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Om nieuwe convenantafspraken gemaakt tussen overheid en veehouderijsectoren over de verdeling van de kosten die de overheid maakt te ondersteunen is een analyse uitgevoerd inzake de kans op introductie en de verwachte epidemiologische en economische gevolgen van mogelijke uitbraken van bestrijdingsplichtige dierziekten. De uitkomsten van deze analyse kunnen mede als basis gebruikt worden voor een nieuw te sluiten convenant tussen de veehouderijsectoren en de overheid met betrekking tot de financiering van het diergezondheidsfonds (DGF).

This study, conducted between July 2022 and June 2023, offers a first assessment of the strategic decisions made by Member States under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). It maps the choices made in the CAP Strategic Plans (CSP) approved in December 2022 and analyses the joint efforts and potential impacts of Member States’s choices in relation to the nine specific objectives and the cross-cutting objective, with a particular focus on selected Green Deal targets. With approximately 2 500 interventions, the EU and Member States aim to mobilise EUR 307 billion in support of agriculture and rural areas between 2023 and 2027. The study finds that the CSPs prioritise targeted income support for farmers, along with measures to foster productivity growth and the adoption of innovative technologies. It suggests that the reformed CAP is likely to contribute to greater environmental and climate commitments, and addresses issues surrounding the sustainable use of natural resources. While the CSPs may contribute to climate change mitigation, the overall impact of Member States' choices remains uncertain. Also the effects of the CSPs on rural development are yet to be determined.

This study, conducted between July 2022 and June 2023, offers a first assessment of the strategic decisions made by Member States under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). It maps the choices made in the CAP Strategic Plans (CSP) approved in December 2022 and analyses the joint efforts and potential impacts of Member States’s choices in relation to the nine specific objectives and the cross-cutting objective, with a particular focus on selected Green Deal targets. With approximately 2 500 interventions, the EU and Member States aim to mobilise EUR 307 billion in support of agriculture and rural areas between 2023 and 2027. The study finds that the CSPs prioritise targeted income support for farmers, along with measures to foster productivity growth and the adoption of innovative technologies. It suggests that the reformed CAP is likely to contribute to greater environmental and climate commitments, and addresses issues surrounding the sustainable use of natural resources. While the CSPs may contribute to climate change mitigation, the overall impact of Member States' choices remains uncertain. Also the effects of the CSPs on rural development are yet to be determined.

Aan de hand van het Bedrijveninformatienet van Wageningen Economic Research en de Landbouwtelling van het CBS biedt deze studie een overzicht van kengetallen over de beregening op gewas- en regioniveau in de Nederlandse landbouw. Deze kengetallen zijn relevant voor discussies over het waterverbruik door de landbouw en beregeningsverboden bij droogte in relatie tot andere gebruiksfuncties van water. Het rapport bevat gedetailleerde gegevens voor de belangrijkste akkerbouw-, groente- en voedergewassen in diverse productieregio’s op klei-, veen- en zandgrond.

Background: The parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) causes a substantial human disease burden worldwide. Ingesting improperly cooked pork containing T. gondii is considered one of the major sources of human infection in Europe and North America. Consequently, control of T. gondii infections in pigs is warranted. The European Food Safety Authority advised to perform serological monitoring of pigs and to conduct farm audits for the presence of risk factors. Serological monitoring was implemented in several Dutch slaughterhouses, one to six blood samples (a total of 5134 samples) were taken from each delivery of finishing pigs and samples were tested for the presence of anti-T. gondii antibodies. Using these test results, a cross-sectional study was initiated to assess the association between the within-herd T. gondii seroprevalence and the presence of risk factors for T. gondii infections at 69 conventional finishing pig farms in the Netherlands.Results: A multivariable model showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) association with twelve potential risk factors: type of farm, presence of dogs, presence of ruminants, use of boots, use of shower and farm clothing, mode of rodent control, bedding accessibility for rodents, presence of cats, type of drinking water, heating of the feed, use of goat whey and shielding of birds.Conclusions: Serological monitoring of finishing pigs for T. gondii in slaughterhouses can be used to identify the presence of T. gondii risk factors on Dutch conventional finishing pig farms and seems a valuable tool to guide and monitor the control of T. gondii in pork production.

