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Key message Variability and interrelations between wood density, water content, and related properties were analyzed by CT scanning of five species. Relative water content of lumens is proposed as the best complement to basic specific gravity for discrimination of species with respect to their functioning. Context X-ray computed tomography (CT) is an efficient tool for analysis of wood properties related to density and water content all along a tree stem. Basic specific gravity, an inherent property of the wood material, is well known and widely used in wood sciences. Aims The first aim of this study was to describe a method for mapping a set of wood properties within a tree stem. The second objective was to analyze the relations among these properties and to identify the one that offers the best information in addition to basic specific gravity for discrimination of species. Methods Wood discs were collected at various heights along a tree stem. We used a method consisting of comparing the CT images of the discs in the green state and after oven drying. Finally, 10 variables were computed for 115 trees of five temperate species: green, oven-dry, and basic specific gravities; moisture content; relative water content; relative water content of lumens; and fractions of air, water, free water, and cell walls. Results Maps of wood properties summarizing the radial and vertical variations were obtained, allowing us to highlight species-specific patterns. The five species were discriminated best when plotted in the plane defined by basic specific gravity and relative water content of lumens. Conclusion The proposed method is original and simple enough to process large samples. Because it correlated less with basic specific gravity than with moisture content, relative water content of lumens was selected for species characterization. This is the first study of such wood properties at this fine scale within a tree stem, simultaneously and for a substantial number of trees of five species including both hardwoods and softwoods.

La cytométrie en flux a été utilisée pour estimer la quantité d'ADN nucléaire chez 13 espèces de #Coffea$ (Rubiacea) originaires d'Afrique. Douze espèces diploïdes (#2n$=22) et l'espèce tétraploïde #C. arabica$ (#2n$=44) ont été analysées. Pour 77 génotypes, des populations de noyaux isolés ont été colorées par l'iodure de propidium (IP ; non spécifique des bases). Pour trente neuf génotypes, le 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; AT spécifique) a été également utilisé. Les quantités 2C d'ADN nucléaire, estimées avec l'IP, oscillent entre 0,95 et 1,78 pg. Trois groupes correspondant à des quantités croissantes d'ADN ont été mis en évidence. Les trois espèces #C. sessiliflora, C. racemosa$ et #C. pseudozanguebariae$ se classent dans le groupe des plus petites valeurs (groupe 1 : 0,90 à 1,30 pg). Les trois espèces #C. eugenioides, C. stenophylla$ et #C.$ sp. F. se rangent uniquement dans le groupe des valeurs intermédiaires (groupe 2 : 1,31 à 1,60 pg). Les autres espèces se répartissent entre le groupe 2 et le groupe des plus hautes valeurs (groupe 3 : 1,61 à 1,80 pg). Les valeurs déterminées pour les espèces de #Coffea$, sont comparées aux niveaux intra- et inter-spécifique à celles d'autres angiospermes. Les différences observées sont discutées en fonction de l'origine éco-géographique des espèces, leurs caractéristiques phénologiques et la fertilité de leurs hybrides F1 interspécifiques. (Résumé d'auteur)

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers combined with the Simple Matching index for calculating the distance matrix were used to determine the genetic diversity of African cassava clones. A preliminary study of three Manihot species using 20 primers clearly showed that RAPD markers were relevant for analyzing their genetic diversity. DNAs from 19 cultivars of Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava) were amplified using 8 primers. Cultivars were well discriminated and coherently distributed, comparing to previous results from isozymes and RFLP studies. Genetic diversity analysis, characterization of collections and study of introgression are the domains that RAPD markers can contribute to the improvement of cassava.

