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Clusters of knowledge-intensive industries and manufacturing industries form industrial agglomeration in Step I and activate innovation in Step II. Industry clusters are formed by building segments. "Construction sequencing" in the construction industry refers to the process of determining the sequence of segments to optimize a project's resources, budget, and scheduled timeline. The process usually begins by dividing a project into segments. Urban segments consist of public spaces, airports, factories, health, housing, etc. A "segment" is a component of a cluster; the organization of a cluster consists of constructing segments. These segments can be divided into four main categories: human resources, physical infrastructure, institutions, and the living environment. Each segment has a specific function in the process of building a cluster. This study focused on innovation in Step II and extended the Fujita–Thisse model of spatial economics to hypothesize that research expenditure per researcher leads to value being added. The Granger causality was tested for the knowledge and manufacturing industries in nine major countries including China and the U.S. The results showed that the hypothesis was significant in identifying the starting segment of innovation in Step II. Accordingly, it can be concluded that research funding is the start switch that triggers innovation. The policy implication is that activating innovation in cluster policies begins with the establishment of a research fund for researchers in its assigned clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes interregional trade in Russia using gravity models. The model estimates the trade elasticity with respect to the size of exporting and importing regions and the distance between them. In addition, the impact on trade of additional factors, such as the common border of trading regions, the presence or absence of railroads, land or sea borders with other countries, is studied. Special attention is given to the issue of measuring distances between regions. The influence of the method of calculating the distance matrix (from the simplest orthodromic to the proposed weighted matrix of the shortest road and rail distances) on the coefficients of the models is studied. The all-Russian estimates of trade elasticities by the size of the exporting and importing region, equal to 1.15 and 1.05, showed high accuracy and robustness to the set of factors included in the model, the observation period, and the distance matrix. Both values were greater than one, which is significantly higher than typical estimates for international trade. This suggests that large and wealthy regions in Russia trade more, further increasing their welfare, while small and depressed regions are unable to escape the poverty trap, further increasing the current high level of regional heterogeneity. Distance is also very important in Russia (the elasticity of trade with respect to distance is –1.15, which is much higher than the world average, but still lower than the previous estimates for Siberia and the Russian Far East). This indicates insufficient transport infrastructure, higher costs of information search, transactions, contract execution, and other difficulties associated with long-distance trade. The absence of railroads in a region reduces its trade by about one-third, while neighboring regions increase the quantity of goods transported between them by about 75%. An external land or sea border facilitates domestic imports, some of which are re-exported abroad and some are consumed with the money earned from exports. At the same time, domestic exports from border regions, which cannot compete with external exports, are reduced. The method of calculating the distance matrix has a significant effect on the elasticity of trade with respect to distance, and to a limited extent on other coefficients of the model. In this case, it is recommended to use the weighted matrix proposed in this paper, which uses road distances for nearby regions and rail distances for distant regions

The purpose of the article is to summarize theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of such a phenomenon as inversions and inversion processes in socio-economic sciences and to identify the features of the application of these approaches in research in the field of spatial economics, as well as their use in assessing the development of the border North Arctic territories of the Far East both at the national and international levels. The analysis of existing research approaches to understanding the essence, characteristics and tools for studying inversion processes in scientific areas in the socio-economic field allows us to interpret them in relation to spatial-economic research and identify specific methods of their application that are related to spatial economics. The identified research methods are used to study the Far Eastern North Arctic territories, which are currently undergoing deep qualitative transformations in their production specialization, auxiliary cycles and chains, as well as in the infrastructure that provided these processes. On the basis of both previous and current author’s studies, it is stated that in the regulation of inversion processes both in the spatial economy as a whole and in the conduct of specific studies on the development of the North Arctic territories, the leading role is played by the balance of opposing endogenous and exogenous elements of the infrastructure of spatial- economic formations at all their hierarchical levels. In conclusion, the article presents the generalizing results of the research in all its directions

