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När klimatet förändras påverkas människor och deras egendom, företag, kommunal och statlig verksamhet, vilket gör att såväl myndigheter, kommuner, företag som enskilda fastighetsägare måste agera. Översvämningar, värmeböljor, ras och skred är bara några exempel på vad vi behöver rusta oss för. Vi ska möta klimatförändringar som sker här i Sverige, men vi måste också anpassa oss till vad klimatförändringar i andra länder innebär för Sverige. Kostnaderna för klimatanpassning kan bli höga, men bedöms av bland andra EUkommissionen ändå löna sig i förhållande till de skadekostnader som uppstår om inga åtgärder vidtas. Klimatanpassningsarbetet i Sverige har gått framåt under de senaste åren. Några exempel på myndighetsuppdrag är Nationell höjddatabas, Ras- och skredkarteringen av Göta älvdalen, Dricksvattenutredningen, länsstyrelsernas regionala handlingsplaner för klimatanpassning, samt inrättandet av Nationellt kunskapscentrum för klimatanpassning. Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska instituts arbete med regeringsuppdraget att utarbeta underlag till kontrollstation 2015 för anpassning till ett förändrat klimat, visar på stort behov av fortsatta insatser. Denna rapport ger förslag till en färdplan för klimatanpassningen i Sverige. Slutsatserna handlar framförallt om att arbetet måste bedrivas långsiktigt, att roller och mandat förtydligas samt att en bättre samordning mellan olika aktörer uppnås. De viktigaste slutsatserna för fortsatt arbete är: Regelverk behöver anpassas, roller och ansvar samt strategier och mål måstetydliggöras Prioriterade forsknings- och utvecklingsinsatser, som fyller identifierade kunskapsbehov inklusive långtidsövervakning, behöver finansieras Kunskap, beslutstöd och prognos- och varningssystem behöver göras mer tillgängliga Hur kostnader ska fördelas mellan olika aktörer och hur resurser till prioriterade åtgärder ska säkerställas, behöver klarläggas Uppdraget har inneburit att sammanställa kunskap om nuvarande och framtida risker och konsekvenser för samhället av ett förändrat klimat, till exempel effekter på samhällsviktiga funktioner och människors hälsa. Arbetet har också omfattat en kartläggning över vad som genomförts sedan Klimat- och sårbarhetsutredningen presenterades år 2007. Utifrån det underlaget har målet varit att beskriva behoven och lämna förslag på åtgärder för anpassning av olika delar av samhället. Hänsyn har tagits till EU:s strategi för klimatanpassning. Arbetet har bedrivits i bred samverkan med myndigheter, kommuner, forskare, branschorganisationer och andra näringslivsrepresentanter. Redovisningen av uppdraget omfattar en huvudrapport samt 18 bilagor. Huvudrapportens tredje kapitel är en syntes av rapportens alla förslag, och kan ses som färdplanen för att säkerställa att Sverige klimatanpassas. As the climate changes, actors on all levels and in all sectors will be affected. Thus it is imperative that authorities, municipalities, businesses and individual property owners all take action. Flooding, heat waves, landslides and erosion are only a few examples of the challenges that that society faces and needs to prepare for. Sweden must adapt to the impacts of a changing climate, as well as the indirect effects of climate change impacts in other parts of the world. The costs of adaptation can be high, but the European Commission, among others, has deemed that it still pays to adapt in relation to the costs incurred if no action is taken. Climate adaptation initiatives in Sweden have advanced significantly in recent years. Notable examples include governmental missions for a national elevation database, landslide risk mapping in the Göta Älv River Valley, the Swedish drinking water investigation, the County Administrative Boards’ regional climate change action plans, and the establishment of the National Knowledge Centre for Climate Adaptation. The Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute’s mission to survey, analyse and follow-up on climate adaptation work in Sweden has shown that there is still a considerable need for further measures. This report provides proposals for a road map for climate adaptation in Sweden and concludes that climate adaptation is best conducted in a long-term manner, that roles and responsibilities should be made more transparent, and that better coordination among the many actors involved in climate adaptation is necessary. The most important conclusions for continued work are: Laws and regulations need to be adapted; roles and responsibilities as well as strategies and goals should be made clearer. Priority and funding should be given to research and development measures that fill an identified knowledge-gap, including long-term monitoring. Knowledge and decision support as well as prognoses and warning systems should be more accessible. There is a need to outline how the costs of adaptation should be distributed among actors and how resources for prioritised measures can be guaranteed. This mission has compiled knowledge of the current and future risks and consequences for society of a changing climate, such as effects on vital societal functions and human health. The mission has also surveyed the work that has been done since the publication of the final report of the Swedish Commission on Climate and Vulnerability in 2007. From this background material our goal has been to describe the gaps and challenges and provide suggestions for how adaptation can be approached in various sectors of society. The EU Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change has been an important point of departure. The work has been performed in cooperation with national and regional authorities, municipalities, researchers, sectoral organisations and representatives of the private sector. This report is comprised of a main report and 18 annexes. Chapter 3 of the main report is a synthesis of all of the proposals made throughout the document and as such can be seen as a road map to ensure that Sweden adapts to a changing climate.

