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Communication security of an Internet-of-Things (IoT) product depends on the variety of protocols employed throughout its lifetime. The underlying low-power radio communication technologies impose constraints on maximum transmission units and data rates. Surpassing maximum transmission unit thresholds has an important effect on the efficiency of the solution: transmitting multiple fragments over low-power IoT radio technologies is often prohibitively expensive. Furthermore, IoT communication paradigms such as one-to-many require novel solutions to support the applications executing on constrained devices. Over the last decade, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has been working through its various Working Groups on defining lightweight protocols for Internet-of-Things use cases. “Lightweight” refers to the minimal processing overhead, memory footprint and number of bytes in the air, compared to the protocol counterparts used for non-constrained devices in the Internet. This article overviews the standardization efforts in the IETF on lightweight communication security protocols. It introduces EDHOC, a key exchange protocol, as well as OSCORE and Group OSCORE, application data protection protocols adapted for securing IoT applications. The article additionally highlights the design considerations taken into account during the design of these protocols, an aspect not present in the standards documents. Finally, we present an evaluation of these protocols in terms of the message sizes, and we compare them with the non-constrained counterpart, the (D)TLS protocol. We demonstrate that the novel key exchange protocol EDHOC achieves $\times 5$ reduction over DTLS 1.3 authenticated with pre-shared keys in terms of total number of bytes transmitted over the air, while keeping the benefits of authentication with asymmetric credentials.

The article covers the review of the modern system of international standardization in the field of information technology (IT), and the fundamental role of standards in the purposeful development of IT. Standards are important in all areas of activity, but for the IT field, which should be considered as an established scientific and applied discipline, the standards’ system plays a special role - it performs the function of a scientific and methodological basis for the IT field, representing a world of models of different levels of abstraction, including models: conceptual, architectural, functional, data, behavioral, relationships, management processes for various activities, as well as a huge set of standardized methods and tools for processing data, information and knowledge. And this world of models serves as a conceptual, scientific and instrumental basis for the further development of the IT field. Meanwhile, many of these standardized models determine the fundamental laws of information matter. In this regard, it is extremely important for university students to study the principles of building and functioning of the international standardization system in the field of IT, to study the fundamental standards for the most important areas of IT, as well as to study the system standards of the International Organization for Standardization ISO. The article discusses the structure of the international standardization system, including: official international standardization organizations (ISO, IEC, IUT), regional standardization organizations (for example, CEN, CENELEC, ETSI); national standards organizations (ANSI, AFNOR, BSI, DIN, JISC, etc.), industry consortia and professional organizations (ISOC, IAB, IETF, IRTF, IEEE, OMG, ECMA, W3C, Open Group, WFMC, OCF, ONF, Foundation SFIA, etc.). It describes the standardization processes of a number of organizations, gives examples of standards developed by them.

Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is a project that has proposed by IETF group to allow packet streams to be separated across multiple sub-flow paths. MPTCP brings a great benefit in throughput, reliability, and fairness. However, MPTCP can be implemented in a little Linux distribution where it requires compiling and installing to become available for an actual and simulation scenario. In the paper, the performance analysis and evaluation results in both TCP and MPTCP are achieved through PC computer connected to Wi-Fi access point and 3G in heterogeneous networks. The simulation results prove that MPTCP performs better than single-path TCP for heterogeneous networks. All experiments over MPTCP and TCP leads to same results in terms of the throughput in heterogeneous networks. In this paper, four congestion control methods are implemented in the kernel and compared with each other understand the behaviors of those methods. The result of the experiment proves that Linked Increased Algorithm (LIA) has the advantage over the others in light data traffic while Balanced LIA (BLIA) has the advantage the others when there is heavy data traffic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has standardized a new framework, called Static Context Header Compression and fragmentation (SCHC), which offers adaptation layer functionality designed to support IPv6 over Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs). The IETF is currently profiling SCHC, and in particular its packet fragmentation and reassembly functionality, for its optimal use over certain LPWAN technologies. Considering the energy constraints of LPWAN devices, it is crucial to determine the energy performance of SCHC packet transfer. In this paper, we present a current and energy consumption model of SCHC packet transfer over Sigfox, a flagship LPWAN technology. The model, which is based on real hardware measurements, allows to determine the impact of several parameters and fragment transmission strategies on the energy performance of SCHC packet transfer over Sigfox. Among other results, we have found that the lifetime of a device powered by a 2000 mAh battery, transmitting packets every 5 days, is 168 days for 2250-byte packets, while it increases to 1464 days for 77-byte packets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has standardized a new framework, called Static Context Header Compression and fragmentation (SCHC), which offers adaptation layer functionality designed to support IPv6 over Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs). The IETF is currently profiling SCHC, and in particular its packet fragmentation and reassembly functionality, for its optimal use over certain LPWAN technologies. Considering the energy constraints of LPWAN devices, it is crucial to determine the energy performance of SCHC packet transfer. In this paper, we present a current and energy consumption model of SCHC packet transfer over Sigfox, a flagship LPWAN technology. The model, which is based on real hardware measurements, allows to determine the impact of several parameters and fragment transmission strategies on the energy performance of SCHC packet transfer over Sigfox. Among other results, we have found that the lifetime of a device powered by a 2000 mAh battery, transmitting packets every 5 days, is 168 days for 2250-byte packets, while it increases to 1464 days for 77-byte packets.

