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Pelargonium odoratissimum (L.) L’Her is a hard rooting plant and the common methods of propagation via stem cuttings are not successful with this species. therefore, tissue culture methods have been experienced for the mass-propagation of this high-valued species. Intact leaves, leaf segments and petiole sections derived from nodal explants in vitro were employed for the optimization of P. odoratissimum micropropagation. The treatment combinations used were MS and 1/2 MS media supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine, BAP (1, 1.5, 2 and 4.5 mg.L-1) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, NAA (0.1, 1 and 1.5 mg.L-1). With leaf segments, the lowest browning incidence, the greatest callogenesis and the highest number of shoots were obtained with the media containing 1.5 mg.L-1 BAP and 1 mg.L-1 NAA. Two mg.L-1 BAP + 0.1 mg.L-1 NAA kept the same results for petiole explants. Intact leaves showed the best results for the three mentioned treatments with 1 mg.L-1 BAP + 1 mg.L-1 NAA. 0.2 mg.L-1 NAA caused the highest rooting percentage and the greatest mean data for the number and length of the roots. Rooted plantlets were transferred to the pots containing 1:1 peat-moss and perlite. Acclimatization of the plantlets was followed by 90 % of survival rate in the greenhouse. The protocol employed would be a potent one to present for the extension section.

Edible flowers are niche horticultural products, routinely used as cooking ingredients in the food industry. Currently, new species are required with the aim of enlarging the number of species with a long shelf-life, healthy nutraceutical compounds, and new fragrance and tastes. Ageratum houstonianum Mill, Tagetes lemmonii A. Gray, Salvia dorisiana Standl, and Pelargonium odoratissimum (L.) L’Hér “Lemon” were selected for their different morphological characteristics and color. Fresh flowers were analyzed to characterize their phytonutritional content and aroma profile. Postharvest was determined up to 6 days of cold storage at 4°C in transparent polypropylene boxes. Visual quality and cellular membrane damage were observed. The relative content of different antioxidant constituents (e.g., polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid), nutritional compounds (soluble sugars, crude proteins), the antioxidant scavenging activity, and the volatile profile were determined and correlated to the quality of shelf-life of the different species. The yellow T. lemmonii freshly picked flowers showed the highest ascorbic acid and flavonoids content, which was maintained during the cold storage, as well as the best visual quality. Limited changes in metabolites were detected in the light blue A. houstonianum during postharvest, although the visual quality is severely compromised. Magenta S. dorisiana and light pink P. odoratissimum showed similar changes in antioxidant constituents during cold storage. For the first time, the volatile compounds have been identified in the four species. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons are the main class in fresh flowers of A. houstonianum, S. dorisiana, and P. odoratissimum, while monoterpene hydrocarbons are abundant in T. lemmonii. The cold storage influenced mainly P. odoratissimum and S. dorisiana flavor initially dominated by the increase in total monoterpenes at 6 days, reaching a relative content of 90%. Both A. houstonianum and T. lemmonii conserved the prevalence of the same class of constituents in all the analyzed conditions, even though the cold storage influenced the major compound abundance. On the basis of the results, T. lemmonii was the most interesting species with the longest shelf-life due to its phytonutritional and aromatic constituents. Results indicated the peculiar metabolic and physiological attitude of flowers species to cold storage.

