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ABSTRACT: The influence of grain type and fat source on the performance, coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID), and intestinal characteristics in broiler starters fed pelleted diets were studied. The experiment included 8 treatments arranged as a 2 × 4 factorial with 2 grains (wheat and corn) and 4 fat sources (soybean oil, fish oil, tallow, and palm oil). In all fat sources, corn-fed birds had a higher weight gain than those fed wheat-based diets. However, improvement in the weight gain of birds fed wheat-based diets supplemented with tallow resulted in a significant (P < 0.001) interaction between grain type and fat source. Inclusion of wheat and tallow increased feed intake compared to corn and other fat sources, respectively. Pellets made from wheat were harder (P < 0.01) than those based on corn. Broilers fed corn-based diets, had higher CAID of fat, Ca, and phosphorus (P < 0.01) than those fed wheat-based diets. Soybean oil inclusion, also increased (P < 0.01) fat digestibility compared to other fat sources. An interaction occurred between grain type and fat source where pellets made from corn and soybean oil had higher protein digestibility compared to the other treatments (P < 0.01). Feeding wheat-based diets increased pH of gizzard and proventriculus compared to corn-based diets (P < 0.01). Highest viscosity value was observed in wheat-diets supplemented with fish oil, and palm oil (P < 0.01). The pancrease, gizzard and cecum were heavier in corn-based fed birds compared to those fed wheat-based diets (P < 0.01). A significant interaction between grain type and fat source was noted for Lactobacillus spp. and the total anaerobic bacteria population in the cecum. Overall, the effect of grain type on weight gain, CIAD of protein and cecal microbiota differed depending on the fat sources. Feeding corn and soybean oil resulted in better gut development and growth performance in broilers fed pelleted diets.

Abstract Background There have been some reports that supplementation of fat could alleviate the negative effects of heat stress on performance in broilers. However, information regarding compensation for the adverse effects of heat stress with diets differing in fatty acids source on immune system, bone strength and carcass quality of heat‐distressed broilers is limited. Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of diets differing in fat source on performance, immune system, bone strength, and carcass quality of heat‐distressed broilers. Methods In a completely randomized design with 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of the treatments, 320 24‐day‐old Ross 308 chickens, with average initial weight of 1220 ± 10 g were divided into eight treatments included sesame oil, tallow, sunflower oil and palm oil in either 22 or 32 degree of centigrade temperature. The broiler performance of each fat source‐treated group was not different in this experiment and decreased significantly in heat stress condition. Results Heat stress showed a significant increase on fat, energy and ash content of thigh muscle. Tibia absolute length, width, ash and bone breaking strength were affected by fat source and increased when sesame and sunflower oil were used. Data analysis revealed that hot temperature decreased tibia weight, length, width, ash and bone breaking strength. Heat stress led to decrease of immune system parameters. Conclusion Results suggest that there is no beneficial effect of broiler performance due to adding different sources of fat in broiler chicken diet under hot condition. Furthermore, the unsaturated fatty acids could improve the profile of fatty acids in thigh and enhance immune responses in broiler chickens.

Background: There have been some reports that supplementation of fat could alleviate the negative effects of heat stress on performance in broilers. However, information regarding compensation for the adverse effects of heat stress with diets differing in fatty acids source on immune system, bone strength and carcass quality of heat‐distressed broilers is limited. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of diets differing in fat source on performance, immune system, bone strength, and carcass quality of heat‐distressed broilers. Methods: In a completely randomized design with 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of the treatments, 320 24‐day‐old Ross 308 chickens, with average initial weight of 1220 ± 10 g were divided into eight treatments included sesame oil, tallow, sunflower oil and palm oil in either 22 or 32 degree of centigrade temperature. The broiler performance of each fat source‐treated group was not different in this experiment and decreased significantly in heat stress condition. Results: Heat stress showed a significant increase on fat, energy and ash content of thigh muscle. Tibia absolute length, width, ash and bone breaking strength were affected by fat source and increased when sesame and sunflower oil were used. Data analysis revealed that hot temperature decreased tibia weight, length, width, ash and bone breaking strength. Heat stress led to decrease of immune system parameters. Conclusion: Results suggest that there is no beneficial effect of broiler performance due to adding different sources of fat in broiler chicken diet under hot condition. Furthermore, the unsaturated fatty acids could improve the profile of fatty acids in thigh and enhance immune responses in broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two experiments evaluated different fat sources and levels on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and economic impact in commercial finishing pigs. In experiment 1, 2,160 pigs (337 × 1,050, PIC; initially 37.3 ± 0.93 kg) were used. Pens of pigs were blocked by initial body weight and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments. Three of the four dietary treatments included: 0%, 1%, and 3% choice white grease. The final treatment contained no added fat until pigs were approximately 100 kg, and then a diet containing 3% fat was fed until marketing. Experimental diets were fed over four phases and were corn–soybean meal based with 40% distillers dried grains with solubles. Overall, increasing choice white grease decreased (linear, P = 0.006) average daily feed intake (ADFI) and increased (linear, P = 0.006) G:F. Pigs fed 3% fat only during the late-finishing phase (~100 to 129 kg) had similar G:F compared to pigs fed 3% for the entire study during the late-finishing phase, and intermediate G:F overall. Increasing fat tended to increase (linear, P = 0.068) hot carcass weight (HCW). Feed cost increased (linear, P ≤ 0.005) and income over feed cost decreased (linear, P ≤ 0.041) as choice white grease increased. In Experiment 2, 2,011 pigs (PIC 1,050 × DNA 600; initially 28.3 ± 0.53 kg) were used. Pens of pigs were