This article discusses the shortcomings of value in design approach to protect human rights on the Internet. It argues that Internet protocols do not single handedly mitigate human rights on the Internet and in order to measure their impact, they need to be put in context. In other words, instead of design determinism, contextual analysis of Internet technologies that involve Internet protocols should take place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Things (IoT) is an advanced application scenario of Internet and becomes buzzword in current world of distributed application platform. Security is one of the biggest challenges to the private and sensitive data processed through the IoT. In this research paper a cryptographic algorithm technique is being proposed to provide more security of information flowing through the distributed network under IoT system The proposed cryptographic algorithm is capable of providing the enhanced security of data and information from the sensor or Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sub systems of IoT to communication network such as Internet to cloud storage. The main features of this proposed algorithm is the simplicity, adaptability under distributed applications and its ability to encrypt and decrypt all types of data..

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has developed and promoted several standards intended to facilitate Internet of things communication among constrained devices in low‐power low‐rate networks (LLNs). Specifically, IETF introduces a series of protocols that deal with different layers of the stack ranging from IPv6 adaptation to routing in LLN. Among them, the constrained application protocol (CoAP) is a session protocol that is used to carry sensor and actuator traffic. Since CoAP transport relies on the user datagram protocol, and in order to provide reliability, it introduces a mode operation known as confirmable where messages are considered delivered once they have been acknowledged. One drawback of this approach, however, is the latency that results from the retransmission of packets in lossy networks. In this study, the authors present, model, compare and evaluate a forward error correction mechanism that enables CoAP to improve its reliability while reducing latency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a survey of the current work to understand the available security measures in the literature for constrained environments. First of all, this paper introduces the specific problem of security in constrained environments and the need for a consistent solution. The necessary set of security measures that must be present in an architecture is reviewed. Second, an overview of such consistent solutions in the literature is provided. Finally, a comparison of these solutions is performed based on the security and constraint aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobility management has always been a challenging and important issue for the next‐generation all‐IP mobile networks. Seamless mobility is one of the requirements to provide real‐time services in such networks. Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) has been developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a network‐based mobility management protocol to support the mobility of IP devices. Although several designs have been presented in the literature to reduce the amount of PMIPv6 signalling and latency handover, they do not satisfy the real‐time application requirements. In this study, the authors first propose a novel vertical handover algorithm that helps to anticipate the handover process in an efficient manner. The suggested approach is based on PMIPv6 and IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) standard. The authors also added a new MIH primitive in order to indicate that a handover is needed to be done very soon. The triggering of such process is done thanks to two proposed dynamic thresholds. According to the analytical evaluation and simulation results, the proposed method guarantees a significant reduction of the handover delay and the signalling overhead, handover blocking probability and packet loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the standardisation of the fifth generation (5G) wireless network interface was established in 3GPP, the features of 5G arouse great interest both in academics and industry, even government. The significant advancements of 5G wireless network technology will make a great increase in the demand for content‐rich streaming media services. What's more, many mobile devices with heterogeneous network interfaces (4G, WiFi, and even 5G) connect multiple paths for data delivery simultaneously. Multiple Transmission Control Protocol (MPTCP) is recommended by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to multi‐path parallel transmission, which is an important transport layer protocol. Although there are many attractive benefits by using MPTCP for data delivery, it becomes sensitive for MPTCP to network attacks. When a subflow with the MPTCP association suffers from some network attacks (e.g. denial of service attacks), there is undoubted that it will cause large numbers of retransmission data. Unfortunately, the regular MPTCP retransmission mechanisms retransmit data over the same path, which may cause receiver buffer blocking. In this study, the authors propose effective retransmission mechanisms in MPTCP for retransmitting data on a non‐congested path. The simulation results show that the proposed retransmission mechanism has better performance than the regular' in the network attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the issues of packet delay and unfairness among multimedia UDP flows, this paper presents the design and evaluation of network models to study different parameters for quality-of-service (QoS) provisioning in differentiated service (DiffServ) routers using user datagram protocol (UDP) as network traffic agent and constant bit rate (CBR) as traffic generator. Traffic marker algorithms are used to define the treatment an incoming traffic (packet streams) receives at the edge routers in a DiffServ domain. In order to implement the TSW2CM and TSW3CM marker algorithms, a network model was designed. The designed models were simulated, analysed and evaluated. For the purpose of evaluation, packet delay and fairness index were considered. The obtained evaluation results were analysed based on a ranking system approach to showcase the strengths and weaknesses of the TSW2CM and TSW3CM algorithms for multimedia UDP flows. The adopted approach showed that the TSW3CM algorithm was ranked first with a packet delay value of 0.237704 while TSW2CM algorithm was marked second (with 0.431778), and the TSW3CM algorithm was ranked first with a fairness rate value of 0.3823960 while TSW2CM algorithm was ranked second (with 0.2817353). The obtained results indicate that applications that requires low packet delay can be deployed on UDP protocol using TSW3CM algorithm while applications that requires high fairness rate values can be deployed on UDP protocol using TSW3CM algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of research of participation of international networked associations of internet developers in world political process are presented in the article. The main cases are associations that develop technical standards for the internet or promote such standards (IETF and WaSP), associations that develop countermeasures against the political control of internet communications (Netsukuku, TOR and FreeNet), and an association that develop one of the most remarkable political online projects WikiLeaks.