The growth of cities and the transformation of their urban structure reflect the impact of numerous factors: economic, political, social, ideological and others. The Ural region with its concentration of larger cities is among the most urbanised in Russia. The paper explores the urbanistic processes in the Ural region at the turn of the 20th–21st centuries in the context general economic, political and moral factors. The methodological basis of the research rests on the theories of urbanisation and urban development, and the evolutionary approach. The study uses analytical, statistical, and comparative methods. The data for 1989–2022 reflecting the dynamics of urbanistic processes is taken from the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation. The boundaries of the Ural agglomerations are sourced from the official territorial and strategic planning documents. The findings indicate several trends in the transformation of the Ural settlement system and its urbanistic structure, in particular, a qualitative change of the cities’ industrial structure, a decrease in the employment in industry and a fall in the urban population, intensification of agglomerations processes and population tending to concentrate in larger cities. The indicated processes of deurbanisation and deindustrialisation of the Ural region result in the augmented share of larger cities, greater imbalance between size groups of cities. The paper is the first to describe the Ural Urban Square that encompasses four larger urban agglomerations – Ekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Ufa, and Perm. The paper underscores that the Ural Urban Square becomes a place of concentration of investment, human, economic, and social resources, the core of the development of the Ural macroregion and its neighboring territories.

A "segment" is a component of the organization of an agglomeration. The organization of agglomeration is formed by the construction of segments. Manufacturing agglomeration segments can be divided into four main categories: human resources including engineers, physical infrastructure, institutions, and living environment. Each segment then has a specific function in the process of building industrial agglomeration. We focus on the process of building segments in agglomeration formation. We define a "brake segment" as a segment that has a "function" to decelerate the speed of the process. The purpose of this paper is to identify the existence of this brake segment in the process of constructing the segments of the manufacturing agglomeration. We obtained the following three results. First, a modified version of the spatial economic model yields that the number of agglomerated firms is inversely related to the wages of skilled workers. Second, a factor analysis of the data on investment environment costs indicates that in the case of the manufacturing industry, the number of agglomerated firms are inversely related to the wages of engineers. Third, the factor analysis of the six countries in the JBIC survey reveals that the segment that poses the investment issue in foreign direct investment in India is engineers as human capital. We conclude that engineers as human capital are a brake segment. The implication is that the sustained development of "engineers" as human capital is essential for the success of manufacturing industry agglomeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bu çalışma, mekânsal iktisat perspektifinden neoklasik yakınsama hipotezini incelemeyi amaçlamakta ve mekânsal komşuluk ilişkilerini ve etkileşimlerini yakınsama hipotezinin test edilmesini amaçlayan çalışmalara dahil etmenin önemini vurgulamaktadır. Çalışmada öncelikle yakınsama hipotezine ilişkin öncü çalışmalar incelenmekte, ardından mekânsal etkileşimleri içeren akademik araştırmaların bir analizi yapılmaktadır. Ayrıca, Türkiye'de yakınsama hipotezi üzerine yapılan çalışmaların kapsamlı bir incelemesi sunulmakta ve özellikle bu çalışmaların analizlerinde mekânsal ilişkileri dikkate alıp almadıklarına odaklanılmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular, mekânsal komşuluk ilişkilerinin özellikle ülke içi bölgesel yakınsama analizlerinde önemli bir rol oynadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Sonuç olarak çalışma, Türkiye'de ülke içi yakınsama analizlerine yönelik literatürdeki çalışmaların büyük oranda mekânsal etkileşimi göz ardı ettiğini ortaya koymakta ve mekânsal komşuluk etkilerinin yakınsama analizlerine dâhil edilmesini savunmaktadır.

Clusters of knowledge-intensive industries and manufacturing industries form industrial agglomeration in Step I and activate innovation in Step II. Industry clusters are formed by building segments. “Construction sequencing” in the construction industry refers to the process of determining the sequence of segments to optimize a project’s resources, budget, and scheduled timeline. The process usually begins by dividing a project into segments. Urban segments consist of public spaces, airports, factories, health, housing, etc. A “segment” is a component of a cluster; the organization of a cluster consists of constructing segments. These segments can be divided into four main categories: human resources, physical infrastructure, institutions, and the living environment. Each segment has a specific function in the process of building a cluster. This study focused on innovation in Step II and extended the Fujita–Thisse model of spatial economics to hypothesize that research expenditure per researcher leads to value being added. The Granger causality was tested for the knowledge and manufacturing industries in nine major countries including China and the U.S. The results showed that the hypothesis was significant in identifying the starting segment of innovation in Step II. Accordingly, it can be concluded that research funding is the start switch that triggers innovation. The policy implication is that activating innovation in cluster policies begins with the establishment of a research fund for researchers in its assigned clusters.

