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Two major research issues for longitudinal investigations are the 'naturalness' of the learner language being studied, and the extent to which the research design is truly longitudinal. Regarding the first issue, data for longitudinal studies are usually collected in language classrooms or exams, with the writing tasks/topics being tightly controlled. A major disadvantage is that tasks can be unrepresentative of the writing required in disciplinary content courses. The present study analyzes writing development as it occurs 'naturally' in university disciplinary content courses, using four complexity features (i.e., finite adverbial clauses, finite relative clauses, attributive adjectives, and nouns as pre-modifiers) with the goal of comparing the kinds of findings in a True-longitudinal approach, a Quasi-longitudinal approach, and a Case study approach. This close examination of writing development that controlled for discipline and task showed an increase in development as measured by these linguistic indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on two flash-mode experiments that test redundant descriptions of small (2--4) cardinalities, borderline (5--8) cardinalities, and color in referential communication. It provides further support for the idea that small cardinalities are more salient (due to subitizing), less sensitive to visual context, and therefore give rise to higher over-specification rates than color. Because of greater salience, Russian speakers more often use prenominal positions for numerals than for color adjectives. The paper also investigates borderline cardinalities and argues for the order factor that affects their salience, since ordered items can be perceived in small subitized parts. The ordered mode of presentation of the borderline cardinalities leads to higher over-specification rates and to higher percentages of prenominal positions than the unordered one. The paper provides further evidence for the consistency of small, borderline cardinalities, and color in people's choices to minimally specify or over-specify given objects in referential communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the defining morphological properties of nouns and adjectives of Dagbani (a Gur/Mabia language of northern Ghana) and related languages is the presence of suffixes that mark number (singular or plural) as well as serve as the basis for noun classification. The typical regular noun or adjective (e.g. bi-a 'a child') consists of a bound root (bi-) providing the lexical meaning, and a suffix (-a) which indicates the singular number of the noun. In plural form, the suffix is replaced by a different one that marks plurality: (bi-hi). In this paper, we show that while this broad description is generally accepted, it is much weaker than assumed in previous studies, with many inconsistencies. As our main goal, we offer a much broader analysis of the morphological and syntactic functions of the nominal suffixes. We show that these suffixes are primarily there to project lexical words as nouns and adjectives and should be referred to as nominal suffixes used to inflect inherent nouns and derive nouns and adjectives from verbs. The nominal suffixes are also crucial to distinguishing between different compound nouns and noun phrases. The paper is largely descriptive, with no specific theoretical approach assumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of syntactic collocations that include the constraints on an adjective phrase (AP) and adverbs or final particles (X) in the ɬwa:n⁵ + AP + X construction, as well as its pragmatic features and grammatical functions in the Kam language. ɬwa:n⁵ functions as an exclamative marker (EM) that conveys the expressive meaning of the speaker's attitude. The primary lexical meaning of ɬwa:n⁵ is 'to calculate' or 'to regard as', and the word is borrowed from Chinese (算 suàn, 'to count', 'to calculate', 'to regard as'). The role of ɬwa:n⁵ in the construction ɬwa:n⁵ + AP + X will mainly be discussed in this paper. In addition, the adjectives that can collocate with ɬwa:n⁵ are subject to a gradeability restriction, that is, only gradable adjectives can collocate with ɬwa:n⁵. In general, the ɬwa:n⁵ construction is used to express that the speaker expected an existing situation with a gradable property; in reality, the degree follows a particular scalar and surpasses the expectation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a new argument for the specifier-to-specifier anti-locality constraint from covert movement. The argument is based on an observed asymmetry behavior of the Quantifier Raising (QR) of the superlative morpheme in two superlative adjectives modifying relative clauses in Levantine Arabic (LA): the two superlative modifiers give rise to different paradigms of high and low interpretations.1 The paper shows that a configuration restricted by the specifier-to-specifier anti-locality constraint straightforwardly explains the asymmetry lending further evidence supporting this syntax-economy condition from covert movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this short paper, I analyze the syntax and semantics of the prefix un- with