De fiscale klimaat- en calamiteitenreserve is met name effectief voor bedrijven met een gemiddeld inkomen per jaar van boven € 30.000 per ondernemer. Deze bedrijven kunnen een substantiële fiscale klimaat- en calamiteitenreserve opbouwen die hen beter in staat stelt om grote inkomensdalingen op te vangen. Bij een calamiteit is het voordeel van een fiscale klimaat- en calamiteitenreserve het meest uitgesproken

A large part of the Burundian population lives in rural areas with nearly 90% of the population depending on agriculture for food and income. Land productivity has been declining over time due to the depletion of soil fertility and increasing soil erosion. Climatic hazards, mainly excessive rainfall, droughts, pests and diseases cause large losses in agricultural production that affect the living conditions of both producers and consumers. The main challenge is how to manage land more sustainably and enable farmers to cope with these risks that undermine their agricultural production, as such finding strategies that stimulate agricultural investments.Facing this challenge, the objective of this thesis is to shed light on factors influencing investments in sustainable land management (SLM) and to what extent an index-based crop insurance (IBI) helps farmers to overcome risks associated to farming. To reach this objective, four research questions were formulated and the results are presented in six chapters.The introductory chapter 1 sets the scene and delineates the problem statement. It briefly explains the land degradation problem in Burundi, potential SLM investments (i.e., practices) farmers can undertake, the risks related to farming, and conceptual aspects of crop insurance and an IBI in particular.Chapter 2 examines the factors influencing the SLM investments using a multinomial logistic regression (MLR) model. The results indicate that farmers from the study area experience severe land degradation which is manifested by soil erosion and soil fertility depletion. The results of the MLR model show that the occurrence of soil erosion, access to credit, time spent by the household head in farming, and age of the household head, all increase investments of households in SLM. Hence, in order to enhance farmers’ investments in SLM practices and more effectively cope with land degradation, this chapter suggests that decision makers should particularly focus on improv

BackgroundThe parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is recognized as one of the major foodborne pathogens with a high human disease burden. To control T. gondii infections in pigs, European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) advises serological testing of pigs and audits of pig farms to identify risk factors for T. gondii infection. In line with this approach, the aim of the current study was to assess the effectiveness and costs of intervention measures implemented to reduce the T. gondii seroprevalence on finishing pig farms in the Netherlands. A crossover clinical trial was conducted at five case farms were their own control and the cross-over moment was the implementation of interventions to reduce risk factors. Each of the case farms had a farm-specific intervention strategy with one principal intervention measure (neutering of cats, professional rodent control or covering food storage).ResultsAll finishing pig farms (n = 5) showed a reduction in T. gondii seroprevalence within one year of implementing the intervention strategy. Cat neutering (n = 3) and feed coverage (n = 1) showed statistically significant reductions in seroprevalence. Rodent control (n = 1) did not show a statistically significant reduction. The estimated reduction in seroprevalence in response to the neutering of cats and feed coverage were 67 and 96 %, respectively.ConclusionsOur work demonstrates that it is possible to reduce the within-farm T. gondii seroprevalence within one year after interventions were implemented to reduce T. gondii risk factors. This information is essential and encouraging for policy makers, food business operators, and farmers to implement in their risk assessment and to apply to food safety control systems.

Campylobacter is a food safety hazard, which causes a substantial human disease burden. Infected broiler meat is a common source of campylobacteriosis. The use of probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics has been associated with controlling Campylobacter infections in broilers, although efficacy remains a contentiously debated issue. On-farm use of probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics is gaining momentum. Therefore, it is interesting to analyze the economic viability of this potential intervention to reduce Campylobacter prevalence in broilers. A normative cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted to estimate the cost-effectiveness ratio of using probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics in broiler production in Denmark, the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain. The cost-effectiveness ratio was defined as the estimated costs of probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics use divided by the estimated public health benefits expressed in euro (€) per avoided disability-adjusted life year (DALY). The model considered differences between the countries in zootechnical and economic farm performance, in import, export, and transit of live broilers, broiler meat and meat products, and in disease burden of Campylobacter-related human illness. Simulation results revealed that the costs per avoided DALY were lowest in Poland and Spain (€4,000–€30,000 per avoided DALY) and highest in the Netherlands and Denmark (€70,000–€340,000 per avoided DALY) at an efficacy ranging from 10 to 20%. In Poland and Spain, using probiotics can be classified as a moderately expensive intervention if efficacy is more than 10%, otherwise it is relatively expensive. In the Netherlands and Denmark, using probiotics is a relatively expensive intervention irrespective of efficacy. However, if probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics were assumed to enhance broiler performance, it would become a relatively cost-effective intervention for Campylobacter even at low efficacy levels of 1 to 10%.