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The high level of power supply and technical provision of logging, along with advanced technologies, ensure the enterprise’s competitiveness. The current state of facilities and resources at forestry institutions in the regions is, as a rule, unsatisfactory. Significant engineering and technological backwardness of facilities and resources is due to the specifics of the modern structure of the forest sector. With the purpose of ensuring the production effectiveness of forestry institutions in the regions on the basis of increasing the level of power supply and technical provision for logging, it is necessary to carry out appropriate research. The methods for assessing the forest as an ecosystem are a relevant area of theoretical and applied research. There are 3 basic methods used in world and Russian practice in the assessment of natural resources: comparative, cost, and income. The methodology of cost estimate for natural resources provides a flexible system of indices, which allow assessing natural resources depending on the amount of available information and practical purposes. In terms of spatial economics we propose to develop a pilot project to improve the efficiency of production in the state autonomous forestry institutions of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The project is intended to provide practical guidance on the allocation of 2–3 groups of forestry institutions. We used an expert approach to assess the rating of forestries. Our earlier estimates for forestry enterprises in the Republic of Bashkortostan (state autonomous institutions) were used as the basis for it. The values of quantitative criteria include expert estimates and statistical information from numerous sources, such as reports, handbooks, results of surveys, interviews, etc. The criteria were divided into 2 groups: quantitative (availability of logging equipment, transport accessibility, calculated logging area) and qualitative (state of the logging equipment, repair depot, and management structure). According to the results of the integral assessment, the forestries are divided into 4 groups. Based on the assessment performed, it is advisable to identify the points of growth in the pilot project of modernization the facilities and resources of forestry enterprises. For citation: Konshakova S.A., Bulkhov N.A., Zaikin A.N., Kuznetsov S.G., Sivakov V.V. Assessment of the Development Potential of Forestry Enterprises of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 4, pp. 202–214. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-4-202-214

In this paper we investigate a modern topic in the regional economics literature, namely the concept of microeconomic competitiveness. Particularly, we investigate the influence of the collaborative activities of the large and medium firms, as a regional prerequisite for cluster formation and development, and the relationship with various regional level performances. For years already, scholars debated within the economics literature if the regional clusters drive the regional performance. Therefore, we contribute to this stream of research through investigating if the specific conditions in the regional context, in our case the collaborative aspects of the companies operating in the region, influence the regional performance. Through a statistical analysis of the data provided by 40 best performers medium and large companies, operating in three regions for economic development in Romania, we found significant associations between the proposed variables. Specifically, we found that the regions in which the companies reported higher scores for proactivity regarding collaboration identification and formation, higher commitment for collaboration participation, respectively higher scores for their collaborative competences and abilities are the regions which also reported higher regional level performances. The results from our study are valuable for the regional economics literature since underline the fact that in order to build regional competitiveness, respectively to accelerate the economic growth and development, the existent companies operating in the regions also need to take some specific actions. The companies and firms play an important and active role in the regional economic development. In contrast to a ‘orthodox’ top-down approach for economic development, the paper brings support to the stream of research on regional economics which militates for collaboration between the public and private sector, and for regional development through microeconomics competitiveness building, local and regional.

University campuses are known to be a driving force of knowledge. Moreover, due to campuses’ impact on their surroundings, they are also considered as a driving force of physical, social, cultural, and economic change. Therefore, this paper conducts a statistical multi-variate analysis to uncover campus-neighbourhood interaction and the following socio-economic outcomes. Thirteen different variables related to 43 university campuses in Japan and their neighbourhoods’ attributes have been collected and measured. Principal component analysis and multi-linear regression analysis have been applied to uncover associations between selected variables. Additionally, k-means cluster analysis has been applied to discover hidden spatial trends between selected cases studies. Findings have shown that campuses located in highly urbanised accessible neighbourhoods create numerous benefits for students such as maximising students’ residential preferences and modes of transportation. The main outcome of this paper lies in providing the grounds for a holistic framework towards a better decision making for campus development.