La especie Pelargonium odoratissimum (geranio de olor) pertenece a la familia Geraniaceae. Dentro de su composición química, presenta flavonoides tales como quercetina, kaempferol y miricetina; el aceite esencial de sus hojas es rico en metil-eugenol, limoneno y fencona. A partir de hojas y flores de la especie P. odoratissimum se obtuvo el aceite esencial por hidrodestilación (rendimiento 0,3% m/v); la composición química se determinó por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (CG-EM), comparando los índices de retención y los espectros de masas con los datos reportados en la literatura. Se determinó la presencia de 4 monoterpenos, 20 sesquiterpenos y algunos compuestos oxigenados entre ellos 7 ésteres y un ácido, los cuales constituyen cerca del 74% de la composición relativa total del aceite. Los monoterpenos identificados representan el 22,60% de la composición del aceite esencial, en los cuales los componentes mayoritarios encontrados fueron geraniol (12,69%) y citronelol (8,99%). La actividad antimicrobiana medida como la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI) se realizó por el método de microdilución en placas de 96 pozos utilizando como indicador de viabilidad el MTT (bromuro de 3-[4,5dimetiltiazol-2-il]-2,5-difeniltetrazolio). El aceite esencial mostró actividad frente a todas las cepas microbianas ensayadas. La mayor actividad se encuentra frente a Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Aspergillus brasiliensis y Candida albicans con una CMI < 3,9 µg/mL. Se encontró una menor actividad inhibitoria, aunque no menos importante, contra Trichophytum rubrum (CMI = 62,5 µg/mL) y Trichophytum mentagrophytes (CMI = 125 µg/mL).

In VitroSusceptibility ofErwinia Amylovora(Burrill) Winslowet al.Strain Isolated from Pear to Several Plant Extracts and Different PesticidesIn less than six months after infection,Erwinia amylovoramay completely destroy a pome tree. This paper aims to increase awareness of the potential for developing plant protection strategies based on natural products. Since the damage caused by this bacterium are unrecoverable, we tested in vitro the effectiveness of a several plant extracts such asSalvia officinalis,Thymus serpyllum,Pelargonium odoratissimum,Hedera helix,Ocimum basilicum,Levisticum officinale,Tagetes patula,Galium verumand some pesticide products, on a strain ofErwinia amylovoraisolated from the pomological collection of "Vasile Adamachi" farm, the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iaşi. The strain was isolated from damaged pear shoots, after performing patogenicity test on immature pear fruits. Following the experiment conducted, copper oxychloride (Alcupral 50 PU) andPelargonium odoratissimumshowed a very good antibacterial activity against EA - A.P. strain.

Study Regarding Effectiveness of Some Plant Extracts and Different Pesticides against anErwinia Amylovora(Burrill.) Winslowet al.Strain Isolated from QuinceThe interest in management fire blight prevention and control increased considerably in last years due to pathogen spread almost throughout the country. The objective of this paper focuses on testing of some plant extracts such asSalvia officinalis, Thymus serpyllum, Pelargonium odoratissimum, Hedera helix, Ocimum basilicum, Levisticum officinale, Tagetes patula, Galium verumand different pesticides against anErwinia amylovorastrain isolated from quince dameged samples. In this study, the biological material was represented by quince shoots, harvested from pomological collection of "Vasile Adamachi" farm, which belongs to University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine Iaşi. The research were performed in the Phytopathology laboratory. Following the experiment performed note that among the eight plant extracts a good antibacterial activity hasPelargonium odoratissimum, Ocimum basilicumandSalvia officinalisand of the three pesticides, Alcupral 50 PU. Contrary to expectations worst results were obtained after testing Aliette 80 WG andHedera helixproducts. The results were estimated statisticaly, by performing ANOVA test.