blocked by location in the barn and randomly assigned to one of five dietary treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial with main effects of fat source (choice white grease or corn oil) and level (1% or 3% of the diet) and a control diet with no added fat. Overall, increasing fat, regardless of source, increased (linear, P < 0.001) average daily gain (ADG), decreased (linear, P = 0.013) ADFI, and increased (linear, P < 0.001) G:F. Increasing fat increased (linear, P ≤ 0.016) HCW, carcass yield, and backfat depth. There was a fat source × level interaction (P < 0.001) in carcass fat iodine value (IV), where IV increased to a greater extent in pigs fed corn oil with only a small increase in IV in pigs fed diets with choice white grease. In conclusion, these experiments suggest that increasing fat from 0% to 3%, regardless of source, produced variable responses in ADG but consistently improved G:F. Increasing fat increased HCW, carcass yield, and backfat depth, but feeding diets containing corn oil increased carcass IV. With the ingredient prices used, the improvement in growth performance did not justify the extra diet cost from increasing fat from 0% to 3% in most situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of grain type and fat source on the performance, coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID), and intestinal characteristics in broiler starters fed pelleted diets were studied. The experiment included 8 treatments arranged as a 2 × 4 factorial with 2 grains (wheat and corn) and 4 fat sources (soybean oil, fish oil, tallow, and palm oil). In all fat sources, corn-fed birds had a higher weight gain than those fed wheat-based diets. However, improvement in the weight gain of birds fed wheat-based diets supplemented with tallow resulted in a significant (P < 0.001) interaction between grain type and fat source. Inclusion of wheat and tallow increased feed intake compared to corn and other fat sources, respectively. Pellets made from wheat were harder (P < 0.01) than those based on corn. Broilers fed corn-based diets, had higher CAID of fat, Ca, and phosphorus (P < 0.01) than those fed wheat-based diets. Soybean oil inclusion, also increased (P < 0.01) fat digestibility compared to other fat sources. An interaction occurred between grain type and fat source where pellets made from corn and soybean oil had higher protein digestibility compared to the other treatments (P < 0.01). Feeding wheat-based diets increased pH of gizzard and proventriculus compared to corn-based diets (P < 0.01). Highest viscosity value was observed in wheat-diets supplemented with fish oil, and palm oil (P < 0.01). The pancrease, gizzard and cecum were heavier in corn-based fed birds compared to those fed wheat-based diets (P < 0.01). A significant interaction between grain type and fat source was noted for Lactobacillus spp. and the total anaerobic bacteria population in the cecum. Overall, the effect of grain type on weight gain, CIAD of protein and cecal microbiota differed depending on the fat sources. Feeding corn and soybean oil resulted in better gut development and growth performance in broilers fed pelleted diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic trace minerals may exacerbate lipid peroxidation, thereby impacting lipid metabolism. This study aimed to compare the effects of inorganic and coated trace minerals in diets with different fat sources, on the performance, slaughter characteristics, and antioxidant status of broiler chickens. A total of 576 21-day-old Abor Acres broiler birds were randomly divided into four dietary treatment groups in a 2 (non-coated and coated trace minerals)×2 (soybean oil and lard) factorial design. Each treatment was replicated 12 times (12 birds per replicate). The results showed that coated minerals significantly improved the average daily gain (ADG) in weight and the feed conversion ratio (P

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of embryonic thermal manipulation and dietary fat source during the finisher period on carcass characteristics and breast muscle myopathies following acute heat stress. Thermal manipulation (TM) of incubation temperatures has been shown to improve bird resistance to heat stress and enhance breast muscle growth. Fat supplementation is frequently used during heat stress and fat source may alter carcass composition, as fat sources rich in unsaturated fatty acids have been shown to reduce fat pad weight. Ross 708 eggs were incubated at 37.5°C except during TM when temperature was increased to 39.5°C for 12 h daily from embryo day 7 to 16. A total of 1,080 chicks were reared under standard conditions until acute heat stress at 43 d. Dietary treatments were applied during the finisher period beginning at 28 d, with diets including 4.5% of soya oil, poultry fat, or olive oil. At 49 d, 240 male birds were processed to assess carcass and portion weights, as well as breast quality. Carcass and portion weights were decreased by TM, however percent yield was similar to the controls. A decrease in breast muscle myopathies was noted but may have been due to the lower BW of the TM birds. Interactions between the treatments suggest that TM may alter lipid metabolism. Differences in dietary fat source did not affect carcass characteristics. The reduction in breast muscle myopathies may be negated by the negative impact of TM on carcass weights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of embryonic thermal manipulation and dietary fat source during the finisher period on carcass characteristics and breast muscle myopathies following acute heat stress. Thermal manipulation (TM) of incubation temperatures has been shown to improve bird resistance to heat stress and enhance breast muscle growth. Fat supplementation is frequently used during heat stress and fat source may alter carcass composition, as fat sources rich in unsaturated fatty acids have been shown to reduce fat pad weight. Ross 708 eggs were incubated at 37.5°C except during TM when temperature was increased to 39.5°C for 12 h daily from embryo day 7 to 16. A total of 1,080 chicks were reared under standard conditions until acute heat stress at 43 d. Dietary treatments were applied during the finisher period beginning at 28 d, with diets including 4.5% of soya oil, poultry fat, or olive oil. At 49 d, 240 male birds were processed to assess carcass and portion weights, as well as breast quality. Carcass and portion weights were decreased by TM, however percent yield was similar to the controls. A decrease in breast muscle myopathies was noted but may have been due to the lower BW of the TM birds. Interactions between the treatments suggest that TM may alter lipid metabolism. Differences in dietary fat source did not affect carcass characteristics. The reduction in breast muscle myopathies may be negated by the negative impact of TM on carcass weights.