This paper identifies the importance of reducing fixed costs for establishing industrial zones as part of an agglomeration policy. China's economic growth has been driven by the agglomeration of manufacturing firms via industrial zones that attract foreign direct investment. This investment enables the export of products by importing intermediate capital goods. According to the new trade theory of spatial economics, the number of firms in an agglomeration is inversely proportional to the fixed costs. The main accelerator of agglomeration after the master switch is the formation of segments that reduce firms' fixed costs. Via a factor analysis of manufacturing agglomeration segments in sequencing economics, this paper finds that "leased" industrial zones are accelerator segments in the formation process of manufacturing agglomerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A “segment” is a component of the organization of an agglomeration. The organization of agglomeration is formed by the construction of segments. Manufacturing agglomeration segments can be divided into four main categories: human resources including engineers, physical infrastructure, institutions, and living environment. Each segment then has a specific function in the process of building industrial agglomeration. We focus on the process of building segments in agglomeration formation. We define a “brake segment” as a segment that has a “function” to decelerate the speed of the process. The purpose of this paper is to identify the existence of this brake segment in the process of constructing the segments of the manufacturing agglomeration. We obtained the following three results. First, a modified version of the spatial economic model yields that the number of agglomerated firms is inversely related to the wages of skilled workers. Second, a factor analysis of the data on investment environment costs indicates that in the case of the manufacturing industry, the number of agglomerated firms are inversely related to the wages of engineers. Third, the factor analysis of the six countries in the JBIC survey reveals that the segment that poses the investment issue in foreign direct investment in India is engineers as human capital. We conclude that engineers as human capital are a brake segment. The implication is that the sustained development of “engineers” as human capital is essential for the success of manufacturing industry agglomeration.

The sustainable economic development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt is a significant part of China's regional development strategy. The article selects panel data from 11 provinces of the region from 2004 to 2020 and constructs a spatial economic model and a threshold effect model to investigate the impact of energy development and technological innovation on the real economy of this region. The result indicates that technological innovation plays a significantly beneficial role in supporting the development of the local real economy, while its spatial spillover effect to neighboring provinces is not significant. Energy development has a significant negative impact on both the local real economy and that of the neighboring provinces. Such impact is shaped by the threshold effect of the level of technological innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies the importance of reducing fixed costs for establishing industrial zones as part of an agglomeration policy. China’s economic growth has been driven by the agglomeration of manufacturing firms via industrial zones that attract foreign direct investment. This investment enables the export of products by importing intermediate capital goods. According to the new trade theory of spatial economics, the number of firms in an agglomeration is inversely proportional to the fixed costs. The main accelerator of agglomeration after the master switch is the formation of segments that reduce firms’ fixed costs. Via a factor analysis of manufacturing agglomeration segments in sequencing economics, this paper finds that “leased” industrial zones are accelerator segments in the formation process of manufacturing agglomerations.

In this paper we review the interconnection between the economic colonization and development of the Russian Far East from one hand and the formation of the system economic researches in the region from the others. The authors make accent on the construction of regional economic researches’ organizing structure and coordination. The organization and development of the Economic Research Institute of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences is reviewing as an important stage of the scientific architecture for the Far Eastern region’ construction. The article is describing, that scientists and specialists of the Economic Research Institute carried out a long-term theoretical and empirical researches in analysis, modeling and forecasting of spatial processes in economic systems. The creation a new academic economic institute in the Russian Far East in the 1970-s made it possible to solve a number of major issues on the national level. First, to provide highly qualified research support for the development and implementation of large regional economic programs. Second, to develop new areas of national science, including the creation of a scientific school for the study of spatial economics. Third, to create an intellectual platform for international cooperation between researchers from the Pacific Russia and the expert community in the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. Currently, the most important area of the institute’s activities is the restoration of the regional scientific and economic infrastructure, through building the system of ‘new integration’ by combining educational and surviving academic and project organizations in the Far East on the principle of a distributed spatial network

This study investigates the interaction between the accessibility of various urban public facilities and the price of urban space by analysing the influence of urban hospitals and rail accessibility on housing prices. In recent years, with the development of social civilisation and the influence of COVID-19, people have become increasingly interested in the quality of hospitals in their living environment. This makes medical convenience (hospital accessibility) a crucial element in determining housing prices. At the same time, people regard rail as one of the important means to access hospitals. Therefore, demonstrating the intrinsic value of accessibility to hospitals and rail in residential areas is essential. As a point of reference, this paper presents an empirical analysis of Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China, a city in a developing nation with relatively widespread access to hospitals during a significant rail construction period. The study demonstrates the interaction between hospital and rail accessibility and their moderate influence on housing prices, which is geographically heterogeneous. The study also determines the optimal metric model for assessing geographical interaction based on the significance and stability of the interaction in geographic space. It concludes with a discussion of the findings and social recommendations.

