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Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (PM), called Heshouwu in China, is a popular Chinese medicine in clinical practice. Several clinical studies have been conducted to evaluate the traditional therapeutic claims and to study the potential therapeutic activity of PM in dyslipidemia and neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting available clinical evidence. In recent years, reports on clinical adverse reactions of Raw Radix P. multiflorum (RPM) and P. multiflorum Praeparata (PMP) have been on the increase, especially with respect to liver injury. Most liver injury cases had been assessed for causality using RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method) in this paper. However, the components of PM responsible for the reported hepatotoxic effects have not yet been identified. Moreover, many of the reports are contradictory, while studies on the mechanism involved in PM-induced liver damage are not comprehensive. This study was aimed at reviewing the status of research on liver injury due to PM, including clinical characteristics, risk factors, material basis research and mechanism of action, with a view to understanding PM-induced hepatotoxicity, and taking reasonable and effective measures to prevent it. In short, quality control is still one of the major safety problems in TCM drug safety concerns. The model of safety monitoring and risk management of PM drugs is not yet developed. Indeed, the characteristics and risk factors associated with PM require both proper understanding and control of the risk by strengthening standardization of clinical applications, basic science research, quality control in manufacturing, active monitoring methodology and enhancement of international communication and cooperation. Measures should also be encouraged and implemented to promote healthy development of the TCM industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The renewable portfolio standard (RPS), a national policy tool to encourage the progress of renewable energy (RE), aids in the optimization of China's energy structure and the achievement of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality objectives. However, each province's implementation impact varies during the policy-implementation process, and various factors influence the implementation impact. So, this paper constructs a multi-market coupled system dynamics model of the power market, consumption above quota (CAQ) market, and tradeable green certificate (TGC) market to analyze the inner action mechanism of RE consumption and provide policy planning for effectively promoting RPS implementation. The results show that (1) Appropriately raising the RPS quota goal or accelerating the development of RE technology or raising the benchmark price of TGC all promote the growth of installed RE capacity and RE development. (2) Increasing RPS quota targets or fines can stimulate market consumption demand while achieving responsibility for consumption, effectively promoting CAQ and TGC market transactions and further promoting RE consumption. (3) Simultaneously raising the RE quota targets, accelerating the development of RE technologies, and standardizing the management of TGC's benchmark prices would be more conducive to promoting the consumption of RE electricity and advancing the development of RE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: As a new channel for agricultural extension, university-based agricultural extension is changing the traditional pattern of agricultural extension in China. This study reveals the mechanism through which policy affects the performance of university-based agricultural extension. Design/methodology/approach: Based on Rhodes' policy network analysis, this study analyses the interactive relationships between the stakeholders in university-based agricultural extension. Taking 12 institutes of new rural development at agricultural universities in China as its sample, the study uses grounded theory to model the mechanism by which policies and policy changes influence the performance of university-based agricultural extension with a view to providing a new theoretical perspective and paradigm for research on university-based agricultural extension policies. Findings: The study reveals a self-reinforcement mechanism in the changes in university-based agricultural extension policies, and shows that path dependence has a normative effect on policy changes. Practical implications: University-based agricultural extension is of great significance to promoting reform and innovation in China's agricultural extension system, which features 'one core with multiple supplements'. Theoretical implications: The study reveals the influence of a more complex policy network composed of three levels of policy – state, provincial, local – on university-based agricultural extension, and expands the application of the policy network theory. Originality/value: The findings will guide the Chinese government in achieving its vision of creating the perfect mechanism for university-based agricultural extension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to elucidate the mechanism by which the ultrasonic loading of metal affects the extraction of small molecular phase substances (low molecular compounds) in tar-rich coal. Tar-rich coal samples were collected from the Huangling mining area in the southeastern Ordos Basin, China. The coal, the leaching solution of the coal, the extraction products, and the extraction residual coal samples with different metal ions loaded by ultrasound were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy, pH detection, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, and an X-ray diffractometer. The obtained results indicated that the ultrasonic loading of coal samples with different metal ions (Mn2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, and Ni2+) promoted the extraction of small molecular phase substances in coal and increased the proportion of extracted aliphatic hydrocarbons, alkylbenzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and other compounds. The extraction rate of Mn2+ was the highest. Compared with the control group, the extraction rate was increased by 212%. After the ultrasonic loading of metal ions, the physical structure of the coal was loose and the contact area of the solvent increased; the degree of branching and the hydrogen enrichment of the residual coal decreased, the aromaticity increased, the interlayer spacing and stacking layers decreased, and the stacking degree and ductility increased. Metal ions exchanged with hydrogen ions in the coal molecules. At the same time, the metal ions were adsorbed in the coal molecules and effectively combined with free electrons in the coal molecules to catalyze; thus, the extraction effect of the small molecular phase of tar-rich coal was improved. This provides a new method for the clean and efficient utilization of tar-rich coal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis are used in this paper. • We found 7 pharmacodynamics biomarkers in plasma and 6 pharmacodynamics biomarkers in urine. • Amino acid metabolism pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolism pathway. • Biological network, canonical pathways and functions related to the Pharmacodynamic biomarkers. Abstract Moutan Cortex charcoal (MCC), the processed root bark of Paeonia suff ;ruticosa Andrews (Paeoniaceae), is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and has been used for treating blood-heat and hemorrhage(BHH)syndrome in China for thousands of years. In order to explore potential metabolic mechanism, 1H NMR-based metabonomics technique was applied to evaluate the effect of MCC on metabolic changes in plasma and urine of BHH rat models. Serum and urine samples were obtained from male SD rats with normal group, model group and MCC group for study. Based on 1H NMR spectra obtained from plasma and urine samples, principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models were capable of distinguishing the three group. And the 13 pharmacodynamic biomarkers of MCC were identified in the plasma and urine. The results showed that BHH induced great metabolic disorders in plasma and urine metabolisms. However, MCC could reverse the imbalanced metabolites by alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism and citrate cycle (TCA cycle) pathway, and its effect was also confirmed by the general signs and pharmacodynamics assessments. The results indicated that NMR-based metabolomic profiling method is sensitive and specific enough to evaluate the MCC efficacy and mechanism of action on BHH syndromes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]