity of stainless steel for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains challenging. In this paper, cathodic plasma bombardment (CPB) has been employed to modify the surface of 304 stainless steel by creating a nanoscale three dimensional structure with a large specific surface area, which could significantly improve the electrocatalytic OER performance of 304 stainless steel. The influence of CPB conditions on the electrocatalytic performance of 304 stainless steel was systematically investigated. The results indicate that the electrode prepared under the optimal CPB conditions only requires an overpotential of 323 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a Tafel slope of 51 mV dec−1 in the 1 M KOH alkaline electrolyte. The work provides a new methodology for the development of highly active and low-cost stainless steel-based electrocatalytic electrodes.

Spinel LiMn2O4 cathode material was obtained by a recalcination treatment, which exhibits excellent crystallization and electrochemical performance. A series of test and analysis results revealed that the performance enhancement of as-prepared sample is related to the crystal structure, morphology and electrochemical properties. Owing to the recalcination treatment, the spinel LiMn2O4 presents a truncated-octahedral morphology with selective growth of the (110) and (100) crystal planes, which would effectively inhibit manganese dissolution. Moreover, the optimized sample exhibits a better crystallinity and electrochemical reversibility than that of pristine sample, which can provide a faster Li ion de-intercalation/intercalation kinetics. Hence, the spinel LiMn2O4 cathode material delivers a high initial discharge capacity of 112.3 mAh·g−1 with a good capacity retention of 90.3% after 500 cycles and an excellent rate performance. This study constructed a facile and meaningful method to prepare spinel LiMn2O4 cathode material, which may facilitate the development of lithium-ion batteries.

Cerium dioxide (CeO2, ceria) has long been regarded as one of the key materials in modern catalysis, both as a support and as a catalyst itself. Apart from its well-established use (three-way catalysts and diesel engines), CeO2 has been widely used as a cocatalyst/catalyst in energy conversion and storage applications. The importance stems from the oxygen storage capacity of ceria, which allows it to release oxygen under reducing conditions and to store oxygen by filling oxygen vacancies under oxidizing conditions. However, the nature of the Ce active site remains not well understood because the degree of participation of f electrons in catalytic reactions is not clear in the case of the heavy dependence of catalysis theory on localized d orbitals at the Fermi energy EF. This review focuses on the catalytic applications in energy conversion and storage of CeO2-based nanostructures and discusses the mechanisms for several typical catalytic reactions from the perspectives of electronic properties of CeO2-based nanostructures. Defect engineering is also summarized to better understand the relationship between catalytic performance and electronic properties. Finally, the challenges and prospects of designing high efficiency CeO2-based catalysts in energy storage and conversion have been emphasized.

High-entropy materials offer a wide range of possibilities for synthesizing new functional ceramics for different applications. Many synthesis methods have been explored to achieve a single-phase structure incorporating several different elements, yet a comparison between the synthesis methods is crucial to identify the new dimension such complex ceramics bring to material properties. As known for ceramic materials, the synthesis procedure usually has a significant influence on powder morphology, elemental distribution, particle size and powder processability. Properties that need to be tailored according to specific applications. Therefore, in this study perovskite-type high-entropy materials (Gd0.2La0.2–xSrxNd0.2Sm0.2Y0.2) (Co0.2Cr0.2Fe0.2Mn0.2Ni0.2)O3 (x = 0 and x = 0.2) are synthesized for the first time using mechanochemical synthesis and a modified Pechini method. The comparison of different syntheses allows, not only tailoring of the constituent elements of high-entropy materials, but also to optimize the synthesis method as needed to overcome limitations of conventional ceramics. To exploit the novel materials for a variety of energy applications, their catalytic activity for oxygen evolution reaction was characterized. This paves the way for their integration into, e.g., regenerative fuel cells and metal air batteries.