It is necessary to understand the nature of spatial territorial socio-economic objects in order for them to have an effective influence on the implementation of measures intended to increase the living standards of the population that resides there. To achieve this, they must be correctly identified amongst a general set of objects. In this regard, the purpose of this work is to develop a tool for territorial clustering. Science is one of the engines of socio-economic progress through which innovations are implemented. Hence, we test the clustering of territorial objects (regions of Russia) in relation to statistical financial cost data for science in terms of their relationship with wages and incomes of the population, the GRP (Gross Regional Product) and innovation activity. The main tool used for cluster analysis is the perceptron mathematical model, the features of which we describe in detail in this work. It follows from its characteristic features that it divides a studied population in a manner that allows for the possibility to simulate the increasing or decreasing dynamics of one quantity’s dependence on another. The study develops a universal algorithm for the purpose of territorial cluster analysis, which is proven in the construction of the final models of dependence (paired linear regression) of the indicators identified in the work, whose coefficient of determination is primarily 0.8. In our conclusion, we indicate possible options for the further development of this study, both with respect to the technical aspects of refining and improving the algorithm as well as within the framework of a more detailed analysis of the identified regression patterns using the example of statistical data of Russian reality in relation to science and the level of life quality.

The balanced socio–economic development of the territory of Russia is one of the main goals of managing the country’s economy. An important role in achieving this goal is played by the development of Russian border territories, especially those remote from the central regions of the country, but having sufficiently developed economic ties with neighboring countries. Russia and China have a fairly long border and vast border areas, in the development of which the governments of both countries are interested. A balanced long– term development of border areas is impossible without scientifically grounded state programs, the development of which presupposes a preliminary comparative analysis of the methodological and theoretical foundations of scientific theories, as well as their relevance to the set goals and objectives.The subject of research in the article is the heuristic possibilities of the cluster approach of the theory of spatial economics, on the one hand, and the ecosystem approach of the theory of socio–economic ecosystems, on the other. The research results are to identify the relative advantages and disadvantages of the cluster and system approaches as theoretical, methodological and practical tools for the development and implementation of programs for the socio–economic development of the territories of the Russian Federation bordering China. The author substantiated the advantages of the theory of socio–economic ecosystems as a theoretical and methodological tool for programs for the development of border areas.

This article shows the potentials of georeferenced data for labor market research. We review developments in the literature and highlight areas that can benefit from exploiting georeferenced data. Moreover, we share our experiences in geocoding administrative employment data including wage and socioeconomic information of almost the entire German workforce between 2000 and 2017. To make the data easily accessible for research, we create 1-square-kilometer grid cells aggregating a rich set of labor market characteristics and sociodemographics of unprecedented spatial precision. These unique data provide detailed insights into inner-city distributions for all German cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. Accordingly, we provide an extensive series of maps in the Additional file 1 and describe Berlin and Munich in greater detail. The small-scale maps reveal substantial differences in various labor market aspects within and across cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

‘Strategy for Spatial Development of Russian Federation as far as 2030’ states that the classification of the country’s macro regions is carried out by categorizing certain groups of Russian Federation constituent member territories under these spatial entities following the economic and geographical, physiographic, economic and infrastructure criteria. Among economists the approach to the formation of the macro-regional structure of the country is based mainly on economic criteria and this approach relies on the analysis of the functioning regional, interregional and international markets of products and services in the examined spatial entities. At the same time, all other criteria go into the background. The article addresses the need to observe also other criteria in the spatial organization of the country, the infrastructure ones in particular. These criteria make it sometimes possible to drastically adjust the conclusions made in the course of assessment relying only on economic criteria. The article provides a brief survey of foreign experience with the so-called ‘infrastructural regionalism’ to identify methodological approaches to the infrastructural regional classification. It is concluded that at present there are no sufficiently scientifically proven practical methods. The author confines himself to the rationale that Far Eastern Russia is yet a macro region if its formation processes are assessed following the infrastructure criteria. This standpoint contradicts the assertions of experts who substantiate their argument on the basis of economic criteria for the Far-Eastern Russia macro region

Increasing wage inequality is an important phenomenon in developed and developing countries. Depending on the labor market conditions, wages vary across geographic regions. Identifying the factors affecting wage inequality is essential in policymaking minimum wage and labor supply and demand. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting wage inequality in the Iranian provinces with the spatial econometric approach of combined data over the period 1385-1395. The results indicated the existence of spatial autocorrelation among the studied provinces.Also in this study, the variables of per capita income, total household expenditure, industrial investment, industrial concentration, unemployment rate have been the main explanations of wage inequality among the provinces of Iran and other results show that all variables except Unemployment rate has direct and indirect effects positive and variable unemployment rate has direct and indirect effects negative.

