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Background: The beneficial effects of a plant-based diet on gut microbiota diversity are well documented, however, its impact on clinical bowel health and defecation patterns are less well understood. Vegetarian diets have been associated with a higher bowel movement (BM) frequency as well as softer stools in cross-sectional studies. The effects of the de-novo adoption of a vegan diet on bowel health, however, have never been investigated in a randomized-controlled trial. Materials and Methods: The present study examined bowel health and defecation patterns in relation to diet and nutrient intake in a young and healthy sample of n = 65 physically-active German university students who were randomly assigned to either a vegan or a meat-rich diet for eight weeks. Bowel health assessment included the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS), the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI) and the Cleveland Clinic Fecal Incontinence Score (CC FIS). Nutrient intake was assessed using weighed food diaries. The study was prospectively registered at the German Clinical Trial Register (DRKS00031541). Results: Weekly BM frequency slightly increased in vegans, whereas it remained unaltered in participants assigned to a meat-rich diet. Fiber intake increased significantly in vegans (34.89 (18.46) g/d) whereas it decreased in those assigned to the meat-rich group (22.79 (12.5) g/d). No significant intergroup differences in BSFS and CC FIS patterns were observed. Adoption of a vegan diet neither resulted in a transient increase in abdominal discomfort nor in a decreased gastrointestinal quality of life, which was comparable across the diet groups. Conclusions: The short-term de-novo adoption of a vegan diet did not negatively affect markers of bowel health in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dietary habits are crucial for preventing many diseases, particularly in children and adolescents. Accurate assessment of dietary intake is essential for understanding the relationship between diet and health in these age groups. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the reproducibility and validity of a Spanish version of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) in 150 Spanish children and adolescents aged 10 to 17 using the average of 9 days of 24-h dietary recall (24H-DR) as a reference. Methods: Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to asses reproducibility and Spearman/Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to assess validity and reproducibility. Results: The average ICCs were 0.41 for crude nutrients, 0.31 for food groups, 0.31 for energy-adjusted nutrients, and 0.4 for energy-adjusted food groups. Spearman/Pearson correlation coefficients averaged 0.39 and 0.41 for crude and energy-adjusted nutrients, respectively, and 0.51 and 0.47 for corresponding food groups. Regarding validity, the average correlation coefficient for crude, energy-adjusted, and de-attenuated nutrients was 0.32, 0.50, and 0.50, respectively. The highest crude coefficient was 0.50 for vitamin C and fiber, while the highest energy-adjusted coefficient was 0.76 for protein and carbohydrates. The highest de-attenuated coefficient was 0.72 for vitamin B6. Conclusions: Overall, these results suggest that the EPIC FFQ is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing dietary intake in Spanish children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food insecurity and malnutrition are often evident among the elderly population residing in low-income communities. This study is part of a broad collaborative investigation that recorded nutritional status, socio-demographic variables, and anthropometric indices from 2004 to 2014. The baseline was recorded for 2004, and a five-year follow-up was done for 2009, and 2014. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, over ten years, the dietary intake and nutritional status of elderly people in terms of anthropometric measurements at an elderly day care center, to determine if socio-demographic variables influence their diets, and if dietary intakes changed over the ten years. The study used a quantitative descriptive approach with a longitudinal cohort. This review only reflects the nutrient analysis of the diet amongst the cohort group (n=62). Measures included two 24-hour recalls assessing both the food and nutrient intake, as well as the dietary pattern of the cohort group. Results reflect many fluctuations in nutrient intake. Overall, participants consumed less energy, carbohydrates, and dietary fibre than dietary reference intakes (DRI), with protein intake above DRI during 2004 and 2009, but declining between 2009 and 2014. Micronutrient intake revealed calcium consistently below DRI, with variations in other nutrients over the years. Gender differences were significant for certain nutrients, with men generally consuming more niacin, vitamin B6 and vitamin E as compared to women. Median nutrient intakes failed to meet average requirements, except for protein, carbohydrates, chromium, riboflavin, pantothenate and vitamin K. Only a few nutrients, such as niacin, vitamin B6 and vitamin E reflected significant differences in values between the different genders. T-tests comparing nutrient averages between years found significant differences in fat intake between 2004 and 2009, and between 2009 and 2014, while protein differed significantly between 2009 and 2014. Other nutrients did not show significant differences across these periods, except for cholesterol and zinc between 2004 and 2014, and protein, fat, cholesterol, and zinc between 2009 and 2014. The collective picture reveals deficiencies, especially in key nutrients like zinc and iron, which fluctuated over a ten-year period. Analysis showed no significant difference in nutrient intake across the three periods, except for fat intake, which significantly differed between 2009 and 2014. Energy intake appeared to be higher from 2004 to 2009 but decreased notably by 2014. These findings underscore the importance of tailored dietary interventions to address nutrient deficiencies in aging populations, considering both individual needs and changing dietary patterns over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity has become a significant global health issue. This multifaceted condition is influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, significantly influenced by nutrition. Aim: The study's objective is to elucidate the relationship between obesity-related genes, nutrient intake, and the development of obesity and the importance of other metabolic diseases. Methods: A comprehensive literature review spanning the past two decades was conducted to analyze the contributions of genetic variants—including FTO, MC4R, and LEPR—and their associations with dietary habits, highlighting how specific nutrients affect gene expression and obesity risk and how the coexistence of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis may modulate these factors. Moreover, the role of epigenetic factors, such as dietary patterns that encourage the development of obesity, was explored. Discussion and Conclusions: By understanding the intricate relationships among genetics, nutrients, and obesity development, this study highlights the importance of personalized dietary strategies in managing obesity. Overall, an integrated approach that considers genetic predispositions alongside environmental influences is essential for developing effective prevention and treatment methodologies, ultimately contributing to better health outcomes in diverse populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stunting can be linked to various factors, one of which is dysbiosis. This study aims to analyze the microbiota composition and related contributing factors of stunted and non-stunted children in the slum areas of Jakarta. Methods: The subjects in this study included 21 stunted (HAZ ≤ −2SD) and 21 non-stunted children (−2SD ≤ HAZ ≤ 3SD) aged 2–5 years. Microbiota analysis was performed by extracting DNA from the subjects' feces and then via 16S rRNA sequencing using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Results: The results of this study showed that in stunted children, the abundance of Mitsuokella (24,469 OTUs), Alloprevotella (23,952 OTUs), and Providencia alcalifaciens (861 OTUs) was higher, while in non-stunted children, that of Blautia (29,755 OTUs), Lachnospiraceae (6134 OTUs), Bilophila (12,417 OTUs), Monoglobus (484 OTUs), Akkermansia muciniphila (1116 OTUs), Odoribacter splanchnicus (42,993 OTUs), and Bacteroides clarus (8900 OTUs) was higher. Differences in microbiota composition in the two groups were influenced by nutrient intake, birth history, breastfeeding history, handwashing habits before eating, drinking water sources, and water sources for other activities. Conclusions: This study highlights that stunted children have a significantly different gut microbiota composition compared to non-stunted children, with higher levels of pathogenic bacteria and lower levels of beneficial bacteria. Future research should focus on interventions that can improve the gut microbiota composition to prevent stunting in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Adolescents represent 16% of the world's population and around 21% of the Indian population. A study was done to assess the double burden of malnutrition, the proportion of inadequate intake of some important macronutrients and micronutrients, and the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on nutrient intakes among adolescents. Methodology: Retrospective data analysis of the adolescents presented at the Adolescent Health Clinic at a teaching hospital (tertiary care level) in Andhra Pradesh, India, between September 2022 and December 2022 was done in the current study. Results: A total of 800 adolescents were studied with the mean age of the participants as 15.8 (±2.38) years of age. Among the participants, the majority (59%) were immunized with Td vaccination at 10 years and/or 16 years, 21% were not immunized, and the rest 20% did not remember the status. Only 17 participants had a history of COVID-19 infection in the past. The majority (62.75%) of the participants belong to normal nutrition status as per BMI for age WHO growth charts. There is a significant difference in the nutrition status between males and females belonging to overweight and obese subgroups. There is no significant difference in the intake with respect to past COVID-19 status. Almost all the participants take inadequate amounts of carbohydrates (calories), pyridoxine, folate, iron, calcium, vitamin D3, and retinol. Protein intake is inadequate in 63% of participants, and the deficient intake rises with the age with respect to both EAR and RDA guidelines. Conclusion: A large proportion of adolescents suffer from the double burden of malnutrition in South India, and almost all the adolescents do not get the recommended intake of most of the macro- and micronutrients in their diet following the lockdown and online schooling due to the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the efficacy of lactic acid bacteria probiotics containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactococcus lactis on nutrient consumption and egg weight of Japanese quail. A total of 120 females Japanese quails comprised four treatments and six replications. T0, T1, T2, and T3 treatment groups were administered L. acidophilus and L. lactis with concentrations of 0, 1, 2, and 3 mL/liter of drinking water. Consumption data were collected weekly, and egg weight data were collected daily during treatment. The data obtained were then analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with the Duncan multiple range test (p < 0.05). The results of this study showed that probiotics in drinking water reported significant differences (p < 0.05) compared between treatments (T1, T2, and T3) to reduce nutrient intake of organic matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber and increase egg weight of quail. It can be concluded that the combination of L. acidophilus and L. lactis can reduce nutrient consumption but can increase the egg weight of Japanese quail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Children's rapid growth requires adequate nutrient intake, with breakfast, especially when incorporating dairy, playing an important role. This study examined associations between dairy consumption at breakfast and energy and nutrient intake among children in Southeast Asia. Methods: Utilizing the cross-sectional South East Asian Nutrition Surveys II dataset, using a 24 h dietary recall and questionnaires distributed among 10,286 children aged 2 to 12 years from Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and Vietnam, we investigated the impact of dairy consumption at breakfast on nutrient intake and examined associations between breakfast consumption and the prevalence of stunting and overweight/obesity among 10,135 children. Results: Although most of the children consumed breakfast, only 37%, 27%, 16%, and 18% in Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and Vietnam, respectively, included dairy in this meal, with younger children being significantly more likely to consume dairy at breakfast (p < 0.001). Dairy consumers had significantly higher intakes of vitamins A, B12, and D and calcium both at breakfast and throughout the day (p < 0.001). Breakfast skippers had a 29% increased risk of being overweight/obese. Conclusions: Dairy consumption at breakfast was associated with enhanced nutrient intake and overall diet quality among Southeast Asian children. The association between breakfast habits and anthropometric outcomes highlights the need to address nutritional deficiencies and promote healthy growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritional guidelines are of importance in directing food choices of T1D patients. The objective is to summarise existing nutritional recommendations and examine its adherence by T1D patients. Literature was searched on dietary guidelines in T1D using electronic databases PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, in English and 29 papers were selected. As per ADA, EASD, ISPAD, and ICMR guidelines, energy recommendations for T1D are based on ideal body weight to prevent overweight and obesity. The safe amounts of carbohydrates, protein and fat includes 50–55%, 15–20% and 25–30% of total energy respectively with fiber intake recommended at 20–30 g/day. Vitamin and mineral supplementation are beneficial in the presence of deficiency. Adherence to nutritional recommendations was suboptimal but better in those who were frequently consulting a dietician. As suboptimal dietary adherence leads to poor glycaemic control, nutritional guidelines must be followed to manage T1D and prevent or delay diabetic complications.