gradable adjectives like unhappy and compare it to the syntax and semantics of not. Within the framework of Collins and Postal (2014), I propose that un- and not have the same semantics but negate different constituents, accounting for the differences in interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies in Polish Linguistics is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to provide a clearer understanding of the structure known in the literature as the innovative use of estar, illustrated in sentences like Luego salgo/voy a visitar usuarios que están muy morosos [Medellín, Colombia; Preseea] ("Today I am going to visit users that are.ESTAR defaulting debtors"). In such sentences, no comparison is established between stages or counterparts of the subject of predication with regard to the property expressed by the adjective, as opposed to estar-sentences in standard/general Spanish. This innovative structure is a syntactic scheme employed throughout different Latin American Spanish varieties. The goal of this paper is twofold: it is both descriptive and theoretical. From a descriptive perspective, it offers an exhaustive and updated empirical characterization of the extent of this structure in Latin American Spanish based on an analysis of the Preseea corpus. This description takes into consideration both its geographical distribution in the different Latin American dialectal varieties and the lexical–syntactic classes of adjectives that appear as predicates in innovative estar-sentences. Building on this, from a theoretical point of view, a critical evaluation is made of the existing proposals in the literature that explain the properties—both syntactic and semantic—of the innovative construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper focuses on the frequently set-aside class of non-gradable adjectives in Japanese, aiming to illustrate their properties through the analysis of examples produced by native speakers. The paper explains the mechanisms which motivate the selection of non-gradable adjectives in speech, with unmarked contexts, in which gradability markers are not accepted, as a starting point. The mechanisms behind marked contexts, in which the co-occurrence of non-gradable adjectives and gradability markers such as the comparative or degree adverbs is accepted, are also explained by taking into consideration the type of information that the speaker chooses to focus on in a particular communication context. The analysis proves that the behavior of non-gradable adjectives in Japanese can be accounted for in both unmarked and marked contexts. At the same time, the parallel with the behavior of gradable adjectives confirms that it is possible to draw a systematic classification of Japanese adjectives from the point of view of gradability. The paper also explores the relationship between gradability and subjectivity, proving that they are closely connected in Japanese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the cross-linguistic connection between same and scalar equatives, this paper proposes an explicit equative-like syntax and semantics of the same-construction by decomposing same into an equation head -eqtv (parameter marker) and an identity predicate ident (parameter). This move not only provides a novel way of unifying the internal and external uses of same under a compositional account, but also further sheds light on why same differs from other relational adjectives in terms of the licensing conditions for the internal use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a corpus linguistic perspective on two adjectival suffixes -al and -ell in the German language. Its attention is focused on the distributional frequency of the derived adjectives, the semantic motivation and contextual occurrence through the lens of retried adjective + noun collocations. On top of that, the paper attempts to determine the superiority of such derived adjectives in the specialised vocabulary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of the University of Bucharest, Studies of Romanian Language & LIterature / Analele Universităţii Bucureşti. Limba şi Literatura Română is the property of Faculty of Letters, University of Bucharest and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper contains a description of computational experiments on the application of elastic maps to the analysis of time-varying volumes of textual information. Elastic maps are considered as a tool to provide analytical work with textual information and large information arrays of data. This paper presents the results of numerical experiments on the study of data volumes consisting of frequencies of joint use of words from different parts of speech, for instance "noun + verb" or "adjective + noun". We consider text collections in Russian for experiments. Previously, static information arrays were mostly considered. It is for them methods of data analysis and methods of visual analytics were developed. Nevertheless, data comes in all the time in various areas of human activity. And in practice it is necessary to know how the cluster picture of multidimensional data volume changes over time. The paper describes the numerical experiments for real