Due to enormous technological progress, socio‑economic science has gained new possibilities of investigating complex and not well‑known socio‑economic phenomena. One of the recent promising research approaches is agent‑based modelling (ABM) with connection to geographical (GIS) data. ABM is a bottom‑up research method concerning individuals that live and interact in the artificial environment. In this type of simulation, evolution of the whole system and macro‑level patterns results from individual behaviour of autonomous entities. Combining ABM with GIS data moves the simulation into the real geographical space. Applying this approach provides powerful possibilities of more realistic socio‑economic simulations concerning urban and spatial economics, sociology and psychology. Geosimulation also helps to answer questions about dependencies between geographical space and economic performances of modern cities. In this paper, a closer look at this topic is presented. We deal with the problem of implementation of GIS data into agent‑based modelling software. In the first step of our research procedure, we compare ABM programming platforms, then we chose three of them which provide GIS data support. In the second step, we implement OpenStreetMap GIS data for one of the districts of Poznań into these programming platforms. Finally, we compare the performance of ABM platforms regarding three major criteria: difficulty of programming, GIS data compatibility and available technical support. Our research is the first step in developing a comple Xsocio‑economic urban system under the ABM paradigm.

Studying microbial communities through a socio-economic lens, this paper draws parallels with human economic transactions and microbes' race for resources. Extending the 'Market Economy' concept of social science to microbial ecosystems, the paper aims to contribute to comprehending the collaborative and competitive dynamics among microorganisms. Created by a multidisciplinary team of an economist, microbiologists, and mathematicians, the paper also highlights the risks involved in employing a socio-economic perspective to explain the complexities of natural ecosystems. Navigating through microbial markets offers insights into the implications of these interactions while emphasizing the need for cautious interpretation within the broader ecological context. We hope that this paper will be a fruitful source of inspiration for future studies on microbial communities., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of FEMS.)

One of the unsatisfactory aspects of spatial economics is the role ascribed to the agricultural sector. To study how economic activities are impacted by the falling trade costs of manufactured goods, it is convenient to assume that the agricultural sector has only one homogeneous product and that it is traded costlessly. This paper reports how these oversimplified assumptions can be improved and what new results are derived regarding the nonmanufacturing sectors. In particular, we survey how to apply this general-equilibrium approach to clarify the role of trade costs in disclosing some well-known puzzles, including the resource curse, Dutch disease, and transfer paradox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we assess the drivers of office rental prices in the municipality of Madrid with a sample of 4,721 offices in March, 2020. The estimation was performed using the decision tree approach, which was built with a random forest algorithm. This technique allows us to capture the strong nonlinear component in the relation between price and its drivers, mainly geospatial location. Through a stratified analysis, we find out that the willingness to pay high rent in the center of Madrid is a feature of particular relevance to medium-sized offices. For different reasons, we also find out some office clusters located far from the city center with high rent for both large and small offices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, we apply insights from International Economics and Economic Geography to examine how the current COVID-19 crisis may structurally change the international economy. Our key argument is that the current crisis will fundamentally change key economic actors’ risk appetite, triggering a renewed risk assessment that will lead to the comeback of buffers and borders across industries. This partial return to regionalization will involve a form of de-globalization that transforms modern just-in-time management into its just-in-case counterpart, because resilience will be priced and discounted for by enterprises and governments alike. We discuss what such a structural change will imply for the International Business of international value chains.

The aim of the study is a comparative analysis of approaches to designing and implementing an institution of regulatory impact assessment in the largest countries of the post-Soviet space - Russia and Kazakhstan, an identification of problems and prospects for the development of this institution in the countries of the analyzed population.The study was conducted using both general scientific and specialized methods. General scientific methods of comparative and evolutionary-genetic studies were used to conduct cross-national comparisons of the implantation processes of new state institutions in a historical retrospective. Specialized methods of institutional and constitutional theory allowed to analyze the mutual influence of legal and economic factors in the adoption of state decisions in the economic regulation sphere within the framework of the existing national systems of public administration.Based on the results of the study, there were drawn conclusions reflecting the specifics of designing an institution of regulatory impact assessment in Russia and Kazakhstan in terms of selecting key actors and distributing authority among them. There was noted a high role that assign to structures expressing the interests of entrepreneurs in Kazakhstan when an assessment institute designing. There is characterized the degree of maturity of the assessment institute in the analyzed countries.