I den här publikationen presenterar vi ett antal förslag som syftar till att optimera nyttan för kommuner av SMHI:s befintliga varningsinformation för väderhändelser i Sverige när det gäller tilllämpning mot slamströmmar. Vi baserar förslagen på en litteraturgenomgång om kunskapsläget när det gäller tidiga varningssystem för snabba jordrörelser i Europa, en intervjustudie av kunskapsläget och hanteringen av SMHI:s varningsinformation i svenska kommuner, samt på en detaljstudie av nederbördsmönstret i Årekommun.

Transnational and cross-border cooperation play a central role in EU Cohesion Policy. The European Territorial Objective, one of three overall objectives of EU Cohesion Policy, and the programmes initiated to reach this objective have had an important impact on cooperation and networking across borders in the Nordic countries. In the new EU programming period 2014-2020, there will be a greater demand for thematic concentration within the cross-border and transnational programmes. The European Commission calls for a closer coordination between the five different EU funds. Each of the CSF Funds shall support a limited number of thematic objectives in order to contribute to the Europe 2020 strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. Nordregio has been commissioned by the Nordic Committee of Senior Officials for Regional Policy (EK-R), to develop a method which could facilitate the selection of themes and ensure territorial added value in the coming programming areas involving the Nordic countries. The process of concentrating resources, while at the same time coordinating actions with a number of strategies and other funding programmes, makes the added value of the impact of cross-border and transnational cooperation programmes even more vital than ever. Thus through this assignment guidelines will be set up that programme areas can use to concentrate their resources and priorities within the ETC Objective.

32 Top Indicators for 6 Territorial Cohesion Priorities. INTERCO- Indicators of Territorial Cohesion- delivers valuable input for policy makers and scientist interested in indicators for territorial cohesion. The analytical framework developed by the research team proved to be applicable and successful in revealing the existing spatial disparities and territorial cohesion trends in Europe and can be used by policy makers at different levels. According to the Final Report, the main results show that: • At level of the Territorial objectives, convergence trends over the past decade were strongest for the objective of “Strong local economies ensuring global competitiveness”; however, disparities are still medium and high. • Indicators for measuring “innovative territories” perform heterogeneously, with tertiary education showing convergence trend, while for employment disparities even increased. • Indicators under the objective “Fair access to services, markets and job” still show the highest existing disparities over all indicators; insofar there is no fair access to markets for all people in Europe. Only accessibility potential by road and air indicator slight trends towards cohesion, while for the accessibility potential by rail in contrary existing gaps seem to become permanent. • Indicators on “Inclusion and quality of life” yield the smallest existing disparities, but these small differences are stable over time; there has only be little development over the last years, except for the proportion of early school leavers and the disposable household income, where one could observe clear trends towards cohesion. • Existing disparities for all indicators under the last two objectives, i.e. “Attractive regions of high ecological values and strong territorial capital” and “Integrated polycentric territorial development” are significant (medium, high and very high). Policy makers can also find more specific information on each of the indicators in the fact sheets.

Territorial cohesion has its legal basis in the Treaty of Lisbon and is one of the overarching goals in the 2007-2013 Cohesion Policy instruments. Still the definition of territorial cohesion can be characterized as a ‘moving target’ - each EU Member State and region conceptualizes the policy goal in as befits the specific regional challenges and opportunities of the territory. The thesis examines the concept of territorial cohesion as a normative goal that is intended to be implemented at various territorial governance levels. The point of departure of the thesis is that it is important for institutions, as formal and informal ‘rules of the game’, to have the capacity or potential mobilization resources to plan for and achieve territorial cohesion and regional development. Institutional capacity is operationalized by use of a general framework consisting of knowledge resources, relational resources and mobilization capacity. The thesis is built on six papers that each deal with an issue (EU enlargement, climate change adaptation and mitigation, innovative capacity and cores and peripheries) that has territorial impact at three levels - the international or EU level, the transnational or macro-regional level and the local/regional level. The papers use primarily qualitative methods and each paints a very different picture of the potential role of institutions in understanding territorial cohesion. A cover essay links the articles analytically, building the question of how territorial cohesion is conceptualized on multiple levels through different theoretical and policy ‘lenses’. Synthesized results of the papers confirm that there are two quite different logics of action informing the way territorial cohesion is used as a goal or a means at the three levels. Applying the institutional capacity framework to cases working towards territorial cohesion at different levels has concluded that knowledge-building resources are most important for EU-level institutions, relational resources are most important at the transnational or macro-regional level, and mobilization capacity is key for local/regional institutions in efforts towards place-based development. The thesis has shown that there is added value in using the same framework of analysis at very different territorial levels. Scaling up or scaling down analytical levels appears to provide some added substance to a coherent picture of territorial cohesion even if there is a risk that it increases complexity. QC 20111026