time-varying multidimensional data sets. Such experiments allows to analyze the evolution of cluster structure for multidimensional data and to trace the evolution for separate cluster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gumiel-Molina et al. () propose that a typology of comparison classes, which has been argued to figure in the analysis of the relative/absolute distinction, has a crucial role in explaining the distribution of adjectives with Spanish copulas ser/ estar. This commentary briefly summarizes the main claims and notes several advantages of the proposed analysis. Two further questions arise as a consequence of the approach developed, which are discussed in subsequent sections. One concerns the status of scale structure, and whether it is a lexically-listed property or whether it is also syntactically built up and encoded in functional categories. Some evidence supporting the latter is discussed. Second, the question arises as to whether the unexpected invariance of certain adjectives can be explained in terms of the effects of additional functional categories. Some support for this is adduced for perfective adjectives, which are proposed to differ from other adjectives in terms of their structure, which includes VP structure and VP-related functional category of Aspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper discusses the gradability features of bounded adjectives in Japanese, accounting for the existence of marked contexts in which such adjectives co-occur with the comparative or with adverbial modifiers which are usually compatible with unbounded scales. The analysis centers around the role played by subjectivity in the selection of a particular bounded adjective in speech, in both unmarked and marked contexts. Two types of marked uses are identified for bounded adjectives in Japanese. The first one expresses proximity to the boundary on the scale associated with the adjective and is closely connected to subjectivity. The second type of marked use is motivated by semantic similarity between a bounded adjective and an unbounded adjective, with the former replacing the latter in speech. The mechanisms behind these uses are analyzed in detail, based on real examples, so as to provide an accurate representation of the behavior of bounded adjectives in Japanese. The paper provides an explanation for the flexibility of the gradability features that these adjectives possess, while also exploring the general relationship between the two concepts of "gradability" and "subjectivity". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduplication is a word formation process, which has been widely attested across languages. Mandarin is a language that shows extensive range of reduplication across different categories such as a classifier. However, despite its widespread use of classifier reduplication, the syntax of reduplicated classifiers has not been well understood in the current literature. This paper addresses the syntax of reduplicated classifiers by focusing on the two issues: (i) the category of a reduplicated classifier, and (ii) the syntactic derivation of classifier reduplication. As for issue (i), we propose that classifier reduplication creates two different syntactic categories, namely D(eterminer) and A(djective), building on novel empirical evidence not provided in the previous studies. Regarding issue (ii), building on head movement analysis of Travis (2003) on reduplication, we propose that a CL head undergoes head movement which results in the proposed categorial status of reduplication, i.e., D and A. This paper not only contributes to the understanding of syntax of classifier reduplication in Mandarin, but also provides support for the current view that reduplication can be motivated by syntax (Basciano and Melloni 2017; Kimper 2008; Travis 2003). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents a corpus-based study of the prefix /me(N)-/ in Indonesian, a productive affix used to form predicative constructions. The analysis was based on the Indonesian - Leipzig Corpora Collection (ILCC). It explored the prefix's distribution, functions, and productivity, focusing on its role in encoding semantic and syntactic features. The results showed that the prefix /me(N)-/ was predominantly used to derive verbs, accounting for over 68,7% at the mean value of 7,1. However, /me(N)-/ was also employed to derive adjectives, albeit less frequently (19.4%), at the mean value of 6,3, and about 12% of forming new words from noun stems (mean value was about 5,9). Semantically, the prefix can uniquely express causative (49,24% at a mean value of 43), instrumental (11,45% at a mean value of 10), reflexive (19,47 at a mean value of 17), possessive/state meanings (10,31% at a mean value of 9), and reciprocal (9,54% at a mean value of 8,3). Derived verbs with the prefix /me(N)-/ had syntactic functions influenced by their semantic meaning. Some of the most common and distinctive syntactic functions of /me(N)-/ are form monovalent (29,18% having a mean value of 27,33), bivalent (48,40% having a mean value of 45,33), and trivalent (22,42% having a mean value of 21). The study demonstrated that /me(N)-/ was highly productive. Future research could