Introduction Adolescents represent 16% of the world’s population and around 21% of the Indian population. A study was done to assess the double burden of malnutrition, the proportion of inadequate intake of some important macronutrients and micronutrients, and the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on nutrient intakes among adolescents. Methodology Retrospective data analysis of the adolescents presented at the Adolescent Health Clinic at a teaching hospital (tertiary care level) in Andhra Pradesh, India, between September 2022 and December 2022 was done in the current study. Results A total of 800 adolescents were studied with the mean age of the participants as 15.8 (±2.38) years of age. Among the participants, the majority (59%) were immunized with Td vaccination at 10 years and/or 16 years, 21% were not immunized, and the rest 20% did not remember the status. Only 17 participants had a history of COVID-19 infection in the past. The majority (62.75%) of the participants belong to normal nutrition status as per BMI for age WHO growth charts. There is a significant difference in the nutrition status between males and females belonging to overweight and obese subgroups. There is no significant difference in the intake with respect to past COVID-19 status. Almost all the participants take inadequate amounts of carbohydrates (calories), pyridoxine, folate, iron, calcium, vitamin D3, and retinol. Protein intake is inadequate in 63% of participants, and the deficient intake rises with the age with respect to both EAR and RDA guidelines. Conclusion A large proportion of adolescents suffer from the double burden of malnutrition in South India, and almost all the adolescents do not get the recommended intake of most of the macro- and micronutrients in their diet following the lockdown and online schooling due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

This study aimed to determine the efficacy of lactic acid bacteria probiotics containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactococcus lactis on nutrient consumption and egg weight of Japanese quail. A total of 120 females Japanese quails comprised four treatments and six replications. T0, T1, T2, and T3 treatment groups were administered L. acidophilus and L. lactis with concentrations of 0, 1, 2, and 3 mL/liter of drinking water. Consumption data were collected weekly, and egg weight data were collected daily during treatment. The data obtained were then analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with the Duncan multiple range test (p < 0.05). The results of this study showed that probiotics in drinking water reported significant differences (p < 0.05) compared between treatments (T1, T2, and T3) to reduce nutrient intake of organic matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber and increase egg weight of quail. It can be concluded that the combination of L. acidophilus and L. lactis can reduce nutrient consumption but can increase the egg weight of Japanese quail.

Abstract Background This study examined how fortified foods and dietary supplements contributed to total nutrient intakes and their adequacy in Japanese adults. Methods Nutrient intake was estimated from 4-day dietary records of 392 adults (20–69 years) in total intake considering intakes from fortified foods and dietary supplements and in base diets without considering their intake. Users were defined as participants who used at least one fortified foods and/or dietary supplements during the 4-day recording period. The proportion of participants whose intake was below the Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) or exceeded the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese was calculated. Results In 122 identified users (31% of participants) of fortified foods and/or dietary supplements, the mean contributions of fortified foods and dietary supplements to total intake were

Background/Aims: Nutritional factors associated with gastric cancer (GC) are not completely understood. We aimed to determine the effect of nutrient intake on the incidence of GC. Methods: This was a post hoc analysis of a prospective trial that evaluated modalities for GC screening in participants aged 30 to 74 years living in high-risk areas for GC in Japan between June 2011 and March 2013. The patients were followed up for GC incidence for 6 years. All participants completed a self-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) upon enrollment before GC screening. Daily nutrient intake was calculated from the FFQ and dichotomized at each cutoff value using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Risk factors associated with GC incidence were investigated in terms of nutrient intake and participant characteristics using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results: Overall, 1,147 participants were included in this analysis. The median age was 62 years, and 50.7% of the participants were men. The median follow-up period was 2,184 days. GC was detected in 25 participants during the follow-up. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that the intake of sodium (adjusted hazards ratio [aHR], 3.905; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.520 to 10.035; p=0.005) and vitamin D (aHR, 2.747; 95% CI, 1.111 to 6.788, p=0.029) were positively associated with GC incidence, whereas the intake of soluble dietary fiber (aHR, 0.104; 95% CI, 0.012 to 0.905; p=0.040) was inversely associated with GC incidence. Conclusion : s: Daily high intake of sodium and vitamin D and low soluble dietary fiber intake are associated with GC incidence.