Over the past three decades, researchers across different disciplines have paid close attention to the development of platform markets — an emergent longterm trend in economic policy. I consider platform markets as institutional and technological systems. Platforms create systems of rules and mechanisms that stimulate agents to adopt, maintain, and improve standards disseminated by the most successful platforms. Similarly to economic zones and clusters, platform markets are two-factor mesoeconomic systems. In this article, I consider the differences between two-factor systems and traditional one-factor groupings (agglomerations, industries, and conglomerates). I present a general theoretical framework for studying two-factor mesoeconomic systems, which is employed in a comparative analysis. A specific feature of platforms is the contribution of digital technology to the formalisation of relevant external effects and institutions, whereas economic zones are characterised by the external effects of agglomeration and clusters — by locally specific effects. Platforms are replacing economic zoning and clustering on the research agenda.

Assessing the investment attractiveness of the territory is an important and non-trivial task for modern cities. The development of urban areas and their attractiveness for citizens depends, inter alia, on the variety of services presented on the territory. At the same time, modern cities face new challenges to their development, such as the expansion of territories, the loss of their original destination by territories, a change in the form of interaction between citizens and the city, and the change in the needs of citizens. In such conditions, new approaches to the assessment of the territory are required to identify places with potential for development. The article presents an approach to assessing the investment attractiveness of urban areas by the example of the problem of choosing the location of grocery stores. The authors examined the factors of investment attractiveness and proposed an algorithm for assessing territories based on data from open sources on the Internet using the example of St. Petersburg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

University campuses are known to be a driving force of knowledge. Moreover, due to campuses' impact on their surroundings, they are also considered as a driving force of physical, social, cultural, and economic change. Therefore, this paper conducts a statistical multi-variate analysis to uncover campus-neighbourhood interaction and the following socio-economic outcomes. Thirteen different variables related to 43 university campuses in Japan and their neighbourhoods' attributes have been collected and measured. Principal component analysis and multi-linear regression analysis have been applied to uncover associations between selected variables. Additionally, k-means cluster analysis has been applied to discover hidden spatial trends between selected cases studies. Findings have shown that campuses located in highly urbanised accessible neighbourhoods create numerous benefits for students such as maximising students' residential preferences and modes of transportation. The main outcome of this paper lies in providing the grounds for a holistic framework towards a better decision making for campus development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the parallel developments in the economics of agglomeration and the economics of networks. We explore the complentarities between the productivity benefits of agglomeration and those of network linkages, arguing that networks of actors dispersed over space may substitute for agglomerations of actors at a single point.

We consider the parallel developments in the economics of agglomeration and the economics of networks. We explore the complementarities between the productivity benefits of agglomeration and those of network linkages, arguing that networks of actors dispersed over space may substitute for agglomerations of actors at a single point.

The purpose of the study is to clarify theories of “spatial economics” and to analyse the theory of “new economic geography”, in particular, to find out peculiarities of the spatial economics theories applying in the context of integration of Ukraine into the European Union and to simulate theoretically the consequences of Ukraine’s accession to this integration group. Methodology. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the principles of the spatial economics theories, scientific works and researches of domestic and foreign scientists. The methodological grounds for the study are both general scientific and special scientific methods, which in the complex are used to achieve the purpose of the study. The historical-evolutionary and critical-constructive analysis, theoretical generalization (in the study of approaches to the analysis of the spatial economics theories); induction, deduction, generalization and comparison (in the study of the main principles of the theories of spatial economics using in terms of economic integration); abstract-logical and graphic interpretation (in the study of the peculiarities of integration of Ukraine into the European Union) are used. Results. The basic idea of the spatial economics theory is that the size of the market interacts with economies of scale at the firm level and transport costs, and forms the division of economic activity of the country in a spatial aspect. Applying the basic principles of the spatial economics theories to Ukraine made it possible to distinguish several main features: the difference in the country regions development; the probability of becoming a new “periphery” of the European Union; the relations between Ukraine and European Union in the “centre-periphery” aspect depend on the economy’s openness and the cross-border interaction of Ukraine with the so-called “eastern periphery” of the European Union. Practical implications are to develop recommendations for the successful economic integration of Ukraine into the European Union. Value/originality is the theoretical generalization and development of the concepts of spatial economics in the international economic integration process. The highlighted theoretical positions can be used for further study of theories of spatial economics.