examine the cognitive and processing mechanisms involved in understanding /me(N)-/-derived words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the traditional observations about English derivational morphology is that prefixes behave differently from suffixes and are rather close to lexemes. A word-based analysis of prefixes based on this observation has been proposed, but it faces a challenge raised by the seemingly category-changing property of the comparative verb-forming prefix out-. This study aims to solve this problem in a framework that enriches the traditional generative word-based morphology with the concept of the Abstract Lexical Unit. In analyzing data, I pay attention to the degree semantics of comparative out-prefixed verbs and show that the so-called "denominal or deadjectival" out-verbs are produced as hyponyms of already existing out-verbs with sparse semantics. A pseudonym experiment demonstrates that this type of out-verb has a number/rank/action comparative interpretation, and the nouns or adjectives that occupy the head position further specify the object that is counted. The problematic type is related to its base word via head replacement rather than concatenative affixation. Drawing on these new perspective and observations, this paper shows that the traditional finding about the status of English prefixes can be maintained in a word-based approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper explores descriptions of natural landscapes excerpted from two travel books, namely, The Old Patagonian Express: By Train through the Americas, by Paul Theroux, and Eastward to Tartary: Travels in the Balkans, the Middle East and the Caucasus, by Robert D. Kaplan. The paper aims at analyzing how certain linguistic choices in a given stretch of text conspire to construe the ambience of descriptive passages of natural landscapes in travel writing. This will be carried out by combining insights from Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) and Frame Semantics (FS). I will be focusing on the ambience of the natural depictions, that is, the sense of the natural world evoked in the reader's mind by the language of the text. This will be dealt with by examining the lexical choices made by both authors, paying special attention to the adjectives. The excerpts under investigation have been selected since the descriptive language in them evokes frames and conceptual domains, which, in turn, yield a series of metaphors. These metaphors summarize the tone of the travel books, that is, the authorial texture and, especially, the ideological stance of the authors. Paul Theroux displays a more empathetic approach to the surrounding nature and its people, whereas Robert D. Kaplan adopts a more distant, analytical stance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The internal structure of the DP has long been a topic of debate in the study of Modern Standard Arabic. This is due not only to the comprehensive agreement in ϕ-features, Case, and definiteness between the adjective and its head noun, but also to the difference in meaning depending on the relative placement of the adjective in relation to the noun within the DP. Previous studies have proposed two distinct basic structures for Arabic DPs, employing the notions of Agree or Feature Checking. However, these operations do not necessarily trigger the displacement of syntactic objects in the derivation, nor do they adequately capture the correlation of semantic patterns with their relevant syntactic derivations. This paper argues instead that both patterns of the Arabic DP can be derived from a unified syntactic structure and treats the agreement in definiteness differently from that of ϕ-features and Case. The presence or absence of agreement in definiteness, considering two possible positions of the adjective and their interpretations of the DP, are accounted for in terms of the parametric variations of the feature on the head D within the framework of the Minimalist Program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, a number of etymologically related native and non-native English and German suffixes derive nouns and adjectives from entire phrases, suggesting that these suffixes have evolved clitic-like properties. By providing a diachronic analysis of dictionary entries that is underpinned by corpus searches, this paper traces how this property of the schemas of German ‑ig, ‑er and ‑ismus and of English ‑y, ‑er and ‑ism has evolved in the respective languages. The present analysis reveals that some developments appear to have taken place in parallel, while others are language-specific, which offers novel insights to our understanding of diachronic change affecting morphological schemas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of this paper is to describe the function of the suffix -le in the Maram language. This paper discusses the function of the suffix -le in marking the end of declarative sentences, and the occurrence of -le with predicate nominals, predicate adjectives, and the existential. The paper also explores the tonal changes of -le and its non-determination of tense/aspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Homeric forms of the verb ἐγρήγορα 