(1) Background: "Blue food" is a recently coined term referring to seafood, emphasizing health benefits and sustainability. This study compares nutrient intake levels between Koreans who consume fish and shellfish and those who do not. (2) Methods: Data from the eighth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019–2020) were used. A total of 9442 individuals were analyzed (≥1 year old). A complex sample design was applied. (3) Results: Younger individuals aged 9 to 29 consumed less fish and shellfish, while those with higher education and income levels consumed more. Compared with the non-consumption group, individuals in the fish and shellfish consumption group exhibited a higher nutrient density in their diets, excluding total fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and riboflavin (p < 0.01). They also had a higher proportion of nutrient intakes relative to the Recommended Nutrient Intake level for all nutrients than the non-consumption group (p < 0.001), particularly in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid intakes. Conversely, the non-consumption group had a higher proportion of nutrient intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement compared with the consumption group. (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: Individuals consuming blue food exhibited higher levels of nutrient intake. Developing strategies to promote the consumption of blue food, considering factors such as age, education, and income, is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritional guidelines are of importance in directing food choices of T1D patients. The objective is to summarise existing nutritional recommendations and examine its adherence by T1D patients. Literature was searched on dietary guidelines in T1D using electronic databases PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, in English and 29 papers were selected. As per ADA, EASD, ISPAD, and ICMR guidelines, energy recommendations for T1D are based on ideal body weight to prevent overweight and obesity. The safe amounts of carbohydrates, protein and fat includes 50–55%, 15–20% and 25–30% of total energy respectively with fiber intake recommended at 20–30 g/day. Vitamin and mineral supplementation are beneficial in the presence of deficiency. Adherence to nutritional recommendations was suboptimal but better in those who were frequently consulting a dietician. As suboptimal dietary adherence leads to poor glycaemic control, nutritional guidelines must be followed to manage T1D and prevent or delay diabetic complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stunted is a condition of malnutrition caused by inadequate nutrient intake, especially in protein and zinc. Zinc deficiency can lead to impaired growth and increased risk of infectious disease due to inadequate zinc intake and low bioavailability of zinc in food. The purpose of this research was to analyze the nutrient intake and phytate-to-zinc molar ratio in children. This research was an analytical observational study with cross-sectional design. Children aged 6-59 months with stunted (n=61) and non-stunted (n=65) nutritional status were chosen by stratified random sampling in Ciptomulyo Health Center, Malang city. Nutrient and phytate intake were taken using 2x24 hour food recall method, while zinc bioavailability was calculated using phytate-to-zinc molar ratio. The difference of independent variables were analyzed using Independent t-test and Mann Whitney test. The result of this study showed that there were significantly different energy and protein adequacy levels (p=0.018; p=0.001) and phytate intake (p=0.016) among stunted and non-stunted children. On the other hand, fat, carbohydrate, and zinc adequacy level did not show any significant differences. Furthermore, there were no significant difference in phytate-to-zinc molar ratio in the two group (p=0.158) with more than half children had high phytate-to-zinc molar ratio category. In conclusion, the stunted and non-stunted children showed significant differences in energy, protein, and phytate intake, while their zinc intake was not significantly different resulting in similar phytate-to-zinc molar ratio between both groups. This study show that sufficient intake of zinc can help to lower phytate-to-zinc molar ratio regardless of nutritional status of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rugby union is an intermittent team sport with variability in body composition and match-play demands between positions which requires careful consideration for individual dietary requirements. While previous reviews have detailed the macronutrient intake in rugby players, none have discussed the further determinants of dietary intake in this population. Therefore, the purpose of the current review was to summarise the current evidence detailing dietary intake in rugby union players, report on contemporary nutritional research themes, and provide recommendations for athletes, nutritionists, and other stakeholders. In total, eighteen articles report on dietary intake in rugby players, with only one of these detailing dietary intake in female athletes. Recent studies have reported on both protein and carbohydrate periodisation practices in rugby union players; however, there is currently limited evidence as to the influence of these on performance, recovery, and well-being. Factors influencing eating patterns, the impact of sports nutritionists on dietary intake, and food consumption in catered and non-catered environments has been explored in isolated studies. Nutrition knowledge levels in rugby players have been reported in several studies; however, the influence this has on dietary intake in rugby players is unknown. Collectively, despite new contemporary themes emerging in the literature concerning dietary intake in rugby players, the studies are isolated; as such, there is limited scope to the translatability of information due to heterogeneity in sex, level of play, and location of participants. Given this, future research should aim to build upon the themes identified in this review in combination to support practitioners working within their specific environments. This will subsequently build towards the generation of rugby-specific recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of obesity has been increasing in the US. Among the multifactorial contributors to obesity, dietary factors stand out as primary drivers. Using data from NHANES, we investigated the trends and disparities in diet quality and nutrient intake among US adults with different bodyweight statuses. Participants were divided into normal weight, overweight, and obese groups based on BMI. Diet quality was examined using HEI-2020. Nutrient intake was estimated based on the USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies. From 1999 to 2020, Despite an overall improvement in diet quality among overweight and obese US adults, disparities persisted for most HEI-2020 components, and worsened for whole grains, seafood and plant proteins, and fatty acids between normal weight and obese participants. Overweight and obese participants tended to consume less energy from total carbohydrates and more from total fat. The estimated total energy intake increased among obese participants over the past two decades, while no significant changes were observed among normal weight and overweight participants. In the 2017–2020 period, obese participants had lower HEI-2020 scores than both normal weight and overweight participants. However, no significant differences in total energy intake were observed among normal weight, overweight, and obese populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish can be a key strategy in addressing the global food and nutrition insecurity challenges. Fish nutrient data are critical for policy development targeting to reduce these problems. Despite this, much of the published studies on nutritional characteristics of fish have focused on marine ecology and there is little information on natural freshwater fish habitats like inland delta areas. This study investigated the nutrient composition of Okavango Delta fishes and their potential contribution to the recommended nutrient intake. Fish species sampled were Clarias ngamensis, Oreochromis andersonii, Schilbe intermedius, Marcusenius altisambesi, Brycinus lateralis, Barbus poechii and Tilapia sparrmanii. The nutrients analyzed were moisture, ash, proteins, Na, K, Ca, Mg, P and Zn. The small fishes (B. lateralis and B. poechii) had higher mineral content; Ca (643–968 mg/100 g), Mg (47–49 mg/100 g) and Zn (2.8–3.6 mg/100 g) compared to the larger species with average mineral content; Ca (73–460 mg/100 g), Mg (23–35 mg/100 g), Zn (1.2–2.9 mg/100 g). The most nutrient-dense species recognized were B. poechii and B. lateralis followed by the large species, M. altisambesi. These species illustrated the potential to contribute 80–121% Ca, 32–47% Mg and 70–150% Zn of the recommended nutrient intake to children (1–9 years), pregnant women and the elderly (65 + years). The study recommends prioritizing small and some large species (M. altisambesi and T. sparrmanii) for polyculture systems, primarily for securing food and nutrition security for local communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have shown that Japanese dietary patterns are associated with high nutrient density. However, these studies were limited to the Japanese population. We examined this association in the US population. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017–2018. We included 3138 people aged 20–79 years. Food and nutrient intake data were based on the 24 h recall method. Three Japanese diet indices were used: (1) Japanese Diet Index (JDI, based on 9 food items), (2) modified JDI (mJDI, based on 12 food items), and (3) weighted JDI (wJDI, selected and weighted from mJDI food items). The nutrient density (ND) score was calculated based on the Nutrient-Rich Food Index 9.3. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were calculated. Results: The correlation coefficients with the ND score were 0.24 (p < 0.001) for the JDI and 0.38 (p < 0.001) for the mJDI. The correlation coefficient between the wJDI and ND score was 0.48 (p < 0.001). The three Japanese diet indices were correlated with the ND score in all racial groups (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Even among the US population, higher degrees of Japanese diet defined by the JDI or mJDI were associated with higher nutrient density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: This study explores the correlation between volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations and methanogenesis in ruminants, focusing on how the nutritional composition of their diets affects these processes. (2) Methods: We developed predictive models using multiple linear regression, artificial neural networks, and k-nearest neighbor algorithms. The models are based on data extracted from 31 research papers and 16 ruminal in vitro fermentation tests to predict VFA concentrations from nutrient intake. Methane production estimates were derived by converting and clustering these predicted VFA values into molar ratios. (3) Results: This study found that acetate concentrations correlate significantly with neutral detergent fiber intake. Conversely, propionate and butyrate concentrations are highly dependent on dry matter intake. There was a notable correlation between methane production and the concentrations of acetate and butyrate. Increases in neutral detergent fiber intake were associated with higher levels of acetate, butyrate, and methane production. Among the three methods, the k-nearest neighbor algorithm performed best in terms of statistical fitting. (4) Conclusions: It is vital to determine the optimal intake levels of neutral detergent fiber to minimize methane emissions and reduce energy loss in ruminants. The predictive accuracy of VFA and methane models can be enhanced through experimental data collected from diverse environmental conditions, which will aid in determining optimal VFA and methane levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To examine the longitudinal relationship between edentulism, nutritional intake, and the progress of multimorbidity among older Americans. Methods: We used data from the Health and Retirement Study (2006–2018), a longitudinal survey of older Americans that has collected data biennially since 1992. Edentulism was assessed in 2006 while nutritional intake was assessed in 2013. Multimorbidity was indicated by five self-reported chronic conditions: diabetes, heart conditions, lung diseases, cancer, and stroke. Individuals with two or more conditions at baseline were excluded from the analysis. Nutritional intake was calculated by summing 10 nutrients (protein, vitamins C, D, B12 and E, calcium, zinc, polyunsaturated fatty acids, folate, and ß-carotene). Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to examine the nutritional pathway between edentulism (2006) and the increase in multimorbidity from 2006 to 2018. Results: The number of individuals included in the analysis was 3463. The incidence of multimorbidity between 2006 and 2018 was 24.07%, while the percentage of edentate participants in 2006 was 16.42%. The mean total nutrition in 2013 was 4.50 (4.43, 4.55). The SEM analysis showed that edentulism was negatively associated with nutritional intake {estimate −0.15 (95%CI: −0.30, −0.01)}. A negative association was found between total nutrition and multimorbidity {estimate −0.008 (95%CI: −0.01, −0.002)}. Age, wealth, and smoking were included in the analysis and had statistically significant associations with multimorbidity. Conclusion: The analysis demonstrated a longitudinal association between edentulism, nutritional intake, and the progress of multimorbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBackground The beneficial effects of a plant-based diet on gut microbiota diversity are well documented, however, its impact on clinical bowel health and defecation patterns are less well understood. Vegetarian diets have been associated with a higher bowel movement (BM) frequency as well as softer stools in cross-sectional studies. The effects of the de-novo adoption of a vegan diet on bowel health, however, have never been investigated in a randomized-controlled trial.Materials and Methods The present study examined bowel health and defecation patterns in relation to diet and nutrient intake in a young and healthy sample of n = 65 physically-active German university students who were randomly assigned to either a vegan or a meat-rich diet for eight weeks. Bowel health assessment included the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS), the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI) and the Cleveland Clinic Fecal Incontinence Score (CCFIS). Nutrient intake was assessed using weighed food diaries. The study was prospectively registered at the German Clinical Trial Register (DRKS00031541).Results Weekly BM frequency slightly increased in vegans, whereas it remained unaltered in participants assigned to a meat-rich diet. Fiber intake increased significantly in vegans (34.89 (18.46) g/d) whereas it decreased in those assigned to the meat-rich group (22.79 (12.5) g/d). No significant intergroup differences in BSFS and CCFIS patterns were observed. Adoption of a vegan diet neither resulted in a transient increase in abdominal discomfort nor in a decreased gastrointestinal quality of life, which was comparable across the diet groups.Conclusions The short-term de-novo adoption of a vegan diet did not negatively affect markers of bowel health in this study.

