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This article studies the prevalence of male-to-male sexual contact in the United States, using probability surveys conducted between 1970 and 1990. In this study estimated minimums of 5 to 7 percent of men in the US report some same-gender sexual contact during adulthood. Because of the likelihood of underreporting, these estimates might be considered lower bounds on the actual prevalence of such contact. Also, estimates show relatively little variation across social and demographic subgroups with the major exception that higher prevalence is reported among never-married men, particularly those 35 and older. Some lesser variations are also found by service in the military current residence, and current religious affiliation . Evidence from these surveys suggests that some men may have episodic male-male contact in adulthood while other men may have a relatively consistent and exclusive pattern of same-gender contacts. Only one-quarter to one-half of the U.S. men who report male-male contacts in adulthood also report having had such contacts during the preceding 12 months. In addition, the majority of men reporting same-gender contacts in adulthood also report some male-female contacts. Among men reporting same- gender contacts in the preceding 12 months, however, the majority report exclusively male sexual contacts throughout adulthood. Furthermore, potential implications of these findings for HIV prevention and research are discussed.

Objectives: To examine 12-month prevalence of perceived bullying at work for doctors in different job categories and medical disciplines in 1993, 2004 and 2014-2015, and personality traits, work-related and health-related factors associated with perceived workplace bullying., Design: Cross-sectional questionnaire surveys in 1993, 2004 and 2014-2015 where the 2004 and the 2012-2015 samples are partly overlapping., Setting: Norway., Participants: Response rates were 72.8% (2628/3608) in 1993, 67% (1004/1499) in 2004 and 78.2% (1261/1612) in 2014-2015. 485 doctors responded both in 2004 and 2014-2015., Outcome Measure: Perceived bullying at work from colleagues or superiors at least a few times a month during the last year., Results: Between the samples from 1993, 2004 and 2014-2015, there were no significant differences in the prevalence of perceived bullying at work. More senior hospital doctors and surgeons reported being bullied. Doctors with higher scores on the personality trait neuroticism were more likely to perceive bullying, as were female doctors, doctors with poor job satisfaction and poor self-rated health., Conclusions: The fraction of doctors who experienced bullying at work was stable over a 20-year period. Psychological, psychosocial and cultural factors are predictors of perceived bullying., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)