'am awake' exhibit a number of oddities. Though this verb was an active-intransitive perfecto-present in the earliest period, the Iliad presents us with the unexpected medial forms ἐγρήγορθε and ἐγρήγορθαι beside the likewise remarkable active ἐγρηγόρθᾱσι with intrusive -θ-. Homer also knows a present ἐγρήσσω, the root of which can only have originated in the perfect but the morphology of which is difficult to account for. I explain the first ρ of ἐγρήγορα as resulting from a metathesis of the weak stem *egēgr→ *egrēg-and derive ἐγρήσσω from this modified weak stem. The medial forms are explained as contextually motivated nonce formations. The paper concludes with a discussion of the Odyssean participle ἐγρηγορόων 'awake', which I derive from an adjective *egrēgor-wó-'awake' that can be compared with YAv. jaγāur-u-'awake' and Vedic jā́gṛ-v[i]-'id.'* [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the naming system, form, and significance of pakdaengang in Makassar culture. The results indicate that pakdaengang is an inherited trait and a standard requirement for members of the Makassar ethnic group eligible to bear it. For some people who are not ethnically Makassarese but have pakdaengang because of marriage, their services, accomplishments, or other contributions to the development of the region in which they reside, pakdaengang is inseparable from the embedding of words that are commonly categorized as "word classes" in linguistics. Pakdaengang comprises a single word. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and numbers such as pakdaengang undoubtedly serve a specific purpose. In addition to using the basic form, many affixes consisting of the prefixes ma-, pa-, ni-, and ta- are also employed. In addition, the preposition ri is used in conjunction with the place-designating word "pakdaengang." Men and women can also participate in pakdaengang. Pakdaengang, in a masculine term, relates to words that mean activity or protective work. Women, on the other hand, are attracted to the connotations of beauty and gentleness. The ma- and pa- prefixes in pakdaengang are typically attached to men. Whereas women typically employ the prefixes ni and ta. In the names of objects, properties, activities, and locations, pakdaengang represents a wish or prayer for goodness and safety. In addition, there is a straightforward affirmation of pakdaengang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Boletín de Filología is the property of Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Filosofia y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anuario de Letras. Lingüística y Filología is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones Filologicas - UNAM and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Inaudible syntactic markers are especially difficult to spell. This paper examines how 455 fourth graders spell silent French plural markers in a dictation with real and pseudowords after one year of formal French instruction (L2). The Generalized Linear Mixed Model analysis shows first that noun plural spelling (real and pseudo) is a strong predictor for verb and adjective plural spelling. Second, the performance on real verb plural is higher than the performance on real adjective plural. In contrast, the performance on pseudoadjective plural is higher than on pseudoverb plural. Our findings indicate the strong influence of semantics and frequency in instruction input on plural spelling: noun plural is semantically grounded, and nouns are most frequent in the curriculum. Verbs and verb plural are also frequent, and inflection is mostly taught by means of memorizing the verb inflection paradigm. Adjectives are taught least frequently. The findings are discussed in the context of French L2 instruction, as the extremely low results on adjectives and pseudoverbs seem to be a consequence of instruction methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verbal synesthesia is generally considered to be a special type of metaphor involving concepts stemming from distinct sensory domains. However, with the upsurge of metonymy research some authors have proposed a metonymic motivation for synesthetic expressions. In line with these proposals, I argue in my paper that (i) a considerable portion of synesthetic expressions are in fact metonymic and (ii) they are based either on co-occurrence or on an intra-modal resemblance of sensory stimuli. Since olfaction offers itself as an ideal terrain to study synaesthetic expressions due to its relatively poor lexicalization in most languages, in order to test my hypotheses, I present the results of a corpus study on German synesthetic attribute-noun constructions combining gustatory adjectives with olfactory nouns. My results suggest that the heterogeneity of verbal synesthesia regarding its conceptual background cannot be grasped simply by proposing that it is a metaphorical phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper attempts to unravel Manju Kapur's The Immigrant that relentlessly branches out relatable episodes by putting forth a transparent portrayal of diasporic dislocation of identity and culture. The paper explores the cultural association of oneself with one's own habitat by peeling