Summary: Modern broilers have been selected for rapid growth but demonstrate reduced heat tolerance toward market age. As the poultry industry expands globally, strategies must be developed to support broiler performance in challenging climates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of embryonic thermal manipulation (TM) and dietary fat source during the finisher period on broiler performance during acute heat stress (AHS) close to market age. The cyclic exposure to high temperatures during mid-incubation used in TM has been demonstrated to improve broiler tolerance to heat stress. However, high incubation temperatures can be detrimental to embryonic development and impair posthatch broiler performance. Embryos were exposed to 39.5°C for 12 h daily from incubation day 7 to 16 to assess the impact of TM on hatching and broiler performance. Dietary fat is commonly added to poultry diets during heat stress and it was theorized that differences in fat source may further impact bird performance. Finisher diets were supplemented with soya oil, poultry fat, or olive oil at 4.5% each. Broilers were exposed to a period of AHS at 43 d. Embryo mortality was increased, and hatchability was reduced by TM. Broiler performance was also decreased for the TM birds, but mortality during AHS was markedly reduced. Dietary fat source did not influence bird performance but was shown to interact with incubation treatment. Overall, the present data suggest optimal performance in modern broiler strains may be at odds with improved heat tolerance.

Modern broilers have been selected for rapid growth but demonstrate reduced heat tolerance toward market age. As the poultry industry expands globally, strategies must be developed to support broiler performance in challenging climates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of embryonic thermal manipulation (TM) and dietary fat source during the finisher period on broiler performance during acute heat stress (AHS) close to market age. The cyclic exposure to high temperatures during mid-incubation used in TM has been demonstrated to improve broiler tolerance to heat stress. However, high incubation temperatures can be detrimental to embryonic development and impair posthatch broiler performance. Embryos were exposed to 39.5°C for 12 h daily from incubation day 7 to 16 to assess the impact of TM on hatching and broiler performance. Dietary fat is commonly added to poultry diets during heat stress and it was theorized that differences in fat source may further impact bird performance. Finisher diets were supplemented with soya oil, poultry fat, or olive oil at 4.5% each. Broilers were exposed to a period of AHS at 43 d. Embryo mortality was increased, and hatchability was reduced by TM. Broiler performance was also decreased for the TM birds, but mortality during AHS was markedly reduced. Dietary fat source did not influence bird performance but was shown to interact with incubation treatment. Overall, the present data suggest optimal performance in modern broiler strains may be at odds with improved heat tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This experiment aimed to investigate the effect of different sources and inclusion levels of dietary fat on productive performance and egg quality in laying hens raised under hot environmental conditions. Methods A total of 480 Hy-Line Brown laying hens at 31 wk of age were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 experimental diets. The control diet contained 2,800 kcal/kg nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy with no fat addition. Four additional diets were prepared by adding 2.0% or 4.0% of animal fat (AF) or soybean oil (SO). Energy and nutrient concentrations were consistent among all diets. Diets were fed to hens for 4 weeks. Average daily room temperature and humidity were 26.7°C±1.52°C and 77.4%±4.50%. The heat stress index was approximately 76, indicating that hens were raised under heat stress conditions. Results Final body weight (BW) was greater (p

Two experiments evaluated different fat sources and levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics in commercial finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, pigs (n = 2,160 337 × 1050, PIC; initial BW 37.3 ± 0.93 kg) were used. Pens of pigs were blocked by initial BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments. Three of the treatments included: 0, 1, and 3% choice white grease fed throughout the trial. The final treatment contained no added fat until pigs were approximately 100 kg, and then the diet containing 3% fat was fed. Experimental diets were fed over 4 phases and were corn-soybean meal-based with 40% dried distillers grains with solubles. There were 27 pigs per pen and 20 replications per treatment. Overall, increasing choice white grease decreased (linear, P = 0.006) ADFI and increased (linear, P = 0.006) G:F without influencing ADG (Table 1). Pigs fed 3% fat only during the late finishing phase (approximately 100 to 129 kg) had similar G:F compared with pigs fed 3% fat for the entire study. Increasing fat tended to increase (linear, P = 0.068) HCW. In Exp. 2, pigs (n = 2,011 PIC 1050 × DNA 600; initially 28.3 ± 0.53 kg) were used. Pens of pigs were blocked by location in the barn and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial with main effects of fat source (choice white grease or corn oil) and level (1 or 3% of the diet) and a control diet with no added fat. There were 16 replications per treatment with 21 to 27 pigs per pen. Overall, increasing fat, regardless of source, increased (linear, P < 0.001) ADG, decreased (linear, P = 0.013) ADFI, and increased (linear, P < 0.001) G:F. Increasing fat increased (linear, P ≤ 0.016) HCW, carcass yield, and backfat depth (Table 2). There was a fat source × level interaction (P < 0.001) in belly fat iodine value (IV), where IV increased to a greater extent in pigs fed diets containing corn oil with only a small increase in IV in pigs fed diets with choice white grease. In conclusion, the results from these experiments suggest that increasing fat from 0 to 3%, regardless of source, produced variable responses in ADG but consistently improved G:F. Increasing fat increased HCW, carcass yield, and backfat depth, but feeding diets containing corn oil increased belly fat IV to a greater magnitude than choice white grease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to determine the preferences of dogs for some commonly used fat sources in dog food. Three different types of food were produced using 5% additional sunflower oil, poultry fat, or beef tallow. The food was extruded using a twin-screw extruder at approximately 25% moisture and temperatures in the range of 90 °C to 135 °C. The extrudates were dried for 30--45 min at temperatures of up to 148 °C in a belt dryer. Next, the heated fats were sprayed onto the extrudates. The foods were cooled, sampled, and packaged. A total of 30 neutered adult (between 1 and 3 years old) male dogs were used. The preference of the dogs for the 3 different fat sources was determined via a 2-pan preference test. Preference tests were conducted for 12 days in pairs, and the dogs consumed each food for 8 days. The dogs had the greatest preference for food containing the additional sunflower oil, with a preference rate of 56%. Beef tallow was the least preferred fat, with a preference rate of 44%. Dogs preferred food containing sunflower oil more than food containing animal fats. It was concluded that dogs showed a preference in proportion to the linoleic acid level in each food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, consumers have paid an attention to animal-friendly meat. The aim of the study was to evaluate the meat quality of breast muscles in indoor and free-range chickens with respect to the stocking density of outdoor chickens (8.3 or 4.15 birds per m2) fed feed with rapeseed oil. The free-range chickens reached 96 and 97% of the final live weight of the indoor chickens and their feed : gain ratio was by 7 and 9% higher. The pasture intake had a small effect on the breast meat quality and was presumably associated with rapeseed oil in the basal diet which strongly influenced meat monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid content and reduced the effect of pasture. The free-range system and lower stocking density led to an increase in muscle fibre cross-sectional area and diameter and a higher meat shear force (P = 0.003). Concerning the meat sensory properties, the total acceptability of the meat of free-range chickens with a lower stocking density was found to be lower compared with the other groups.esults indicate a minor effect of the rearing system and free-range stocking density on chicken meat quality, and also that meat quality in experiments with free-range housing can be affected by a fat source in basal diet.