Background: With advancing age, the worsening of cognitive and physical disabilities may lead older adults to seek help in their daily living activities. Community/senior centers support older adults during aging, offering a wide variety of services, including meal programs. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2009–2018), we aimed to examine whether community/senior center meal programs were associated with an improved nutritional exposure in U.S. adults aged 60 years or older. Methods: Nutrient exposure and nutrient-based dietary indexes, including the Diet Quality Score (DQS) and the Food Nutrient Index (FNI) were compared between those eating meals at community/senior centers and the general population. Nutrient intakes were contrasted to the daily nutritional goals from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Results: This study included 6261 participants aged ≥60 years, thereof n = 421 reporting community/senior center meals. The latter were predominantly female and almost 45% were widowed or divorced. Eating at community/senior centers did not result in a better diet quality in crude analyses. After adjustment for potential sociodemographic confounders as well as alcohol, smoking and energy intake, however, sex-specific differences emerged, revealing significantly higher FNI scores in males eating at community/senior centers (adjusted FNI predictions: 61.71 [CI:58.55–64.88] vs 57.64 [CI:56.86−58.41] points). Conclusions: Eating at community/senior centers was associated with an improved nutrient exposure in older men, whereas no better diet quality was found in women. Community/senior centers may play a pivotal role when it comes to the diet quality of a particularly vulnerable group of the population.