off layers after layers of the feelings of loneliness and being uprooted from one's own cultural milieu. The usage of the adjective "diasporic" in the title of the paper embodies an "immigrant" who migrates to other countries in search of better opportunities, eventually submitting oneself to the language, culture and social traditions of the host country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at presenting newly-found safaitic inscriptions discovered in the Black Desert, north-eastern Jordan by the Badia Epigraphic Survey (BES) during the second (2017) field season at Wādī ar-Ru'aylah and in Wādī Suway'id. Through this paper, we aim to explain the toponyms Gl'd and Ngd in the Safaitic inscriptions, shed light on their interpretation in Safaitic and give translation and some commentary. This paper provides a comparison of inscriptions that mention these two toponyms in order to determine whether those names belong to a toponym or an adjective of a toponym. All photo credits are of 'Badia Epigraphic Survey (BES) Project'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to propose a syntactic approach to derive the three reduplication patterns for disyllabic words in Mandarin: the ABAB verbs, the AABB verbs, and the AABB adjectives. Based on Borer's exo-skeletal model, I argue that there is no direct connection between the category and the form. The morphemes to be reduplicated enter syntax as roots which are unvalued both in categorial property and semantic content. The syntactic context determines both their category and the domain within which they must match with a reasonable content. I propose that there are three types of reduplication morpheme respectively involved in the derivations: Re ASP , Re DER , Re DEG , and the relative order between reduplication and categorisation is the key factor affecting the availability of event structures and non-compositional interpretations. The study shows that some problems which are traditionally discussed in the morphological or semantic domain are in fact syntactic in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper articulates a counter-concept to the notion of speciesism with the aim to encourage thinking beyond critique, towards imagining what non-speciesist worlds can actually look like. Design/methodology/approach: By using the concept of "multi-species-isms" (or "multispecies", as a simpler adjective), and linking it to feminist and relational ethics of "care", the paper seeks to unite perspectives from both Critical Animal Studies as well as feminist, posthumanist theories. Already existing traces of multi-species-isms that exemplify different forms of multispecies care are visualised through annotated illustrations that accompany the text. These traces offer a cue for negotiating multispecies worlds without attempting to define their content in all too definite forms. Findings: Rather than focusing on critiquing oppressive structures, the paper contributes narratives of multispecies worlds that inspire further imagination towards the positive ingredients of such worlds and show more concretely how multispecies care is practised in everyday life. Social implications: These insights frame a starting point for a repertoire that shows the numerous ways in which multispecies relationships between humans and other animals are already given form. Originality/value: By articulating the actual ingredients of multi-species-isms, rather than focusing on what they are not, the paper seeks to advance a move towards adding multispecies possibilities that can be especially helpful for those researchers, designers and activists concerned with imagining alternative futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of International Journal for Arabic Linguistics & Literature Studies (JALLS) is the property of Refaad for Studies, Research & Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is a part of an in-progress project which investigates four English translations of complete taḍmīn in the whole Qur'an. Taḍmīn involves the presence of an explicit verb, noun or adjective, followed by an explicit preposition with which it is not standardly collocated, and the expression of additional meaning through an implicit verb, noun or adjective, which standardly collocates with the explicit preposition. This study is an extension of Nouraldeen (2020; 2021a; 2021b; 2022a ; 2022b), which have investigated six chapters so far. Using the four-element model that was put forward in Nourladeen (2020, p. 240) and modified twice in Nouraldeen (2021a, p. 293; and 2022b, p. 144), this paper proceeds by discussing, analysing and assessing four English translations of complete taʕmīn in the seventh sūrah (chapter) al-Aʕrāf. The importance, and also the challenge, of complete taḍmīn lies in its invisibility to the translator and its absence in English. The theoretical framework of this study is established within the theories of Vinay and Darbelnet (1995, p. 342) and Dickins et al. (2017, pp 48-56), which suggest 'explicitation' of the ST, leading to 'loss' and 'gain' in the TT. Textual analysis is applied to the ST and the TT based on two sources and three dictionaries. None of the four translators are aware of taḍmīn in translating