A 2-factor test design was used to investigate the effect of an emulsifier (Aldo®, Lonza, America) (200 g/t) in the diet of Cherry Valley meat ducks to replace some of 2 different oils (animal fat and vegetable oil) on meat production performance, slaughter traits, and fat metabolism. The 900 healthy 18-day-old ducks were grouped into 6 treatments, each with 5 replicates and 30 meat ducks per replicate. The 2 fat sources were established as a positive control group, a negative control group (positive control group—some oil (equivalent to metabolic energy of 50 kcal/ton)), and an emulsifier group (negative control group + 200 g/ton Aldo). The results showed that addition of different fat sources in feed had no significant effect on growth performance, carcass properties, and fat metabolism of 18- to 42-day-old meat ducks (P > 0.05). Reducing the amount of oil used in the feed lowered the growth performance, carcass properties, and affected fat metabolism of meat ducks. However, in feeds with 2 fat sources, some oils were replaced by adding Aldo without affecting growth performance and carcass properties of meat ducks, and improved their fat metabolism, reduced triglycerides (TG) in serum, and increased activity of lipoprotein and hepatic lipases in liver and of pancreatic lipase. Thus, addition of Aldo to a low fat diet could improve growth performance, carcass quality, and lipid metabolism, and promote digestion and absorption of fat for meat ducks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 2-yr study was conducted to evaluate the effects of level and source of fat in the diet of gestating beef cows on their prepartum performance and birth weight of progeny. Each year, 75 multiparous (≥3 calving) pregnant Angus cows were stratified by BW (663 ± 21.5 kg) and BCS (2.6 ± 0.12; 1 to 5 scale) and randomly assigned to 1 of 15 outdoor pens. Subsequently, each pen was randomly assigned to 1 of 3 (n = 5) treatments: a low-fat diet (LF ; 1.4 ± 0.12% EE) consisting of grass-legume hay, barley straw, and barley grain, or 1 of 2 high-fat diets (HF ; 3.3 ± 0.20% EE) that included either a canola seed (CAN) or a flaxseed (FLX) based pelleted feed. Diets were formulated to meet the requirements of pregnant beef cows during the last 2 trimesters of gestation (0.183 ± 4.8 d), adjusted for changes in environmental conditions, and offered such that each pen on average received similar daily amounts of DE (31.2 ± 2.8 Mcal/cow), CP (1.36 ± 0.13 kg/cow), and DM (12.9 ± 1.0 kg/cow). Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with contrasts to separate the effects of level (LF vs. HF) and source (CAN vs. FLX) of fat. After 160 d on trial, conceptus corrected-BW (CC-BW) of LF cows (708 kg) and the proportion of overconditioned cows (13.2%) were greater (P ≤ 0.04) than those of HF, with no difference (P ≥ 0.84) between CAN and FLX for CC-BW (697 kg) and proportion of overconditioned cows (3.6% vs. 2.9%). Feeding FLX diet during gestation resulted in cows with a greater (P ≤ 0.01) concentration of conjugated linolenic acid (0.12% vs. 0.05%) and n-3 (0.58% vs. 0.37%) fatty acids, and a tendency (P = 0.09) for conjugated linoleic acid concentration (1.05% vs. 0.88%) to be greater in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) when compared with cows fed the CAN diet. By the end of gestation, serum NEFA concentration of LF cows (592 µEq/L) was lower (P < 0.01) than that of HF cows, and FLX cows had greater (P < 0.01) serum NEFA concentration than CAN cows (636 vs. 961 µEq/L). Cows receiving the LF diet during gestation gave birth to lighter (P < 0.01) calves compared with those receiving the HF diets (40.2 vs. 42.9 kg), with no difference (P = 0.24) between calves born to CAN (42.4 kg) and FLX (43.3 kg) cows. In conclusion, these results suggest a partitioning of the ME in pregnant beef cows that is dependent on the type of dietary energy, resulting in heavier calves at birth for cows fed high-fat diets. Also, the type of fatty acid in the diet of gestating beef cows affected the fatty acid profile in SCAT and serum NEFA concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavioural and genetic evidence shows that the taste system is intimately related to the sensing of nutrients with consequences for poultry nutrition practices. A better understanding of how chickens may sense fat could provide the background for selecting feedstuffs used in poultry feeds. Acid oils have the potential to be economical and sustainable feedstuffs. These fat by-products from the edible oil refining industry possess a similar fatty acid composition to the crude oils but are richer in free fatty acids (FFA). An experiment was conducted to study the effect of FFA content and the unsaturated:saturated ratio (U:S) on dietary preferences in hens. Four fat sources were added to a basal diet at an inclusion rate of 6%, determining the experimental diets: soybean oil (SO; high U:S, 5% FFA); soybean acid oil (SA; high U:S, 50% FFA); palm oil (PO; low U:S, 5% FFA); and palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD; low U:S, 50% FFA). The experimental diets were offered in a series of double-choice tests to forty-eight Lohmann Brown laying hens housed individually in cages. Each hen was offered the ten potential binary combinations of the four diets including each diet compared to itself (referred to as four control double-choices). Feed intake was measured for two hours twice a day after one hour of fasting. Consumption was analysed as a standard preference index (% of test diet intake in comparison with the total intake). Preference values were compared to the random choice value of 50% using the Student’s t-test. None of the four control comparisons differ significantly from 50% (p > 0.05), indicating that the changes in preference values observed in the other binary comparisons were related to the dietary changes associated to fat ingredients. Hens showed a feed preference for palm oil added diets over soybean oil diets (p < 0.05), with PO and PFAD being equally preferred (p < 0.05). However, in this trial the hens demonstrated a preference for SO (low %FFA) when offered in choice with SA (high %FFA) (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the degree of saturation plays an important role in dietary fat preferences: hens prefer predominantly saturated oils even when these are rich in FFA. Furthermore, when presented with a choice between predominantly unsaturated oils, hens prefer feed with a low %FFA. In conclusion, %FFA and the U:S ratio affected feed preferences in hens. The use of oils with greater preference values may give rise to greater feed palatability, enhancing feed intake at critical stages.