IP based Wireless Sensor Networks (IP-WSNs) are being used in healthcare, home automation, industrial control and agricultural monitoring. In most of these applications global addressing of individual IP-WSN nodes and layer-three routing for mobility enabled IP-WSN with special attention to reliability, energy efficiency and end to end delay minimization are a few of the major issues to be addressed. Most of the routing protocols in WSN are based on layer-two approaches. For reliability and end to end communication enhancement the necessity of layer-three routing for IP-WSNs is generating significant attention among the research community, but due to the hurdle of maintaining routing state and other communication overhead, it was not possible to introduce a layer-three routing protocol for IP-WSNs. To address this issue we propose in this paper a global addressing scheme and layer-three based hierarchical routing protocol. The proposed addressing and routing approach focuses on all the above mentioned issues. Simulation results show that the proposed addressing and routing approach significantly enhances the reliability, energy efficiency and end to end delay minimization. We also present architecture, message formats and different routing scenarios in this paper.

IP based Wireless Sensor Networks (IP-WSNs) are gaining importance for their broad range of applications in health-care, home automation, environmental monitoring, industrial control, vehicle telematics and agricultural monitoring. In all these applications, mobility in the sensor network with special attention to energy efficiency is a major issue to be addressed. Host-based mobility management protocols are not suitable for IP-WSNs because of their energy inefficiency, so network based mobility management protocols can be an alternative for the mobility supported IP-WSNs. In this paper we propose a network based mobility supported IP-WSN protocol called Sensor Proxy Mobile IPv6 (SPMIPv6). We present its architecture, message formats and also evaluate its performance considering signaling cost, mobility cost and energy consumption. Our analysis shows that with respect to the number of IP-WSN nodes, the proposed scheme reduces the signaling cost by 60% and 56%, as well as the mobility cost by 62% and 57%, compared to MIPv6 and PMIPv6, respectively. The simulation results also show that in terms of the number of hops, SPMIPv6 decreases the signaling cost by 56% and 53% as well as mobility cost by 60% and 67% as compared to MIPv6 and PMIPv6 respectively. It also indicates that proposed scheme reduces the level of energy consumption significantly.