Xin Zheng,&ast; Qiaoqing Zhang,&ast; Weijuan Su, Wei Liu, Caoxin Huang, Xiulin Shi, Xuejun Li Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Xiamen Diabetes Institute, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Diabetes, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Xiulin Shi; Caoxin Huang, Email shixiulin2002@163.com; cxhuang@xmu.edu.cnPurpose: Nutrient intake for pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is important to ensure satisfactory birth outcomes. This study aims to explore the dietary profiles of patients with GDM, compare the results with the Chinese dietary guidelines or Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) from China and investigate the relationship between maternal dietary intake and pregnancy outcomes.Patients and Methods: A total of 221 patients with GDM in the second trimester were included in the cohort. Dietary intake data were collected using a 24-hour recall method for three consecutive days. The pregnancy outcomes of these participants were subsequently monitored. Both univariate logistic regression and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore the associations between dietary intake variables or general characteristics variables and adverse pregnancy outcomes.Results: Participants with adverse pregnancy outcomes showed a lower intake of iodine and vitamin D, a lower percentage of dietary energy intake from carbohydrates and a higher percentage of dietary energy intake from fats, compared to participants without adverse pregnancy outcomes. The gestational weight gain and family history of diabetes were associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Conversely, regular exercise, the intake of iodine and Vitamin D, and the percentage of dietary energy intake from carbohydrates were associated with a decreased risk.Conclusion: The daily diet of pregnant women with GDM in China did not meet the dietary guidelines or DRIs. The low intake of Vitamin D and iodine, the low dietary carbohydrate ratio, family history of diabetes, lack of exercise, and high gestational weight gain were associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with GDM.Keywords: gestational diabetes, nutrient intake, dietary reference intakes, pregnancy outcomes, adverse pregnancy outcome

Background Stunting is one of the problems that occurs in children who live in slum areas. Inadequate nutrient intake has been associated with stunting in children. Objective To assess nutrient intake and analyze the differences between stunted and non-stunted children aged 2-5 years. Methods This comparative cross-sectional study compared nutrient intake and stunting among children 2-5 years in slum areas in Kebon Bawang Village North Jakarta. Subjects’ nutrient intake was assessed using the Semiquantitative-Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). To analyze differences in subject characteristics and nutrient intake in the stunted and non-stunted groups, Chi-square, Mann-Whitney test, and independent T-test were used. Results From a total of 42 respondents, the characteristics of subjects were not significantly different between the stunted and non-stunted groups, in age (P=0.120), gender (P=0.126), maternal occupation (P=0.729), or maternal education (P=0.127). The stunted group had significantly lower intake of energy (P=0.003), carbohydrates (P=0.024), protein (P=0.005), and fat (P=0.001) than that of the non-stunted group. However, the majority of subjects had protein adequacy above the sufficiency level in both groups (P=0.638), while significantly more subjects in the stunted group had insufficient carbohydrate adequacy than in the non-stunted group (P=0.032). Conclusion Overall, nutrient intake in the stunted group is lower than that of the non-stunted group. Protein adequacy is above sufficient for most subjects in both groups, while the significantly more stunted subjects have insufficient carbohydrate adequacy. In carrying out interventions, it is necessary to consider fulfilling a balance of nutrients, especially macronutrients.

Background and Aim: Collecting accurate dietary information in the research setting is challenging due to the inherent biases, duration, and resource-intensive nature of traditional data collection methods. Diet ID™ is a novel, rapid assessment method that uses an image-based algorithm to identify dietary patterns and estimate nutrient intake. The purpose of this analysis was to explore the criterion validity between Diet ID™ and additional measures of dietary intake. Methods: This prospective cohort study (n = 42) collected dietary information using Diet ID™, the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR), plasma carotenoid concentrations, and the Veggie Meter® to estimate carotenoid levels in the skin. Results: There were significant correlations between Diet ID™ and NDSR for diet quality, calories, carbohydrates, protein, fiber, and cholesterol. Vitamin A and carotenoid intake were significantly correlated, with the exception of α-carotene and lycopene. Significant correlations were observed for calcium, folate, iron, sodium, potassium, Vitamins B2, B3, B6, C, and E. Skin carotenoid scores and plasma carotenoids were correlated with carotenoid intake from Diet ID™. Conclusions: Diet ID™ may be a useful tool in nutrition research as a less time-intensive and minimally burdensome dietary data collection method for both participants and researchers.