Many state and local governments are considering ways to decarbonize their building sectors. This study evaluates domestic heat pumps' relative advantage over comparable natural gas-burning systems in terms of consumer economics and carbon impacts in 48 states, accounting for disparities in physical and market conditions that determine system's use and costs. The results show that decarbonization policies are more likely to succeed in states where potential carbon benefits coincide with favorable consumer economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is extremely important to predict the logistics requirements in a scientific and rational way. However, in recent years, the improvement effect on the prediction method is not very significant and the traditional statistical prediction method has the defects of low precision and poor interpretation of the prediction model, which cannot only guarantee the generalization ability of the prediction model theoretically, but also cannot explain the models effectively. Therefore, in combination with the theories of the spatial economics, industrial economics, and neo-classical economics, taking city of Zhuanghe as the research object, the study identifies the leading industry that can produce a large number of cargoes, and further predicts the static logistics generation of the Zhuanghe and hinterlands. By integrating various factors that can affect the regional logistics requirements, this study established a logistics requirements potential model from the aspect of spatial economic principles, and expanded the way of logistics requirements prediction from the single statistical principles to an new area of special and regional economics.

In the current conditions the successful solution of global problems, which brought mankind to the brink of survival on the planet, require using a combination of modern technology and interdisciplinary methodological basis for scientific research. This paper covers an issue of estimating the degree of territory development in Russia, which is performed on an interdisciplinary basis with the integration of approaches of environmental geography, regional economics, environmental management and spatial economics. A multiscale comprehensive assessment of human expansion and actual character of the use of large areas in the Russian Federation is implemented on the basis of geographic information systems technology. The provided maps demonstrate the actual distribution of economic area of the country. The authors consider and illustrate the regional socio-environmental and economic and geographic features of large urban areas and underdeveloped territories in the European and Asian parts of Russia, which determine the actual unequal distribution of urbanized and agricultural development areas of the country’s land fund. To indicate the best preserved natural geosystems, a new for Russia concept “wild nature” was selected. The calculations of the degree of economic development of the Russia’s territory allow to receive a new understanding of the relationship of the traditional forms of management with geographic ideas of polarized development. This indicator is successfully integrated into the existing schemes of eco-geographical and resource management zoning of the country. The necessity to refuse the “total development” of Siberia, the North and the Far East of Russia is specially emphasized, because a global problem of anthropogenic disturbance in the Eurasian continent brings significant social and environmental changes in people’s lives.

Economic and social working arrangement in Russia is determined by spatial nonuniformity and underpopulation. The existing mono-towns are quite different and yet there isn’t single methodological foundation or practical way of development their territories. Taking in view their considerable mass and conglomeration of population in them, finding a source of Russian mono-towns modernization is becoming a major factor of macroeconomic dynamics.

Policy making is called to play a decisive role in the commercialisation of tidal stream energy projects. For they are site-specific, spatial targeting of policies is needed, so that tidal stream regulations (financial supporting mechanisms, consenting procedures, etc.) could be concentrated to sites where they can achieve the greatest benefits. With this in view, the aim of this paper is: (i) to develop a new method to delimit the most suitable (target) areas for tidal stream energy policy intervention within a coastal area of interest, and (ii) to apply it to the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary (UK). The method includes spatial numerical analysis by means of a Matlab-based code coupled with a Navier-Stokes solver. The programme works in steps, in which different constraints are imposed with a view to carry out a zoning process. As a result of this zoning process, four hotspots are selected, for which a set of policy interventions is proposed. This includes the specific levels of subsidisation for closing the grid parity gap of potential projects in each area. The method can be viewed as a supporting decision mechanism for spatially targeted policy-making and management of tidal stream energy across the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary.

The article addresses issues of formation of the national and global infrastructure in the Arctic and its Asia-Pacific zone in the context of the new challenges in the development of the region, associated mainly with the political and military deterioration of relations between Russia and the United States. The study also characterizes international experience in the area of infrastructure researches and presents strategic documents of both countries in the sphere of the study and development of the Arctic and its territories. The author concludes that research organizations need to overcome their passivity to strengthen cooperation between these structures from both sides, which is absolutely essential for the development of a global scientific and other kinds of infrastructure and for the further successful, rational and effective exploitation of the Arctic areas