Ruminants have a unique metabolism and digestion of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). Unlike monogastric animals, the fatty acid (FA) profile ingested by ruminants is not the same as that reaching the small intestine. The objective of this study was to evaluate whole raw soybeans (WS) in diets as a replacer for calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) in terms of UFA profile in the abomasal digesta of early- to mid-lactation cows. Eight Holstein cows (80 ± 20 d in milk, 22.9 ± 0.69 kg/d of milk yield, and 580 ± 20 kg of body weight; mean ± standard deviation) with ruminal and abomasal cannulas were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment with 22-d periods. The experiment evaluated different fat sources rich in linoleic acid on ruminal kinetics, ruminal fermentation, FA abomasal flow, and milk FA profile of cows assigned to treatment sequences containing a control (CON), with no fat source; soybean oil, added at 2.68% of diet dry matter (DM); WS, addition of WS at 14.3% of diet DM; and CSFA, addition of CSFA at 2.68% of diet DM. Dietary fat supplementation had no effect on nutrient intake and digestibility, with the exception of ether extract. Cows fed fat sources tended to have lower milk fat concentration than those fed CON. In general, diets containing fat sources tended to decrease ruminal neutral detergent fiber digestibility in relation to CON. Cows fed WS had lower ruminal digestibility of DM and higher abomasal flow of DM in comparison to cows fed CSFA. As expected, diets containing fat supplements increased FA abomasal flow of C18:0 and total FA. Cows fed WS tended to present a higher concentration of UFA in milk when compared with those fed CSFA. This study suggests that under some circumstances, abomasal flow of UFA in early lactation cows can be increased by supplementing their diet with fat supplements rich in linoleic acid, regardless of rumen protection, with small effects on ruminal DM digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to determine the interaction between fat source and xylanase supplementation on the performance, utilisation of energy and fat, and caecal microbiota counts in broiler starters fed wheat-based diets. The experimental design was 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments, which included two fat sources (60 g/kg soybean oil or tallow) and two levels of enzyme supplementation (without or with exogenous xylanase). Irrespective of the fat source, xylanase supplementation increased (P0.05) by dietary treatments. Xylanase addition improved (P0.05) in those fed soybeans oil diets. The number of Clostridium spp. was found to be higher (P

The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of wheat straw (WS) as a forage fiber source vs beet pulp (BP) as a non-forage fiber source supplemented by fat sources soybean oil (SBO) vs palm fatty acid (PLF) on growth performance, protozoal population, and urinary purine derivatives (PD) in dairy calves. Fifty-two new-born Holstein female calves (3 days of age) were assigned randomly to one of four treatments: 1) starters contained WS with SBO (WS-SBO); 2) starters contained WS with PLF (WS-PLF); 3) starters contained BP with SBO (BP-SBO); and 4) starters contained BP with PLF (BP-PLF). An equal amounts of fiber (75 g/kg dry matter) and fat (25 g/kg dry matter) was offered in experimental treatments. Milk feeding schedule was constant among experimental treatments. The starter intake was higher in calves received BP with PLF diet (P = 0.02) compared to calved received SBO diet. This coincided with fiber × fat source interaction (P = 0.05) for average daily gain (ADG) and hence BW was higher in calves fed BP along with PLF (P = 0.04). The heights for withers (P = 0.04) and hips (P = 0.01) were higher at weaning when calves received BP with PLF compared to SBO diets. Moreover, the higher ruminal concentration for short-chain fatty acids (P = 0.05) and the higher digestibility for organic matter (P = 0.03) and neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.05) were achieved when calves fed BP with PLF compared to SBO diets. Supplemental SBO reduced starter intake (P = 0.04), total dry matter intake (P = 0.01) and ADG (P = 0.01) compared to PLF diet. The protozoa population was reduced (P = 0.01) when calves were supplemented with SBO compared to calves fed PLF. Furthermore, supplemental SBO reduced total PD concentrations (P = 0.02) and consequently reduced microbial protein synthesis (P = 0.02) compared to PLF diets. Feeding BP compared to WS reduced acetate to propionate ratio (P = 0.02) during the pre-weaning period. In conclusion, based on the current study conditions, feeding WS compared to BP did not produce large differences, because of the negative results produced by SBO compared to PLF on both rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility, feeding SBO is not advisable, whereas feeding PLF in conjunction with BP appears to provide a significant boost in growth and feed consumption in young dairy calves. • Supplementation of starters with palm fatty acid is more favorable than soybean oil in calves. • Feeding beet pulp increased ruminal propionate concentration compared to wheat straw. • Soybean oil is recommendable neither with wheat straw nor with beet pulp. • Beet pulp with palm fatty acids had favorable effect compared to other experimental treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to determine the interaction between fat source and xylanase supplementation on the performance, utilisation of energy and fat, and caecal microbiota counts in broiler starters fed wheat-based diets. The experimental design was 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, which included two fat sources (60 g/kg soybean oil or tallow) and two levels of enzyme supplementation (without or with exogenous xylanase). Irrespective of the fat source, xylanase supplementation increased (P<0.01) the weight gain and lowered (P<0.01) the feed per gain. Birds fed diets with soybean oil diets had higher (P<0.001) weight gain, fat retention and fat digestibility, and lower feed per gain compared to those fed tallow supplemented diets. Feed intake was not affected (P>0.05) by dietary treatments. Xylanase addition improved (P<0.01) the apparent metabolisable energy in diets containing either fat source, but the effect was more pronounced in birds fed the diet containing tallow. The number of Lactobacillus spp. was lowered (P<0.05) by enzyme supplementation in birds fed tallow diets, but unaffected (P>0.05) in those fed soybeans oil diets. The number of