Background: The SI.Menu study offers the latest data on the dietary intake of Slovenian adolescents aged 10 to 17. The purpose of this study is to comprehensively assess their dietary intake (energy and nutrients) and compare their food intakes with dietary recommendations for healthy and sustainable diets. Methods: The cross-sectional epidemiological dietary study SI.Menu (March 2017–April 2018) was conducted on a representative sample of Slovenian adolescents aged 10 to 17 years (n = 468) (230 males and 238 females). Data on dietary intake were gathered through two non-consecutive 24 h recalls, in line with the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) EU Menu methodology. The repeated 24 h Dietary Recall (HDR) and Food Propensity Questionnaire (FPQ) data were combined to determine the usual intakes of nutrients and food groups, using the Multiple Source Method (MSM) program. Results: Adolescents' diets significantly deviate from dietary recommendations, lacking vegetables, milk and dairy products, nuts and seeds, legumes, and water, while containing excessive meat (especially red meat) and high-sugar foods. This results in insufficient intake of dietary fibre, and nutrients such as vitamin D, folate, and calcium. Conclusions: The dietary intake of Slovenian adolescents does not meet healthy and sustainable diet recommendations. This study provides an important insight into the dietary habits of Slovenian adolescents that could be useful for future public health strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meals comprising a staple grain, a main, and side dishes (SMS meals) promote good dietary intake, yet limited studies have examined their multifactorial relationship with dietary intake. We investigated how demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and dietary habits affect the relationship between SMS meal frequency and nutrient intake adequacy. This cross-sectional study analyzed survey data from 331 Japanese adults (208 men and 123 women) aged 30–69 years in February 2019. SMS meal frequency was evaluated according to respondents' answers to how many days a week they consumed ≥2 daily SMS meals. Dietary intake was evaluated using the brief self-administered diet history questionnaire. Differences in nutrient intake adequacy among groups according to SMS meal frequency were determined using multiple logistic regression. Less frequent SMS meals correlated with a lower intake of protein, water-soluble vitamins, and certain minerals, with more individuals falling below the estimated average requirement for nutrient intake. However, no relationship was found between SMS meal frequency and nutrient intake concerning tentative dietary goals for preventing lifestyle-related diseases. Our findings indicate that adopting SMS meals could achieve adequate intake of some nutrients and enhance overall diet quality among Japanese adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food insecurity is a public health concern that affects children worldwide, yet it represents a particular burden for low- and middle-income countries. This study aims to utilize machine learning to identify the associations between food insecurity and nutrient intake among children aged 5 to 18 years. The study's sample encompassed 1040 participants selected from a 2022 food insecurity household conducted in the West Bank, Palestine. The results indicated that food insecurity was significantly associated with dietary nutrient intake and sociodemographic factors, such as age, gender, income, and location. Indeed, 18.2% of the children were found to be food-insecure. A significant correlation was evidenced between inadequate consumption of various nutrients below the recommended dietary allowance and food insecurity. Specifically, insufficient protein, vitamin C, fiber, vitamin B12, vitamin B5, vitamin A, vitamin B1, manganese, and copper intake were found to have the highest rates of food insecurity. In addition, children residing in refugee camps experienced significantly higher rates of food insecurity. The findings emphasize the multilayered nature of food insecurity and its impact on children, emphasizing the need for personalized interventions addressing nutrient deficiencies and socioeconomic factors to improve children's health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preterm infants have increased body adiposity at term-equivalent age and risk of adverse metabolic outcomes. The aim of the study was to define how nutrient intake may impact body composition (BC) of very low-birth weight infants fed with early progressive enteral feeding and standard fortification. Eighty-six infants with <1500 g birth weight were included in the BC study and stratified into extremely preterm (EP) and very preterm (VP) groups. Nutrient intake was calculated during the first 28 days and BC assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry at discharge and by skinfold thickness at 12 months of corrected age (CA). Total nutrient intake did not differ between the groups. EP infants had a higher fat mass percentage at discharge than VP infants (24.8% vs. 19.4%, p < 0.001); lean mass did not differ. None of the nutrients had any impact on BC of EP infants. Protein intake did not result in a higher lean mass in either group; fat intake was a significant predictor of increased fat mass percentage in VP infants at discharge (p = 0.007) and body adiposity at 12 months of CA (p = 0.021). Nutritional needs may depend on gestational age and routine fortification should be used with caution in more mature infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Japan, many workers are exposed to chronic stress, sleep deprivation, and nutritional imbalance. They tend still to go to work when ill, leading to decreased work performance and productivity, which has become a major social problem. We conducted a human entry study with the aim of finding a link between these two factors and proposing an optimized diet, believing that a review of diet may lead to an improvement in labor productivity. In this study, we used subjective accomplishment (SA) as a measure of productivity. First, we compared nutrient intake between groups with high and low SA using data from a health survey of 1564 healthy male and female adults. Significant differences were found in the intake of 13 nutrients in males and 15 nutrients in females, including potassium, vitamin A, insoluble fiber, and biotin. Recommended daily intake of these nutrients was determined from survey data. Next, we designed test meals containing sufficient amounts of 17 nutrients and conducted a single-arm intervention study (registration code UMIN000047054) in Kameyama City, Mie Prefecture, Japan. Healthy working adults (males and females aged 20–79 years) were recruited and supplied with test meals, which were eaten once a day 5 days a week for 8 weeks. SA was significantly higher and daytime sleepiness (DS) was significantly lower after lunch on workdays in younger participants (under 60 years) when they ate the test meals as breakfast or lunch. Our results suggest that SA and DS, which change daily, are strongly influenced by the meal eaten before work, and that taking the 17 nutrients may help prevent presenteeism and improve labor productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sedentarization of Pygmies in the Congo Basin has triggered a profound transformation in their traditional lifestyles, particularly affecting dietary habits and food consumption. We employed 24-hour dietary recalls in 10 sedentarized Baka Pygmy villages in southeastern Cameroon, gathering data on diet composition, diversity (Household Dietary Diversity Score, HDDS), and nutrient intake per adult male equivalent (AME) from 67 homes (28% of all households). Our findings revealed that 62% of consumed foods were agricultural produce, 29% were locally produced or purchased products, and the remaining 9% comprised items sourced or hunted from the wild. The average HDDS per village was low (4.1±1.56) and mean total energy intake was 1734.9±1,031.8 kcal/AME, with significant contributions from cultivated foods. There was a negative correlation between the consumption of cultivated and wild foods. Moreover, a considerable proportion of households (78.7%, ranging from 22.4% to 97%) exhibited nutrient consumption below the lower 95% uncertainty interval found in a Cameroonian nutrient supply study. Additionally, 78.3% of respondents fell below WHO/FAO recommendations for 21 nutrients, even after adjusting for the Baka's shorter stature. This high prevalence of insufficient nutrient intake underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions to address nutritional deficiencies within this population. We show Baka households rely more on cultivated foods and are less dependent on wild sources. Understanding the profound transformation in dietary patterns and its repercussions on the health and overall well-being of the studied marginalized Indigenous communities is pivotal in devising strategies to enhance their survival. This shift in dietary profiles often stems from complex factors, including socioeconomic challenges, environmental changes, and cultural shifts. To address these issues effectively, a comprehensive approach that integrates cultural sensitivity, community engagement, and sustainable practices is imperative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the different roles of men and women in the family, women may affect family welfare differently than men. Existing research only analyzes the impact of non-farm employment or male non-farm employment on family welfare, and the impact of female non-farm employment on the family has not been addressed in existing studies. China is a particularly interesting case given its rapid economic development and rising rates of female non-farm employment. We used data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey to analyze the dietary patterns of family members and identify the factors that influence food choices and nutrient intake. The results showed that female non-farm employment reduced household protein and calorie intake levels and increased the frequency of dining out among rural household members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive intake of free sugars is associated with adverse health outcomes. Table sugar is one of the main dietary sources of free sugars; however, the amount added by Brazilian consumers in their culinary preparations is unknown. The aims were to estimate the daily intake of table sugar (g/day), its contribution to total energy intake (E%) and the main food groups that contribute to the intake of this sugar in a nationwide multi-ethnic sample of Brazilian adults (2017–2018 Brazilian National Dietary Survey). Based on two 24-h recalls adjusted for the within-person variation, the overall median table sugar intake was 14.3 g/day, corresponding to 3.2 E%. Males, individuals living in rural areas, with low income, low education and experiencing food insecurity had a higher intake of table sugar. The main food sources of table sugar were coffee (55.8%), juice (33.9%), milk-based preparations and smoothies (3.1%), powdered and processed juice (2.7%), whole milk (1.9%), and tea (1.6%). There are no recommendations regarding the limit of table sugar intake, but considering that the WHO limits the intake of free sugars to <10 E%, it is concluded that table sugar intake by Brazilians corresponds to about 30% of the upper recommended daily intake of free sugars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased life expectancy and the occurrence of premature menopause prolong the mean postmenopausal phase in women's lifespans. Although the roles of poor socioeconomic status (SES), anthropometric characteristics, and nutritional status in premature menopause and the health of postmenopausal women are well understood, the differences in nutritional status and metabolic syndrome (MetS) prevalence in postmenopausal women depending on their menopause age are less explored. Furthermore, the association between SES and MetS risk in postmenopausal women is not studied. Thus, this study aimed to compare distinct nutritional status and MetS risk between women with premature menopause and natural menopause. Additionally, the association among SES, health-related lifestyle behaviors (HLBs), and MetS risk in postmenopausal women was studied. This study included 31,799 postmenopausal women from the 8th National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The relationship between disease prevalence and nutrient intake of the subjects was analyzed using analysis of variance (GLM), and Scheffé test was performed. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association among SES, HLBs, and MetS as well as premature menopause. Women with premature menopause showed poor SES, anthropometric characteristics, and HLBs compared with women with natural menopause. Additionally, premature menopausal women had markedly lower intakes of protein, polyunsaturated fatty acid, n-3 fatty acid, and β-carotene, but higher intakes of energy, carbohydrate, saturated fatty acid, and sugar than women with natural menopause (p < 0.0001). Premature menopausal women showed significantly higher MetS prevalence by having hypertriglyceridemia (p < 0.0001), hypertension (p = 0.0145), and reduced HDL cholesterol levels (p < 0.0001) relative to natural menopausal women. Furthermore, our findings indicate a substantial link among SES, HLBs, and the risk of premature menopause. In postmenopausal women, deteriorating SES and HLBs appear to influence the prevalence of MetS. Notably, our study reveals that higher intakes of protein, calcium, phosphate, and iron are correlated with a lower risk of developing MetS. These observations suggest that proactive nutritional education for premature menopausal women is necessary to improve MetS risk and their nutritional status. Also, SES-dependent interventions regarding nutrition and HLBs in postmenopausal women will be significant to lower MetS risk, MetS-derived chronic disease, and mortality in postmenopausal women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maintaining good nutritional status through a varied diet is key to healthy aging. Methods: This cross-sectional study investigated the association between dietary variety based on the food frequency score (FFS, the score of the frequency of daily intake of 10 food groups, range 0–30) and nutrient intake based on a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire. Data from 130 older adults were analyzed. In addition, the association between FFS and estimated average requirement (EAR) deficiency in the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese was investigated. Results: FFS significantly correlated with most of 29 nutrients investigated, except for carbohydrate and sodium, and inversely correlated with alcohol. FFS categorized into tertiles was significantly associated with many of 29 nutrients, except for carbohydrates, n-3 unsaturated fat, vitamin D, vitamin B12, sodium, and manganese, and inversely associated with alcohol. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that a higher FFS significantly decreased the odds of EAR deficiencies of vitamin A, thiamine, vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, and zinc. The calculated cutoff values of FFS for EAR deficiencies were 17 for vitamin A, vitamin C, and calcium or 18 for thiamine, magnesium, and zinc. Conclusion: Based on FFS, this study found that dietary variety was significantly associated with various nutrients and inversely associated with EAR deficiency rates among community-dwelling older adults. These results indicate that improving FFS may help maintain nutritional status, and the simple recommendation of a daily intake of 10 food groups may be useful for community-dwelling older adults.