Lawful interception was developed in a closed manner and is usable for pervasive monitoring, which the Internet community has deemed an attack. Further developing lawful interception technology is therefore counter-productive unless accompanied by an open re-evaluation of targeted monitoring requirements assigning equal priority to requirements for security, privacy, and Internet-scale interoperability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial accounting standards are set by organizations granted a significant degree of monopoly power by various governments.While there has been considerable debate on the merits of national (e.g., US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)) versus international (International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)) monopolies, little attention has been paid to the merits of using competing standard-setting organizations (SSOs) for setting accounting standards.We compare the standard-setting processes of the FASB/IASB to the processes of four technology-oriented SSOs to assess the role of competition. We also provide a case study of monopoly and competitive standards in telephony. Both telephony and accounting yield some gains from coordination, and similar arguments are used (under the labels of comparability and consistency of accounting) in debates about granting a monopoly to their respective SSOs. Our results show that a group of volunteers competing with the government-sanctioned monopoly of International Telecommunications Union transformed the telephone industry. Thanks to this standards competition, we enjoy free video internet calling and massive cost savings. Implications for accounting standard setting are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As service chaining matures, interoperability is a must. Network service headers provide the required data-plane information needed to construct topologically independent service paths as well as to pass opaque metadata between classification and service functions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are a new communication paradigm that enables the communication between vehicles moving at high speeds on the roads. This has opened doors to develop several new applications like traffic engineering, traffic management, dissemination of emergency information to avoid hazardous situations and other user applications. VANETs are direct offshoot of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) but with distinguishing characteristics like movement at high speeds, constrained mobility, sufficient storage and processing power, unpredictable node density and difficult communication environment with short link lifetime. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is developing Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO) routing protocol which is successor to the popular Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocols and shares many of its benefits. Performance evaluation of DYMO has been carried out in VANET scenarios and contrasted with traditional DSR and AODV. Results demonstrate the merits of DYMO under intense network conditions and the packet delivery fraction can be improved by as much as 30% when compared with the competing schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IP based Wireless Sensor Networks (IP-WSNs) are being used in healthcare, home automation, industrial control and agricultural monitoring. In most of these applications global addressing of individual IP-WSN nodes and layer-three routing for mobility enabled IP-WSN with special attention to reliability, energy efficiency and end to end delay minimization are a few of the major issues to be addressed. Most of the routing protocols in WSN are based on layer-two approaches. For reliability and end to end communication enhancement the necessity of layer-three routing for IP-WSNs is generating significant attention among the research community, but due to the hurdle of maintaining routing state and other communication overhead, it was not possible to introduce a layer-three routing protocol for IP-WSNs. To address this issue we propose in this paper a global addressing scheme and layer-three based hierarchical routing protocol. The proposed addressing and routing approach focuses on all the above mentioned issues. Simulation results show that the proposed addressing and routing approach significantly enhances the reliability, energy efficiency and end to end delay minimization. We also present architecture, message formats and different routing scenarios in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IP based Wireless Sensor Networks (IP-WSNs) are gaining importance for their broad range of applications in health-care, home automation, environmental monitoring, industrial control, vehicle telematics and agricultural monitoring. In all these applications, mobility in the sensor network with special attention to energy efficiency is a major issue to be addressed. Host-based mobility management protocols are not suitable for IP-WSNs because of their energy inefficiency, so network based mobility management protocols can be an alternative for the mobility supported IP-WSNs. In this paper we propose a network based mobility supported IP-WSN protocol called Sensor Proxy Mobile IPv6 (SPMIPv6). We present its architecture, message formats and also evaluate its performance considering signaling cost, mobility cost and energy consumption. Our analysis shows that with respect to the number of IP-WSN nodes, the proposed scheme reduces the signaling cost by 60% and 56%, as well as the mobility cost by 62% and 57%, compared to MIPv6 and PMIPv6, respectively. The simulation results also show that in terms of the number of hops, SPMIPv6 decreases the signaling cost by 56% and 53% as well as mobility cost by 60% and 67% as compared to MIPv6 and PMIPv6 respectively. It also indicates that proposed scheme reduces the level of energy consumption significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent proliferation of information and communications technology standards and their accompanying ad hoc standards bodies could lead to a decentralization of standardization, which will affect privacy and security in the Internet of Things. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in Mobile IP has proposed that IP should take support from the underlying wireless network architecture to achieve good performance for handover and paging protocols. The IETF work defines requirements for layer 2 (the data link layer of the OSI model) to support optimized layer 3 (the network layer of the OSI model) handover and paging protocols. Layer 2 can send notification to layer 3 that a certain event has happened or is about to happen. The notification is sent using a trigger. We list the triggers needed by IP handover and paging protocols. We map the triggers to their corresponding events in CDMA2000 [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]