Clostridium spp. was found to be higher (P<0.01) in birds fed enzymesupplemented diets. Overall, under the conditions of the present study, the addition of xylanase improved the growth and feed efficiency of broiler starters and the responses were not influenced by the fat source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary medium-chain fatty acids (C8:0 through C12:0) are researched for their potential to reduce enteric methane emissions and to increase N utilization efficiency in ruminants. We aimed to 1) compare coconut oil (CNO; ~60% medium-chain fatty acids) with a source of long-chain fatty acids (animal fat blend; AFB) on lactational responses in a high-starch diet and 2) determine the effect of different dietary concentrations of CNO on dry matter intake (DMI). In experiment 1, the control diet (CTRL) contained (dry basis) 40% forage (71% corn silage, and alfalfa hay and haylage), 26% NDF, and 35% starch. Isonitrogenous treatment diets contained 5.0% of AFB (5%-AFB), CNO (5%-CNO), or a 1-to-1 mixture of AFB and CNO (5%-AFB-CNO) and 0.8% corn gluten meal in place of corn grain. Thirty-two multiparous dairy cows (201 ± 46 d postpartum; 42.0 ± 5.5 kg/d 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield) were adapted to CTRL, blocked by milk yield, and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment diets for 21 d with samples and data collected from d 15 through 21. Treatment 5%-CNO decreased DMI markedly and precipitously and was discontinued after d 5. In wk 3, 5%-AFB and especially 5%-AFB-CNO lowered total-tract NDF digested vs. CTRL (2.6 vs. 1.8 vs. 3.1 kg/d, respectively), likely because fat treatments reduced DMI and 5%-AFB-CNO impaired total-tract NDF digestibility. Milk fat concentrations were 3.10% (CTRL), 2.51% (5%-AFB), and 1.97% (5%-AFB-CNO) and correlated negatively to concentrations of C18:2 trans- 10,cis-12 in milk fat. Additionally, 5%-AFB and 5%-AFBCNO tended to lower milk yield and decreased yields of solids-corrected milk and milk protein compared with CTRL. Fat treatments decreased milk lactose concentration, but increased milk citrate concentration. Moreover, cows fed 5%-AFB-CNO produced less solids-corrected milk than did cows fed 5%-AFB. In experiment 2, diets similar to CTRL contained 2.0, 3.0, or 4.0% CNO. Fifteen multiparous cows (219 ± 42 d postpartum; 42.1 ± 7.0 kg milk yield; mean ± SD) were blocked by DMI and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment diets for an 8-d evaluation. Dietary concentration of CNO affected DMI, with the greatest depression at 4.0% CNO. Overall, dietary CNO depressed DMI and NDF digestibility of a high-starch diet compared with AFB. Feeding CNO to lactating cows equal to or greater than 2.5% decreased lactational performance or DMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the main cereal and type of supplemental fat in the diet on productive performance and egg quality of the eggs was studied in 756 brown-egg laying hens from 22 to 54 wk of age. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with 9 treatments arranged factorially, with 3 cereals (dented corn, soft wheat, and barley) and 3 types of fat (soy oil, acidulated vegetable soapstocks, and lard). Each treatment was replicated 4 times (21 hens/replicate). All diets were formulated to have similar nutrient content, except for linoleic acid, which ranged from 0.8 to 3.4% depending on the combination of cereal and fat source used. This approach allows for the estimation of the minimum level of linoleic acid in the diets that maximizes egg weight. Productive performance and egg-quality traits were recorded every 28 d, and the BW of the hens was measured individually at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. No significant interactions between main factors were detected for any of the variables studied. Egg production, egg weight, and egg mass were not affected by dietary treatment. Body weight gain was higher (P < 0.05) for hens fed corn or wheat than for hens fed barley, and also higher for hens fed lard than for hens fed soy oil or acidulated vegetable soapstocks. Egg quality was not influenced by dietary treatment, except for yolk color, which was greater (P < 0.001) for hens fed corn than for hens fed wheat or barley, and greater for hens fed lard than for hens fed soy oil or acidulated vegetabid soapstocks. We concluded that brown-egg laying liens do not need more than 1.0% of linoleic acid in their diet (1.16 g/hen per d) to maximize egg production and egg size. The 3 cereals and the 3 fat sources tested can replace each other in the diet provided that the linoleic acid requirements to maximize egg size are met. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the effects of the combination of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and n-3 fatty acids on the linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) and arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) concentrations of broiler chicken breast and thigh muscles. One hundred and twenty broilers were raised to 6 wk of age. All chicks were fed a basal corn-soybean meal diet containing 5 different fat sources at an inclusion level of 2% total fat: 1) CLA, 2) flaxseed oil, 3) menhaden fish oil, 4) CLA and flaxseed oil, and 5) CLA and menhaden fish oil. Eight broilers from each treatment were processed at 4 and 6 wk of age. Breast and thigh muscle samples were collected and analyzed for total fat content and fatty acid composition. The results showed that broilers from the CLA and fish oil treatment had lower arachidonic acid concentrations in both breast and thigh muscles than those fed the flaxseed oil diet or the CLA and flaxseed oil diet (P < 0.05). The arachidonic acid concentration and n-6:n-3 ratio of breast and thigh samples from the menhaden fish oil diet were similar to those of the CLA and fish oil diet (P > 0.05), but the inclusion of linoleic acid into chicken thigh muscles of broilers fed the CLA and menhaden fish oil diet improved significantly when compared with that of the diet containing menhaden fish oil only. Thus, the combination of CLA and menhaden fish oil is recommended to reduce the concentrations of linoleic and arachidonic acids in broiler chicken breast and thigh muscles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A factorial design was used to study the effects of dietary fat sources (beef tallow, fresh and oxidized sunflower oils, and linseed oil), α-tocopheryl acetate (0 and 225 mg/kg), and ascorbic acid (0 and 110 mg/kg) supplementation on fatty acid composition, as well as on fat and α-tocopherol content in vacuum-packed