IntroductionBreakfast is widely acknowledged as a crucial meal of the day, particularly for children, owing to its role in supplying essential nutrients and energy necessary for optimal growth and cognitive function. This study aims to examine differences in nutrient intake between breakfast skippers and non-skippers among children.MethodsA representative sample of 1,200 Tunisian preschool and schoolchildren, aged 3–9 years, was randomly selected from kindergartens and primary schools in the Greater Tunis region which includes four governorates (Tunis, Ariana, Manouba and Ben Arous) using a two-stage cross-sectional design. Stratification was carried out depending on each of the selected governorates and urban/rural areas. Dietary intake was evaluated using the 24-hour recall method and a diet history covering the week preceding the survey. Nutritional food composition was derived from a specific Tunisian food composition database. Nutrient intake below age- and sex-specific reference values was considered inadequate.Results and DiscussionThe findings indicate that the daily intake of energy and nutrients was lower among breakfast skippers compared to regular breakfast eaters. After adjusting for energy, gender, age, BMI and household economic proxy, the daily consumption of total sugar, riboflavin, vitamin B-5, phosphorus and calcium was higher among breakfast consumers while saturated fatty acid intake was higher among skippers. A comparative analysis of daily mean food category intake between the two groups revealed a higher consumption of milk and dairy products among breakfast consumers. Regular breakfast consumption is an important part of maintaining a balanced diet and healthy weight.

Background: Ethnicity, cultural background, and geographic location differ significantly within the United States Hispanic/Latino population. These variations can greatly define diet and its relationship with cardiometabolic disease, thus influencing generalizability of results. Objectives: We aimed to examine nutrient-based food patterns (NBFPs) of Hispanic/Latino adults and their association with cardiometabolic risk factors (dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, diabetes) across 2 United States population-based studies with differing sampling strategies. Methods: Data were collected from Mexican or other Hispanic adult participants from 2007–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (n = 3605) and 2007–2011 Hispanic Community Health Survey/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL, n = 14,416). NBFPs were derived using factor analysis on nutrient intake data estimated from 24-h dietary recalls and interpreted using common foods in which these nutrients are prominent. Cross-sectional associations between NBFPs (quintiles) and cardiometabolic risk factors, defined by clinical measures and self-report, were estimated using survey-weighted multivariable-adjusted logistic models, accounting for multiple testing. Results: Five NBFPs were identified in both studies: 1) meats, 2) grains/legumes, 3) fruits/vegetables, 4) dairy, and 5) fats/oils. Associations with cardiometabolic risk factors differed by NBFP and study. In HCHS/SOL, the odds of diabetes were lower for persons in the highest quintile of meats NBFP (odds ratio [OR]: 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.58, 0.92) and odds were higher for those in the lowest quintile of fruits/vegetables (OR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.55, 0.93) compared to those in the third (moderate intake) quintile. Those in the fourth quintile of dairy NBFP had higher odds of hypertension than those in the third quintile (OR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.70). In NHANES, the odds of hypertension were higher for those in the fourth quintile of dairy (OR: 1.88; 95% CI: 1.10, 3.24) than those in the third quintile. Conclusions: Diet–disease relationships among Hispanic/Latino adults vary according to 2 population-based studies. These differences have research and practical implications when generalizing inferences on heterogeneous underrepresented populations.

Abstract Background Multimorbidity is becoming an increasingly serious public health challenge in the aging population. The impact of nutrients on multimorbidity remains to be determined and was explored using data from a UK cohort study. Method Our research analysis is mainly based on the data collected by the United Kingdom Women’s Cohort Study (UKWCS), which recruited 35,372 women aged 35–69 years at baseline (1995 to 1998), aiming to explore potential associations between diet and chronic diseases. Daily intakes of energy and nutrients were estimated using a validated 217-item food frequency questionnaire at recruitment. Multimorbidity was assessed using the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) through electronic linkages to Hospital Episode Statistics up to March 2019. Cox’s proportional hazards models were used to estimate associations between daily intakes of nutrients and risk of multimorbidity. Those associations were also analyzed in multinomial logistic regression as a sensitivity analysis. In addition, a stratified analysis was conducted with age 60 as the cutoff point. Results Among the 25,389 participants, 7,799 subjects (30.7%) were confirmed with multimorbidity over a median follow-up of 22 years. Compared with the lowest quintile, the highest quintile of daily intakes of energy and protein were associated with 8% and 12% increased risk of multimorbidity respectively (HR 1.08 (95% CI 1.01, 1.16), p-linearity = 0.022 for energy; 1.12 (1.04, 1.21), p-linearity = 0.003 for protein). Higher quintiles of daily intakes of vitamin C and iron had a slightly lowered risk of multimorbidity, compared to the lowest quintile. A significantly higher risk of multimorbidity was found to be linearly associated with higher intake quintiles of vitamin B12 and vitamin D (p-linearity = 0.001 and 0.002, respectively) in Cox models, which became insignificant in multinomial logistic regression. There was some evidence of effect modification by age in intakes of iron and vitamin B1 associated with the risk of multimorbidity (p-interaction = 0.006 and 0.025, respectively). Conclusions Our findings highlight a link between nutrient intake and multimorbidity risk. However, there is uncertainty in our results, and more research is needed before definite conclusions can be reached.

Background. The rational nutrition of the child population is given great medical importance as a factor in preserving the health and development of the child. A complete and balanced diet in terms of the content of basic nutrients ensures the normal growth and development of the child’s body.The aim. To analyze of the actual nutrition of adolescents living in rural areas of the Irkutsk region.Materials and methods. The study involved 69 rural adolescents aged 11–17 years (34 boys, 35 girls). The actual nutrition was studied by the method of 24-hour nutrition reproduction. The energy value of the diet was determined, the nature of the provision of the diet with basic macro- and microelements was studied. The obtained values were compared with the norms of physiological needs for energy and nutrients in 2008 and 2021.Results. The analysis of actual nutrition revealed deviations from the principles of healthy nutrition: insufficient energy value of the diet, deficiency of proteins and fats. The diet of adolescents was characterized by an insufficient content of the main groups of macro- and micronutrients – vitamins A, C and D, essential trace elements, and a deficiency of dietary fiber. The diet of adolescents was characterized by increased sodium intake. The calculated ratio of proteins, fats, carbohydrates indicated a carbohydrate type of diet.Conclusion. Despite the great attention to the problem of balanced nutrition of adolescents, the question of the impact of nutrition on the health of a teenager, considering the regional factor, remains open. Recommendations for the development of a regional program for the organization of proper nutrition for school-age children are of great practical importance.