Smallholders in Sub-Sahara African region are the most vulnerable groups in the world. Their capacity to manage risks is especially low due to multiple stressors like drought coupled with their poor asset base. Particularly in Ethiopia, rampant crop losses due to climate change induced drought as well as weather and seasonality-based variations typically characterize the economic loss of farm households. The trend of global climate change has remained devastating and future climatic scenarios are also predicted to be pessimistic as changes in climate and weather patterns are inevitable. In spite of rapid advances in using remote sensing and simulation models, there is no clear picture of how climate variables will change. Hence, in the face of changing climate, the enhanced role of agricultural risk management should be to contribute to mitigation without compromising the role of agriculture for adaptation and food security. As adaptation to climate change is a priority for smallholders and a top agenda for development, demand-driven innovations in agricultural technologies and services are deemed for interventions. Consequently, the last several years have seen the development of innovative instruments for managing weather-related agricultural risks in which global efforts to reduce the impact of climate change on the welfare of households has significantly increased. One of the recent innovations is the index-based insurance (IBI) which was piloted in different areas in developing countries for managing agricultural risks. The preference for IBI innovations were fueled due to the fact that IBI contracts avoid the twin asymmetric information problems of adverse selection (hidden information) and moral hazard (hidden behavior). Since the indices in IBI innovations were not individual specific, but rely on external parametric measures, neither the insurer nor the insured can manipulate the functioning of IBIs in order to derive unfair financial advantage. These innov

De berekende verwachte DGF-bijdrage in de bestrijdingskosten voor mond-en-klauwzeer (MKZ) en klassieke varkenspest (KVP), rekening houdend met een EU-bijdrage, is in de 2020/2024-scenario’s lager dan eerder berekend voor de periode 2015/2019. De gemiddelde DGF-bijdrage in de varkenshouderij voor MKZ en KVP wordt geschat op 3,12 mln. euro per 5 jaar in plaats van 13 mln. euro per 5 jaar. In de rundveehouderij zijn de gemiddelde bestrijdingskosten voor MKZ afgenomen van 9 mln. euro naar 2,89 mln. euro per 5 jaar. Voor de schapen- en geitenhouderij is dit 0,15 mln. euro per 5 jaar (was 0,49 mln. euro). In de pluimveehouderij is de DGF-bijdrage in de bestrijdingskosten voor aviaire influenza (AI) min of meer gelijk gebleven (36 mln. euro per 5 jaar), waarbij de kans op AI-insleep juist is toegenomen maar de omvang van een AI-uitbraak aanzienlijk minder is.

Extended-spectrum bèta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing bacteria have become increasingly common in animals and humans. The goal of the presented ESBL evaluation framework is to help policy makers to evaluate the effectiveness of possible interventions aimed to reduce ESBL levels in livestock. An objective-driven ESBL policy approach (i.e., setting more clear and stringent objectives, for example maximum ESBL prevalence on national level) is preferable since much is unknown about other potential relevant measures and moreover the accountability of individual agents is hampered, which are both requisites for a measure-driven policy approach. In addition, for the nearby future, an additional measure is to extend the ban on some other antibiotics that are related to ESBLs.

Innovation and adoption of innovation are considered key indicators of competitiveness and sustainability. Analysing data from 821 farms from eight Member States of the European Union in the frame of the EU Framework 7 project FLINT, this study provides an insight into the different adoption rates of fi ve types of innovation in agriculture across Europe and suggests the potential effects of different factors, including farm type and farm size, subsidies and age, on farmers’ decision to innovate.

Given the increased attention to risk management in the European Union’s (EU) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), it is important to monitor and evaluate the rates of adoption by farmers and their determinants over time. Current European Agricultural statistics (Farm Accountancy Data Network) capture few indicators that assess such strategies, but complementing data collected during the EU Framework 7 project FLINT have allowed the adoption of risk management strategies and the determinants of farmers’ preference for complementary or substitute instruments to be assessed. Adoption rates of risk managementinstruments such as insurance contracts, price contracts, off-farm income, other types risk of reduction measures and other gainful activities vary signifi cantly across EU Member States and farming types. Econometric analysis indicates that larger farms more often adopt crop insurance, occupational accident insurance, price contracts and diversifi cation but are less likely to adopt credit avoidance and off-farm employment (at a signifi cance level of 1 per cent). For policy analyses these indicators are a step forward for the determination of the net impacts and establishment of counterfactuals in the long term (i.e. time seriesencompassing also adverse years) for measuring the impact of the CAP at farm level.