Norden sägs nu vara på väg i riktning mot vad som skulle kunna kallas den tredje generationens regionala utvecklingspolitik. Utgångspunkten för policyförnyelsen är en starkare betoning av den individuella regionen och dess speciella förutsättningar och tillväxtpotential. Likriktade statliga lösningar där samma politik bedrivs på enahanda sätt i samtliga regioner ifrågasätts. Detta gäller även modellen för de regionala aktörernas deltagande och ansvar i politiken. Man är idag mera öppen för att - inom samma land - öppna upp för olika grader av eget policyansvar på den regionala nivån i syfte att bättre anpassa insatserna till den enskilda regionens önskemål, förutsättningar och förmåga.I denna rapport är fokus satt på den regionala nivåns ansvar och roll inom ramen för den idag aktuella tillväxt- och innovationspolitiken i Norden. Syftet är att stärka kunskapsunderlaget för den pågående nordiska diskussionen kring vilken typ av regionala institutioner, och därmed också regionalt ansvar, som ger de bästa förutsättningarna för en framgångsrik utvecklingspolitik. Rapporten handlar därmed ytterst om vilken typ av institutionella miljöer som ger mest utrymme för de innovativa sociala och ekonomiska processer vilka är avgörande för den långsiktiga utvecklingskraften i alla samhällen - på nationell såväl som regional och lokal nivå. Rapporten baseras på resultaten från ett forskningsprojekt som på ett systematiskt sätt jämfört Nordens tre autonomier - Färöarna, Grönland och Åland samt Bornholm som kontrollstudie - med avseende på kopplingarna mellan deras grad av politiskt självbestämmande och deras ekonomiska utvecklingskapacitet. Projektets mål har varit att nyttja de lärdomar och slutsatser som kan dras från de i konstitutionellt avseende unika autonomierna för att kasta nytt ljus över förhållandet mellan policyansvar, innovationsförmåga och ekonomisk utveckling i de mer "normala" nordiska regionerna. En viktig slutsats från projektet är att en väl fungerande regional utvecklingspolitik så långt som möjligt bör anpassas till den berörda regionens produktionsförutsättningar. Flera andra lärdomar gällande utvecklingen av den framtida regionala politiken i Norden dras utgående från projektets fyra fallstudier.

Internationalisation of regional development policies – Needs and demands in the Nordic countries. Different regions have different preconditions for polycentric or monocentric development. Eitherspatial structure can be rational as a consequence of e.g. location and territorial capacity. However the concepts and policy applications have been questioned as to their feasibility in all types of countries and regions. Particularly in the Nordic countries, where many regions are marked by low population density and peripheral location, working towards a polycentric growth strategy may not have the same effects as in the central Europe, for instance. Debates on polycentricity in regional policy and governance have proceeded along different lines in the Nordic countries, but the outcomes are still comparable in several respects. Thus this report omprises four country studies (Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden) in which we examine whether and how the concept of polycentricity has played a role in the debates on regional evelopment policy and governance reforms in these countries. The analysis provides a review of how polycentricity is interpreted against the contours of regional development policy and the regional/municipal reform processes in each country and in light of the particular settlement patterns of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.

A Nordic Perspective. Conference Report. On September 11, 2007, a group of 70 practitioners, policymakers, researchers and other actors met in Helsinki to discuss one the most challenging and important issues on the current global agenda – climate change, and particularly adaptation to the effects of a changing climate. This conference, entitled, Planning for Climate Change: The Adaptation Challenge – A Nordic Perspective, organised by the Nordic Council of Ministers and Nordregio, Nordic Centre for Spatial Development, examined the challenges and opportunities inherent in climate change adaptation in the Nordic Countries and how planning and political processes can deal with these imperatives.

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