Xylem density is a physical property of wood that varies between individuals, species and environments. It reflects the physiological strategies of trees that lead to growth, survival and reproduction. Measurements of branch xylem density, ρx, were made for 1653 trees representing 598 species, sampled from 87 sites across the Amazon basin. Measured values ranged from 218 kg m−3 for a Cordia sagotii (Boraginaceae) from Mountagne de Tortue, French Guiana to 1130 kg m−3 for an Aiouea sp. (Lauraceae) from Caxiuana, Central Pará, Brazil. Analysis of variance showed significant differences in average ρx across regions and sampled plots as well as significant differences between families, genera and species. A partitioning of the total variance in the dataset showed that species identity (family, genera and species) accounted for 33% with environment (geographic location and plot) accounting for an additional 26%; the remaining "residual" variance accounted for 41% of the total variance. Variations in plot means, were, however, not only accountable by differences in species composition because xylem density of the most widely distributed species in our dataset varied systematically from plot to plot. Thus, as well as having a genetic component, branch xylem density is a plastic trait that, for any given species, varies according to where the tree is growing in a predictable manner. Within the analysed taxa, exceptions to this general rule seem to be pioneer species belonging for example to the Urticaceae whose branch xylem density is more constrained than most species sampled in this study. These patterns of variation of branch xylem density across Amazonia suggest a large functional diversity amongst Amazonian trees which is not well understood.

International audience; Internal nutrient recycling through retranslocation (resorption) is important for meeting the nutrient demands of new tissue production in trees. We conducted a comparative study of nutrient retranslocation from leaves of five tree species from three genera grown in plantation forests for commercial or environmental purposes in southern Australia—Acacia mearnsii De Wild., Eucalyptus globulus Labill., E. fraxinoides H. Deane & Maiden, E. grandis W. Hill ex Maiden and Pinus radiata D. Don. Significant amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were retranslocated during three phases of leaf life. In the first phase, retranslocation occurred from young leaves beginning 6 months after leaf initiation, even when leaves were physiologically most active. In the second phase, retranslocation occurred from mature green leaves during their second year, and in the third phase, retranslocation occurred during senescence before leaf fall. Nutrient retranslocation occurred mainly in response to new shoot production. The pattern of retranslocation was remarkably similar in the leaves of all study species (and in the phyllodes of Casuarina glauca Sieber ex Spreng.), despite their diverse genetics, leaf forms and growth rates. There was no net retranslocation of calcium in any of the species. The amounts of nutrients at the start of each pre-retranslocation phase had a strong positive relationship with the amounts subsequently retranslocated, and all species fitted a common relationship. The percentage reduction in concentration or content (retranslocation efficiency) at a particular growth phase is subject to many variables, even within a species, and is therefore not a meaningful measure of interspecific variation. It is proposed that the pattern of retranslocation and its governing factors are similar among species in the absence of interspecies competition for growth and crown structure which occurs in mixed species stands.