raw and cooked meat stored at -20°C. Raw meat fatty acid composition was affected by dietary fat sources and tocopheryl acetate supplementation. After cooking, meat composition was only affected by dietary fat sources. Birds fed linseed oil yielded meat rich in n-3 fatty acids, especially linolenic acid, which provides about 20% of the adequate intake for this fatty acid. Birds fed sunflower or oxidized sunflower oil produced meat rich in n-6 fatty acids, whereas those fed beef tallow resulted in meat rich in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Raw and cooked dark chicken meat α-tocopherol content was only affected by tocopherol supplementation. Supplementation with α-tocopheryl acetate led to α-tocopherol-enriched meat, which provides about 25% of the recommended dietary allowance. Moreover, this content in vacuum-packed samples was not modified even after 7 mo of storage at -20°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A factorial design was used to study the effect of changes in broiler feed on the composition and consumer acceptability of chicken meat. One week before slaughter, 1.25% dietary fish oil was removed from the feed and replaced by other fat sources (animal fat or linseed oil) or we continued with fish oil, and diets were supplemented with Zn (0, 300, or 600 mg/kg), and Se (0 or 1.2 mg/kg as sodium selenite or 0.2 mg/kg as Se-enriched yeast). The changes in dietary fat led to distinct fatty acid compositions of mixed raw dark and white chicken meat with skin. The fish oil diet produced meat with the highest eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DIE[A) content, whereas the linseed oil diet led to meat with the highest content in total n-3 polyunsaturated acids (PUFA), especially linolenic acid. However, meat from animals on the animal fat diet was still rich in very long-chain n-3 PUFA. Se content was affected by Se and Zn supplements. Se content increased with Zn supplementation. However, only Se from the organic source led to a significant increase in this mineral in meat compared with the control. Consumer acceptability scores and TBA values of cooked dark chicken meat after 74 d or after 18 mo of frozen storage were not affected by any of the dietary factors studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of the study was to investigate the effects of DM intake, addition of buffer, and fish vs. soybean oil on duodenal flows and milk concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-11 C18:1. Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated multiparous cows averaging 106 ± 17 d in milk at the start of the trial were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design with treatments as follows: 1) control = diet contained 2% fish oil and fed ad libitum, 2) buffer addition (BUFF) = control diet with 0.8% of NaHCO3 added, 3) low DM intake (LDMI) = DMI restricted to 80% of the control but concentration of fish oil was increased to 2.5% to provide for similar fatty acids (FA) intake, and 4) soybean oil (SBO) = same as control except 2% soybean oil was substituted for fish oil. The diets consisted of 36.2% forage and 63.8% concentrate. Each period consisted of 18 d, with the last 7 d devoted to data collection and the first 4 d used to determine the appropriate amount of feed to be offered to the cow on LDMI. Duodenal flows of CLA and trans-C18:1 were lower for SBO than for diets with fish oil. Feeding buffer did not affect ruminal pH or duodenal flows of trans-11 C18:1 and CLA. Restriction of DMI decreased duodenal flow of trans-11 C18:1 but did not decrease duodenal flow of CLA compared with control. In milk, CLA concentration was lower for SBO (24.5, 17.9, 18.5, and 10.1 mg/g of FA for control, BUFF, LDMI, and SBO, respectively). Cows fed fish oil had higher duodenal flow and milk concentration of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids than the cows fed SBO. Compared with SBO, fish oil is more effective in increasing duodenal flows of CLA and trans-11 C18:1, and thus, concentration of CLA in milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic trace minerals may exacerbate lipid peroxidation, thereby impacting lipid metabolism. This study aimed to compare the effects of inorganic and coated trace minerals in diets with different fat sources, on the performance, slaughter characteristics, and antioxidant status of broiler chickens. A total of 576 21-day-old Abor Acres broiler birds were randomly divided into four dietary treatment groups in a 2 (non-coated and coated trace minerals)×2 (soybean oil and lard) factorial design. Each treatment was replicated 12 times (12 birds per replicate). The results showed that coated minerals significantly improved the average daily gain (ADG) in weight and the feed conversion ratio ( P <0.01), increased serum iron, zinc, selenium, and thyroxine contents, increased the activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, and lipoprotein lipase ( P <0.05), and decreased the serum and muscle malondialdehyde (MDA) contents ( P <0.01). The use of soybean oil as the fat source resulted in a high ADG in weight, a low F/G ratio, reduced serum MDA content, and drip loss of breast and leg muscles ( P <0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of coated trace minerals improved growth performance, antioxidant status, trace mineral retention within serum, and lipid metabolism. Additionally, soybean oil also improved the growth performance, antioxidant performance, and meat quality of broilers. The combination of coated trace minerals and soybean oil generated the best growth performance, antioxidant status, and meat quality characteristics., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Simple Summary: Understanding fat sensing in chickens has the potential to improve least cost feed formulation relevant to poultry feeds. Acid oils (soybean acid oil and palm fatty acid distillate) are economical and sustainable feedstuffs with similar fatty acid composition to crude oils (soybean oil and palm oil) but richer in free fatty acids. However, potential issues relevant to the palatability of these oils have been raised. Four experimental diets were offered in a series of double-choice tests to study the effect of free fatty acid content and the unsaturated:saturated ratio on dietary preferences in hens. Hens showed a feed preference for palm oil added diets over soybean oil diets, with palm oil and palm fatty acid distillate being equally preferred. However, the hens demonstrated a preference for soybean oil when offered in choice with soybean acid oil. In conclusion, free fatty