BACKGROUND: Access to high-quality dietary intake data is central to many nutrition, epidemiology, economic, environmental, and policy applications. When data on individual nutrient intakes are available, they have not been consistently disaggregated by sex and age groups, and their parameters and full distributions are often not publicly available. OBJECTIVES: We sought to derive usual intake distributions for as many nutrients and population subgroups as possible, use these distributions to estimate nutrient intake inadequacy, compare these distributions and evaluate the implications of their shapes on the estimation of inadequacy, and make these distributions publicly available. METHODS: We compiled dietary data sets from 31 geographically diverse countries, modeled usual intake distributions for 32 micronutrients and 21 macronutrients, and disaggregated these distributions by sex and age groups. We compared the variability and skewness of the distributions and evaluated their similarity across countries, sex, and age groups. We estimated intake inadequacy for 16 nutrients based on a harmonized set of nutrient requirements and bioavailability estimates. Last, we created an R package-nutriR-to make these distributions freely available for users to apply in their own analyses. RESULTS: Usual intake distributions were rarely symmetric and differed widely in variability and skewness across nutrients and countries. Vitamin intake distributions were more variable and skewed and exhibited less similarity among countries than other nutrients. Inadequate intakes were high and geographically concentrated, as well as generally higher for females than males. We found that the shape of usual intake distributions strongly affects estimates of the prevalence of inadequate intakes. CONCLUSIONS: The shape of nutrient intake distributions differs based on nutrient and subgroup and strongly influences estimates of nutrient intake inadequacy. This research represents an important contribution to the availability and application of dietary intake data for diverse subpopulations around the world.

This study delves into the complex interrelations among nutrient intake, environmental exposures (particularly to heavy metals), and metabolic syndrome. Utilizing data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), machine learning techniques were applied to analyze associations in a cohort of 5719 participants, categorized into four distinct nutrient intake phenotypes. Our findings reveal that different nutrient intake patterns are associated with varying levels of heavy metal exposure and metabolic health outcomes. Key findings include significant variations in metal levels (Pb, Hg, Cd, Ni) across the clusters, with certain clusters showing heightened levels of specific metals. These variations were associated with distinct metabolic health profiles, including differences in obesity, diabetes prevalence, hypertension, and cholesterol levels. Notably, Cluster 3, characterized by high-energy and nutrient-rich diets, showed the highest levels of Pb and Hg exposure and had the most concerning metabolic health indicators. Moreover, the study highlights the significant impact of lifestyle habits, such as smoking and eating out, on nutrient intake phenotypes and associated health risks. Physical activity emerged as a critical factor, with its absence linked to imbalanced nutrient intake in certain clusters. In conclusion, our research underscores the intricate connections among diet, environmental factors, and metabolic health. The findings emphasize the need for tailored health interventions and policies that consider these complex interplays, potentially informing future strategies to combat metabolic syndrome and related health issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employs panel data and a dynamic Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model to investigate the habit formation effect of food consumption among Chinese rural residents and its consequential impact on nutritional intake. The dataset, spanning from 2012 to 2018, encompasses nine provinces in China and involves 5390 rural households. The findings reveal that, excluding beef, mutton, and poultry, there are significant habit formation effect on the consumption of food categories, notably grains, vegetables, and edible oils. Lower-income and younger demographics demonstrate a more pronounced reliance on established dietary habits. Influenced by the habit formation effect, there is a substantial reduction in the income elasticity differences across various food types. Overlooking the habit formation effect in food consumption would lead to an underestimation of the income elasticity of energy, fat, and carbohydrates. This suggests that, over the long term, food consumption habit formation is a pivotal factor in enabling the enhancement of residents' dietary structures, amplifying the incremental energy intake associated with income increases, and accelerating the transition towards nutritional surplus. The conclusions drawn from this study offer valuable insights for ensuring food security and nutritional balance. Policy-makers of food and nutrition strategies should duly consider the habit formation effect on residents' food consumption, and seek to optimize dietary patterns and promote nutritional transformation by food consumption habit intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable healthy diets are promoted, and consequently vegetarian diets are currently increasing. However, scientific information on their effects on bone health is scarce. A cross-sectional study was performed in adults (66% women) classified into three groups: omnivores (n = 93), lacto-ovo vegetarians (n = 96), and vegans (n = 112). Nutrient intake, body composition, physical activity, vitamin D status (25-hydroxycholecalciferol, 25-OHD), parathormone (PTH), and bone formation (bone alkaline phosphatase, BAP) and resorption (N-telopeptides of type I collagen, NTx) markers were determined. Lacto-ovo vegetarians and especially vegans showed lower protein, fat, calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D, retinol, iodine, and zinc intakes, and higher carbohydrate, fibre, carotenes, magnesium, and vitamin K intakes compared to omnivores. Body composition was similar in the three groups that performed vigorous physical activity regularly. Body bone mass and muscle mass were positively correlated with BAP, and time performing physical activity with 25-OHD. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency (25-OHD < 75 nmol/L) was 93.7% in the studied population, and vitamin D deficiency (25-OHD < 25 nmol/L) was significantly higher in vegans. Vegetarians of both groups had increased PTH and NTx with vegans showing significantly higher PTH and NTx than omnivores. Conclusion: Adult vegetarians, especially vegans, should reduce the risk of bone loss by appropriate diet planning and vitamin D supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gestational anemia (GA) is a global health concern with a remarkably high prevalence in Japan, which is associated with various maternal and neonatal outcomes. This study aimed to explore whether GA and non-anemic iron deficiency (NAID) during the third trimester is associated with maternal characteristics, nutrient intake, low birth weight (LBW), and preterm birth. Participants were categorized into GA, NAID, and normal groups, based on serum ferritin and hemoglobin levels. Nutrient intake was assessed using the Brief Diet History Questionnaire. Data from 317 pregnant women were analyzed, including 110 (34.7%), 151 (47.6%), and 56 (17.6%) women in the GA, NAID, and normal groups, respectively. Factors associated with GA included being multipara (p < 0.001) and not taking any type of iron supplements in the third trimester (p = 0.043). The normal group had a significantly higher proportion of preterm birth and LBW than the GA and NAID groups. The GA group had a significantly higher energy intake than the normal group (p = 0.044). Overall, energy and micronutrient intake were significantly below the estimated average requirement in the dietary reference intakes for Japanese. Health care professionals need to consider nutritional advice that can prevent GA by focusing on overall micronutrients, not just energy intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The female athlete triad (TRIAD) is a spectrum of disorders involving low energy availability (LEA), low bone mineral density, and menstrual disorders. It is increasingly common to use the term 'relative energy deficiency in sport' (RED), emphasising the extensive impact of LEA on the body. The aim of this narrative review was to gather original research encompassing female athletes across various sports as well as to collect findings on the potential of a nutrition-focused approach to prevent or treat the aforementioned disorders. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus. Several challenges were identified regarding the adequacy of the energy availability, protein, and carbohydrate requirements in the diets of female athletes. Moreover, insufficient intake of vitamin D has been observed across all athlete groups studied. This insufficiency also extends to the average requirement for Ca, Mg, the Ca/P ratio, Zn, and Fe. To address those concerns, a nutritional approach is proposed in the latter part of this review. The factors that can improve the absorption of micronutrients have also been discussed. The TRIAD/REDs affect an ever-growing number of women and require appropriate therapeutic management, particularly through nutritional care. Therefore, cooperation within an interdisciplinary team comprising a physician, nutritionist, physiotherapist, and psychologist is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]