the Qur'an, except for Abdel Haleem, Hammad and Khattab in āyah 1, who translate the four elements of complete taḍmīn, and Abdel Haleem in translating āyah 5. The Qur'anic style should be taken into consideration when translating the Qur'an unless the translation would sound awkward in English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper revolves around a series of questions that concern the so-called Speculative Grammar of the Middle ages, such as: why is Speculative Grammar interesting with respect to our contemporary theory of language? What was its role in the evolution of linguistic theories? And, especially, are we aware of its influence on modern linguistic theory? The aim of the present paper is to provide some answers to the questions above by discussing a very specific problem, namely the contribution of the Medieval theory of grammar, and particularly, of Speculative Grammar, to the identification of the adjective as an independent part of speech, distinct from the noun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Philologist / Filolog: Journal of Language, Literary & Cultural Studies is the property of University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Philology / Univerzitet u Banjoj Luci, Filoloski Fakultet and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Naming emotions may pose a serious problem for foreign language learners as emotion words constitute a complex semantic field. Here is where monolingual learners' dictionaries turn out to be useful. The paper reports on a comparative analysis of dictionary representation of the semantics of adjectives signifying emotions. To investigate the treatment of this semantic field, twenty-four adjectives are looked up in the five British pedagogical dictionaries published by Oxford, Cambridge, Longman, Macmillan and Collins. The qualitative analysis concentrates on definitions as primary carriers of meaning. Yet, examples, grammatical information and additional sources of information within a dictionary entry are also given attention. The study demonstrates that some inconsistencies in defining emotion words in individual dictionaries can be spotted. The value of examples is limited: some focus merely on presenting a word's syntactic properties. Thus, the combination of the definition and the examples both clarifying meaning and illustrating the typical use of the words is judged to best represent meaning. The paper suggests model definitions of adjectives signifying emotions and offers recommendations aiming at improving the representation of their meaning in dictionaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many adjectives in Modern Greek form both synthetic and analytic comparatives and relative superlatives. To our knowledge, this is the first work to examine the triggers of the Synthetic-Analytic (S-A) variation in this language by means of a corpus study. To date, numerous studies have shown that a series of predictors (phonological, lexical, syntactic) appear to influence the S-A variation in English. The present paper focuses on some factors mentioned in the existing literature (e.g., frequency, number of syllables, syntactic position etc.) alongside Text Type, which is explicitly used as a predictor for the first time. Overall, our results suggest that 1) the S-A variation seems to be influenced by similar predictors cross-linguistically and 2) comparatives and relative superlatives show a partially different picture in Modern Greek, as is also the case in English (Cheung & Zhang 2016). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the so-called 'expletive' mismo 'same', a non-comparative emphatic use of the prenominal adjective in appositions, which is currently attested in many varieties of American Spanish (e.g., Finalmente, Laura se sentó y aceptó el cigarrillo, mismo que nunca encendió 'lit. Laura finally sat down and accepted the cigarette, same that she never lighted up'). On the basis of corpus data, the geographical distribution of this form is precisely specified, and a novel analysis of its interpretive and combinatorial properties is provided. It is argued, in particular, that expletive mismo functions as an anaphoric reinforcer that is preceded by a null definite determiner and combines with an empty noun that takes a restrictive relative clause as its complement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A recent view about disagreement (Karczewska 2021) takes it to consist in the tension arising from proposals and refusals of these proposals to impose certain commitments on the interlocutors in a conversation. This view has been proposed with the aim of solving the problem that “faultless disagreement” – a situation in which two interlocutors are intuited to be both in disagreement and not at fault – poses for contextualism about predicates of taste. In this paper, I consider whether this view applies equally well to disagreements involving aesthetic adjectives. I show, first, that it applies quite straightforwardly to predicates like “beautiful,” which presumably generate faultless disagreement. However, aesthetic adjectives like “beautiful” don’t exhaust the aesthetic sphere. A term like “balanced,” for example, while still