Developing advanced electrocatalysts with high activity for outstanding oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is still needed due to its slow OER kinetics. In this work, we report a facile, economical, and scalable strategy for the synthesis of amorphous layered double hydroxide (A-NiFeLDH/CC) with rich oxygen defects. The A-NiFeLDH/CC electrode exhibits an excellent OER activity with an onset potential of 1.32 V (vs. RHE) and a low overpotential of 290 mV at the current density of 50 mA cm−2. Besides, the A-NiFeLDH/CC electrode can steadily electrolyze for over 150 h with negligible potential variation at the current density of 10 mA cm−2. Intriguingly, this resulted amorphous catalyst undergoes a rapid self-reconstruction process during OER that produces crystalline metal hydroxide layer with rich O-defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered vanadium-based materials are considered to be great potential electrode materials for aqueous Zn-ion batteries (AZIBs). The improvement of the electrochemical properties of vanadium-based materials is a hot research topic but still a challenge. Herein, a composite of Zn-ion pre-intercalated V2O5·nH2O combined with reduced graphene oxide (ZnVOH/rGO) is synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method and it shows improved Zn-ion storage. ZnVOH/rGO delivers a capacity of 325 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 A·g−1, and this value can still reach 210 mAh·g−1 after 100 cycles. Additionally, it exhibits 196 mAh·g−1 and keeps 161 mAh·g−1 after 1200 cycles at 4 A·g−1. The achieved performances are much higher than that of ZnVOH and VOH. All results reveal that Zn2+ as "pillars" expands the interlayer distance of VOH and facilitates the fast kinetics, and rGO improves the electron flow. They both stabilize the structure and enhance efficient Zn2+ migration. All findings demonstrate ZnVOH/rGO's potential as a perspective cathode material for AZIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Developing high‐performance energy storage and conversion (ESC) device relies on both the utilization of good constituent materials and rational design of assembly structure. Graphene‐based materials, due to their superior properties like high electrical/thermal conductivity, large surface area, and unique optical properties, have been extensively reported for ESC applications. The emerging three‐dimensional (3D) printing techniques, especially extrusion‐based direct ink writing technique, have brought a revolutionary improvement in structure control accuracy and designing capability to graphene‐based macro‐assemblies, triggering a boost in functionalities and performances of graphene‐based ESC devices. In these circumstances, understanding the very recent progress of 3D‐printed graphene materials and their design philosophy to bring new concepts for material designs and address the requirements for high‐performance ESC devices are urgently important. In this review, we aim to outline recent developments in 3D printing of graphene‐based materials and their applications in ESC applications. Basic requirements and theoretical analysis for preparation printable inks are discussed, as well as feasible GO ink preparation strategies in existing literatures. The representative explorations of 3D‐printed graphene materials in ESC applications like batteries, supercapacitors, solar steam generators, and electro‐thermal conversion are also reviewed. This study attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of the progresses and limitations of present 3D printed graphene materials, and seeks to enlighten the opportunities and orientations of future research in this field.

Rechargeable Zn-based batteries (RZBs) have garnered a great interest and are thought to be among the most promising options for next-generation energy storage technologies due to their low price, high levels of safety, adequate energy density and environmental friendliness. However, dendrite formation during stripping/plating prevents rechargeable zinc-based batteries from being used in real-world applications. Dendrite formation is still a concern, despite the fact that inhibitory strategies have been put up recently to eliminate the harmful effects of zinc dendrites. Thus, in order to direct the strategies for inhibiting zinc dendrite growth, it is vital to understand the formation mechanism of zinc dendrites. Hence, for the practical application of zinc-based batteries, is essential to use techniques that effectively prevent the creation and growth of zinc dendrites. The development and growth principles of zinc dendrites are first made clear in this review. The recent advances of solutions to the zinc dendrite problem are then discussed, including strategies to prevent dendrite growth and subsequent creation as much as possible, reduce the negative impacts of dendrites, and create dendrite-free deposition processes. Finally, the challenges and perspective for the development of zinc-based batteries are discussed.

Ionic liquids (ILs) are one kind of molten salts, which have been widely used across multiple disciplines in science and engineering. The recent development makes ILs no longer just as the solvent, and more attention has been put to applications of their unique structure and functionalities. This raises the importance to explore advanced IL‐derived materials, which retain most of the characteristics of ILs and are endowed with new features, namely novel ILs. The novel ILs, including deep eutectic solvents (DESs), poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs), ionic liquid crystals (ILCs), and redox‐active ionic liquids (RAILs), have distinct advantages over traditional ILs, such as enhancing the reaction rate, selectivity, and productivity in various chemical reactions. Given the unique physical and chemical properties, electrochemical behavior, and self‐assembled structures, novel ILs have emerged as promising materials in various applications, specifically in energy storage and conversion. Herein, the intrinsic properties of novel ILs and their related self‐assembly behavior in advanced energy storage technology are focused. And the perspectives and challenges of novel ILs in the fields of energy storage and conversion are also proposed.

The ice-templated method (ITM) has drawn significant attention to the improvement of the electrochemical properties of various materials. The ITM approach is relatively straightforward and can produce hierarchically porous structures that exhibit superior performance in mass transfer, and the unique morphology has been shown to significantly enhance electrochemical performance, making it a promising method for energy storage and conversion applications. In this review, we aim to present an overview of the ITM and its applications in the electrochemical energy storage and conversion field. The fundamental principles underlying the ITM will be discussed, as well as the factors that influence the morphology and properties of the resulting structures. We will then proceed to comprehensively explore the applications of ITM in the fabrication of high-performance electrodes for supercapacitors, batteries, and fuel cells. We intend to find the key advances in the use of ITM and evaluate its potential to overcome the existing challenges in the development of efficient energy storage and conversion systems.