acid content and saturation degree affected feed preferences in hens. The use of oils with greater preference values may give rise to greater feed palatability, enhancing feed intake at critical stages. Behavioural and genetic evidence shows that the taste system is intimately related to the sensing of nutrients with consequences for poultry nutrition practices. A better understanding of how chickens may sense fat could provide the background for selecting feedstuffs used in poultry feeds. Acid oils have the potential to be economical and sustainable feedstuffs. These fat by-products from the edible oil refining industry possess a similar fatty acid composition to the crude oils but are richer in free fatty acids (FFA). An experiment was conducted to study the effect of FFA content and the unsaturated:saturated ratio (U:S) on dietary preferences in hens. Four fat sources were added to a basal diet at an inclusion rate of 6%, determining the experimental diets: soybean oil (SO; high U:S, 5% FFA); soybean acid oil (SA; high U:S, 50% FFA); palm oil (PO; low U:S, 5% FFA); and palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD; low U:S, 50% FFA). The experimental diets were offered in a series of double-choice tests to forty-eight Lohmann Brown laying hens housed individually in cages. Each hen was offered the ten potential binary combinations of the four diets including each diet compared to itself (referred to as four control double-choices). Feed intake was measured for two hours twice a day after one hour of fasting. Consumption was analysed as a standard preference index (% of test diet intake in comparison with the total intake). Preference values were compared to the random choice value of 50% using the Student's t-test. None of the four control comparisons differ significantly from 50% (p > 0.05), indicating that the changes in preference values observed in the other binary comparisons were related to the dietary changes associated to fat ingredients. Hens showed a feed preference for palm oil added diets over soybean oil diets (p < 0.05), with PO and PFAD being equally preferred (p < 0.05). However, in this trial the hens demonstrated a preference for SO (low %FFA) when offered in choice with SA (high %FFA) (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the degree of saturation plays an important role in dietary fat preferences: hens prefer predominantly saturated oils even when these are rich in FFA. Furthermore, when presented with a choice between predominantly unsaturated oils, hens prefer feed with a low %FFA. In conclusion, %FFA and the U:S ratio affected feed preferences in hens. The use of oils with greater preference values may give rise to greater feed palatability, enhancing feed intake at critical stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overall objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) to other common fat sources to minimize the risk of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) cross-contamination in a pig bioassay. Treatments were feed with mitigants inoculated with PEDV after application and were: 1) positive control with no chemical treatment; 2) 0.325% commercially available formaldehyde-based product; 3) 1% blend of 1:1:1 caproic (C6), caprylic (C8), and capric acids (C10) and applied with an aerosolizing nozzle; 4) treatment 3 applied directly into the mixer without an aerosolizing nozzle; 5) 0.66% caproic acid; 6) 0.66% caprylic acid; 7) 0.66% capric acid; 8) 0.66% lauric acid; 9) 1% blend of 1:1 capric and lauric acids; 10) 0.3% commercially available dry C12 product; 11) 1% canola oil; 12) 1% choice white grease; 13) 2% coconut oil; 14) 1% coconut oil; 15) 2% palm kernel oil; 16) 1% palm kernel oil; 17) 1% soy oil and four analysis days (0, 1, 3, and 7 post inoculation) as well as 1 treatment of PEDV-negative feed without chemical treatment. There was a treatment × day interaction ( P < 0.002) for detectable PEDV RNA. The magnitude of the increase in Ct value from d 0 to 7 was dependent upon the individual treatments. Feed treated with individual MCFA, 1% MCFA blend, or commercial-based formaldehyde had fewer ( P < 0.05) detectable viral particles than all other treatments. Commercial-based formaldehyde, 1% MCFA, 0.66% caproic, 0.66% caprylic, and 0.66% capric acids had no evidence of infectivity 10-d old pig bioassay, while there was no evidence the C12 commercial product or longer chain fat sources inhibited PEDV infectivity. Interestingly, pigs given the coconut oil source with the highest composition of caprylic and capric only showed signs of infectivity on the last day of bioassay. These data suggest some MCFA have potential for reducing post feed manufacture PEDV contamination., (© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science.)

Objective: This experiment aimed to investigate the effect of different sources and inclusion levels of dietary fat on productive performance and egg quality in laying hens raised under hot environmental conditions., Method: A total of 480 Hy-Line Brown laying hens at 31 wk of age were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 experimental diets. The control diet contained 2,800 kcal/kg AMEn with no fat addition. Four additional diets were prepared by adding 2.0 or 4.0% of animal fat (AF) or soybean oil (SO). Energy and nutrient concentrations were consistent among all diets. Diets were fed to hens for 4 weeks. Average daily room temperature and humidity were 26.7 ± 1.52°C and 77.4 ± 4.50%. The heat stress index was approximately 76, indicating that hens were raised under heat stress conditions., Results: Final BW was greater (p<0.05) for hens fed diets containing 2.0 or 4.0% AF than for those fed the control diet or diets containing 2.0 or 4.0% SO. The BW gain and feed intake were greater (p<0.05) for hens fed diets containing additional AF or SO than those fed the control diet. Eggshell thickness were the greatest (p<0.05) for hens fed the control diet, but the least (p<0.05) for hens fed diets containing 4.0% SO. Egg yolk color was the greatest (p<0.05) for hens fed to the control diet, but the least (p<0.05) for hens fed diets containing 4.0% SO., Conclusion: Inclusion of supplemental fat (AF and SO) in diets exhibits preventative effects on BW loss for hens raised under hot environmental conditions when energy and nutrient concentrations in diets were maintained. The effects were greater for AF than for SO. However, inclusion of supplemental fat in diets decreases eggshell thickness and egg yolk yellowness, possibly due to a reduction in Ca absorption and intake of egg yolk colorants.