perspectival, is said to have a more “objective” feel and usually doesn’t generate faultless disagreement: when the novice and the expert disagree on using such a term, we take it that the expert is right and the novice is wrong. I argue that Karczewska’s view has trouble explaining this difference in the profile of the two types of aesthetic predicates vis-à-vis the generation of disagreement. I also consider possible ways of coping with this problem, but I then reject them and propose a different one that is suitable for most views in the debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Slavic and Baltic show a curious way of overt definiteness marking by means of a specific type of adjective inflection. It arose when the adjective merged with a definiteness marker of pronominal origin. This paper aims at a comprehensive explanation of the rise of the definite adjective morphology in the former branch. First of all, it is argued that contrary to what has been claimed, there is no need to posit loss of trapped morphology to plausibly account for the definite adjective inflection. It can be explained by a series of well-established processes, i.e., sound change, reanalysis, and analogy. An interplay of these processes led to an increase in the phonological fusion of the adjective and the definiteness marker and ultimately resulted in their merger. In discussing the involved changes and in identifying factors that may have motivated them, the paper contributes to the general study of how new inflectional morphology emerges from the coalescence of two formerly independent elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is part of a larger research project developing computational tools for large-scale corpus-based semantic analyses. One such tool represents semantic structure with vector space models (VSMs). The paper shows that this tool and the models built require a deeper understanding, especially with a view to how its results relate to cognitive theories of meaning. Although token-based VSMs are increasingly used in corpus-based cognitive semantics, we believe it is insufficiently appreciated how alternative parameter settings deal with a range of semantic issues, such as granularity of meaning, prototypicality of the domain of application and interaction with syntactic patterns. For the purpose of this paper, we will focus on only one of those issues, viz. the prototypicality of the domain of application, presenting the results of three of our case studies on the Dutch adjectives heilzaam, hoekig, hachelijk and geldig. The models presented are built from a 520MW corpus of contemporary Dutch and Flemish newspapers and by varying parameters such as window size, part-of-speech and frequency thresholds in the selection of features. The resulting VSMs are evaluated through visual analytics: although multidimensional, they can be reduced to 2D and represented in scatterplots where more similar tokens appear closer to each other. The color-coding with manual sense tags employed here makes it possible to compare the groupings provided by human annotators with those of the computational models in a way consistent with the cognitive approach to meaning and categorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper means to re-examine the source of incompleteness for a clause with a bare verb as predicate and no other markings in Mandarin. I propose that the reason comes from the need for categorial labels at the syntax-semantic interface to produce a clear interpretation. Since there are no grammatical affixes marking category V available in Mandarin, it has to make use of functional morphemes which shape their complement space categorially. The result is that overt (or at least inferable) morphemes from the extended projections of VP must occur to assign category V for the predicate phrase, while a root needs merge with degree morphemes to be a predicate adjective. The analysis shows that some issues traditionally related to finiteness may have a pure syntactic account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses mood selection in evaluative noun clauses introduced by the neutral article lo. There exist mutually exclusive theories: while certain authors speculate that mood has an impact on an informative level, according to others the subordinate clause of these syntactic constructions always represents rhematic information, regardless of the mood of their verb. To discover which of these speculations is valid, we analysed 4222 cases in the Corpes XXI and determined the frequency with which indicative and subjunctive appear with different verbs and adjectives in the syntactic structures considered. Data demonstrate that either one mood or another is increasingly used in an exclusive way in conformity with the semantic and frequency of the adjective or verb that induces it. This observation not only is solely compatible with the exclusive rhematic value of the subordinate clause, but also with the other secondary theories on the structures here considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kioo Cha Lugha is the property of University of Dar es Salaam, Institute of Kiswahili Studies (IKS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)