Les objectifs de ce travail de thèse étaient : (i) identifier les principaux compromis et covariations d’un ensemble de traits foliaires relatifs à l’acquisition du carbone et (ii) caractériser la variabilité de ces traits en réponse à l’éclairement (plasticité phénotypique) et la diversité interspécifique de cette plasticité chez des espèces de forêt tropicale humide. Les mesures ont été réalisées sur des semis de 13 espèces d’arbres élevés en conditions contrôlées dans 3 traitements d’éclairements relatifs distincts. Une analyse coût-bénéfice des traits du bilan de carbone foliaire a été centrée sur les coûts de construction du métamère (CCmetm), le temps de retour sur investissement (PBT) et la mesure des durées de vie des feuilles (LLS). Une forte diversité interspécifique a été observée pour l’ensemble des traits étudiés. Les espèces se répartissent le long d’un axe opposant durée de vie des feuilles et LMA (masse surfacique) d’un côté, aux capacités photosynthétiques (Asat), PNUE (Asat/N), respiration (Rd) et teneurs en azote (Nm) de l’autre. Ces résultats sont en adéquation avec le schéma universel d’acquisition des ressources proposé par Wright et al. (2004). Les relations entre LLS et PBT sont faibles et l’ensemble des espèces amortissent très largement leur CCmetm. De manière générale, le classement des espèces est maintenu d’un traitement à l’autre et, à l’exception des coûts de construction, seuls de faibles effets d’interaction ont été observés entre espèces et traitements. Le calcul d’un indice de plasticité a également permis de montrer qu’en dépit d’une certaine diversité interspécifique de la plasticité phénotypique, aucune espèce n’était globalement plus « plastique » que les autres sur l’ensemble des traits considérés. Enfin, si les espèces pionnières se distinguent nettement par leurs attributs, leur degré de plasticité n’est pas différent de celui des espèces de sous-bois., The aim of this research were (i) identify the main trade-off and covariations of a group of leaf traits related to carbon assimilation, and (ii) assess the irradiance-elicited plasticity, and test whether this plasticity differs among species of tropical rain forest. Measurements were made with saplings from 13 species growing under three levels of irradiance, provided by shading nets, in an open green-house. A cost benefit analysis was undertaken to quantify carbon balance of leaves metamers. Construction costs of metamers (CCmetm), payback time of the investment of carbon into leaf and metamer structure (PBT), and leaf life span (LLS) were recorded on the saplings. A large inter-specific diversity was recorded for all the traits, the species are scattered along a principal component axis opposing on one hand LSS and leaf mass-to-area ratio (LMA), and on the other hand, photosynthetic capacity, photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE), respiration (Rd) and leaf nitrogen content (N). These results are in agreement with the concept of “leaf economics spectrum” suggested by Wright et al. (2004). The relationship between LLS and PBT were very loose, which shows that all species fully cover the construction costs, even under very low irradiance. Species ranking was not modified by irradiance whatever the trait, and, except for specific construction costs, only very weak interactions were found between species and irradiance. The computation of a plasticity index allowed to demonstrate that despite some inter-specific diversity of the values taken by the index for some traits, there was no consistent difference among species, and none of them appeared consistently more plastic than the others. Even if the two pioneer species analysed here differed largely from the others, from the point of view of trait values, they displayed similar levels of plasticity.

1. The proximate behavioural rules adopted by parasitoid females to manage their foraging time on patches of hosts were studied, under standardized laboratory conditions, in different species (and populations) of the Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera) family. 2. Seventeen species/populations were compared and the behavioural mechanisms adopted by the females were identified by means of a Cox's proportional hazards model. 3. On average, females increased their patch-leaving tendency each time a healthy host was attacked and each time a parasitized host was rejected. 4. Strong variation was observed in these patch-leaving mechanisms among the different species. 5. Moreover, the interspecific variation in these two behavioural mechanisms showed a significant positive correlation, and this correlation remained significant when the phylogenetic relationship between the strains was controlled with the use of phylogenetic comparative methods. 6. The adaptive and evolutionary meanings of these results are probably related to the ecological features and distribution patterns of the hosts attacked by the species/populations compared.

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La quantité d'ADN totale par noyau a été estimée pour soixante-quinze génotypes de #Coffea$ appartenant à seize espèces diploïdes (2n=22) et #C. arabica$ (tétraploïde 2n=44) par cytofluorométrie en flux. L'agent fluorochrome utilisé est l'iodure de propidium (intercalent). La valeur 2C du génome des caféiers varie de 0,9 pg d'ADN par noyau à 1,9 pg. Trois espèces, originaires d'Afrique de l'Est (#C. sessiliflora, C. racemosa$ et #C. pseudozanguebariae$) ont le plus petit génome (environ 1 pg par noyau). A l'opposé, trois espèces de forêt tropicale humide (#C. humilis, C.$ sp. Moloundou et #C. liberica$) correspondent aux valeurs les plus élevées (1,6 pg). L'espèce tétraploïde #C. arabica$, originaire d'Ethiopie, a un génome de 2,5 pg. Au sein des espèces diploïdes, on note une importante variation des valeurs 2C pouvant atteindre 25 % pour une espèce. Les résultats sont comparés aux données analogues chez d'autres Angiospermes et une tentative d'interprétation des variations observées est présentée. (Résumé d'auteur)