The present study was designed to investigate the role of P. odoratissimum aquatic extracts in reducing the genotoxic effects of metronidazole in mice in vivo and human blood lymphocyte in vitro. The parametrers which evaluated in mice were used: mitotic index and chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow, while for human blood lymphocyte were mitotic index, blast index, replicative index, sister chromatid exchange and chromosomal aberrations. The cytogenetic effects of the drug and plant aquatic extracts were investigated after four days of oral administration for mice with metronidazole and aqueous extract at doses 400mg/kg and 100 mg/kg respectively while the concentrations of metronidazole and aqueous extract in human blood lymphocyte culture was 80µg/ml, and 10µg/ml respectively. An interaction study of plant extract with metronidazole was carried out through three types of treatments (before, after and mixture of plant extract and drug treatment) to determine the activity of P. odoratissimum aqueous extract in reducing the side effects of drug both in vitro and in vivo. Aquatic extract of P.odoratissimum at the concentration of 10µg/ml, showed a protective value against the genotoxic effect of metronidazole at 80µg/ml. concentration .In mouse bone marrow cells and human blood lymphocyte culture, this was more pronounced in pre-treatment and simultaneous treatment than in post-treatment. So P. odoratissimum aquatic extract is considered as desmutagen in the first order and bioantimutagen in the second order, as a result for its ability to repair CA and increase MI in mouse system and in human blood lymphocyte culture system . It also had the ability to increase BI and RI and decrease SCE in human blood lymphocytes culture in vitro.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:05:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-05722013000100013.pdf: 1232673 bytes, checksum: 7b95e4befe810c6f1dda2c961bb18d55 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:05:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-05722013000100013.pdf: 1232673 bytes, checksum: 7b95e4befe810c6f1dda2c961bb18d55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:09:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-05722013000100013.pdf: 1232673 bytes, checksum: 7b95e4befe810c6f1dda2c961bb18d55 (MD5) S1516-05722013000100013.pdf.txt: 22784 bytes, checksum: f5ede3f65a800d140b3f7db8a19bd6ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:17:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-05722013000100013.pdf: 1232673 bytes, checksum: 7b95e4befe810c6f1dda2c961bb18d55 (MD5) S1516-05722013000100013.pdf.txt: 22784 bytes, checksum: f5ede3f65a800d140b3f7db8a19bd6ff (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:17:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-05722013000100013.pdf: 1232673 bytes, checksum: 7b95e4befe810c6f1dda2c961bb18d55 (MD5) S1516-05722013000100013.pdf.txt: 22784 bytes, checksum: f5ede3f65a800d140b3f7db8a19bd6ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-01 Malva sylvestris é comumente confundida com Pelargonium graveolens e Pelargonium odoratissimum devido às semelhanças na morfologia foliar. As folhas de M. sylvestris possuem antocianinas com propriedades citotóxicas, antiinflamatória, antitumoral e antioxidante já comprovadas cientificamente. As folhas de P. odoratissimum apresentam óleo essencial com propriedades antibacteriana e espasmolítica, e o óleo essencial da folha de P. graveolens possui atividade antimicrobiana e antifúngica. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar morfo-anatomicamente as folhas destas espécies, apontando diferenças que possam ser utilizadas para esclarecer controvérsias na sua utilização como planta medicinal. Com a finalidade de se comparar anatomicamente a estrutura de cada planta, as amostras foram observadas por Microscopia de Luz e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). A anatomia foliar entre as espécies foi bem distinta. Malva sylvestris apresentou tricomas do tipo capitado, estrelado e tector, além de drusas e células mucilaginosas. A distinção entre P. graveolens e P. odoratissimum foi observada em relação aos tricomas. Ambas as espécies apresentaram tricomas glandulares e tectores, sendo que P. graveolens se diferencia pela maior altura dos tricomas tectores e menor quantidade destes em relação ao P. odoratissimum. Este trabalho permitiu constatar diferenças anatômicas, auxiliando na taxonomia e classificação entre estas espécies. Malva sylvestris is generally confused with Pelargonium graveolens and Pelargonium odoratissimum due to similarities in their leaf morphology. The leaves of M. sylvestris have anthocyanins with scientifically proven cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antioxidant properties. The leaves of P. odoratissimum have essential oil with antibacterial and spasmolytic properties, while the essential oil from P. graveolens has antimicrobial and antifungal activity. The aim of this study was to morpho-anatomically analyze the leaves of these species, indicating differences that can be used to clarify controversies about their use as medicinal plants. To anatomically compare the structure of each plant, samples were observed by Light Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Leaf anatomy among species was quite different. Malva sylvestris showed capitate starry tector trichomes, as well as druses and mucilaginous cells. P. graveolens and P. odoratissimum differed as to trichomes. Both species had tector and glandular trichomes, and P. graveolens is distinguished for the greater height of tector trichomes and less quantity of the latter relative to P. odoratissimum. This study allowed the detection of anatomical differences, assisting in the taxonomy and classification of these species. Universidade Estadual Paulista Universidade Estadual Paulista

The chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves of Pelargonium odoratissimum (L.) L'Hér., Geraniaceae, was determined and the antimicrobial activities against the Aspergillus flavus CML 1816, Aspergillus carbonarius CML1815 and Aspergillus parasiticus CMLA 817 fungi, as well the Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25 992 bacteria were evaluated. The essential oil was isolated by steam distillation using a modified Clevenger apparatus, and its constituents were identified and quantified by GC/MS and GC-FID analyses. In vitro bioanalytical testing was performed using a completely randomized design. The concentrations of essential oil employed ranged from 0.1 to 2 μL.mL-1 (in dimethyl sulfoxide) for the fungus species and from 1 to 500 μL.mL-1 for the bacteria. The diameters of the inhibition zones formed for bacteria and the mean diameters of mycelial growth in perpendicular directions for fungi were measured, followed by calculation of the percentage of inhibition. The essential oil from the leaves of P. odoratissimum furnished methyleugenol (96.80%), a phenylpropanoid. This essential oil inhibited the growth of fungi (100% inhibition) and exhibited a small effect on the bacteria at the concentrations tested.

Elastase is a protease or proteolytic enzyme, responsible for the breakdown of protein. There are eight human genes encoding for elastase, of which Elastase-1 (CELA-1) and Elastase-2 (ELANE) has significant implications on human diseases. Elastase-1 is primarily expressed in skin keratinocytes and is regarded as the major cause for the blistering in bullous pemphigoid, which affects the skin. On the other hand, Elastase-2 (ELANE), is expressed in the azurophil granules of neutrophils, is responsible for pulmonary emphysema and cyclic hematopoiesis a rare genetic disorder. Elastase is also produced by bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and forms the virulent factor in human. The ingredients from essential natural oils were found to have wound healing effects on non-healing wounds that is interfered by elastase due to microbial infection. Essential oils such as citral, citronellal, geranial, geraniol, and thymol were screened for their inhibitory activity on elastase produced by neutrophil, skin, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by docking and were analyzed for their subcutaneous ADMET properties by ADME – TOX – Web server.

For the first time we have succeeded in the regeneration of plants from protoplasts of a scented-leaved geranium, widely used as a fragrance plant. Protoplasts were isolated from the cultured cells of two species of scented leaved geraniums, Pelargonium odoratissimum Ait. and Pelargonium crispum L'Her, using an enzyme mixture of 0.2% Pectolyase Y-23 and 3% Cellulase Onozuka R10, and were successfully cultured in KM8P medium. Cell division began three days after the culture, and callus formation occurred within one month. When the calli were transferred to MS medium with 0.5mg/l BAP and 1% sucrose, many adventitious shoots and regenerated plants were obtained.

Geranium odoratissimum Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 679. 1753. "Habitat in Africa." RCN: 4952. Lectotype (Ghafoor in Jafri & El-Gadi, Fl. Libya 63: 41. 1978): Herb. Linn. No. 858.25 (LINN). Current name: Pelargonium odoratissimum (L.) Aiton (Geraniaceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part G), pp. 529-556 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 529, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Pelargonium, odoratissimum Ait. (scented geranium) is a perennial trailing herb extensively cultivated for the essential oil present in the leaves, which is used as a cheap substitute for the attar of roses. Large numbers of these plants growing in Bangalore were parasitized by a species of Sphœropsis which caused the wilting of the shoots. When the infection extended up to the collar region it resulted in the death of the entire plant.